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The UNESCO Courier THE UNESCO CourierOctober-December 2017 • n°3 Culture : the bedrock of peace United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Our contributors Marc Chassaubéné Virginie Jourdan France Brandi Harless Samuel Hardy Bruce Howe United Kingdom Deeyah Khan Sarah Willcox Norway United States Diego Ibarra Sánchez Bujor Nedelcovici Spain Romania Asaad Zoghaib Lebanon Spôjmaï Zariâb Afghanistan Catherine Fiankan-Bokonga Switzerland, DRC Jiang Bo China Rithy Panh Souleymane Cambodia Bachir Diagne Senegal Edouard J. Maunick Abderrahmane Mauritius Sissako Mauritania Magdalena Nandege South Sudan Véronique Tadjo Côte d’Ivoire Marie Angélique Ingabire Rwanda Kate Panayotou Ahmad Australia Al Faqi Al Mahdi Ouided Bouchamaoui Zenaldo Coutinho Mayombo Kassongo Mounir Char Dave Cull Brazil Mali Tunisia New Zealand @ Alvaro Cabrera Jimenez / Shutterstock 2017 • n° 3 • Published since 1948 Language Editors: Information and reproduction rights: Arabic: Anissa Barrak [email protected] The UNESCO Courier is published quarterly Chinese: China Translation and Publishing House 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France by the United Nations Educational, Scientific English: Shiraz Sidhva © UNESCO 2017 and Cultural Organization. It promotes the French: Isabelle Motchane-Brun ISSN 2220-2285 • e-ISSN 2220-2293 ideals of UNESCO by sharing ideas on issues of Russian: Marina Yaloyan international concern relevant to its mandate. Spanish: Lucía Iglesias Kuntz Periodical available in Open Access under the The UNESCO Courier is published thanks to the Translation (English): Peter Coles, Cathy Nolan Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) licence generous support of the People’s Republic of China. Design: Corinne Hayworth (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ igo/). Director of Publication: Éric Falt Cover image : © Selçuk By using the content of this publication, the users accept Printing: UNESCO to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Executive Director: Vincent Defourny Access Repository (www.unesco. org/open-access/). Editorial Director: Jasmina Šopova Co-published Editions: The present licence applies exclusively to the texts. For Portuguese: Ana Lúcia Guimarães the use of images, prior permission shall be requested. Production and Promotion Director: Ian Denison Esperanto: Trezoro Huang Yinbao The designations employed in this publication Assistant Editor: Katerina Markelova Subscriptions and the presentation of the data do not imply Section Editor: Xiaorong Chen Free digital version: the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, http://en.unesco.org/courier/subscribe Digital Editor: Malahat Ibrahimova territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning Photo Editor: Danica Bijeljac Print version: http://en.unesco.org/eshop the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. €27/year (4 issues) or €54/two years (8 issues) Digital Production: Denis Pitzalis Articles express the opinions of the authors and do This price covers actual costs for printing not necessarily represent the opinions of UNESCO and Media Relations: Clare Sharkey and distribution. There is no profit motive. do not commit the Organization. CourierTHE UNESCO Editorial From the very start, UNESCO has actively These events are evidence of campaigned to emphasize the essential an unprecedented development, role that culture plays in global peace. which is also the result of UNESCO’s The development of modern conflicts actions. The use of armed force is not confirms the increased need for this form sufficient to defeat a threat that thrives on of “soft power” today. ignorance and flawed readings of history. The repeated attacks on heritage in Iraq, The battle against violent extremism is Libya, Mali and Syria have shown the extent waged through culture and education. to which the protection of cultural heritage Lasting peace requires recourse to what Irina Bokova, cannot be separated from the protection the poet Aimé Césaire called “miraculous Director-General of UNESCO. of human lives. Violent extremists do not weapons” – education, culture and © Yulian Donov target only the general public; they also knowledge – which strengthen target teachers, journalists, schools, the defences of peace in the minds of and historical monuments in an attempt each and every one. to undermine and disrupt the societies It is in this spirit that UNESCO is they wish to subjugate. seeking to raise public awareness of In response, we must do more to integrate the values of tolerance and respect culture in our strategies for security through creation. As Edouard Glissant and peace, as a means to build long-term (1928-2011), former Editor-in-Chief resilience, resistance and cohesion. of the UNESCO Courier, pointed out, This is why UNESCO has intensified art has always served as a trigger for its emergency programmes and “the creative capacity of the individual initiatives to counter violent extremism, and the community and [has] provided while continuing its political advocacy. a mirror of identity”. Artistic creation is an initiation of intercultural dialogue, Several resolutions recently adopted and building bridges amid the world’s by the United Nations Security Council rich cultural diversity. represent a historic recognition of the importance of protecting heritage for Many people, both young and public security, such as Resolutions 2199, not-so-young, want to transmit 2354 and 2347 (see p. 7). For the first this discourse of peace, tolerance and time, a UN resolution, Resolution 2347, respect for rights. The Unite4Heritage unanimously adopted on 24 March 2017, campaign (p. 11) that I launched in 2015, covers the range of threats to world has since attracted a great many heritage – affirming that its deliberate supporters across the world. The initiative destruction constitutes a tactic of war, has demonstrated its vitality in building which calls for suitable responses. peace, growing silently like the trees in a forest, even when our attention is The conviction by the International focused on the tree that is being felled. Criminal Court of the militant leader responsible for destroying the shrines Let us continue to invest in of Timbuktu (Mali) – in the very first this “soft power” of UNESCO, and to international tribunal entirely devoted to continue to believe in the capacity the destruction of cultural heritage – also of these “miraculous weapons” marks a decisive step towards an end to that humanity is forging patiently impunity for these war crimes (see p. 18). to establish lasting peace. Irina Bokova Director-General of UNESCO. The UNESCO Courier • October-December 2017 | 3 Contents WIDE ANGLE Culture: the bedrock of peace 7 A historic resolution to protect cultural heritage Catherine Fiankan-Bokonga 12 Curbing the spoils of war Samuel Hardy 17 Culture: giving cities a human face Quotes from city mayors 18 Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi: “I plead guilty” Interview by Anissa Barrak 25 Deeyah Khan: “They chose to pick up a gun, I choose to pick up a camera” Interview by Jasmina Šopova 29 Breaking the cycle of vengeance Marie Angélique Ingabire 32 The story of Magdalena, 6-33 South Sudan Magdalena Nandege ZOOM Hijacked Education Diego Ibarra Sánchez / MeMo and Katerina Markelova 34-41 4 | The UNESCO Courier • October-December 2017 42-49 IDEAS Philosophy versus tribalism 43 Souleymane Bachir Diagne Refugee scientists: 46 quiet pioneers dedicated to discovery Sarah Willcox “You ask me what exile is...” 49 The words of exiled creators 54-63 50-53 OUR GUEST Ouided Bouchamaoui: “ Prosperity springs from trust ” Interview by Mounir Charfi CURRENT AFFAIRS 55 A Crystal Palace houses a shipwreck : Interview with Jiang Bo by Katerina Markelova NEWS and Xiaorong Chen UNESCO awards five 64 59 Around the globe International Literacy Prizes in the world’s first clean-energy ship Virginie Jourdan Global MIL Week 2017: 65 reimagining ways of learning 62 Harnessing submarine cables 64-66 to save lives Rethinking Youth Engagement 66 Bruce Howe and Kate Panayotou with UNESCO The UNESCO Courier • October-December 2017 | 5 Culture: the bedrock of peace Wide angle A poster for Unite4Heritage, a global movement launched by UNESCO, which uses social media to encourage youth to help protect cultural heritage. © UNESCO 6 | The UNESCO Courier • October-December 2017 Wide angle A historic resolution to protect cultural heritage by Catherine Fiankan-Bokonga On 24 March 2007, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2347, relating to the protection of cultural heritage. This was an unprecedented victory! It has taken nearly a century and a half © Public domain, The Hague Municipal Archives for the idea to mature. Then, Delegates at the International Peace Conference pose on the steps of over the past few years, progress the Huis ten Bosch palace in The Hague was suddenly made. And (Netherlands) on 18 May 1899. a growing awareness of the role that cultural heritage can play The number of armed conflicts has The process began at the end of in fostering security was born. been escalating since the 1980s − first in the nineteenth century, when fifteen Central Asia (Afghanistan), then in parts of European states met in Brussels (Belgium), the Middle East (Iraq and Syria) and West on 27 July 1874, to examine the draft Africa (Mali). These have led to an increase in international agreement concerning the destruction of historic sites by terrorist the Laws and Customs of War. A month groups and an explosion
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