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Unit 13: IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) a Bit of History… EECS 122: Introduction to Communication Networks Unit 13: IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) A bit of history… • 1970 ALOHAnet radio network deployed in Hawaiian islands • 1973 Metcalf and Boggs invent Ethernet, random access in wired net • 1979 DIX Ethernet II Standard • 1985 IEEE 802.3 LAN Standard (10 Mbps) • 1995 Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) • 1998 Gigabit Ethernet • 2002 10 Gigabit Ethernet • Ethernet is today the dominant LAN standard Metcalf’s Sketch AW: Unit 13 2 EE 122 Spring 2015 IEEE 802.3 – The „classical Ethernet“ AW: Unit 13 3 EE 122 Spring 2015 IEEE 802.3 MAC: Ethernet • MAC Protocol: CSMA/CD. • Slot Time is the critical system parameter - upper bound on time to detect collision - upper bound on time to acquire channel - upper bound on length of frame segment generated by collision - quantum for retransmission scheduling - max{round-trip propagation, MAC jam time} • Truncated binary exponential backoff - for retransmission n: 0 < r < 2k, where k=min(n,10) - Give up after 16 retransmissions AW: Unit 13 4 EE 122 Spring 2015 IEEE 802.3 Original Parameters • BASIC ASSUMPTION: all collisions can always be detected by the participating parties (transmitters!) • Transmission Rate: 10 Mbps • Min Frame: 512 bits = 64 bytes • Slot time: 512 bits/10 Mbps = 51.2 msec - 51.2 msec x 2x105 km/sec =10.24 km, 1 way - 5.12 km round trip distance • Max Length: 2500 meters + 4 repeaters • Each x10 increase in bit rate, must be accompanied by x10 decrease in distance AW: Unit 13 5 EE 122 Spring 2015 LAN Standard Relationship to the ISO/OSI Model n AUI – Attachment Unit Interface n MAU – Medium Attachment Unit n MDI – Medium Dependent Interface n PMA – Physical Medium Attachment AW: Unit 13 6 EE 122 Spring 2015 IEEE 802.3 MAC Frame 802.3 MAC Frame 7 1 6 6 2 4 Destination Source Preamble SD Length Information Pad FCS address address Synch Start 64 - 1518 bytes frame l Every frame transmission begins “from scratch” l Preamble helps receivers synchronize their clocks to transmitter clock l 7 bytes of 10101010 generate a square wave l Start frame byte changes to 10101011 l Receivers look for change in 10 pattern AW: Unit 13 7 EE 122 Spring 2015 IEEE 802.3 MAC Frame 802.3 MAC Frame 7 1 6 6 2 4 Destination Source Preamble SD Length Information Pad FCS address address Synch Start 64 - 1518 bytes frame 0 Single address • Destination address • single address • group address 1 Group address • broadcast = 111...111 Addresses 0 Local address • local or global • Global addresses • first 24 bits assigned to manufacturer; 1 Global address • next 24 bits assigned by manufacturer • Cisco 00-00-0C AW: Unit 13 8• 3COM 02-60-8C EE 122 Spring 2015 IEEE 802.3 MAC Frame 802.3 MAC Frame 7 1 6 6 2 4 Destination Source Preamble SD Length Information Pad FCS address address Synch Start 64 - 1518 bytes frame l Length: # bytes in information field l Max frame 1518 bytes, excluding preamble & SD l Max information 1500 bytes: 05DC l Pad: ensures min frame of 64 bytes l FCS: CCITT-32 CRC, covers addresses, length, information, pad fields l NIC discards frames with improper lengths or failed CRC AW: Unit 13 9 EE 122 Spring 2015 MAC Frame Format (summary) • Preamble – synchronization of circuitry - 7 bytes made of: 10101010 • SFD – Start Frame Delimiter - Fixed sequence: 10101011 • Length – determine number of data octets • Data – sequence of octets - min/max size is determined by physical layer specification • PAD – padding - If length field is below a certain threshold, a PAD field will be added at the end of the data field - Max(0, minFrameSize - (8n + 2addressSize + 48)), where n is the number of LLC data field octets • FCS – Frame Check Sequence - Check includes all fields between SFD and FCS, CRC polynom G(x)=x32+x26+x23+x22+x16+x12+x11+x10+x8 +x7 +x5 +x4 +x2 +x+1 AW: Unit 13 10 EE 122 Spring 2015 MAC Frame Format (Summary – cont. ) n I/G = 0 ® individual address n I/G = 1 ® group address n U/L = 0 ® globally administered address n U/L = 1 ® locally administered address • Individual address - associated with a particular station on the network • Group address - Associated with one or more stations on the network, two types, multicast and broadcast • Locally/globally administered address - Beyond the scope of the standard AW: Unit 13 11 EE 122 Spring 2015 Collision Handling • Access Interference and recovery Ø Collsion avoidance by deferring Ø In case of collision: Collision detect signal turns on: Ø Transmission continues: a certain bit sequence is sent ( jam signal – can be generated by any station ) Ø Upon detection of the jam signal, transmission is stopped and retransmission is initiated after a certain deference time. Ø Deference time is selected from a certain interval that is increased after each collision and decreased in case of success. • How are collisions detected? Ø Signals are current-driven on the medium Ø In case of a collision the voltage on the medium is twice the voltage generated by a single station AW: Unit 13 12 EE 122 Spring 2015 Retransmission and Back-off upon Collision Ø Collisions will be followed by retransmission until either success or a maximum number of attempts (being set to 16 by the standard) Ø Scheduling of retransmission: truncated binary exponential back-off Ø Transmission is delayed in terms of slot times Ø Number of slot times for the nth retransmission is chosen as a uniformly distributed integer r in the range: Ø 0<r<2k-1, where k=min(n,10) n Note: Introduction of more delay in a special implementation is allowed, this algorithm represents a lower bound nQUESTION: why does this schema work without acknowledgment (in contrast to ALOHA). AW: Unit 13 13 EE 122 Spring 2015 Retransmission and Backoff upon Collision AW: Unit 13 14 EE 122 Spring 2015 Media Access Control - Basic Functions • Data encapsulation/decapsulation - Framing (frame boundary delimination/ synchronization) - Addressing - Error detection • Media Access management - Medium allocation (collision avoidance) - Contention resolution (collision handling) AW: Unit 13 15 EE 122 Spring 2015 Receive Control Flow AW: Unit 13 16 EE 122 Spring 2015 Transmit Frame Control Flow AW: Unit 13 17 EE 122 Spring 2015 IEEE 802.3 Physical Layer Table 6.2 IEEE 802.3 10 Mbps medium alternatives 10baseFX 10base5 10base2 10baseT (forget it!) Medium Thick coax Thin coax Twisted pair Optical fiber Max. Segment Length 500 m 200 m 100 m 2 km Point-to-point Topology Bus Bus Star link Hubs & Switches! (a) transceivers (b) Thick Coax: Stiff, hard to work with T connectors flaky AW: Unit 13 18 EE 122 Spring 2015 Support for Different Media Ø Coaxial cable. Baseband ! Ø Twisted pair ! - Baseband Ø 10Base5 („Yellow cable“, 10 Mbit/s) Ø 10BaseT (10 Mbit/s) Ø 10Base2 (Cheapernet, 10 Mbit/s) Ø 100BaseTX (100 Mbit/s) Ø 100BaseVG (100 Mbit/s) ØFiber 100BaseXL (100 Mbit/s) ØBroadband On Cable 10 Bas Broad 36 Note: Both the later: HISTORICAL ONLY 10Base5 10Base2 10BaseT 10Broad36 10BaseFP Transmission Coaxial Cable Coaxial Cable Unshielded Coaxial Cable 850 nm – medium (50 W) (50 W) Twisted Pair (75 W) optical fiber pair Signaling Baseband Baseband Baseband Broadband Manchester technique (Manchester) (Manchester) (Manchester) (DPSK) (On-Off) Topology Bus Bus Star Bus/Tree Star Maximum 500 m 185 m 100 m 1800 m 500 m segment length Nodes per 100 30 - - 33 segment Cable diameter 10 mm 5 mm 0.4 – 0.6 mm 0.4 – 1.0 mm 62.5/125 mm AW: Unit 13 19 EE 122 Spring 2015 Twisted Pair Ethernet (10BaseT) (1) Example for twisted pair Ethernet connection: Ø Why Twisted Pair? Ø coax cable drawbacks: Ø 10Base5: complicated and expensive cabling Ø 10Base2: 200m per segment with 30 stations Ø both: cable breaks, bad taps, and loose connectors are major problems with repercussios on a whole segment AW: Unit 13 20 EE 122 Spring 2015 Twisted Pair Ethernet (10BaseT) Hub AW: Unit 13 21 EE 122 Spring 2015 Twisted Pair Ethernet (10BaseT) (2) Ø Twisted Pair advantages: Ø easy maintenance (finding cable breaks) Ø using existing cabling (telephone, structured cabling) Ø easy adding / removing of stations Ø 10BaseT wiring scheme Ø every station is connected directly to a central hub Ø the function of a hub is to receive and retransmit (repeat with amplification) electrical signals Ø collision detection and handling is done by every station (DTE) as with coax Ø thus a hub forms a segment (collision domain) Ø a cable from station to hub can be 100 m to 150 m long (cable cat 3 to 5) AW: Unit 13 22 EE 122 Spring 2015 Example Configuration - System with maximum signal path AW: Unit 13 23 EE 122 Spring 2015 Round-trip Delays – values in bit timesa Segment Max Left End Midsegment Right End RT Delay type Len. Base Base Base Max. Max. Max. 10Base5 500 m 11.75 46.5 169.5 212.8 0.0866 55.05 89.8 10Base2 185 m 11.75 30.731 46.5 65.48 169.5 188.48 0.1026 FOIRL 1000 m 7.75 107.75 29 152 252 0.1 129 10BaseT 100 mb 15.25 26.55 42 165 176.3 0.113 53.3 10BaseFP 1000 m 11.25 111.25 61 183.5 284 0.1 161 10BaseFB 2000 m N/Ac N/A 24 N/A N/A 0.1 224 10BaseFL 2000 m 12.25 212.25 33.5 233.5 156.5 356.5 0.1 Excess AUI 48 m 0 0 0 4.88 0.1026 4.88 4.88 a.
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