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Tres Siglos.Qxd REVISTA GENERAL DE MARINA FUNDADA EN 1877 AGOSTO-SEPTIEMBRE 2015 CENTENARIO DE LA CREACIóN REvIsTA DEL ARMA SUBMARINA GENERAL DE PRÓLOGO DEL AJEMA 211 MARINA PREcuRsOREs Y PIONEROs DE LA NAvEGAcIÓN subMARINA EN EsPAñA quE hAN DADO NOMbRE A subMARINOs DE LA ARMADA 213 Agustín Ramón Rodríguez González, doctor en Histo- ria Contemporánea y correspondiente de la Real Academia de la Historia PROGRAMA DE subMARINOs DE LA LEY MIRAN- DA. MATEO GARcÍA DE LOs REYEs, ARTÍFIcE DE su cREcIMIENTO Y cONsOLIDAcIÓN 231 FuNDADA EN 1877 Diego Quevedo Carmona, alférez de navío (S) (RE) REFLEXIONEs Y cOMENTARIOs, AcAsO EX- AñO 2015 TEMPORÁNEOs, DE uN subMARINIsTA RETI- RADO 251 AGOsTO-sEPT. Mariano Juan Ferragut, capitán de navío (RR) TOMO 269 TRAYEcTORIA hIsTÓRIcA DE LA bAsE DE subMARINOs 277 Carlos Martínez-Merello Díaz de Miranda, contralmi- rante EL ARMA subMARINA hOY 291 José Sierra Méndez, capitán de navío EL subMARINO EN LAs ARMADAs EXTRAN- JERAs 305 José M.ª Treviño Ruiz, almirante (RR) ¡SURSUM CORDA! 315 Pedro L. de la Puente García-Ganges, capitán de navío LA TRAscENDENcIA DE LA GuERRA subMARI- NA/ANTIsubMARINA 323 Pedro Márquez de la Calleja, capitán de corbeta DEL SUB MARĪNUS HABILIS AL SUB MARĪNUS SAPIENS 333 Tomás Clavijo Rey-Stolle, capitán de corbeta EL ARcO Y LA FLEchA 345 Alejandro Jubera Domingo, capitán de corbeta EL FuTuRO DEL ARMA subMARINA: EL S-80 357 Nicolás Monereo Alonso, jefe del Programa S-80, capi- tán de navío LAs cOMuNIcAcIONEs EN EL subMARINO DEL FuTuRO. uNA vIsITA A LA RADIO DEL S-91 367 Rafael Delgado Carpenter, capitán de corbeta sALvAMENTO Y REscATE DE subMARINOs: uN PAsO ADELANTE 383 Juan Manuel Torrijos Colado, capitán de corbeta sOLILOquIO DE subMARINIsTA 403 Luis Francisco Sánchez-Feijoo López, capitán de na- vío (RR) vIDA A bORDO EN LOs subMARINOs TIPO GALERNA 407 Carmelo Romero Ruiz, suboficial mayor de la Flotilla de Submarinos Nuestra portada: palo de señales y fosas. LIBROS Y REVISTAS (Foto: cortesía de la Floti- lla de submarinos). EDITA: Depósito legal: M. 1.605-1958 ISSN: 0034-9569 NIPO: 083-15-012-8 (edición en papel) NIPO: 083-15-014-9 (edición en línea) Director: capitán de navío Antonio M. PéREZ FERNÁNDEZ Corrección de estilo: REvIsTA GENERAL DE MARINA Diseño gráfico y maquetación: REvIsTA GENERAL DE MARINA Impresión: Imprenta del cuartel General de la Armada Dirección y Administración: cuartel General de la Armada - Montalbán, 2 - 28071 MADRID Teléfono: 91 379 51 07. Fax: 91 379 50 28 correo electrónico: [email protected] Publicidad: Editorial MIc c/ Artesiano, s/n (Pol. Ind. Trobajo del camino). 24010 León Tel.: 902 271 902 / Fax: 902 371 902 [email protected] / [email protected] Precio ejemplar (IVA incluido): Suscripción anual (IVA incluido): España 1,65 € España 14,88 € unión Europea 2,10 € unión Europea 19,57 € Otras naciones 2,25 € Otras naciones 20,16 € VENTA EN ESTABLECIMIENTOS buRGOs.—Librería Del Espolón. Espolón, 30 cÁDIZ.—Librería Jaime. corneta soto Guerrero, s/n FERROL.—Kiosko Librería. sol, 65 / Central Librera Ferrol S. L., Dolores, 2 MADRID.—cuartel General de la Armada. Fundación Museo Naval, Montalbán, 2 / Ministerio de Defensa. Pedro Teixeira, 15, bajo / Almacén del centro de Publicaciones. camino de los Ingenieros, 6 / Librería Moya. carretas, 29 / Diálogo Libros. Diego de León, 2 sANTANDER.—Librería Estudio. Avenida de calvo sotelo, 21 sEvILLA.—Museo Marítimo Torre del Oro. Paseo de cristóbal colón, s/n ZARAGOZA.—Publicaciones ALMER. cesáreo Alierta, 8 VENTA ELECTRóNICA [email protected] PRÓLOGO cENTENARIO DEL ARMA subMARINA La REvIsTA GENERALDE MARINA, unos años después de su creación, se hizo eco de la botadura del submarino cons- truido por Isaac Peral, hacien- do a todos partícipes de esta hazaña. como ya ocurriera hace más de un siglo, la REvIsTA vuelve a difundir otro hito de especial relevancia en el devenir histórico de la Armada, como es la celebra- ción del centenario del Arma submarina. El monográfico que está a punto de explorar forma parte de una serie de eventos y acti- vidades que, con motivo de esta conmemoración, se están llevando a cabo durante este año 2015 y que pretenden dar a conocer el Arma submarina y resaltar su importancia para una Armada moderna y equili- brada como la nuestra. Esta REvIsTA, desde su nacimiento, ha sido un medio Almirante general Jaime Muñoz-Delgado de comunicación eficaz en el y Díaz del Río. (Foto: www.armada.mde.es). que difundir los medios huma- nos y materiales existentes, las nuevas tendencias y, quizás lo más importante, ha actuado como foro y espa- cio de reflexión donde compartir ideas y experiencias. De este modo, en sus casi ciento treinta y ocho años de existencia, los lectores han podido conocer de primera mano los entresijos de nuestra Institución y ser protagonistas de excepción de su historia, desde su primera época, en plena eclosión de la segunda revolución industrial, cuando aparecieron nuevos ingenios como 2015] 211 CENTENARIO DEL ARMA SUBMARINA la máquina de vapor, hasta nuestros días, en que la Armada goza de una Fuer- za con los últimos avances tecnológicos. En esta ocasión, la edición se centra en el pasado, presente y futuro del Arma submarina desde diferentes perspectivas y puntos de vista para, como establecía la Real Orden de creación de la REvIsTA en 1877, convertirse en un compendio profesional, cultural e histórico, particularizado al mundo de los submarinos en la conmemoración de su centenario. En primer lugar, el monográfico realizará una breve exposición histórica que siente los cimientos que forjaron el Arma submarina, tal y como la conocemos actualmente. Así, se pondrá en valor a los precursores del Arma submarina que, como genios adelantados a su época, consiguieron hacer realidad el sueño de explorar los fondos submarinos. Además, se desarrolla- rán el alcance y medios submarinos programados por la denominada Ley Miranda, por la que se destinaban 110 millones de las antiguas pesetas para la construcción de 28 sumergibles, y se relatará la trayectoria histórica de las bases de submarinos y de sus infraestructuras como elementos indispen- sables para poder desarrollar sus misiones y cometidos con garantías de éxito. una vez con el conocimiento de dónde venimos, el lector tendrá la oportu- nidad de sumergirse en artículos de opinión de carácter eminentemente técni- co, que tratan tanto la evolución de los submarinos y su flotilla como las nuevas tendencias y su influencia en el ámbito conjunto y combinado. Por último, la lectura de este monográfico nos permitirá conocer de prime- ra mano la especial idiosincrasia de la forma de operar de los submarinos y las peculiaridades de su vida a bordo, con largas navegaciones en inmersión y dificultades añadidas de espacio y habitabilidad. En resumen, trata áreas históricas y de actualidad, técnicas, estratégicas y de tradiciones, usos y costumbres de la Armada para, de este modo, satisfacer la curiosidad y el ansia por conocer de los fieles lectores de la REvIsTA. Estoy seguro de que esta inmersión en el mundo submarino les proporcionará cono- cimientos y experiencias que contribuirán a aumentar su acervo cultural. No quisiera finalizar sin agradecer la total predisposición y entrega de las personas que han elaborado los artículos con los que se ha hecho posible la publicación de esta edición de la REvIsTA, así como, especialmente, la labor de su director, que con tanto empeño y tesón trabaja cada día para que conti- núe siendo un referente en todos los ámbitos del conocimiento y un medio de divulgación de la historia, tradición y cultura naval de España. Jaime MuñOZ-DELGADO Y DÍAZ DEL RÍO Almirante Jefe de Estado Mayor de la Armada 212 [Agosto-septiembre PREcuRsOREs Y PIONEROs DE LA NAvEGAcIÓN subMARINA quE hAN DADO NOMbRE A subMARINOs DE LA ARMADA Agustín Ramón RODRÍGuEZ GONZÁLEZ Doctor en historia contemporánea correspondiente de la Real Academia de la historia sPAñA puede presumir, pese a tan insistentes como erróneos juicios, de un plantel de precursores y pioneros del submarino que envidiarían otros países más desarrollados y dotados en todos los aspectos, a las pruebas nos remitimos. Y para quien conozca, siquiera en sus líneas generales, la historia del submarino, la favorable comparación salta a la vista. solo el desconocimiento de los logros propios nos hace olvidar esta realidad, tan contradictoria con los habituales tópicos de que los españoles apenas hemos aportado alguna cosa en los terrenos de la ciencia y la Técnica. Al menos la Armada ha sido muy consciente del valor del trabajo de algu- nos españoles, dando su nombre reiteradamente a sus submarinos. Los submarinos de Cosme García Aunque apenas se haya divulgado, cosme García sáez fue el primer espa- ñol que ideó y probó satisfactoriamente no uno, sino dos prototipos sucesivos de embarcación sumergible, por lo que la primacía le corresponde plenamente a él, y no a Narciso Monturiol, como normalmente se cree, si bien su ventaja fue por el escaso tiempo de unos meses o alrededor de un año, según se con- sidere. Nacido en Logroño el 27 de noviembre de 1818, los primeros años del inventor son muy poco conocidos. hijo de un modesto carpintero y guitarre- ro, parece que su aprendizaje fue esencialmente artesanal, como relojero, armero y, especialmente, impresor. Era este un currículo muy corriente entre 2015] 213 CENTENARIO DE LA CREACIóN DEL ARMA SUBMARINA los inventores de todos los países por aquellos tiempos, e incluso más idóneo que el de otros. Trasladado a Madrid, re- gentó durante un tiempo la Imprenta Nacional, pasando después a trabajar para diver- sas publicaciones periódicas al perder el empleo por los cambios políticos de la época. Embarcado en la inven- ción, en 1856 patentó simultá- neamente un fusil de retrocar- ga, una imprenta portátil y una máquina automática de fran- quear cartas para el aún re- ciente servicio de correos.
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