DOCSLIB.ORG

Operation Pied Piper

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Operation Pied Piper Niko Gartner, MA Doctoral School Student, Institute of Education, University of London Operation Pied Piper The Wartime Evacuation of Schoolchildren from London and Berlin 1938-46 A Comparative Policy Study in History of Education A PhD Thesis submitted in August 2011 for Examination to: Dr Stuart Foster, Institute of Education, University of London Dr Kevin Myers, School of Education, University of Birmingham Thesis Supervisor: Prof Dr Jane Martin, Institute of Education, University of London 2 Abstract In the advent of air raids, the authorities in London and Berlin operated schemes for the evacuation of children into billets and camps in rural reception areas. The children's exodus either happened orderly and followed years of planning and discussion amongst policy makers (London), or haphazardly following the sudden realisation that the war would not be fought exclusively elsewhere (Berlin). As policies, the government evacuation schemes were bold, controversial and - considering their distinct political contexts - surprisingly similar; as were some of their consequences: the recipients did not accept them uncritically, the municipalities failed to evacuate the majority of children from the cities under attack, and private provision catered for a lot more children than the official schemes. Both, the British evacuation and Third Reich Kinderlandverschickung have since been the subject of major academic and popular interest, but this study introduces two original angles. One is that it stays in the cities (rather than leaving with the evacuees) in an attempt not only to show the geneses of the schemes, but also to appreciate changes made to them in the face of the stray children, closed schools and rebellious parents in town. The other claim to originality comes from the comparison. Despite their obvious similarities and intriguing differences, the events in the warring capitals have not yet been subject to systematic comparison. This policy study thus traces local developments, from the earliest plans contemplated in London during the 1930s to the collapse of the Third Reich and delayed return of Berlin children in 1946. It covers operational aspects and explores themes of agency, citizenship, childhood, schooling and the relationship between state and individual. This study's foundations are documents from the evacuations' executives and conclusions based on the comparative source analyses include a reassessment of the evacuations' levels of compulsion, explanations for the different and changing roles of teachers in the schemes, changes in the state-citizen relationship, and diverging concepts of childhood and expectations of children. The principal - if slightly predictable - conclusion has to be that the evacuation schemes had as much and as little in common as the states operating them. They reflected London and Berlin's unique and shared political and social realities. 3 THIS IMAGE HAS BEEN REDACTED DUE TO THIRD PARTY RIGHTS OR OTHER LEGAL ISSUES Exhausted and bewildered London evacuees arrive at Stevenage train station and are waiting to be assigned their billets on 1 September 1939. Imperial War Museum collection - IWM HU69028 4 Fur Walter Homo doctus in se semper divitias habet. (Phaedrus, Fabulae 4,21,1) I hereby declare that, except where explicit attribution is made, the work presented in this thesis is entirely my own. Word count (exclusive of appendices, list of reference and bibliography): 91,500 words. 5 Table of Contents REGISTER OF TABLES, PHOTOGRAPHS AND IMAGES 9 GLOSSARY OF THE MOST COMMON TERMS 10 INTRODUCTION 11 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 12 WRITING ABOUT WAR AND CHILDREN 14 LIMITS AND EXCLUSIONS 15 TECHNICALITIES I - TRANSLATIONS 18 TECHNICALITIES II - TERMINOLOGY 18 CHAPTER ONE - A REVIEW OF THE EVACUATIONS' HISTORIOGRAPHY 21 1.1. THE EVACUATIONS 21 1.1.1. England & Wales 21 1.1.2. Third Reich 24 1.1.3. Across Borders 29 1.2. THE CITIES 30 CHAPTER TWO - METHODS, CONCEPTS AND SOURCES 32 2.1. METHODS 32 2.1.1. The Suspicious Researcher 32 2.1.2. Notes on Documentary Research 35 2.1.3. Notes on Comparative Research 38 2.1.4. The Value of Triangulation 41 2.2. CENTRAL CONCEPTS 47 Social Class 47 Cities and Urban Population 48 State, Policy and Bureaucracy 49 Community, Family and Citizenship 51 2.3. SOURCES 53 2.3.1. Where are this Study's Primary Sources? 53 2.3.2. Using Contemporary Surveys 57 2.4. CHAPTER CONCLUSION 59 CHAPTER THREE - THE EVACUATIONS' ORIGINS AND ENVIRONMENT 60 3.1. THE STATE OF THE NATIONS 60 3.2. THE CITIES 65 3.2.1. London Before the War 65 3.2.2. Berlin Before the War 69 3.3. BEFORE THE EVACUATIONS 70 3.3.1. Origins of Evacuation in England and Wales 70 3.3.2. Schools under the Nazis 72 3.3.3. Origins of the Kinderlandverschickung - HI NSLB and NSV 73 Hitlerjugend and Bund deutscher Meidel 74 Nationalsozialistischer Lehrerbund 78 Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt and the Original Kinderlandverschickung 79 3.4. CHAPTER CONCLUSION 82 CHAPTER FOUR - PLANS AND PREPARATIONS 84 LONDON 85 4.1.1. A First Plan for London 85 4.1.2. A Conference with the Heads of London Schools 88 4.1.3. The Emergency Evacuation Memorandum 90 6 4.1.4. Accelerated Planning 93 4.1.5. The Chelsea Test Evacuation 97 BERLIN 101 4.2.1. Precipitate Planning in Berlin 101 4.2.2. The Education Ministry's Orders 107 4.2.3. The KLV Takes Shape 108 4.3. THE TRAIN COMPANIES 113 4.4. CHAPTER CONCLUSION 114 CHAPTER FIVE - OPERATION 117 LONDON 118 5.1.1. Plan II: The Biggest Exodus from London 118 5.1.2. Two LCC Bulletins 120 5.1.3. The Aftermath of Plan II 125 5.1.4. Reviews of the Evacuation in Contemporary Surveys 127 BERLIN 131 5.2.1. Kommt mit in die Kinderlandverschickung! 131 5.2.2. The NSV's KLV Directive 132 5.2.3. Sending Older Children into HJ Camps 135 5.2.4 Familiar Problems 137 5.3. CHAPTER CONCLUSION 139 CHAPTER SIX - THE CITIES LEFT BEHIND 142 LONDON 143 6.1.1. 'They went away. They came back. They are running wild.' 143 6.1.2. An LCC Response to Criticism 146 6.1.3. Reasons for Returning to London 149 6.1.4. 'What about Your Child? Have you Decided?' 152 6.1.5. London Life during the Blitz 154 BERLIN 156 6.2.1. Wartime Berlin - Without the War 156 6.2.2. The Bombing of Berlin 159 6.2.3. A Meeting of KLV Executives 162 6.2.4. Reasons for Parental Non-Compliance 165 6.3. CHAPTER CONCLUSION 167 CHAPTER SEVEN - POLICY CHANGES 170 7.1.1. Personnel Changes 172 7.1.2. Escalations 172 LONDON 175 7.2.1. Changing Policy in London 175 7.2.2. Discussing Compulsory Evacuation 177 7.2.3. Propaganda Drive 179 7.2.4. Policy Changes: Plan IV, the Trickle, and the Doodle Bug Evacuation 182 BERLIN 187 7.3.1. Changing Policy in Berlin 187 7.3.2. Eltern der Berliner Schuljugend! 190 7.3.3. Policy Changes: Schulverlegung 194 7.3.4. Evidence of Opposition 195 7.4. CHAPTER CONCLUSION 197 CHAPTER EIGHT - THE END OF THE WAR 200 LONDON 201 8.1.1. The End of the War 201 7 8.1.2. The Organised Return of the Children 202 8.1.3. The Aftermath 206 8.1.4. After the War: the Evacuation's Legacies 209 BERLIN 213 8.2.1. The End of the War 213 8.2.2. The Closing Down of the KLV 215 8.2.3. A Difficult Journey Home 216 8.2.4. Rebuilding from Ruins 219 8.2.5. After the War: The KLV legacies and the Kriegskinder Generation 221 8.3. CHAPTER CONCLUSION 223 CHAPTER NINE - COMPARISONS 225 9.1. OPERATIONAL ASPECTS 226 9.1.1. The Level of Compulsion 226 9.1.2. The Role of Teachers 228 9.1.3. The Distance from the Cities 230 9.2. THE STATE, ITS AGENTS AND CITIZENS 231 9.2.1. Difficult Relationships 231 9.2.2. Questions of Power and Agency 235 9.2.3. Motives and Purposes 238 9.3. CHILDREN AND CHILDHOOD 240 9.4. CHAPTER CONCLUSION 243 CHAPTER TEN - CONCLUSIONS 245 REGISTER OF KEY DOCUMENTARY SOURCES IN THIS STUDY 250 BIBLIOGRAPHY 255 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 268 8 Register of Tables, Photographs and Images (Evacuees arriving at Stevenage train station) Photograph IWM: HU69028 page 4 Hand-drawn map of evacuation routes across London, LMA: EO/WAR/1/131 page 83 Table 1: Responsibilities of London's evacuation in spring 1939 page 93 (Chelsea Test, Older Girl checking young boy's Label) Photograph LMA: EO/WAR/1/23 page 100 Table 2: Responsibilities for Berlin's evacuation in October 1940 page 109 Leave this to Us Sonny Poster IWM PST 13854 page 116 Kommt mit in die Kinderlandverschickung Poster DHM: P 2000/48 page 116 (Girls waving Swastika Flags from Train Carriage) Photograph BA: Bild 146-1978-013-14 page 130 The Great Evacuation Photograph IWM: HU 36871 page 169 Mothers! You'd give your life for your children... Press Clipping LMA: EO/WAR/1/75 page 181 (Boys splashing in the Sea) Photograph BA: Bild 183-B04116 page 186 Children are Safer in the Country...Leave Them There Poster LMA: EO/WAR/1/76 page 199 Der Luftterror geht weiter - Mutter schafft eure Kinder fort Poster from Shoa.de page 199 LCC table of reasons for evacuees' inability to return to London LMA: EO/WAR/1/131 page 205 Titmuss' estimates of total participation in the Evacuation scheme Table (Titmuss, 1950, p. 562) page 208 (Routemasters and children on a London street) Photograph IWM: 552-127 page 249 9 Glossary of the most Common Terms German Abbreviation English A.R.P.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Blitz and Its Legacy
    THE BLITZ AND ITS LEGACY 3 – 4 SEPTEMBER 2010 PORTLAND HALL, LITTLE TITCHFIELD STREET, LONDON W1W 7UW ABSTRACTS Conference organised by Dr Mark Clapson, University of Westminster Professor Peter Larkham, Birmingham City University (Re)planning the Metropolis: Process and Product in the Post-War London David Adams and Peter J Larkham Birmingham City University david.adams@bcu.ac.uk peter.larkham@bcu.ac.uk London, by far the UK’s largest city, was both its worst-damaged city during the Second World War and also was clearly suffering from significant pre-war social, economic and physical problems. As in many places, the wartime damage was seized upon as the opportunity to replan, sometimes radically, at all scales from the City core to the county and region. The hierarchy of plans thus produced, especially those by Abercrombie, is often celebrated as ‘models’, cited as being highly influential in shaping post-war planning thought and practice, and innovative. But much critical attention has also focused on the proposed physical product, especially the seductively-illustrated but flawed beaux-arts street layouts of the Royal Academy plans. Reconstruction-era replanning has been the focus of much attention over the past two decades, and it is appropriate now to re-consider the London experience in the light of our more detailed knowledge of processes and plans elsewhere in the UK. This paper therefore evaluates the London plan hierarchy in terms of process, using new biographical work on some of the authors together with archival research; product, examining exactly what was proposed, and the extent to which the different plans and different levels in the spatial planning hierarchy were integrated; and impact, particularly in terms of how concepts developed (or perhaps more accurately promoted) in the London plans influenced subsequent plans and planning in the UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia Historical Society Educator Web Guide
    Georgia Historical Society Educator Web Guide Guide to the educational resources available on the GHS website Theme driven guide to: Online exhibits Biographical Materials Primary sources Classroom activities Today in Georgia History Episodes New Georgia Encyclopedia Articles Archival Collections Historical Markers Updated: July 2014 Georgia Historical Society Educator Web Guide Table of Contents Pre-Colonial Native American Cultures 1 Early European Exploration 2-3 Colonial Establishing the Colony 3-4 Trustee Georgia 5-6 Royal Georgia 7-8 Revolutionary Georgia and the American Revolution 8-10 Early Republic 10-12 Expansion and Conflict in Georgia Creek and Cherokee Removal 12-13 Technology, Agriculture, & Expansion of Slavery 14-15 Civil War, Reconstruction, and the New South Secession 15-16 Civil War 17-19 Reconstruction 19-21 New South 21-23 Rise of Modern Georgia Great Depression and the New Deal 23-24 Culture, Society, and Politics 25-26 Global Conflict World War One 26-27 World War Two 27-28 Modern Georgia Modern Civil Rights Movement 28-30 Post-World War Two Georgia 31-32 Georgia Since 1970 33-34 Pre-Colonial Chapter by Chapter Primary Sources Chapter 2 The First Peoples of Georgia Pages from the rare book Etowah Papers: Exploration of the Etowah site in Georgia. Includes images of the site and artifacts found at the site. Native American Cultures Opening America’s Archives Primary Sources Set 1 (Early Georgia) SS8H1— The development of Native American cultures and the impact of European exploration and settlement on the Native American cultures in Georgia. Illustration based on French descriptions of Florida Na- tive Americans.
    [Show full text]
  • A HISTORICAL JOURNEY HISTORY NOTEBOOK Culture Science Education Services Name:
    HISTORY NOTEBOOK FROM YEARS 9OLD A HISTORICAL JOURNEY First Name: .............................................. Name: ...................................................... PRIMARY Culture Science Education Services www.memorial-caen.com WELCOME TO THE CAEN MÉMORIAL This museum opened in 1988 will take you through the history of the 20th century. Your booklet will guide you through the various spaces in the Mémorial that are dedicated to the Second World War. Flags of countries that fought during Building in the shape of a limestone rock Fault symbolising PRIMARY the Battle of Normandy. broken in two, symbolising the damage the breach opened by suffered by the city of Caen. the Allies during D-Day. On each page of this booklet, you will find: The French Resistance 1 In the orange square: A photo of the room YEARS FRANCE IN THE DARK where you have to go. Look for this Name: photograph in the room and write down the name Using information ………………...........................……......................... of this Resistance fi ghter. from the text, give a name to this photo. 2 In the speech-bubbles: Questions. Stones Non-Violence Phrase by Paul Dorey, from Caen, and messages is a sculpture made by the Swedish speaking in the name of Normandy given by various Carl Fredrik Reuterswärd. One of the « Pain crushed me, fraternity put me In a rectangle: A text that countries when copies of this piece was installed on the back up, a river of freedom gushed 3 will help you answer the questions, the Mémorial forecourt of the UN headquarters in from my wound ». opened in 1988. New York. or that you can read after the visit of the museum.
    [Show full text]
  • World War II and Australia
    Essay from “Australia’s Foreign Wars: Origins, Costs, Future?!” http://www.anu.edu.au/emeritus/members/pages/ian_buckley/ This Essay (illustrated) also available on The British Empire at: http://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/australiaswars9.htm 9. World War II and Australia A. September 3, 1939, War 1 (a) Poland Invaded, Britain Declares War, Australia Follows (b) Britain continues ‘Standing By’ – the Phoney War (c) German U-boat and Air Superiority B. Early Defeats 5 (a) Norway, then France, Fall (b) A British Settlement with Hitler? (c) Challenge to Churchill’s leadership fails C. Germany invades Russia 11 (a) Germany Invades Russia, June 22, 1941 (b) Churchill and Roosevelt Meet – the Atlantic Charter D. Japan Enters WWII 16 (a) Early lightning gains – with historical roots (b) Singapore Falls; facing invasion, Australia fights back (c) Midway Battle turns the Naval Tide (d) Young Australians repel forces aimed at Port Moresby (e) Its Security Assured, how then should Australia have fought the Pacific War? E. Back to ‘Germany First’& further delaying the Second Front 30 (a) The Strategy and Rationale (b) Post-Stalingrad Eastern Front: January 1943 – May 1945 (c) Britain’s Contribution to ‘Winning the War against Germany’ F. The Dominions and the RAF’s Air War on Germany (a) The Origins of the ‘Empire Air Training Scheme’ (EATS) 35 (b) EATS and the Defence of Australia - any Connection? (c) Air Operations – Europe (d) Ill-used Australian Aircrew (e) RAF Bomber Command and its Operations – (see Official UK, US Reports!) (f) A contrast: US Air Force’s Specific Target Bombing from mid-1944 G.
    [Show full text]
  • The Digital Deli Online - List of Known Available Shows As of 01-01-2003
    The Digital Deli Online - List of Known Available Shows as of 01-01-2003 $64,000 Question, The 10-2-4 Ranch 10-2-4 Time 1340 Club 150th Anniversary Of The Inauguration Of George Washington, The 176 Keys, 20 Fingers 1812 Overture, The 1929 Wishing You A Merry Christmas 1933 Musical Revue 1936 In Review 1937 In Review 1937 Shakespeare Festival 1939 In Review 1940 In Review 1941 In Review 1942 In Revue 1943 In Review 1944 In Review 1944 March Of Dimes Campaign, The 1945 Christmas Seal Campaign 1945 In Review 1946 In Review 1946 March Of Dimes, The 1947 March Of Dimes Campaign 1947 March Of Dimes, The 1948 Christmas Seal Party 1948 March Of Dimes Show, The 1948 March Of Dimes, The 1949 March Of Dimes, The 1949 Savings Bond Show 1950 March Of Dimes 1950 March Of Dimes, The 1951 March Of Dimes 1951 March Of Dimes Is On The Air, The 1951 March Of Dimes On The Air, The 1951 Packard Radio Spots 1952 Heart Fund, The 1953 Heart Fund, The 1953 March Of Dimes On The Air 1954 Heart Fund, The 1954 March Of Dimes 1954 March Of Dimes Is On The Air With The Fabulous Dorseys, The 1954 March Of Dimes Is On The Air, The 1954 March Of Dimes On The Air 1955 March Of Dimes 1955 March Of Dimes Is On The Air, The 1955 March Of Dimes, The 1955 Pennsylvania Cancer Crusade, The 1956 Easter Seal Parade Of Stars 1956 March Of Dimes Is On The Air, The 1957 Heart Fund, The 1957 March Of Dimes Galaxy Of Stars, The 1957 March Of Dimes Is On The Air, The 1957 March Of Dimes Presents The One and Only Judy, The 1958 March Of Dimes Carousel, The 1958 March Of Dimes Star Carousel, The 1959 Cancer Crusade Musical Interludes 1960 Cancer Crusade 1960: Jiminy Cricket! 1962 Cancer Crusade 1962: A TV Album 1963: A TV Album 1968: Up Against The Establishment 1969 Ford...It's The Going Thing 1969...A Record Of The Year 1973: A Television Album 1974: A Television Album 1975: The World Turned Upside Down 1976-1977.
    [Show full text]
  • World War 11
    World War 11 When the British Government declared war against Germany in September 1939, notices went out to many people requiring them to report to recruiting centres for assessment of their fitness to serve in the armed forces. Many deaf men went; and many were rejected and received their discharge papers. Two discharge certificates are shown, both issued to Herbert Colville of Hove, Sussex. ! man #tat I AND NATIOIUL WVlc4 m- N.S. n. With many men called up, Britain was soon in dire need of workers not only to contribute towards the war but to replace men called up by the armed forces. Many willing and able hands were found in the form of Deaf workers. While many workers continued in their employment during the war, there were many others who were requisitioned under Essential Works Orders (EWO) and instructed to report to factories elsewhere to cany out work essential to the war. Deaf females had to do ammunition work, as well as welding and heavy riveting work in armoury divisions along with males. Deaf women were generally so impressive in their war work that they were in much demand. Some Deaf ladies were called to the Land Army. Carpenters were also in great demand and they were posted all over Britain, in particular in naval yards where new ships were being fitted out and existing ships altered for the war. Deaf tailors and seamstresses were kept busy making not only uniforms and clothing materials essential for the war, but utility clothes that were cheaply bought during the war.
    [Show full text]
  • Memories Come Flooding Back for Ogs School’S Last Link with Headingley
    The magazine for LGS, LGHS and GSAL alumni issue 08 autumn 2020 Memories come flooding back for OGs School’s last link with Headingley The ones to watch What we did Check out the careers of Seun, in lockdown Laura and Josh Heart warming stories in difficult times GSAL Leeds United named celebrates school of promotion the decade Alumni supporters share the excitement 1 24 News GSAL launches Women in Leadership 4 Memories come flooding back for OGs 25 A look back at Rose Court marking the end of school’s last link with Headingley Amraj pops the question 8 12 16 Amraj goes back to school What we did in No pool required Leeds United to pop the question Lockdown... for diver Yona celebrates Alicia welcomes babies Yona keeping his Olympic promotion into a changing world dream alive Alumni supporters share the excitement Welcome to Memento What a year! I am not sure that any were humbled to read about alumnus John Ford’s memory and generosity. 2020 vision I might have had could Dr David Mazza, who spent 16 weeks But at the end of 2020, this edition have prepared me for the last few as a lone GP on an Orkney island also comes at a point when we have extraordinary months. Throughout throughout lockdown, and midwife something wonderful to celebrate, the toughest school times that Alicia Walker, who talks about the too - and I don’t just mean Leeds I can recall, this community has changes to maternity care during 27 been a source of encouragement lockdown.
    [Show full text]
  • Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell
    Copyrights sought (Albert) Basil (Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell) Filson Young (Alexander) Forbes Hendry (Alexander) Frederick Whyte (Alfred Hubert) Roy Fedden (Alfred) Alistair Cooke (Alfred) Guy Garrod (Alfred) James Hawkey (Archibald) Berkeley Milne (Archibald) David Stirling (Archibald) Havergal Downes-Shaw (Arthur) Berriedale Keith (Arthur) Beverley Baxter (Arthur) Cecil Tyrrell Beck (Arthur) Clive Morrison-Bell (Arthur) Hugh (Elsdale) Molson (Arthur) Mervyn Stockwood (Arthur) Paul Boissier, Harrow Heraldry Committee & Harrow School (Arthur) Trevor Dawson (Arwyn) Lynn Ungoed-Thomas (Basil Arthur) John Peto (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin & New Statesman (Borlasse Elward) Wyndham Childs (Cecil Frederick) Nevil Macready (Cecil George) Graham Hayman (Charles Edward) Howard Vincent (Charles Henry) Collins Baker (Charles) Alexander Harris (Charles) Cyril Clarke (Charles) Edgar Wood (Charles) Edward Troup (Charles) Frederick (Howard) Gough (Charles) Michael Duff (Charles) Philip Fothergill (Charles) Philip Fothergill, Liberal National Organisation, N-E Warwickshire Liberal Association & Rt Hon Charles Albert McCurdy (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett & World Review of Reviews (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Colin) Mark Patrick (Crwfurd) Wilfrid Griffin Eady (Cyril) Berkeley Ormerod (Cyril) Desmond Keeling (Cyril) George Toogood (Cyril) Kenneth Bird (David) Euan Wallace (Davies) Evan Bedford (Denis Duncan)
    [Show full text]
  • The Picture of London, for 1802
    ' ' ' + *' . X » : THE , PICTURE LONDON,OF FOR 1802 x; V BEING A CORRECT GUIDE TO All the Curiosities , Amusements, Exhibitions, Public Establishments, and remarkable near. London Objects , in and ; with a • -COLLECTION OF APPROPRIATE TABLES* FOR THE USE OF STRANGERS, FOREIGNERS, AND ALL PERSONS WHO ARE NOT INTIMATELY ACQUAINTED WITH THE BRITISH METROPOLIS., JLonocm ' Printed by Lewis and Co. Paternoster-rcnv ; for l’s R. PHILLIPS, no. 71 , st. pau church-yard ; AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS, AND AT THE bars of the principal inns and COFFEE-HOUSES, (Price Five Shillings, boktid in Tied.) ' \* V • . T PREFACE, Every person who opens this book, will be instantly struck with its obvious and indispen- sible utility, and will feel much surprised that no work, upon the same practical plan, had hi- therto made its appearance. Every city and considerable town in Great Britain, has, for many years, been provided with its pocket-guide, and yet London, a place totally inexplicable to Strangers,' and which contains such an infinite number of matchless curiosities, has, till the present work, been unprovided with a modern description, sufficiently practi- cal and circumstantial to relieve' their embarrass- ments, answer their enquiries, and direct their pursuits. But, notwithstanding this work has been compiled for the express purpose of assisting visitors and foreigners in their perambulations in and about the metropolis, the Editor is fully persuaded that its utility will be much felt by natives and perpetual residents, whosp want of A 2 I correct
    [Show full text]
  • Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal 46
    ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 46 2 The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the contributors concerned and are not necessarily those held by the Royal Air Force Historical Society. First published in the UK in 2009 by the Royal Air Force Historical Society All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing. ISSN 1361 4231 Printed by Windrush Group Windrush House Avenue Two Station Lane Witney OX28 4XW 3 ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY President Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Michael Beetham GCB CBE DFC AFC Vice-President Air Marshal Sir Frederick Sowrey KCB CBE AFC Committee Chairman Air Vice-Marshal N B Baldwin CB CBE FRAeS Vice-Chairman Group Captain J D Heron OBE Secretary Group Captain K J Dearman FRAeS Membership Secretary Dr Jack Dunham PhD CPsychol AMRAeS Treasurer J Boyes TD CA Members Air Commodore G R Pitchfork MBE BA FRAes *J S Cox Esq BA MA *Dr M A Fopp MA FMA FIMgt *Group Captain A J Byford MA MA RAF *Wing Commander P K Kendall BSc ARCS MA RAF Wing Commander C Cummings Editor & Publications Wing Commander C G Jefford MBE BA Manager *Ex Officio 4 CONTENTS OPENING ADDRESS – Air Chf Mshl Sir David Cousins 7 THE NORTHERN MEDITERRANEAN 1943-1945 by Wg 9 Cdr Andrew Brookes AIRBORNE FORCES IN THE NORTH MEDITERRANEAN 20 THEATRE OF OPERATIONS by Wg Cdr Colin Cummings DID ALLIED AIR INTERDICTION
    [Show full text]
  • Almost a Century of Central Bank Cooperation
    June 2005 Almost A Century of Central Bank Cooperation Richard N. Cooper Harvard University The Bank for International Settlements was created in 1930 primarily to administer the Young Plan, including reparations loan repayments from Germany. But the “first object” of the BIS, as defined in its statutes, is to “promote the cooperation of central banks…” – to provide a place of meeting for central bankers to exchange information, discuss common problems, agree on shared aims, set common standards, possibly even provide mutual support. This objective must be viewed against the background of the 1920s, when there had been episodic, typically bilateral cooperation among central banks. Indeed episodes of such cooperation can be found in the pre-1914 period, for example a gold loan by the Bank of France to the Bank of England during the Baring Crisis of 1890, or discounting by the Bank of France of English bills in 1906, 1907, 1909, and 1910, thereby relieving pressure on the gold reserves of the Bank of England (Bloomfield, p. 56). Indeed, examples can be found from even earlier, including the Latin and Scandinvian currency unions (Schloss, p.7-24). With the post-1918 breakup of the Austrian , Ottoman, and Russian empires many new countries were created, needing central banks and economic stabilization. The League of Nations had a program to assist the new states in setting up their financial systems and stabilizing their economies. An early inter- war example of cooperation was the loan in 1923 from the Bank of England to the National Bank of Austria in anticipation of proceeds from a League of Nations stabilization loan.
    [Show full text]
  • Growing up in Hitler's Germany
    CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture ISSN 1481-4374 Purdue University Press ©Purdue University Volume 11 (2009) Issue 1 Article 6 Narrative Silences Between History and Memory in Schumann's Being Present: Growing Up in Hitler's Germany Anne Rothe Wayne State University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, and the Critical and Cultural Studies Commons Dedicated to the dissemination of scholarly and professional information, Purdue University Press selects, develops, and distributes quality resources in several key subject areas for which its parent university is famous, including business, technology, health, veterinary medicine, and other selected disciplines in the humanities and sciences. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, the peer-reviewed, full-text, and open-access learned journal in the humanities and social sciences, publishes new scholarship following tenets of the discipline of comparative literature and the field of cultural studies designated as "comparative cultural studies." Publications in the journal are indexed in the Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature (Chadwyck-Healey), the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (Thomson Reuters ISI), the Humanities Index (Wilson), Humanities International Complete (EBSCO), the International Bibliography of the Modern Language Association of America, and Scopus (Elsevier). The journal is affiliated with the Purdue University Press monograph series of Books in Comparative Cultural Studies. Contact: <clcweb@purdue.edu> Recommended Citation Rothe, Anne. "Narrative Silences Between History and Memory in Schumann's Being Present: Growing Up in Hitler's Germany." CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 11.1 (2009): <https://doi.org/10.7771/1481-4374.1418> This text has been double-blind peer reviewed by 2+1 experts in the field.
    [Show full text]