Eesti Jögede Ja Jarvede Setsund Water Pollution and Quality in Estonia
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Environmental Report 7 EESTI JÖGEDE JA JARVEDE SETSUND WATER POLLUTION AND QUALITY IN ESTONIA 1-~ Environment Data Centre National Board of Waters and the Environment Helsinki 1993 Environment Data Centre National Board of Waters and the Environment Helsinki 1993 eesti English ,i i1T Käesoleva väljaande koostajad tänavad köiki autoreid, The compilers are grateful to the authors, who contri- kelle töö ja abiga väljaanne sondis. buted to this publication. Suur tänu Soome Keskkonnaministeeriumi Kesk- Special thanks to the Finnish Environment Data konna Infokeskusele selle väljaande kujundamise ja Centre for designing and publishing this edition. kirjastamise eest. Eesti Vabariigi Keskkonnaministeeriumi Estonian Environment Information Centre Info - ja Tehnokeskus (EEIC) EE0013 Tallinn 2 Kotka St. Kotka 2 Tallinn EE0013 Tel. (372) 2 55 22 41 Tel. (372) 2 55 22 41 T I e In lice keel e/En lish translation by Cover photo © Rein Albri Margareta Telliskivi de Villacis Keila jögi /Keila River PubUshed andsponsored by Prnted on Environment Data Centre (EDC), Luminova matt 90 g/m2 paper, cover Galerie Art National Board of Waters and the Environment, Silk 250 g/m2, both papers have been awarded Finland the Nordic Environmental Label. Edited by Printed by Maria Pylvönäinen, EDC IS-paino, Iisalmi Finland 1993 ISBN 951-47-8448-9 ISSN 0788-3765 K eesti English SAATEKS ...............................................................4 PREFACE ...............................................................4 1. JÖED JA NENDE SEISUND .............................5 1. THE STATE OF RIVERS..................................5 1.1 Hiidroloogiline iilevaade .....................................5 1.1 Hydrological survey ............................................5 1.2 Reostusallikad, reostuskoormus ........................11 1.2 Sources of pollution and pollution loads ..........11 1.2.1 Asulate reostuskoormus ja reovee 1.2.1 Pollution load from point sources puhastamine ........................................11 and waste water treatment ..................11 1.2.2 Toitainete koormusbilanss 1.2.2 Nutrient balance in surface water.......18 pinnavees ............................................18 1.2.3 Pollution load into the Baltic Sea.......22 1.2.3 Reostuskoormus Läänemeire .............22 1.3 Water quality .....................................................24 1.3 Veekvaliteet ....................................................... 24 1.3.1 Calculated water quality .....................24 1.3.1 Arvustuslik veekvaliteet .....................24 1.3.2 The dynamics of water quality 1.3.2 Jögede veekvaliteedi dunaamika ........ 27 in rivers ............................................... 27 1.3.3 Jögede vee troofsus ja 1.3.3 Trophy of the water of Estonian primaarproduktsiooni limiteeriv rivers and nutrients limiting biogeenne element ..............................29 the primary production .......................29 2. JÄRVED JA NENDE SEI3Gl®YD .....................35 2. THE STATE OF LAKES .................................35 2.1 Väikejärved .......................................................35 2.1 Small lakes ........................................................35 2.2 Vörtsjäry ............................................................39 2.2 Lake Vörtsjärv...................................................39 2.3 Narva veehoidla .................................................41 2.3 Narva Reservoir.................................................41 2.4 Peipsi järv ..........................................................41 2.4 Lake Peipsi ........................................................41 2.5 Ulemiste järv .....................................................42 2.5 Lake Ulemiste ...................................................42 3. VEEKOGUDE REGULEERIMINE ...............45 3. REGULATION OF WATER BODIES ..........45 4. PINNAVEE SEIRE ...........................................48 4. SURFACE WATER MONITORING .............48 KASUTATUD KIRJANDUS ...............................54 REFERENCES ......................................................54 LISA APPENDIX JOONISTE JA LIST OF TABLES TABELITE NIMEKIRI ......................55 AND FIGURES ..................................55 [4] eesti English . - . Kogumikku on koondatud rida artikleid, mille ees- The present publication assembles a number of märgiks on anda ulevaade Eesti pinnavee seisun- articles which attempt to give a survey of the state dist ja selfe muutustest viimastel aastatel. Pöhiline of surface water in Estonia and of the develop- andmestik vee kasutamise, veeheite ja reovee ments in recentyears. Most of the data concerning puhastamise kohta on oinud ametkondlikuks kasu- the use of water, effluents and sewage treatment tamiseks. Senini ei ole olnud just palju vöimalusi has been available only to specialists until now. nende avaldamiseks laiemale lugejaskonnale. This survey provides the possibility to make this data available for the public. Veemajandus, selfe rakendusuuringud, andme- baas ja statisteka kannavad möödunud aja heillik- Estonian water policy, applied studies, data ma- kuse ja sihipäratuse pitserit. Entusiasmile ja teatud nagementand statistics are still bearing the sign of inertslle tegudes toetub Eesti veemajandus ka the inconsistency and endless rearrangements. täna. Even today, Estonian water management is fed to certain degree by enthusiasm and inertia of de- Jägede ja järvede seisund sättub sinna juhitud voted persons. reostuse hulgast, viimane tootmise mahust ning tootmise ja reoveepuhastuse tehnoloogiast. Tekkiv The state of Estonian rivers and lakes depends on turumajandus on loonud eeldused nie tootmis- kui the volume of pollution led into them. The pollution ka puhastustehnoloogia kaasajastamiseks, kulu- volume, in its turn, depends on the capacity and nev hinnapoliitika aga vee säästlikuks kasutami- technology of economic produclion, and on the seks. Missuguseks kujunevad veetarbimise tase ja technological level of waste water treatment. The väimalused veekeskkonna kaitseks, näitab lähitu- market economy has made it possible to moderni- levik, kui toimivad uued omandisuhted ja tootmine ze both the production and the treatment techno- on stabiliseerunud. Suuremate veemajanduslike logies. The new price policies favour saving of rajatiste ehitamine ja sellele eelnevate rakendus- water. The near future will show how the level of uuringute läbiviimine on täna veel paljuski söltuv water consumption and new possibilities to protect välisabist. Koos maksujöulise tarbija tekkimisega the aquatic environment will develop in the new on oodata ka veemajandusalase ehitustegevuse situation where the proprietary rights and the uldist elavnemist. volumes of production will have stabilized. Construc- tion of major water management facilities and Veekogude seisundis kajastub veema janduses teh- connected preinvestment studies are still partly tu, näidates kätte puudujäägid ja lähtealuse edas- dependent on foreign aid. When solvency increa- pidiseks säästvaks arenguks. ses, a general quickening in water management construction can be expected. Hillar Pache Eesti The state of water bodies reflects what has been done in water management until now, points out the shortcomings and shows what has to be done for a sustainable development in the future. Hillar Pache Estonia eesti English Pindala 47,5 tuh. km2 Area 47,5 th km2 Elanikkond 1,5 miljonit Population 1,5 million Rannajoon 3780 km Coastline 3780 km Jöed Ole 50 km pikkuseid - 38 Rivers over 50 km long - 38 Järved Ole 1 ha suuruseid - ca 1200 Lakes area over 1 ha - ca 1200 Sademed keskmiselt 630 mm aastas Precipitation average 630 mm per year Koostas K. Pachel By K. Pachel Eesti jöed on j aotunud veelahkmete järgi nelj a vesikon- Estonian rivers are divided by watersheds into four da: Narva-Peipsi vesikond, Soome lahe vesikond, Liivi drainage areas: the catchment area of the Narva River lahe vesikond ja Saarte veekogud (joonis 1. 1). Kolme and Lake Peipsi, the catchment area of the Gulf of Riga, vesikonna — Narva-Peipsi, Soome lahe ja Liivi lahe the catchment area of the Gulf of Finland, and the vesikonna jöed saavad alguse Pandivere körgustiku catchment area of the islands (figure 1.1). The rivers of laialdase karstiala nölvalt. three catchment areas (the Narva River and Lake Peip- si, Gulf of Finland and Gulf of Riga) spring from the slope of the Pandivere uplands karst area. M 0 peaveelahkmed/main watersheds 0 äravoolu möötmispost/runoff gauging station Q veeseisu möötmispost/water level gauging station o Endla looduskaitseala 9 veemööduposti/9 gauging stations at Endla Nature Reserve • V T1 Joonis 1.1 Vesikonnad ja veemööteposti, D Figure 1 m 1 Drainage areas and water gc eesti English Eesti geograafilisest asendist ja looduslikest tingi- Several special characteristics both in the morpho- mustest tuleneb terve rida iseärasusi niijögede morfo- metry of rivers and in the division of water resources is meetrias kui ka veevarude jaotumises. result from the geographical position and natural con- Eesti jöed on lähikesed, väikese valgalaga, seetöttu ditions of Estonia. ka suhteliselt veevaesed. Jöestik on tihe. Äravool moo- Estonian rivers are short, have a small catchment, dustub pöhiliselt vabariigi territooriumil. Veevarude and are therefore relatively poor in water. The stream killustatus väikesteks veekogudeks ja ebaiihtlane jao- system is dense. Runoff is formed mainly in the territo- tumine piirab nende kasutamise vöimalusi. Eesti jöed ry of Estonia. Utilization of water resources is limited on vähekölbulikud veetranspordiks,