TheMISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

CONTENTS The Liberal Republican Movement in Missouri Thomas S. Barclay Mark Twain Memorials in Hannibal Franklin It. Poage Early Gunpowder Making in Missouri \ William Clark Breckenridge The Osage War, 1837 Roy Godsey ; The Warrensburg Speech of Frank P. Blair Huston Crittenden The Story of an Ozark Feud j A. M. Haswell Personal Recollections of Distinguished Missourians— Sterling Price Daniel M. Grissom Little Visits with Literary Missourians—Rupert Hughes Catharine Cranmer Historical Notes and Comments Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks Historical Articles in Missouri Newspapers

Published Quarterly by The STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY of MISSOURI Columbia

VOL. XX OCTOBER, 1925 NO. 1

THE MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

VOL. XX OCTOBER, 1925 NO. 1

CONTENTS

The Liberal Republican Movement in Missouri 3 THOMAS S. BARCLAY Mark Twain Memorials in Hannibal 79 FRANKLIN R. POAGE Early Gunpowder Making in Missouri 85 WILLIAM CLARK BRECKENRIDGE The Osage War, 1837 96 ROT GODBEY The Warrensburg Speech of Frank P. Blair 101 HUSTON CRITTENDEN The Story of an Ozark Feud 105 A. M. HASWELL Personal Recollections of Distinguished Missourians—Sterling Price 110 DANIEL M. GRISSOM Little Visits with Literary Missourians—Rupert Hughes 112 CATHARINE CRANMER Historical Notes and Comments 120 Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks 148 Historical Articles in Missouri Newspapers 163

FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Editor The Missouri Historical Review is published quarterly. The sub­ scription price is $1.00 a year. A complete set of the REVIEW is still obtainable—Vols. 1-19, bound, $57.00; unbound, $26.00. Prices of separate volumes given on request. All communications should be addressed to Floyd C. Shoemaker, Secretary, The State Historical Society of Missouri. "Entered as second-class matter at the post-office at Columbia, Mis­ souri, under act of Congress, October 3, 1917, Sec. 442." CONTRIBUTORS THOMAS S. BARCLAY, native Missourian, is assistant professor of political science in the University of Missouri, from which institution he received the degrees of A. B. and A. M. His work, The Liberal Republican Movement in Missouri, is a dissertation submitted to the faculty of political science of Columbia University, New York City, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy. FRANKLIN R. POAGE, native Missourian, is pastor of the Park Methodist Church in Hannibal. He is a contributor to magazines, and a volume of his essays, Masonic Meditations, has just come from the press. •WILLIAM CLARK BRECKENRIDGE, of St. Louis, is Missouri's foremost bibliographer. His private collection of Missouriana is one of the most valu­ able in the state. ROY GODSEY, native Missourian, is in charge of the publicity department for the Missouri National Guard. He has done journalistic work for a number of newspapers and is the author of several series of articles on Missouri. His first book, History of Missouri Governors, will soon be published by Macmillan. HUSTON CRITTENDEN, of Kansas City, is a son of the late Governor Thomas T. Crittenden. He is a graduate of the University of Missouri. He has held prominent positions in public life and as curator of the Missouri Valley His­ torical Society has been active in urging the establishment of a National Mili­ tary Park commemorative of the Battle of Westport. A. M. HASWELL, a Missourian by adoption, was born in Maulmain, Bur- man, where his father was a missionary. Since 1868 Mr. Haswell has lived in Southwest Missouri and the Ozark section, and has served one term in the Missouri General Assembly. He is an author and lecturer. His home is near Mansfield, Missouri. DANIEL M. GRISSOM, a native of Kentucky, came to Missouri in 1853. From that year to 1888 he engaged in journalistic work on the St. Louis City newspapers. He served on the Evening News, was editor of the Union, worked on the Dispatch, and for nearly two decades held a position on the Missouri Republican. His historical articles on Missouri have received wide circulation. His home is in Kirkwood. CATHARINE CRANMER is a native of Cooper county, Missouri. She has taught school, written for magazines, etc., and at the time these interviews were written was doing advertising work in New York. At present she is engaged in publicity work in Chicago. (2) THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI BY THOMAS S. BARCLAY

CHAPTER I

THE TRIUMPH OF THE RADICAL REPUBLICANS "The Constitution of 1865 is simply an attempt of a faction to retain power in their hands which they know the people of the State had not confided to them, and which they know they could not maintain if they went to the people for their votes. There­ fore, they endeavored to disfranchise all, as far as they couldt who were opposed to them, and thus retain the power which never rightfully belonged to them. This Constitution is sub­ versive of every principle of Republican government. It is per- nicious from its deepest root to its topmost leaf.'1 Frank P. Blair. "In the name of Truth, of Justice, of Freedom, and of Progress, God has permitted us a political triumph, bringing with it the solemn responsibility of promoting those great princi­ ples by an enforcement of the fundamental law for securing the peace, happiness and prosperity of the people of the State." Thomas C. Fletcher. On January 6, 1865, the Missouri Constitutional Con­ vention assembled in St. Louis. It had been authorized by an act of the General Assembly, which had been approved by the electorate in November, 1864, by a majority vote of 29,000. At trie same time the delegates to the convention had been elected1. As the convention was called to order by the un­ compromising Radical leader, Charles D. Drake, there was a conscious feeling among the members that the Radicals had come, at last, to control the situation and to direct, without

^Missouri Laws, 1864, pp. 24-26; W. F. Switzler; History of Missouri (St. Louis, 1879), pp. 451-52. (3) 4 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

.serious interference, the political destinies of the state. Fully three-fourths of the convention were radical Unionists who could be relied upon to support the measures of the leaders. Elsewhere in Missouri, also, the situation was equally promis­ ing. In the election of 1864, the first election for state execu­ tive officers which had been held since the outbreak of the war, the Radicals had gained notable victories. Their candi­ date for governor, Thomas C. Fletcher, received as large a majority as did Lincoln, and in both the state senate and the house of representatives the Radical control was secure. Of the nine members elected to Congress eight were Radicals, while the officials in fully eighty of the one hundred and fourteen counties of the state could be considered as partisans of the new regime. To the leaders of the Radical Republicans, the triumphs of 1864 were but evidence that the people of Missouri had approved their policies and their program. Such recognition was, they thought, amply justified and long delayed. The more militant among them had been angered and humiliated by the course of political events in Missouri from the autumn of 1861 until the election of 1864. The question of the political status of Missouri had been settled by August, 1861, when it became evident that the state would remain in the Union. The proceedings of the convention called early in 1861, primarily to consider the relations between the government of Missouri and the govern­ ment of the United States, indicated that public sentiment in the state was unquestionably in favor of the continuance of Missouri in the Union. The subsequent and spectacular events during the spring and summer of 1861, culminating in the political elimination and military defeat of the disloyalists, rendered certain the ultimate success of the Unionist cause.2

^General accounts of these earlier struggles can be found in: Switzler, op. cit., pp. 322-406; J. G. Nicolayand John Hay, Abraham Lincoln, A History (New York, 1890), Vol. IV. pp. 206-227; T. L. Sneed, The Fight for Missouri, (New York, 1886), passim; LucienCarr, Missouri a Bone of Contention, (Boston, 1888), pp. 267-341; S. G. Harding, Missouri Party Struggles in the Civil War Period, Annual Report Amer. Hist. Asso., 1900, (Washington, 1900), pp. 87-97. A more detailed study of the period is S. B. Laughlin, Missouri Politics during the Civil War. Dr. Laughlin kindly permitted me to use his MSS. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 5

From September, 1861, until January, 1865, the para­ mount issue in the state was the question of emancipation. Over it, the original Unionist party split into two groups, each suspicious and hostile toward the other. The more con­ servative element among them, led by the provisional governor, Hamilton R. Gamble, favored a system of gradual emancipa­ tion. These conservatives, or "Claybanks," as they were contemptuously designated by their radical opponents, were able at the last session of the State Convention, held in June, 1863, to secure the passage of an ordinance decreeing the gradual emancipation of slaves in Missouri after 1870.8 The enactment of the emancipation plan by the convention did not tend to lessen in the slightest degree the hostility of the Radicals toward the Conservatives. They regarded the plan as a weak compromise under which the institution of slavery would remain untouched for seven years, subject to all the contingent changes in public sentiment which might occur. Until the summer of 1863, the two factions of the Union organization remained intact. After the passage of the emanci­ pation ordinance, however, there came a definite break. In the judicial election of that year each group nominated candi­ dates, and the designations of Radical or "Charcoal," and Conservative or "Claybank" came to have a definite party meaning.4 The Conservative candidates for the Supreme Court were elected by narrow majorities.6 It proved to be the last victory which the Conservatives won. Radical discontent with the policies of the Conservative Unionists was not confined solely to differences concerning emancipation. They were greatly dissatisfied with the general policy of the provisional state government and with the Lincoln administration which, in the main, supported Governor

•For the full text of the ordinance, see Appendix, Journal of Convention, June, 1863, (St. Louis, 1863), p. 4. The ordinance provided that slavery should cease in Missouri in the year 1870, prohibited sales to non-residents after that date, placed under the control and authority of their former owners for life all slaves over forty years of age and all between the ages of twelve and twenty- three years. See H. A. Trexler, Slavery in Missouri, (Baltimore, 1914), pp. 231-236. Also, Laughlin, op. cit., pp. 128-132. 'Switzler, op. cit., p. 446. •IWd., p. 450. 6 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Gamble.6 As an organized protest against the whole rule of the Conservatives, the Radicals in September, 1863, held a state convention. At this gathering there was in evidence an imposing demonstration of their strength. The time and attention were occupied chiefly with harsh criticism of the state administration, and with a denunciation of the military policy pursued in Missouri both by the Federal and the State governments. Certain demands, in the form of resolutions, were adopted. These declared for immediate emancipation, for a new state convention to be called by the Legislature, and for a constitutional amendment which would disfranchise not only those who had actually taken up arms against the United States but also those who had "adhered to the enemies thereof," and a clause capable of wide interpretation, as the later years were to show.7 Drake, the leader of the convention, in a caustic oration charged the provisional government with being pro-slavery in sympathy and untrue to the loyal people of the state.8 When the convention assembled, open warfare had com­ menced between the Radicals and Conservatives. UA great party had adopted a platform of unconditional freedom as the basis of a thorough state organization in a slave state. The party which has done this holds the destinies of Missouri in its hands," declared a leading Radical newspaper.9 But to the Conservatives, the convention was a meeting of con­ spirators against the peace of the State, for the carrying out of projects both insane and treasonable.10 The Radicals de­ termined to make one more attempt to plead their cause with

«The Convention called in 1861 was for some months the only governing power in the State. At its second session, it had declared vacant the offices of Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and Secretary of State, and appointed persons to fill these positions. Journal of Convention, July, 1861, (St. Louis, 1861), pp. 11, 20. 7Proceedings of the Radical Emancipation Convention, (St. Louis, 1863), pp. 38-39. For a general account, see Laughlin, op. cit., pp. 134-36. Concerning disfranchisement, he declared: "Demand the perpetual dis­ franchisement of every man who has taken part, here or elsewhere, in this damnable rebellion. Enforce your demand by every lawful agency, device, and influence, with energy and fidelity, with firm confidence and steady per­ severance, and there is no power on earth that can resist you." Quoted from ibid., p. 19. *?ifissouri Democrat, Sept. 3, 4, 1863. "Missouri Republican, Sept. 1, 1863. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 7

Lincoln and to lay before him their grievances and their requests. A Committee of Seventy was received by him on September 30, 1863. It was not the first intimation which the president had had concerning the situation in Missouri. From the first days of the war, the conduct of affairs in that state had received Lincoln's most serious consideration. In the development of his border state policy, chief emphasis had been placed on the idea that the war was waged primarily to save the Union, rather than to free the slaves.11 He had supported the con­ servative provisional government in most of its policies, and had firmly but tactfully set aside Fremont's military procla­ mation of August 31, 1861, which declared free the slaves of all persons in Missouri who had taken up arms against the United States.12 But the complaints and protests of both factions continued unabated. Fremont had been succeeded, in turn, by Generals Hunter, Halleck, Curtis, and Schofield, as commanders of the Department of the Missouri. General Schofield had been appointed in May, 1863, and had come to Missouri in the midst of a factional struggle over emancipation. The Radicals were opposed to Schofield, and asked the presi­ dent to suspend his appointment. This request met with a prompt refusal. "It is very painful to me," he said, "that you in Missouri cannot, or will not, settle your factional quarrel among yourselves. I have been tormented with it beyond endurance for months by both sides. Neither side pays the least respect to my appeals to your reason."13 The actions of the Radicals became more vigorous, if not more successful, despite what they regarded as the undeserved hostility of the administration toward their policies. What "There were many men in 1861-62, in Missouri and in the other border states, who believed it not inconsistent to uphold both slavery and the Union. A vigorous emancipation policy might have influenced Missouri to join the Confederacy; it would certainly have made very doubtful the success of the Union cause in Missouri during the early and critical months of the war. 12For the proclamation in full, see Democrat, August 31, 1861. Laughlin, op. cit., pp. 99-107. A drastic criticism of Fremont and his policy is found in F. P. Blair, Fremont's Hundred Days in Missouri, (Washington, 1862), passim. "Lincoln to H. T. Blow, C. D. Drake and others. Works of Abraham Lincoln, (Nicolay and Hay, Eds., New York, 1894), Vol. VIII, p. 276. W. B. Stevens, Lincoln and Missouri, Mo. Hist. Rev. Vol. X, pp. 73-119. (1916). . F. Hume, The Abolitionists, (New York, 1905), pp. 157-186, is more critical )f Lincoln's border state policy. 8 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Lincoln had characterized as "a pestilent factional quarrel among the Union men of Missouri" grew in intensity during the summer of 1863. The Radical Emancipation Convention had given a general and somewhat perfunctory endorsement both to the Emancipation Proclamation of September 22, 1862, and to the general conduct of the war, but had compiled also a list of specific grievances and appointed the Committee of Seventy to present them to the president. The chairman of this Committee was Charles D. Drake, already recognized as the Radical spokesman. The disorder and violence in western Missouri and along the Kansas border and the con­ templated success of the Conservatives in the judicial election of 1863 confirmed the Radicals in their conviction that drastic measures were necessary. In a long address to Lincoln, the Committee presented three demands, including the removal of General Schofield and the appointment as commander in Missouri of Benjamin F. Butler; the substitution of regular army forces for the enrolled state militia; the enforcement at elections of the provisions designed to eliminate disloyal voters. President Lincoln in his reply gave an admirable analysis of the situation in Missouri, but declined to yield to the impor­ tunities of the Radicals.14 He refused to remove Schofield or to interfere with the enrolled militia, although he concurred in their request in regard to elections.15 In reading to the cabinet his letters to the Missouri Radicals and to Schofield, the President did not commit himself to either faction but it was apparent to the Secretary of the Navy that he had ' 'little respect for the wild vagaries of the Radical portion."16 "For the full text of his reply see, Works, Vol. IX., pp. 155-164. "I do not feel justified," he said, "to enter upon the broad field you present in regard to the political differences between Radicals and Conservatives I hold whoever commands in Missouri, or elsewhere, responsible to me and not to either Radicals or Conservatives," ibid., pp. 163-164. The delegation and its activities had aroused the suspicions of Gideon Welles. To him, they were "so intense and fierce in their party animosities, that they would if in their power, be more revengeful, inflict greater injury on those Republicans, friends of the administration, who do not conform to their extreme radical and fanatical views, than on the Rebels in the field." Diary of Gideon Welles, (Boston, 1911), Vol. I., p. 448. "Lincoln to J. M. Schofield, Works, Vol. IX., p. 149. "Welles, Diary, Vol. I., p. 471. Some months before, Lincoln had said, "The two parties ought to have their heads knocked together. Each would rather see the defeat of their adversary than that of Jefferson Davis." Quoted in Stevens, op. cit., p. 93. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 9

The failure of the Radicals to secure the assistance of the national administration did not lessen their partisan zeal. With promptness and vigor, they resumed their campaign in Missouri. During the early months of 1864, the Radicals developed considerable strength in the General Assembly, and that body submitted to the electorate a proposal authoriz­ ing another constitutional convention17 which was to convene in St. Louis on January 6, 1865.18 Other factors in the situation were equally cheering- In January, 1864, occurred the death of Governor Gamble, the ablest of the Conservative leaders. His loss was a serious blow to his party and weakened materially the chances of Conservative success in the approaching campaign. General Frank P. Blair left Congress in order to fight Confederates in the field, thus removing another one of the Radicals' most dangerous opponents, although the other members of the Blair clan remained in Washington where their influence with Lincoln was bitterly resented by all loyal Missouri Radicals. Blair sounded a shrill note of alarm in February, 1864, when he charged the Radicals of his state with attempting to defeat Lincoln's renomination.19 His forecast proved correct. The Radicals of Missouri, led by Blair's cousin, B. Gratz Brown, were active in the movement for the Cleveland Convention of May, 1864. At the Baltimore Convention, two sets of dele­ gates appeared, each claiming to represent the Unionists of Missouri. After a contest before the Credentials Committee the Radical delegates were admitted to the convention; both contestants having indignantly rejected a compromise plan of joint admission. Soothed by this recognition and by the friendly attitude of the delegates, Radical opposition to Lin­ coln, in any formal way, was abandoned, although the Mis­ souri delegates, with somewhat ludicrous formality, cast their votes for Grant. During the campaign of 1864, the extremists

"Missouri Laws, 1864, p. 25. "Ibid. "Cong. Globe, 38th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 46-51. According to Blair, "all the Radical members from Missouri in this House and the other branch of Congress are deadly hostile to the President every Radical news­ paper in Missouri is unsparing in its denunciation of Lincoln and most of them are pledged to oppose his election, even if he is nominated," ibid., p. 49. 10 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW in Missouri continued to gain. The Conservative organiza­ tion was not able to recover its former strength. In the autumn of 1864, under the leadership of Sterling Price, the Confederates invaded southeastern Missouri and advanced northward and westward. They were defeated and driven into Arkansas thus ending the most formidable military demonstration which had occurred in Missouri since 1861. The failure of this raid, both from the military and political aspect, was of significance in strengthening the Radicals. General Rosecrans, the successor of Schofield, early won their praise by ordering a vigorous enforcement of the restrictions, in the form of a test oath, designed to prevent southern sym­ pathizers from office holding and from voting.20 There was a considerable amount of violence and disorder in the State due to the activities of wandering bands of guerrillas and of bushwhackers.21 Party organization and activity, especially among the Conservatives, were seriously curtailed. It seems doubtful whether the question of calling a new Convention received the consideration of a general canvass.22 There was a lessening, too, of the reciprocal antagonism between the parties so prevalent in the year previous. Lincoln carried the state by a majority of forty thousand, and the Radical state ticket was likewise successful.23 The proposition to hold the Constitutional Convention received a large affirmative vote.24 Four days after Thomas C. Fletcher, Missouri's first Republican governor, was inaugurated, the Convention assembled. In what way would the Radicals use their sweep­ ing victory? By the Act of 1864, the convention was authorized to consider, first, amendments deemed necessary for the emanci­ pation of slaves; second, amendments restricting the elective franchise to loyal citizens; third, other amendments essential

••See supra, p. 21. "Switzler, Missouri, pp. 450-51. «W. P. Switzler: Constitutional Conventions of Missouri, 1865-1875, Mo. Hi*. Rev.. Vol. I., p. Ill (1907). "Switzler, op. cit., p. 297. »Ibid. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 1 1 to the promotion of the public good.25 As the delegates arrived in St. Louis, it was evident that the changes and readjust­ ments in Missouri politics had brought together a body of relatively new and untried men. But few of the sixty-six members were known throughout the state and, at the termi­ nation of the convention, most of its membership returned to immediate obscurity. A considerable number were local Radical politicians who had risen to prominence in their respective districts, especially in the northern and southern border counties of the state, where Radicalism flourished. The delegates impressed a friendly observer as being "in capacity mediocre—not fitted to grapple with questions that pertained to the fundamental law of the state."26 The farmer, the merchant from the cross-roads store, and the country physician rather than the lawyer, the editor, the banker or the landowner, were in a substantial majority. Only three members of the 1865 Convention, Isidor Bush, M. L. Linton, and Ferdinand Meyer, had served in the mem­ orable State Convention of 1861-63.27 The organization of the convention was affected with little difficulty and immediate attention was devoted to the emancipation question. Several resolutions were introduced providing for immediate emancipation.28 Some of these might well have served as a Radical party platform or as a guide to the study of civil war politics in Missouri. In order to facilitate direct action, all proposals relating to emancipa­ tion were referred to a special committee, whose chairman, George P. Strong, was one of the few men of prominence in the convention.29 Rejecting all tentative political philosophy of earnest Radicals, the Committee was content to report on

^Missouri Lairs, 1864, p. 25. The Act contained no directions as to the exact character of the amendments to be considered by the Convention, and no provisions requiring the Convention to submit its work to the electorate. »Galusha Anderson, A Border City in the Civil War, (Boston, 1908), p. 343. W. B. Stevens, Missouri, the Center State, (St. Louis, 1915). Vol. II., p. 17. "In the later Convention of 1875, only one member of the 1865 body served, while nine members of the 1861 Convention saw service in 1875, indi­ cating the reaction toward conservatism after the years 1865-1872. Journal Constitutional Convention, 1875, (Isidor Loeb and F. C. Shoemaker, ods. Co­ lumbia, 1920), Vol. I., pp. 68-69. "Journal of the State Convention, 1865, (St. Louis, 1865), pp. 13-14, 17, 21. "Ibid., pp. 16-17. St. Louis Dispatch, Jan. 10, 1865. 12 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

the fifth day of the convention, a brief declaratory statement, in the form of an ordinance, which decreed the immediate and unconditional emancipation of all slaves.30 The ordinance, with only four votes in the negative, was adopted by the convention.31 Thus did a border slave state formally and voluntarily abolish slavery, eleven months before the Thir­ teenth Amendment was proclaimed. The passage of the ordinance was deeply gratifying to the exultant Radicals. Now, at last, after years of struggle their aim of immediate and uncompensated emancipation had been realized. Conventional expressions of satisfaction did not suffice; energetic and ostentatious efforts were made properly to celebrate the great event. The convention hall was crowded with Radical partisans, and "colonels, majors and captains in glittering array" watched with interest the legal death of slavery in Missouri. Crowds gathered; bells pealed; negroes sang; flags were run up on public buildings and dwellings.32 The action of the convention was formally made known by Governor Fletcher in a proclamation declar­ ing, "that henceforth and forever, no person within the juris­ diction of the state shall be subject to any abridgment of liberty, except such as the law may prescribe for the common good, or know any master but God.,'S3 The victory of the Radicals was, however, more apparent than real. For some time before the convention assembled, slavery in Missouri existed actually only in name. The mem­ bers of the convention had given legal and constitutional status to its abolition, and had provided for its decent and legal burial.34 "Before the adoption of the ordinance,'' wrote an observer living in the chief slave owning region of Missouri, "the slaves, old and young, male and female, could

*Hbid., p. 25. The ordinance read: "That hereafter, in this State, there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except in punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted; and all persons held to service or labor as slaves are hereby declared free." "Ibid., pp. 26-27. •-Missouri Democrat, Jan. 12, 13, 1865. Anderson, op. cit., pp. 345-348; Switzler, Constitutional Conventions, pp. 111-112. J. T. Scharf, History of St. Louis, (Philadelphia, 1883), Vol. I., p. 622n. "Messages and Proclamations, Governors of Missouri, (Columbia, 1924), Vol. IV., p. 256. "Carr, op. cit., pp. 365-366. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 13

go at pleasure with about as much freedom as since. Thou­ sands of them did go."35 Those Conservatives, who in the convention and elsewhere had opposed the emancipa­ tion measure of the Radicals, were dissatisfied chiefly with its terms, not with the principle at issue.36 "Emancipation is an accomplished fact," declared the leading conservative member of the convention. "It is now a part of the Constitution I am sworn to support; and it will of course be my duty as it will be my desire to unite with all good men in giving force and efficiency to the fiat of the people as proclaimed by the supreme authority in the State."37 Shortly after the organization of the convention, it became evident that the Radical leaders would not be content merely to amend the existing fundamental law but had deter­ mined that a general and thorough revision of the entire constitution was necessary.38 Although there was some oppo­ sition to this plan, the Radicals were in no mood to consider compromise and the work of revision was begun.39 With the emancipation issue settled, the convention, working through an elaborate system of regular and special committees, entered upon a consideration of constitutional provisions deemed necessary to restrict the suffrage to loyal citizens and to promote the public good. The leader in the unfolding of the Radical program was the St. Louis lawyer, Charles D. Drake. He was easily the most active and conspicuous member of the convention and

"Quoted in Missouri Statesman, Jan. 20, 1865. See also Trexler, op. cit., p. 240. **Ibid. The four delegates in the Convention were Harris, Callaway; Morton, Clay; Gilbert, Platte; Switzler, Boone; Journal, p. 26. •'Switzler to James S. Rollins, Jan. 15, 1865, Rollins Papers. **Journal, p. 14. "Mr. Drake thought that the Convention should not spend its time adopting special ordinances, but should proceed to make a new Con­ stitution. He desired the Convention to take time for grave deliberation, and, without hastening to pass certain ordinances, devote itself calmly and dis­ passionately to the work of framing a new, a free, and a glorious Constitution for the State." Quoted from Dispatch, Jan. 9, 1865. "Statesman, Jan. 13, 1865. There was no formal vote taken at that time on the question but the leaders had determined upon a recasting of the entire Constitution. 14 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

probably the ablest.40 His personal interest in the convention was great; he was a diligent and faithful worker in committees, and an effective leader on the floor.41 His political supporters, while admitting his position of leadership, resented his dog­ matic, obstinate, and frequently overbearing attitude and his easy assumption of the honors of the convention.42 To his political foes, Drake's strong convictions were but evidence of his intolerance, while the confidence in the infallibility of his own opinions, which he strikingly exhibited, together with the ill concealed contempt for the opinions of others, were equally irritating. Drake gloried in the name "Radical," assumed responsibility for the policy of his party, and "swayed the Convention as he would his class in Sunday school.''43 Chief among the problems before the convention was the enactment of clauses designed to protect the purity of the elective franchise. The solution of this question, in the opinion of Radical leaders, was of great importance and a special Committee on the Elective Franchise was authorized during the early days of the convention. The membership of this committee included Drake and several of the lesser lights of the Radical party, the chief among whom were David

<°Drake was a native of Ohio, and had been a resident of St. Louis since 1834. He had been successively a Whig, a Know Nothing, a Democrat. In 1860 he supported Douglas for president and C. F. Jackson for governor. During the war, Drake became an unyielding Radical and the spokesman for that element. He had been a member of the Legislature, 1859-60, and of the Convention of 1863. 41 An unfriendly critic wrote: "He pursues his object with inflexible persever­ ance, going right forward, like a mad dog, looking neither to the left nor right. He is apparently about fifty years of age with a flat looking head, over which the wiry hair, streaked with grey, grows down close to his eyebrows," quoted from Statesman, March 17, 1865. «IMd. "In politics he was inexorable," wrote Schurz, "I doubt whether as a leader, he was ever really popular with the Republican rank and file of Mis­ souri. But certain it is that most of the members of his party, especially in the country districts, stood much in awe of him." Reminiscences, (New York, 1908), Vol. III., pp. 293-94. "Encyclopedia of Missouri History, (H. L. Conrad, ed., New York, 1901), Vol. V., pp. 170-72. "His voice had a rasping sound, and his speech, slow and peremptory, was constantly accompanied with a vigorous shake of his fore­ finger, which meant laying down the law .... I do not know to what re­ ligious denomination he belonged; but he made the impression that no religion would be satisfactory to him that did not provide for a well-kept hell-fire to roast sinners and heretics," Schurz, op. cit., p. 294. CHARLES D. DRAKE

M* i "* ~ i^"

THOMAS C. FLETCHER

THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 15

Bonham and W. H. Folmsbee.44 That the suffrage question was of vital concern to the party in power was obvious. The restrictions placed on its exercise during the war had been of considerable assistance to the Unionists in the election of 1864.45 Oaths of loyalty and of allegiance in Missouri had been in force since the early days of the war, and had had a gradual development. At its third meeting, in October, 1861, the convention passed the first oath of loyalty ever promul­ gated in Missouri.46 Under the provisions of this ordinance, each civil officer in the State was required to take an oath to support the Constitution of the United States and of the State of Missouri and not take up arms against either government.47 At its next session, in June, 1862, the convention by ordinance prescribed an oath of loyalty not only for civil officers but also for voters, jurymen, attorneys, corporation officers, teachers, and preachers.48 The approaching legisla­ tive campaign had made necessary additional qualifications both for office holders and for voters. The latter ordinance was much more inclusive than the former but its requirements could be met by any loyal man. That the Radical party was responsible for the introduction and passage of either test oath cannot be maintained. Both ordinances were enacted before the definite emergence of the "charcoals;" both re­ ceived support from conservative Unionists and former Democrats.49 Indeed, the extremists were decidedly hostile to what they deemed the ineffectiveness of the oath of loyalty in the campaign of 1862 and especially in the judicial contest of 1863.50

"It was reported of Folmsbee that "he hated rebels and he hated all con­ servatives worse than rebels." He was the author of one of the most radical provisions of the oath of loyalty, that concerning the clergy. Bonham, like­ wise a follower of Drake, "looking for all the world like one of Cromwell's Roundheads, dug up out of his grave at Woodstock," represented the views of the northwestern border counties. Statesman, March 17, 31, 1865. "Ante, p. 12. "Journal, State Convention, Oct. 1861, (St. Louis, 1861), p. 16. Switzler, Missouri, p. 336. "Ibid., p. 10. "Journal, (St. Louis, 1862), pp. 13-14. "Proceedings, Missouri State Convention, June 1862, (St. Louis, 1862), passim. See also H. C. McDougal, A Decade of Missouri Politics, Mo. Hist. Rev., Vol. Ill, pp. 137-139. (1909). ^Dispatch, Jan. 28, 1865. 16 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Those delegates who believed that an entirely new oath of loyalty should be framed were not reluctant to press their opinions. Several proposals were introduced during the first weeks of the convention, all of which elaborated to a consider­ able degree the oath of 1862.51 The task of preparing the final draft of the new restrictions fell to Drake, who wrote practi­ cally the entire section.82 When the committee placed before the convention the clauses concerning the "elections, qualifica­ tions of voters, officers, and others'' it was at once recognized that they were of an extraordinary character. Over their adoption occurred a heated and partisan controversy, which did not end until the final vote was taken on the entire report on April 1, 1865.68 The conservatives had only a small representation in the convention but they were assisted by certain of the German Radical delegates. Drake was able, however, to hold together a sufficient majority; only two important changes were made in his original report. The significant features of the Radical program, as seen in the sections dealing with the suffrage, were three in number.54 In the first place, there was written into the fundamental law a list of disqualifications for voters and for office holders of the most searching and severe character.55 The sweeping pro­ visions for these two classes were likewise made applicable to officers and directors of corporations, teachers, trustees, attorneys, jurors, bishops, priests, and ministers.56 In the enforcement of these restrictions, it was provided that all of the classes affected should subscribe to an oath of loyalty or suffer severe punishment.57 Finally, as a prerequisite to voting, the Legislature was authorized to establish a state-wide and

"For the text of these proposals, and of various amendments thereto, see Journal, pp. 17, 20-21, 23-24, 35-39, 43, 91-92, 138-140, 179-182, 186-187, 192-193, 195-196, 199-200, 202-203, 211-212. «>C. D. Drake, The Political Situation in Missouri, (St. Louis, 1870), p. 6. Some of the earlier proposals in the Convention concerning the oath of loyalty had been introduced as ordinances but the committee's recommendations were In the form of a new article to the Constitution. Journal, pp. 20-21, 23-24, 35-39. "Journal, pp. 211-212. "The clauses were incorporated as Article II in the new Constitution. "Section 3. "Section 9. "Sections 5, 14. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 17

uniform system of registration.58 The test oath was to be taken and subscribed by the voter at each time of registra­ tion and it was explicitly stated that the taking of the oath should not be deemed conclusive evidence of the right of the applicant either to register or to vote ? that important decision was to be made by the registration officials.59 The specific acts of disqualification were incredibly comprehensive in scope. They ranged from active partici­ pation to mere expression of sympathy, and covered a wide and detailed domain of past behavior.60 The provisions of this remarkable section were so complex that a division into its component parts indicated no less than eighty-six acts which must be denied, under oath, by every citizen of Missouri before he could be regarded as qualified to participate in any state or corporate election and to enter upon any of six fields of endeavor.61 In the convention debates over the qualifications of voters and others, it was evident that Drake would be forced to rely strongly upon his most sturdy partisans. A rather formidable opposition threatened to develop simultaneously from two opposite directions. The conservative triumvirate, consisting of Switzler, of Boone, Gilbert, of Platte, and Harris, of Callaway, from the beginning had been opponents of the extreme measures of the Radicals. Their spokesman was Switzler, a veteran Whig editor and leader, from a conserva­ tive slave owning section of Missouri. He had been steadily and resolutely for the Union and had given consistent and efficient "Section 5. "Ibid. "The most important disqualifications included the following acts: 1. Armed hostility to the United States. 2. Armed hostility to the government of Missouri. 3. Aid, comfort, countenance, or support to persons in armed hostility. 4. Contribution of money, goods, letters, information, or com­ munication with persons in armed hostility. 5. Aiding or advising any person to enter the Confederate service. 6. Manifesting sympathy with those carrying on rebellion and desiring their triumph. 7. Holding membership in any order, society, or organization inimical to the Government of the United States and to the State of Missouri. 8. Engaging in guerrilla warfare or in bushwhacking against loyal citizens. 9. Harboring, aiding, or countenancing a guerrilla or bushwhacker. 10. Enrollment as a disloyal or southern sym­ pathizer. "In addition to voting were the following: holding or being a candidate for office; jury service; practice of law; officer, director, or trustee of any cor­ poration; professor or teacher in any school, public or private; teaching, preaching and performing the marriage ceremony by bishops, priests and ministers. 18 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

support to the war but was an object of suspicion to the more fanatical Radicals who charged him with being pro-slavery in sympathy.62 Gilbert and Harris also were forced to endure the cool unfriendliness of the Radicals; together with Switzler they were neglected by the president, omitted from committees, ignored by the chair. A simple resolution offered by any of them was opposed and rejected.63 A committee of five, formed for the purpose of ascertaining whether any member of the convention had identified himself as favoring the Rebellion, declared that Harris was disloyal and recommended his ex­ pulsion from the convention.64 Despite some opposition, his seat was declared vacant.65 In their vehement protests against Radical measures this insignificant conservative group received occasional additions but was unable to secure enough support to threaten seriously the policies of the opposition.66 The Radical plans were opposed also by the representa­ tives of the German element. The part played by the Germans of Missouri in 1861 and thereafter was well and deservedly known; they had been from the first loyal to the Union cause and the pronounced opponents of slavery. Their leaders in the convention, it is true, were Radicals, but of rather a more idealistic bent than was deemed necessary by the practical politicians present.67 These men were singularly

"Statesman, March 24, 1865. "Ibid., March 7, June 9, 1865, Journal, passim. **Journal, p. 25, 110-15, 125-26. "Ibid., p. 127-128. This procedure was regarded by conservatives as a form of persecution designed to frighten the minority. The Committee on Loyalty was desirous of eliminating Switzler but his industry in the collection and preservation of the political records of some of the most vehement Radicals, before 1861, rendered dangerous such a program. Attention was thus directed to Harris, also a representative of a conservative, wealthy and "disloyal" region. Statesman, March 24, 1865. ••"By speech and effort and the votes of but two or three other gentlemen, I made war against that Constitution inch by inch, throughout the whole session of that body; and in that convention stood firm with those other gentle­ men against immense pressure, obloquy and denunciation." Speech by Switz­ ler, quoted in Statesman, Nov. 3, 1865. •7The most prominent were Arnold Krekel, the president of the Convention, Isidor Bush, William D'Oench and George Husmann. Three had been born in Germany, Bush in Austria. All had positions of influence among the Germans and refused to follow Drake on numerous occasions. They were regarded by many as "pure radicals" who wished to make the new Constitution a reflection of German liberal doctrines in politics and in religion. J. Purth, Isidor Bush, Missouri Historical Society Collections, Vol. IV., pp. 303-308. (1914); States­ man, March 17, 24, 31, 1865. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 19 free from that personal and partisan bias so prevalent in those border delegates of "tomahawk loyalty" ideas. Not satisfied with the mere emancipation of the negro, they endeavored to make effective their egaliterian theories by constitutional changes designed to admit that race to the privileges of office holding and voting.68 These attempts met with determined opposition and uniform failure.69 The reasons of the opposition to the German proposals originated partly in prejudice and partly in intelligent conviction con­ cerning the qualifications of the negro. One of the significant provisions in the suffrage article declared "that no person shall be deemed a qualified voter who has ever been in armed hostility to the United States or to the government of Missouri. . . .or has ever given aid to persons engaged in such hostility." It was the desire of the conservative members, assisted by some independent and German delegates, to substitute for the words "who has ever" the clause "since the 17th of December, 1861."70 A proclamation issued by Governor Gamble in August, 1861, was the basis for the proposal. By the terms of this proclamation, those in Missouri who at the call of Governor Jackson had taken up arms against the Government, were promised security and freedom from molestation on condition that they voluntarily returned to their allegiance and were peaceable and loyal.71 This policy was approved by the Lincoln administration.72 In October, 1861, the convention

"For example, the minority report of the Committee on the Executive, pro­ posed by Husmann, reads, "We believe all men .... are equal. That we act in accord with the views of our constituents by protesting against any dis­ tinction .... between white, black, red or brown. We beg leave to enter our most solemn protest against the inserting of the word 'white' in any of the articles of the new Constitution of our State." Journal, pp. 47-48. See also Democrat, March 25, 1865. "Efforts made to strike out the term "white male" as a qualification for state executive and legislative officials were defeated in the Convention. Journal, pp. 77, 138, 141, 147-148. Dispatch, Feb. 6, 10, 1865; Statesman, March 17, 1865. The vote on two of these amendments was a tie. i*Journal, p. 57. Dispatch, Jan. 27, 1865; Democrat, Jan. 26, 1865. States­ man, Feb. 17, 1865. For text of amendments, see Journal, pp. 91, 139, 192, 195, 199. "Messages and Proclamations, Vol. Ill, p. 516. Annual Cyclopaedia, 1861, (New York, 1862), p. 489. See also, Isidor Bush, Letter to Fellow-Citizens, (St. Louis, 1865), passim. 7*Simon Cameron to Gamble, in Lincoln, Works, Vol. VI., p. 338. 20 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW which acted in the name of the people of Missouri, declared that any person who before December 17,1861, should take an oath to support the Constitution of the United States and of the State of Missouri, and not to take up arms or give aid or comfort to the enemies of either Government, should be exempt from punishment for offenses against the Provisional Govern­ ment.73 Those who advocated the substitution maintained that the convention of 1865 was in good faith bound to recognize these earlier understandings and adopt a more liberal attitude toward those, who in the early days of the struggle, might very easily have performed acts or expressed ideas which under the unprecedented restrictions of the oath of loyalty would disqualify them.74 The Radical majority systematically rejected all conservative pleas. Mr. Drake took occasion to remind the convention that its business was to frame a new constitution, not to grant amnesties. He ridiculed the idea that the Gamble agreement of 1861 applied to voting, and declared for the complete and final defeat of the Confederacy if it required forty years.76 With marked consistency of pur­ pose, the majority was able to add even additional restric­ tions to those first proposed and, on the first of April, 1865, to adopt the entire article.76 By this time, the convention had been in session three months and had about completed a drastic revision of the organic law of the state. Some of the provisions of the exist­ ing constitution had been expanded and commendable changes made in certain sections.77 But it became the prevailing practice among friend and foe to judge the convention's work entirely by one or two sections of the new constitution. With the adoption of the emancipation ordinance and the

"Ordinances, Missouri Convention, (St. Louis, 1862), p. 6. "The subsequent oath of 1862 had fixed December, 1861, as the proper date. Ibid., p. 13. "Dispatch, Jan. 28, 1865. "Journal, pp. 211-212. "A small group of extremists advocated the confiscation of property of all who had taken up arms against the United States or against the provisional government of Missouri. Others regretted that all rebels could not be hung. Folmsbee declared that "he had not come there to take care of the wives and children of rebels. He had come to protect the interests of loyal men who had been ground to powder." Journal, pp. 49-50, Dispatch, Jan. 24, 25, 1865. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 21 article embodying the oath of loyalty, there remained but one more major consideration for the Radicals. Although they were in control of the executive and legislative branches of the state government as well as a majority of county adminis­ trative offices, the Radicals feared that the judicial branch might attempt to set aside certain of the party's cherished measures. Such a course they were determined to prevent and they seized upon the convention as an instrumentality to initiate the program. During the first week of the sessions, a resolution had been introduced declaring for a reorganization of the judicial system in the interest and needs of the people. There was a clear intimation that such a reorganization could best be inaugurated by declaring vacant all judicial offices in the State and authorizing the governor to fill these vacancies.78 Some weeks later, the Committee on the Judiciary placed before the convention the draft of an ordinance for the vacat­ ing of certain civil offices. The chairman of the Committee, Henry A. Clover, a prominent lawyer of St. Louis, was among the ablest men of the convention.79 In explanation, if not in justification, of its recommendations, the report advanced the ingenious theory that, unless the judicial branch of the State government was in unison and harmony with the execu­ tive and legislative branches, "the working of the social system will be harsh, discordant and incapable of efficient result. .. .and thereby may follow injustice, oppression, and wrong to the citizens of the State."80 The gloomy possibility was presented that the courts, unless reconstructed, might attempt to undo the work of emancipation and of disfranchise­ ment.81 It was further asserted that disloyal men had been

"Journal, pp. 22-25. Missouri Republican, Jan. 11, 1865. '•Clover had been a Benton Democrat and had held several official positions before 1860. He became city counselor in 1864, and was a leader of the St. Louis Radicals. His opposition to the oath of loyalty clause was pronounced and he refused to sign the Constitution. In 1865 he declined an appointment to the Supreme bench as the successor of one of the removed judges. En- cyclopaedia. History of St. Louis, (New York, 1879), Vol. I, pp. 412-413. «°Quoted from Journal, p. 97. "Ibid. "Shall the effect of this measure (disfranchisement) be allowed to be frittered away by unfavorable and hostile interpretation of term and phrase?" 22 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

elected by the people so late as November, 1864, especially to the office of sheriff.82 The exact terms of the ordinance were of wide scope. They declared vacant the offices of the judges of the supreme court, of circuit courts, of county courts, of special courts of record, of all clerks of the aforesaid courts, of circuit attorneys and their assistants, and of county recorders.83 The governor of the state was directed to fill all vacancies, with the provi­ sion that the new appointees should hold office for the re­ mainder of the term for which their predecessors had been elected. The debate on the adoption of the ordinance served again to emphasize the differences between moderates and extremists. Although Drake himself expressed doubt as to the wisdom of the ordinance, his contention being that such a matter could be provided for only by a constitutional amend­ ment, he found scant support among the more faithful.84 He therefore abandoned the role of critic and supported the proposal.85 In general, the view of the moderates was that only a comparatively few judicial officers were disloyal, and that these should be removed upon investigation by the chief executive.86 The political possibilities of the situation did not escape notice; it was openly charged that the real purpose of the ousting ordinance was to remove from office those who differed politically with the dominant faction.87 This asserta- tion was firmly met by the Radicals. "We came here to dis­ franchise Rebels," exclaimed E. S. Foster, "and our duty would not be complete if we did not turn out all, both Con­ servative and Rebel officers, if they were elected by Rebels.... I am in favor of cleaning them out."88 With these sentiments a majority was obviously in accord. The relentless Folmsbee

uibid., p. 98. "Ibid., p. 101. As later amended, the office of sheriff was also declared vacant. Ibid., p. 156. Amendments to include notaries public, township marshals and public administrators failed. ^Dispatch, Feb. 21, 1865. "Journal, pp. 156-157. "T. K. Skinker, Removal of the Judges of the Supreme Court of Missouri. Mo. Hist. Society Collections, Vol. IV, pp. 256, 259. (1914). "Ibid., pp. 256-257. Republican, March 16, 1865. "Ibid., p. 257. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 23 demanded that the Rebels in office be "taken by the throat, denied their citizenship, and kicked out," but the convention declined to endorse such rugged methods. When it was apparent that the ordinance would be adopted, an amendment was offered by Bush providing that no members of the convention should be appointed to any of the vacated offices.89 The purpose of this moderate proposal was to relieve the members from the charge that they were creating for themselves important positions in the judicial system.90 The majority refused to pass such a self-denying amendment.91 May 1, 1865, was fixed as the day upon which the offices were to be vacated, and the entire ordinance was formally adopted by a vote of 43 to 5.92 The minority protests against the removal of some eight hundred officials by what they deemed illegal and unauthorized methods were unheeded.93 The conflict in the convention between the dominant majority and the moderate minority continued. By the middle of February, some of the delegates were in open revolt against the measures of the Radicals; not only in regard to dis­ franchisement and to the vacating ordinance, but also to the thorough revision of the constitution. It was the J. .ire of the Radical leaders, accordingly, to secure the passage of a resolution which would formally express the attitude of the convention on the question of drafting a new document. Drake introduced such a resolution on February 15, and made a characteristic speech favoring its adoption.94 In his opinion, the Constitution of 1820, framed for a slave state of less than 70,000 people, was unsuited for a free state of 1,000,000 in­ habitants and a revision was necessary; the revision to be carried out "in such manner as the peoples representatives here assembled should deem expedient."95 Drake's course had been influenced by the persistent attacks made upon him

"Journal, p. 156. "Statesman, March 24, 1865. "Journal, p. 156-157. "Ibid., p. 159. •»For enforcement of the ordinance see supra, pp. 74-87. **Journal, p. 89. "Ibid. 24 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

by conservative Unionists and by German representatives, especially in St. Louis, where both elements were formidable.06 An extended debate followed the introduction of Drake's resolution. Counter proposals, sponsored by the more reason­ able delegates, were rejected.97 These declared that no general revision of the constitution was necessary or desired by the loyal people of the state. One of these resolutions, prepared by Switzler, received considerable support and was defeated by a scant majority of two votes.98 An analysis of this vote indicates that practically all opponents of Radicalism, in­ cluding conservative Unionists, Germans, and independent delegates were agreed as to the undesirability of a new con­ stitution. Drake, again the spokesman for the cause, inter­ preted all opposition to the policy of his party as active hosti­ lity toward himself. He characterized his antagonists as "radical Democrats" seeking to destroy the work of loyal men.99 The Radicals were able to maintain a majority suffi­ ciently large to support unflinchingly the resolutions of their leader and it was passed.100 The opponents of Radicalism now sought new methods. Defeated in the convention, they enlisted the aid of Emil Preetorious, the editor of the leading German newspaper of St. Louis, who was highly indignant that the theories of equal rights for all men were not to be incorporated in the new organic law. Under his direction, public expression of protest was given at a meeting held in Turner Hall, a German strong­ hold, on February 18. Enthused by the speeches of several convention delegates, the gathering announced that if the convention attempted to embody in a revised constitution certain declared policies agitation against its work would be formally commenced.101 The meeting showed that not all the

••The conservative Republican had early declared war on the Convention and concentrated its criticism against Drake. For examples, see Jan. 18, 20, 25, Feb. 3, 8, 16, 1865. "Journal, pp. 89-90. "Ibid., p. 90. Dispatch, Feb. 5, 1865. "Dispatch, Feb. 15, 1865. There was some discussion of a plan to force the adjournment of the Convention by a withdrawal of so many members as to leave it without a quorum. Ibid., Feb. 16, 1865. 100Journal, p. 90. i°-Democrat, Feb. 20, 22, 1865. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 25 extremists were on the Radical side. Mr. St. Gem, with acute recollection of his minority position as a delegate, likened the convention to the long Parliament and voiced the hope that those in opposition would "walk up to the hall of that con­ vention like the barons of old and force it to submit to proper measures... .and if they don't do it, I hope there will be a spirit there that will have the force of a Cromwell and walk up in those halls and dissolve it."102 The Radicals retaliated by threatening to expel him for this belligerent pronounce­ ment.103 During the last weeks of the sessions, insistent complaints were made that the convention was exceeding its powers and had become a group of usurpers plotting against the liberties of the people, but there was no force either within or without that body strong enough seriously to threaten the Radical majority.104 The routine business of revision was finished early in April. The delegates thereupon agreed to proceed to a final vote on the adoption of the constitution, and to permit each member briefly to explain his vote.106 This plan gave the conservatives one more opportunity to attack the conven­ tion's work; the Radicals for the most part were content to register their approval in the form of votes. The chief on­ slaughts of the minority were directed against the oath of loyalty which received a searching analysis.106 "This majority has not stopped at the disfranchisement of rebels; it has dis­ franchised loyal men; still further, it has imposed additional penalties upon these loyal men," declared M. L. Linton, a leading Unionist.107 The test oath for the professional classes was characterized as a form of persecution depriving men of their means of livelihood because of some imprudent act or mere expression of sympathy during the early days of the

"*Ibid. "\Journal, pp. 102-103, 131. "^Statesman, Feb. 24, March 17, 1865; Republican, Feb. 27, March 5, 10, 1865. Dispatch, March 22, 30, 1865; La Grange American, March 30, 1865. ^"Journal, p. 237. "•Address of the Minority of the Convention, (St. Louis, 1865), pp. 6-7. This pamphlet was signed by thirteen members, including the leading conserv­ atives and five German delegates. "iShall the New Constitution be Adopted? (St. Louis, 1865), p. 4. States- man, April 14, 1865. 26 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW war.108 The minority was entirely willing to disfranchise every disloyal man, but would not accept the code of revenge em­ bodied in the searching oath of loyalty.109 They were willing to continue the oath of loyalty of 1862 which was believed to be adequate to separate the loyal from the disloyal, until the state was restored to a normal condition. Had the conven­ tion met in 1863 rather than in 1865, such a course would probably have been followed. But, as in most revolutions, the extremists came finally to prevail and to erect new stand­ ards of loyalty. The vote upon the adoption of the constitution, as revised and amended, showed a normal Radical majority. The opposition was able to secure thirteen votes; the Radicals, thirty-eight, with several others absent who were opposed to it.110 The Act which called the convention did not require that body to submit to the electorate the results of its deliber­ ations but the convention decided to do so. Provisions were made for an election on June 6, 1865, with a special ordinance governing the procedure to be followed in securing the votes of all persons in the military service of the United States or of the State of Missouri.111 The convention was careful to require that no person should be allowed to vote at the ratification election who would not be a qualified voter according to the terms of the pro­ posed' constitution, if it were in force. That is to say, the oath of 1862 was abrogated and the judges of election were required to administer in its place the oath of loyalty embodied in the new fundamental law which had not yet been formally approved by the voters.112 This extraordinary procedure was justified as necessary to prevent the "rebel" vote from defeat­ ing the new constitution. Just before the conclusion of its labors, word was brought to the convention of the surrender of Lee. Under the enthusl-

"Hbid., also Minority Address, p. 7. Republican, April 10, 18G5. ^"Minority Address, p. 6. Dispatch, April 11, 1865. ^"Journal, p. 247. »»Appendix, Journal, pp. 275-276, 283. "^Journal, p. 276. The taking of the oath was not to be deemed conclusive evidence of the right of any person to vote; such right could be disputed and disproved before the judges of election. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 27 asm of the moment, a conservative member offered a resolu­ tion sustaining the President in whatever terms of amnesty he might think best to offer those who had been in arms against the Government.113 But the Radicals, faithful to the last, defeated it.114 Some weeks before, a proclamation of the Governor announced that there was no organized Confederate force in Missouri and called upon all civil officers to resume their duties.115 General Pope, in command of the military Department of Missouri, announced that he would relieve provost marshals of their duties, except those of a strictly military character, whenever notified that the civil courts were in operation. He also prepared to withdraw from the state all Federal military forces.116 The end of actual war in Missouri had come. Less sanguine observers than Governor Fletcher, how­ ever, remained deeply concerned at the violence and disorder which continued in sections of the State.117 A federal judge who had traveled through Missouri declared that "many counties are filled with alarm and parts of others are deluged with crime."118 General Pope, although willing to co-operate with the state authorities, apparently had little faith that the people of Missouri could maintain order without military assistance.119 In order to explain so rigorous and uncompromising a document as the Constitution of 1865, including several of the Ordinances attached to it, some understanding of the intricate policies of a border slave state is essential. Radical fear of the political power and social influence of the pro-slavery or pro-southern element was in some measure justified. A con­ siderable minority of the people of Missouri had favored the southern cause and contributed soldiers to the Confederate armies. Its territory had been the scene of conflict between the regular forces of the North and South, and also of an

"*Ibid., p. 249. "*Ibid., p. 250. ^Messages and Proclamations, Vol. IV, pp. 257-58. "•Annual Cyclop., 1865, p. 589. "'Lincoln to Fletcher, Works, Vol. XI, pp. 38-39, 41-42. 118Statement of Samuel Treat, in Supremacy of the Law in Missouri, (Jeffer­ son City, 1865), p. 5. "•Pope to Fletcher, March 13. 1865, ibid. 28 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

irregular, but no less destructive, guerrilla warfare. The inability of the civil authorities properly to maintain order and to protect life and property had resulted in a military control over many portions of the state. This rule had been viewed with hostility by the local administrative agencies. In spite of ail efforts to check disorder, bands of outlaws and bushwhackers had operated on a considerable scale. In some sections it was alleged and believed that disloyal teachers and ministers had actively aided the Confederate cause. The situation was further complicated by the serious differences of opinion concerning emancipation which de­ veloped during the war among Unionists of all beliefs. Be­ cause they were not able to control the policies of the pro­ visional state government, the Radicals assailed it and ques­ tioned its loyalty. When the Lincoln administration rejected Radical requests, they came to regard themselves as martyrs of a worthy cause. As the war drew to a close, the extremists won a sweeping victory and for the first time were in a position to put into force their policies. In the convention, a great deal of controversial and acrimonious discussion had ostensibly revolved about the disfranchisement and the vacating clauses. Equally signifi­ cant, if more difficult to gauge, was the deep and underlying personal, partisan, and sectional feeling which became in­ creasingly evident during the closing weeks of the convention. A majority of the most radical of the delegates represented the northern, western and southwestern border counties of Mis­ souri. The destruction and disorder of the Civil War had been most painfully impressed upon them. They regarded the Missouri River counties, where the conservative Whig tradition was strong, as the stronghold of rebellion; the home of the slave owner and the southern sympathizer. In the convention, this group had been both organized and deter­ mined; while by the vigorous labors of Drake, Strong, and several other able lawyers most of its demands had been formulated into law. There was a rather definite belief in the superior fitness of the Radicals to rule and an inclination to stigmatize as a "rebel" or "rebel sympathizer" anyone who questioned the policy of the dominant group. While it was THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 29

agreed that political rights and privileges should be taken away from all persons in any way connected with the southern cause, most Radicals were quite unwilling to share with the recently emancipated negroes the right of voting or of office holding. It became an accepted maxim of Radical policy to reiter­ ate ceaselessly on the importance of keeping Missouri safe from "rebel" control. Many of those who declared for the safety of the state were equally devoted to the maintenance of Radical supremacy. The question of disfranchisement thus occupied a foremost place in the solicitude of these alert politicians because upon it depended the political power and destiny of the state. With the end of the war and the return home of the despised rebel, would probably begin the recon­ struction of the Democratic Party. In such an undertaking, it was pretty certain that the former Whigs, whom the Radicals had hopelessly alienated, would enthusiastically join, thus making exceedingly doubtful the continued success of Radical­ ism.120 This prospect thoroughly alarmed the Radical leaders. Under the pressure of party need, heroic measures became necessary and the political proscription of all "rebels" a weapon of party preservation. This, indeed, was frankly admitted. Drake had made the gloomy prediction before the convention that Radicalism would not be able to maintain its power for more than two to four years, against the forces of the opposition.121 Others argued that the Democracy would be helpless without the disloyal vote.122 All agreed that disfranchisement was the corner stone of the Radical edifice.123 Scant heed was paid to the words of a Radical member in the United States Senate who wrote to a delegate to use great

uoThe conservatives of Whig antecedents resented bitterly the gratuitous assumption that they were disloyal. Likewise, many former Benton Democrats opposed Radical measures and were joined by numbers of Germans. These were elements of political strength which could not be ignored. ^Dispatch, Jan. 28, 1865. "^Democrat, Feb. 24, March 8, 1865. "The loyal party of the State having secured the power threatens to disfranchise a large portion of the opposite party. The effect of this action will be manifestly to cripple the conservative or reactionary party, which will be better known by the name of Democracy." ™Ibid„ La Grange American, April 13, 1865. 30 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW care and prudence in the exercise of disfranchisement "lest in the heat of revolutionary strife we confound mere partisan differences with the crime of treason."124 Some months before, Frank P. Blair, in an attack on his somewhat numerous political foes, had declared that the Radicals of Missouri were attempting to build up a party upon a spirit of exasperation, retaliation, and revenge. "Is this a fit foundation for any party to rest upon?" he asked. "Can peace, prosperity, and tranquility be expected from those who act with such motives? Can any secure or enduring principles of government be based upon such sentiments?"125 Those who agreed with Blair refused to interpret the Radical program as the inevitable consequence of the Civil War but regarded it as the product of cunning and deliberate purpose. From another aspect, perhaps more accurate, the Constitution of 1865 was the result of the extreme political and personal feeling, together with the general disorganization, engendered by the events of 1861-64. During 1864 there was a growing demand for extreme policies which had been strengthened by the "Price raid" in the autumn of that year and by the appalling activities of bushwhacker and guerrilla. As war measures, the features of the revised constitution might have been endured as temporary necessities. The com­ ing of peace not only weakened the arguments for proscriptive measures but provided an opportunity to use disfranchise­ ment in all of its phases as a punishment, as well as an instru­ ment to aid in continuing in political power the representa­ tives of what was probably an actual minority of the people. The formal adoption of the constitution by a substantial Radical majority did not in itself insure ratification. Con­ servatives of all shades could be confidently relied upon strenuously to oppose the new document. Certain delegates in the convention had desired to hold the ratification election in the late summer or autumn of 1865, which would have given more time for organization of the opposition, but the Radicals fixed June 6, thus forcing a relatively short cam­ paign. The difficulties confronting the enemies of the new

J24J. B. Henderson to A. W. Martin, in Statesman, Feb. 17, 1865. usThe Jacobins of Missouri and Maryland, (Washington, 1864), pp. 1-2. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 31 constitution were great. Only a few weeks intervened in which to construct a new organization in a state where condi­ tions were uncertain and chaotic. In a majority of the coun­ ties the election machinery was controlled entirely by the opposition. Outstanding leaders were few in number. A rigid test oath was to be administered and no man could predict with accuracy the total number of the disfranchised. Many who opposed the constitution would be forced to refute charges that they had been disloyal and placed in a humiliating position. The Radicals were much better prepared. They were more effectively organized and in a position to force the fighting. In Drake they had an aggressive leader. The cry of "rebel" and "copperhead" could be easily raised against adversaries, while the enforcement of the oath of loyalty could be made an effective weapon. It was evident soon after the adjournment of the con­ vention that the Radicals' first task was to put their own house in order. To the dismay of many, an impressive group of leaders within the party were indifferent or hostile to the constitution. The motives which actuated these men were divergent. Governor Fletcher was the first to state his views.126 His opposition was based on what he described as the restrictive clauses, especially the oath of loyalty; there was also an intimation that he favored negro suffrage and was disappointed that it had not been incorporated in the organic law. Fletcher was content merely to register his intention to vote against ratification; there was no evidence of any formal movement of opposition which he might lead. The knowledge of the governor's position was hailed by the conservatives as of momentous consequence, and probably for the first time in his career Fletcher was characterized as a statesman.127 The Radical organization interpreted his action as the result of his inexperience in public life and as an evidence of base ingratitude toward those who had made him governor.128

"•Fletcher to S. H. Boyd, April 14, 1865, in Statesman, April 28, 1865. See also Dispatch, April 20, 1865. Boyd was a Radical leader of prominence in southwestern Missouri. wDispatch, April 21, 1865. "•Democrat, April 24, 1865. 32 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Rumors were rife early in the campaign that B. Gratz Brown would return to Missouri to oppose ratification.129 So persistent did these become that he was forced to declare himself. Brown's attitude was vague and apparently con­ ciliatory.180 Without mentioning definitely the test oath, he advocated early amendments to certain sections of the con­ stitution.181 This was generally supposed to mean the intro­ duction of negro suffrage, thus reaffirming Brown's views.132 Senator Henderson likewise maintained discreet silence during the first weeks after adjournment. His attitude at that time could hardly be interpreted as favoring adoption but there was no sign of open opposition and early in May he declared in favor of the constitution.183 These sudden shifts were due to the pressure of the organi­ zation. Late in April a conference was held in St. Louis.184 Brown, Henderson, Fletcher, several Congressmen, and a group of representative state and local leaders met for the ostensible purpose of securing Fletcher's support for adop­ tion.135 The real design of this secret meeting was to formu­ late a policy to which all could agree.136 It was evidently decided that the adoption of the constitution must be sup­ ported as a party measure.137 Brown, Henderson, and Fletcher reluctantly subscribed to this decision.138 The alternatives presented involved dangers which these astute veterans were

"•Letter of M. L. Linton, in Dispatch, April 26, 1865. "^Democrat, April 28, 1865. "ilbid. ^During the Convention Brown had said: "They (Radicals) do and will always deplore that a Convention of Radical men commissioned to build up the foundations of a great commonwealth should have foregone such a provi­ dential opportunity to link their names with immortality and set the example of true and noble reconstruction by establishing an equal freedom as the ground work of their structure." Quoted in Annual Cyclop., 1865, p. 589. "*Republican, May 10, 1865. Statesman, May 19, 1865. "^Dispatch, May 1, 1865. "*Ibid. ^Statesman, May 19, 1865. "''Democrat, May 3, 1865. Congressmen Loan, Blow, Van Horn, Benjamin, and Anderson favored ratification. Several months later, Blair charged that those at the conference had been summoned to St. Louis and compelled by Drake to declare themselves in favor of adoption. Democrat, October 23, 1865. ^•Louisiana Journal, quoted in Statesman, May 19, 1865. Fletcher is reported to have said: "It (Constitution) is all wrong; it is not the thing we want. I cannot vote for it but if you representative men adopt it, I will put it through." THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 33

not anxious to face; it seemed the better part of wisdom to endure the situation they were in rather than to risk others perhaps more dangerous. Several days later, Brown formally endorsed the consti­ tution and said nothing whatever about the necessity for amendment.139 Brown's political career was noted for its startling changes and extreme positions. Once committed to adoption, he became an advocate, though not before the public, of the harshest policies.140 Fletcher remained indiffer­ ent to the end of the campaign, although he refused to support any group opposed to adoption.141 His practical refusal to make the support of the constitution a test of party loyalty aroused the ire of the Radical politicians. The German element was divided on the issue of ratifica­ tion. Several of their leaders were openly antagonistic; others, like Krekel, the president of the convention, favored adoption. Some of the opposition was purely personal and directed at Drake, whom many Germans cordially hated.142 The strong inclination of the Germans to vote as their leaders advocated caused both resentment and worry in Radical headquarters. An analysis of the forces actively hostile to ratification revealed distinct elements. Of these, probably the strongest and most influential, consisted of former Whigs. Prior to 1860, the Whigs had displayed considerable strength in a strongly Democratic state, and had won notable victories. During the war, a majority of them had stood firmly for the Union and just as firmly against the rising tide of Radicalism. In the development of the intensely anti-Radical sentiment, in 1865, a great deal of their traditional hositility to the Democracy was abandoned. In the convention, the Whig attitude had been admirably expressed by W. F. Switzler; while throughout the State, Edward Bates, who in 1864 had

"•Letter to St. Joseph Herald, May 9, 1865, also Democrat, May 12, 1865. "oBrown to J. R. Winchell, May 1865, in Hannibal Courier, May 8, 1872. "I am one of those," he declared, "who have believed that the loyal and dis­ loyal can never live in Missouri together, and the latter must be forced to depart, and I believe registration is the only mode that will accomplish it." i«Fletcher to J. W. Owens, May 20, 1865, in Statesman, June 1, 1865, Liberty Tribune, May 19, 1865. "^Statesman, April 28, 1865. 34 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW resigned his position in Lincoln's cabinet, and James S. Rollins were commonly regarded as the chief spokesmen. Opposition to the constitution was found also among the Democrats. In 1865, the designation "Democrat" was of uncertain meaning, but the hostility to Radicalism was the focus of all varieties. A very considerable number of Demo­ crats had supported the Union cause during the war but had been Republicans only in the most nominal sense. Certainly no Radical policy would receive the endorsement of these men. Others had frankly regarded the war as a failure and had supported McClellan.148 After the defeat of 1864, the formal organization and machinery of the Democracy had become greatly weakened. It had been reduced by the spring of 1865 to an ineffective State Central Committee and the County Committee of St. Louis County.144 Even had the party been well organized, its entire campaign would have been one of defense. For the Radicals it was both convenient and effective to describe the Democracy as "the party of slavery" and its followers as "traitors" and "copperheads," making no dis­ tinction in their expressive nomenclature between the loyal war Democrats and the pro-southern element. The majority of Federal office holders in Missouri were antagonistic to the constitution. Lincoln's appointees had been chosen for the most part from the conservative wing of the Unionist party and in their selection Frank P. Blair and Edward Bates had had an important influence.145 The patron­ age quarrel had commenced during the war and was in progress while the convention was in session.146 Radical support of Lincoln in the election of 1864 and their rise to power in Mis­ souri as the dominant factor had not sufficed to alter the president's policy in regard to appointments. This was

"•McClellan had polled in Missouri 31,626 votes while Lincoln received 71,676. Switzler, Missouri, p. 297. "'Republican, May 22, 1865. "8Bates had been Governor Gamble's law partner and intimate friend for many years. "•P. L. Foy to Rollins, Feb. 7, 1865, Rollins Papers. Foy was postmaster in St. Louis and a leading Claybank there. "You know, I suppose," he wrote, "that the Radicals are straining every nerve to turn me out of the postoffice. I am, of course, the most conspicuous Blair man in office .... the one who is most obnoxious to the Radicals and my overthrow would be a great triumph to them." THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 35 generally regarded by the Radicals as perfect evidence of the malign influence of Blair, Bates, and other conservative leaders.147 That these officials should now oppose the con­ stitution was highly exasperating to the suspicious Radicals, who continued their complaints until after the election.148 St. Louis was the center of opposition to the constitu­ tion, and it was there the Radicals struck the first blow. On the day the convention terminated, appeared the first of a series of statements written by Drake which were designed both to explain and to justify its work.149 Much familiar ground was covered in these addresses; they served admirably to summarize the position of the Radicals in the canvass. Drake unremittingly placed before the members of his party the view that the adoption of the constitution would mark the final triumph of loyalty in Missouri and that the test oath was necessary to prevent the disloyal from becoming "one unified mass."150 The opponents of adoption were attacked and all true Radicals were harshly warned against "forgive and forget" doctrines.151 Shortly after the accession of Johnson to the Presidency, efforts were made to secure from him an expression of opinion on the principal features of the constitution.152 Senator Brown, in assuring the President of his zealous support, rejoiced that "the loyal men of Missouri feel that today they have one at the head of the government who can sympathize with their struggles and privations and wants."153 The Mis­ souri Radicals likewise enthusiastically approved Johnson's vindictive utterances during the early weeks of his administra­ tion,154 that "Treason is a crime and must be made odious;"

"'Hume, op. cit., pp. 161-162, 171. Democrat, Feb. 8, 1865. "•Ibid., June 7, 1865. "•To the Radical Union Men of Missouri, I., Democrat, April 10, 1865. "•Ibid., II. Democrat, April 14, 1865. "Now when we have wiped out that institution (slavery), shall they (Rebels) still imbued with its ferocious spirit, be armed with mastery over us through the ballot?" Ibid., V. Democrat, April 21, 1865. "Void., Ill, VI, VII. Democrat, April 14, 26, 28, 1865. 1MDrake to Johnson, April 27, 1865, Johnson Papers. »»Brown to Johnson, April 22, 1865, Ibid. "•Drake to Johnson, April 24, 1865, ibid. "Your utterances came to Missouri Radicals as life to the almost dying." 36 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

"Traitors must be punished."155 With the state under Radical control and with a friendly administration at Washington, the future appeared decidedly promising. But within a few weeks Johnson's course had aroused foreboding among Radical politicians in Missouri and excited the approbation of Democrats and Conservatives.156 The Radical plan of campaign was based largely on the elaboration and reiteration of three ideas: that the constitution must be supported as a party measure; that the political dis­ franchisement of the rebel aristocracy was not only abundantly justified but essential to the continuance of Radical power; and that all who opposed adoption were disloyal or aiding the cause of the disloyal.157 The fact that the war was over was not accepted by Radical leaders; what they termed "the second stage of the Rebellion" had begun. In urging Johnson not to remove martial law from Missouri, fears were expressed for the safety of the loyal men.158 As the campaign progressed, the chief emphasis was placed on the first two contentions the third being absurdly remote from the real facts. The formal campaign against adoption was opened in St. Louis. A meeting was held on May 1, in Turner Hall in which several delegates to the convention had a conspicuous part, ably assisted by several German leaders.159 It was charged that the convention had grossly abused its legal powers and condemned the oath of loyalty and other features of the document as wrong in principle and hazardous in practice.160 As the campaign continued, it became clear that

iwj. F. Rhodes, History of the United States, (New York, 1904), Vol. V, pp. 520-521. 16«John Hogan to Johnson, May 17, 1865, ibid., Hogan, a popular poli­ tician of St. Louis, was a Democratic member of Congress. "''Democrat, May 17, 1865. See also, Address to Radical Union Party of Missouri, issued by the State Executive Committee, May 1865. It will be noted that the word "Republican" was very infrequently used by either group. 168Drake to Johnson, April 17, 1865, Johnson Papers. The following is typical: "Reject the new Constitution and rebel soldiers from Price and Mar- maduke's armies will come flooding back by the thousands and begin the slaughter and assassination of every prominent loyal man in the State . . . Reject this Constitution and Union men commit political suicide. Reject this Constitution and freedom and independence will depart from us forever." Quoted from La Grange American, May 12, 1865. "•Dispatch, May 1, 1865. Of 112 signers to the call for the meeting, 73 were Germans. "•Ibid., May 2, 1865. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 37

the German Radicals were in the main against ratification.161 Their leaders consistently refused to make adoption a party question and their failure to uphold that view was regarded by the Radical organization as a form of party treason.162 St. Louis also furnished the leadership and the plans for the campaign of the Conservatives. Strong reliance was placed on the counsels of Bates, who, during and after the sessions of the convention, had written a series of learned and dis­ cursive articles designed to prove that the acts of that body were beyond its powers and null and void.163 Too frail to participate as a speaker, he continued as the chief adviser and leader of the moderates. Blair, in command of the 17th Army Corps of "Sherman's army, was unable to enter the campaign, but he wrote a letter condemning the constitu­ tion and recommending rejection.164 Leading unconditional Union men of 1861, including S. T. Glover,165 J. O. Broad­ head, and C. P. Johnson, played an important role in the management of the campaign. They were part of that group comprising "the most intelligent, the wealthiest, and the most respectable section of the Union party."166 From St. Louis speakers were sent through the State and a determined effort made to construct an effective organization. In the interior and in the border counties, the task of the moderates was formidable. The lack of time and of financial assistance were obstacles facing the leaders.167 In central Missouri, Rollins, Switzler, and A. A. King, a former Demo­ cratic governor, labored tirelessly to defeat the "Draconian code."168

"^Dispatch, May 15, 1865. This attitude prevailed in some interior counties, especially Franklin, Gasconade and Osage, where the German ele­ ment was in control. See statements in Washington News and in Hermann Volksblatt, reprinted in Statesman, May 12, 1865. "^Democrat, May 12, 1865. "•To the People of Missouri, in Republican, April 7, 13, 29; May 11, 26; June 3, 1865. "*C. P. Johnson, Personal Recollections of Missouri's Eminent Statesmen, (St. Louis, 1903), p. 18. "•Encyclop., History of St. Louis, Vol. II, pp. 906-07. ie«Foy to Rollins, Feb. 7, 1865, Rollins Papers. "*R. W. Owens to J. O. Broadhead, May 22, 1865, Broadhead Papers. w»The term frequently used by opponents to describe the Constitution of 1865. 38 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

They were sanguine that the constitution would be rejected by a large majority in most of the localities where Whig sentiment was strong.169 The fight was also carried directly into the enemies country, in the northern, north­ western, and southwestern counties, with results which seemed encouraging.170 Yet despite the aid of those in St. Louis, the lack of efficient organization was painfully apparent late in May.171 In spite of disheartening difficulties, however, the Con­ servatives continued the struggle until the end.172 Emphasis was placed on the idea that the war had ended, and that the features of the proposed organic law were therefore unjust, vindictive, and totally unsuited to assist in the rehabilitation of the state.173 That the adoption of the constitution would place the state in the control of a narrow factional group bent on securing and holding power was the theme of many a campaign appeal.174 The oath of loyalty was frequently attacked as a sinister weapon of partisanship.175 The plan

"•Rollins to C. I. Filley, May 26, 1865, Rollins Papers. James S. Rollins had long been an outstanding figure in Missouri politics. A man of great personal popularity and absolute integrity, he stood high in the counsels of the Whig party. He had been the choice of his party for Senator, and twice for Governor, In 1848 and in 1857. He sert ed in Congress for two terms and in the Legislature for nine. In 1860, Rollins opposed secession and declared for the Union. He was an admirable representative of the conservative and moderate Whig element. W. B. Smith, James S. Rollins, (New York, 1891), passim. "•Northwest Conservator, May 20, 27, 1865. Statesman, June 2, 1865. "IDispatch, May 22, 1865. "*The daily issues of two important St. Louis newspapers, the Republican and the Dispatch, are filled with criticism of the Constitution. "*Tribune, May 12, 1865. Macon Gazette, April 27, 1865. Some Con­ servatives, unable to appreciate the criticism of the legal competence of the Convention, were willing to accept the following view: "All sorts of folks met on a time, And came to the conclusion That they were just the sort of men To make a Constitution. The time set for their vengeful work Was in a Revolution, When they might vent their spite and put It in a Constitution. They then mixed up a mighty oath Of very strong solution, To be gulped down with other things In this strange Constitution." "•Statesman, April 14, 1865. "•For a full discussion of this see ibid., May 5, 1865. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 39 for a state-wide system for the registration of voters was sub­ jected to a devastating analysis in which was revealed clearly the enormous power vested in the Registrars.176 The remnant of the Democratic organization endeavored to assist, but with meagre success. Those Democrats who had left their party during the war saw no necessity to rejoin it during the spring of 1865. It was just as effective and less troublesome to oppose Radicalism with other conservatives of Whig antecedents. Democratic spokesmen stoutly main­ tained that the party fully acquiesced in the abolition of slavery and regarded emancipation as a finality.177 The new constitution, however, was to them in its essential features a diabolical attempt on the part of the Radicals to force their rule upon the State by revolutionary and illegal methods.178 The campaign over adoption as waged by all sides was intensely bitter. Neither the character of the issues dis­ cussed nor the discussion itself was calculated to introduce an era of good feeling.179 In some counties it was necessary to station companies of militia as a protection against roving guerrilla bands and continuing disorder.180 Drake's part in the management of the Radical campaign was intimate and pervasive; there was a remorseless energy about his methods which won the unwilling recognition of his adversaries.181 He made speeches in many parts of the state, organized committees, held conferences, and maintained to the last his confidence of Radical success.182 One of the most important questions before the Con­ servatives was the formulation of a policy in regard to the oath of loyalty. The framers had placed in the constitution the requirement that all who desired to vote at the ratification election must subscribe to the test oath in lieu of the oath of

"•Republican, April 28, 1865; Statesman, May 5, 1865. "iTo the Democracy of Missouri, May 18, 1865, reprinted in Dispatch, May 22, 1865. "•Republican, May 22, 1865. "•For a typical example of Radical sentiment, see American, April 13, 20, 1865. 1 "Switzler, Missouri, p. 459. "^Dispatch, July 11, 13, 1865. "•Democrat, May 17, 19, 24, 29, 31, 1865. 40 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

June, 1862.183 Despite the opinion of able and learned lawyers that the convention had no authority to require such an oath, there was no machinery by which the issue could be settled before the day of election. The procedure to be fol­ lowed by all the opponents of ratification became a problem of vital concern. The oath of loyalty was so worded that, if interpreted literally, neither the loyal nor disloyal could qualify as legal voters. It declared: "No person shall be deemed a qualified voter who has ever been in armed hostility to the United States.... or to the Government of this State or has ever given aid, comfort, countenance or support to persons in such hostility."184 As a result of the unusual conditions which prevailed in Missouri at the outbreak of the war, many loyal Union men early in 1861 had taken up arms against the legally consti­ tuted State government or had aided those who did; by a narrow construction of the constitutional provision they were disfranchised. That the convention should seek to dis­ qualify those whom it deemed loyal was manifestly absurd; but such would be the strange consequences of a rigid inter­ pretation. By the letter of the law, also, those Radicals who had denounced the provisional government and the Lincoln administration might be said to have given comfort to the enemy and, therefore, to be disfranchised. The solution of this perplexing problem partook of the nature of a guessing contest. The ingenious theory was advanced that, as the oath was invalid, a former Confederate could swear that he had never been in rebellion.185 Perjury could not result, it was declared, from subscribing to an oath which the convention had no legal authority to enact. Equally confusing was another dogma which maintained that to take the oath would be to acknowledge its validity and indirectly recognize the power of the convention to require it.186 The application of this theory would prevent many Conservatives from taking the oath and make certain Radical success.

"'Constitution, 1865, Art. XIII, Sec. 6. "*Ibid., Art. II, Sec. 3. "•¥. W. Lehmann, Edward Bates and the Test Oath, Mo. Hist. Soc. Coll. Vol. IV, p. 395 (1923). "•Ibid. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 41

In the diligent search for a satisfactory interpretation, appeals were made to Bates and his opinion was made public several days before the election.187 Bates held that the refusal to take the oath was no legal disqualification but he admitted that it would certainly be required by all Radical election officials, and that an applicant must take it or "be robbed of his vote by a dishonest trick."188 Rather than submit to that humiliation, he concluded that no man should be deterred from taking the oath "who has never borne arms against the Government and knows in his own heart that he bears true and faithful allegiance to the nation and the State."189 During the closing days of the campaign attention and interest were again centered in St. Louis, where the alarming defection of the German vote and the strong opposition of the Conservatives were justly feared. It was admitted that the river counties of central Missouri were opposed and that the border and second tier of counties favored it.190 The voting strength of the populous river regions and of St. Louis en­ couraged the Conservatives but, under a drastic enforcement of the oath of loyalty, it was difficult accurately to predict the result. Early returns indicated the defeat of the constitution.191 The majority against ratification on incomplete returns was over 11,000.192 The worst fears of the Radicals concerning St. Louis were realized; the majority in that city against adoption was 5,926, in a total vote of 16,570.m The result in many of the counties was equally alarming because of the

i"Bates to Linton, May 29, 1865, in Republican, May 31, 1865. Linton was regarded as "the most violent and unscrupulous of all the opposers of the Constitution. ' Democrat, June 2, 1865. "•Republican, May 31, 1865. Lehmann, op. cit., p. 400. "•Ibid., This was the origin of the doctrine of "pious perjury." Democrat, May 29, 1865. "•Ibid., Dispatch, June 5, 1865. ,MDispatch, June 7, 1865; Statesman, June 9, 1865; Tribune, June 9, 1865. "•Republican, June 9, 1865. "The late election returns," wrote Bates, "make it almost certain that we have defeated their foolish and wicked Con­ stitution. We have got the ultra-Radicals ankle deep in the mud of the bottom of the pit they have digged for us," to P. R. Fendall, June 11, 1865. Bates' Papers. "^Transcript of Records, Election Returns, 1865. 42 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

uniformly large vote against ratification.194 Portions of southeastern Missouri had also shown surprising Conserva­ tive strength.195 The counties where the German influence was strong reported a combined majority of over 600 against the constitution.196 Radical suspicions were aroused by the reports that certain election officials had permitted large number of returned "rebels" to vote.197 The returns from the border regions, which came in very slowly, revealed a sweeping Radical victory in the north, northwest, and southwest where sentiment against the "rebel aristocracy" was pronounced.198 In the meantime, the officials sent by the governor to obtain the votes of all citizens in the military service of the United States, whether in or out of the State,199 commenced to file with the Secretary of State the For Against iwciay 90 890 Ray 350 403 Lafayette 295 816 Saline 317 137 Howard 265 750 Cooper 704 492 Audrain 160 474 Randolph 96 817 Pike 638 1,113 Boone 132 1,763 Callaway 146 1,630 Platte 410 821 Monroe 74 926 For Against "•Mississippi 22 334 New Madrid 45 477 Pemiscot 0 122 Washington 167 699 Wayne 15 247 Madison 71 303 "•Ibid. These included Franklin, Gasconade, Osage, St. Charles and Warren. "iDemocrat, June 7, 1867. History of Lafayette County, p. 302. "'Returns from the northern, northwestern, and southeastern counties are: For Against Atchison 246 172 Harrison 820 185 Mercer 770 35 Putnam 938 15 Schuyler 260 25 Scotland 404 142 Clark 645 56 Knox 541 197 Gentry 326 29 THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 43 final reports of the soldiers' votes. These disclosed additional Radical success.200 The relentless reduction of the majority against adoption continued for two weeks after the election although there was much uncertainty concerning the final outcome. Conserva­ tives now complained of violence and intimidation; Radicals made counter charges that perjury had been committed by thousands of Confederates.201 There was no doubt some laxness on the part of election officials in portions of the state but this was equalized by extreme rigor in enforcing the oath of loyalty in other sections.202 It was not until July 1, that the final vote was announced. According to the official returns, the constitution had been

Andrew. 781 126 Holt 517 50 Daviess 363 40 Grundy 645 43 Sullivan 540 140 Adair 569 25 Caldwell 405 58 Johnson 592 67 Henry 365 34 St. Clair 124 0 Cedar 202 12 Dade 417 15 Lawrence 317 156 Barry 99 33 Christian 326 40 Greene 1.059 208 Polk 644 106 Hickory 282 49 Benton 309 88 Morgan 282 77 Camden 290 42 Douglas 31 1 Miller 469 5 Livingston 431 155 Linn 594 213 Transcript of Records; History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, pp. 241, 811. "•Journal, p. 283. J. H. Benton, Voting in the Field, (Boston, 1915), pp. 44-45. For Against t00Jefferson Barracks. . . 120 0 Camp Douglas 365 0 Little Rock 1,600 400 13th Alo. Cavalry.... 110 2 Statesman, June 9. 1865; Democrat, June 12, 1865. *"Dispatch, June 10, 1865; Republican, June 13, 1865; Democrat, June 14, 1865. "2James Brown to Broadhead, June 23, 1865, Broadhead Papers. 44 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

ratified by a scant majority of 1,835 votes in a total of 85,769 cast.208 Radical victory had been made possible by the soldiers' vote which gave for adoption a majority of 2,899; the civilian voters had rejected the constitution by 64 votes.204 For several weeks the attitude of state officials had aroused appre­ hension among the Conservatives. Francis Rodman, the Secretary of State, had observed an extraordinary reticence.205 He not only refused to make public the returns from those who had voted in the field, but denied a committee from St. Louis, representing the opposition, admittance to his office.206 On July 1, the returns were officially counted in the presence of the governor, who issued a Proclamation declaring the con­ stitution in force on July 4, 1865.207 The announcement of the governor did not end the ten­ sion and hostility. There was a widespread feeling among Conservatives that the constitution had been adopted by irregular methods and forced upon the people of the state. The result is significant also because it seriously threatened, if it did not actually bring about, the transfer of political power from St. Louis and from the older sections of the state to the Radical strongholds elsewhere. Among the "better" classes in these localities, the men of education, of property interests, and of influence there was from the beginning a most active opposition to the new constitution. Under these circumstances, the policy of the Radicals was not a matter of speculative probability. The chief problem confronting them was how their control of the State might be continued and perpetuated.208

"'Transcript of Records, Election Returns, 1865. »wJWd. The soldiers' vote was, for adoption, 4,035, against, 1,136. *wScharf, 0p. cit., Vol. I, p. 624. •••Republican, June 26, 1865. "'Messages and Proclamations, Vol. IV, pp. 262-64. No returns were received from 14 counties, chiefly along the southern border. This was due to the disorganization incident to the war and perhaps to the failure of Fletcher to appoint successors to those removed under the ousting ordinance. They were small in population and their vote could not have changed the result of the election. In 1864 they cast only 188 votes. "•Democrat, July 7, 9, 1865. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 45

CHAPTER II

THE RADICALS IN CONTROL 11A few preachers have subscribed to the oath; only a few, however, proportional to the whole number. It has been taken by comparatively few ministers in the State. None of the Catholic bishops or priests have taken it; a very few, if any, of the M. E. Church, South, have taken it; and only a small portion of the Presbyterians and Baptists have done so. It is now manifest that which was intended for a tragedy has turned out to be a farce." —St. Louis Christian Advocate.

11 Both before and since the adoption of the new constitution the rebel conservative leaders and press have counseled and ad­ vised violent opposition to many of its most important provisions. The whole of what is termed the conservative element of the State has been urged to set at defiance plain provisions of the Consti­ tution, and that element has been thoroughly imbued with the idea that the new Constitution was of no force or validity what­ ever.1* —Louisiana True Flag.

The second session of the Missouri Legislature was to assemble on November 1, 1865. There was an interval of five months from the election until the convening, which ordinarily might have been regarded as a period of com­ parative political calm. But it became increasingly evident that there would be very little calm. The enforcement of the vacating ordinance, and of the oath of loyalty for the professional classes, the return to Missouri of Frank P. Blair, the attempt formally to organize in opposition to Radicalism provided both continuous agitation and dramatic episodes. The ousting ordinance declared vacant on May 1, 1865, certain civil offices in the state, and authorized the governor to appoint successors.1 By this ruthless edict the terms of

^Journal, p. 282. 46 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

some 842 officials were automatically ended.2 The execution of the ordinance in a systematic way would have placed a great burden on the chief executive. The mere mechanical task of considering the numerous recommendations, petitions, and letters as well as hearing the personal pleas of zealous partisans would have occupied an enormous amount of Fletcher's time. A thorough going Radical might, however, have made a drastic effort. Fletcher's policy was more moderate. He was content in many instances to reappoint such former incumbents as were deemed sufficiently loyal.3 In some counties where suspicions were entertained con­ cerning the loyalty of local officers a clean sweep was made.4 A majority of those removed submitted without audible complaint. The removal of the Supreme Court justices, however, became the center of an interesting legal and political con­ troversy. Probably the chief reason for the enactment of the vacating ordinance had been the belief that the Supreme Court was determined to declare unconstitutional certain cherished Radical measures. A change in the personnel of that high tribunal thus became a party necessity.5 The Court consisted of three members who had been elected in 1863 as Conservatives, for a term of six years.6 According to the Radicals, their election had been the result "of gross fraud;" the Conservatives insisted it was accomplished "in spite of fraud, intimidation, and terrorism."7 During the

*The complete list included: 3 Supreme Court Judges; 23 Circuit Judges; 118 Clerks; 114 Attorneys; 114 Sheriffs; 114 County Clerks; 349 County Justices; 1 Land Court Judge; 1 Law Commissioner; 1 Criminal Court Judge; 1 Probate Judge; 1 Recorder; 1 Circuit Attorney; 1 Assistant Circuit Attorney. Scharf, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 622-3; Encyclop., Hist, of St. Louis, Vol. Ill, p. 1683; States­ man, April 14, 1865. 'Encyclop. Mo. Hist., Vol. V, p. 169; Hist. Boone County, p. 474; Statesman, June 2, 1865. Apparently there was an understanding between the Governor and the local radical leaders that all loyal men would be reappointed. Republi­ can, April 29, 1865. *Hist. Marion County, p. 565; Hist. Clay and Platte Counties, p. 259; Hist. Holt and Atchison Counties, p. 547; Holt County Sentinel, June 30, 1865. 5A Radical leader frankly declared that "Two of the departments of"th« Government are now under the control of the Radical party. As one of that party I am free to declare that, as we are responsible for its administration, the ad­ ministration should be in our hands," from speech of G. R. Smith, in S. B. Harding, Life of G. R. Smith, (Sedalia, 1904), p. 357. •Switzler, Missouri, p. 450. 'Skinker, op. cit., p. 259. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 47 convention, one of the judges, Barton Bates, had resigned; on May 1, the court consisted of J. D. S. Dryden and W. V. N. Bay.8 The successors of Bay and Dryden were David Wagner and W. L. Lovelace. Fletcher on April 29 reappointed the clerk of the court, A. W. Mead, whose commission was ap­ parently regarded as legal by Dryden and Bay to whom it was shown just before the adjournment of the Court. Their action was evidence to some that they accepted the legality of the vacating ordinance.9 On May 27, Wagner and Lovelace called a special session of the Court for June 12. They also issued an order on Mead to deliver the records of the Court.10 The "old court" now entered the contest by promulgating a counter order, for­ bidding any interference with the records; this was followed by an injunction issued by the circuit court of St. Louis, on petition of Mead, restraining Wagner, Lovelace, and all others in their attempts to secure the records.11 Judge Moodey, who issued the injunction, was a German Radical; in an earlier case he had held the ordinance unconstitutional because it was not an amendment to the constitution, and therefore beyond the power of the convention to adopt.12 On June 12, Judges Bay and Dryden appeared in the court rooms at St. Louis and proceeded to act as the Supreme Court of Missouri; cases were called and arguments heard. Wagner and Lovelace were unable to proceed.13 Two days later, Gen. Coleman, of the militia, presented to Dryden and Bay a letter from Fletcher, informing them that the

8These three men had been appointed to the court by Gov. Gamble, in 1861, to fill the unexpired terms of Judges Napton, Ewing, and Scott. The positions of the latter had been declared vacant on their refusal to take the oath of loyalty required of all civil officers; promulgated by the Convention in Oct., 1861. Some 22 decisions prepared by Napton, Ewing, and Scott, but not an­ nounced, were accepted and issued by the new judges. Skinker, op. cit., p. 270; (1862) 31 Mo., passim. •The Missouri Supreme Judgeship, 13 American Law Register, (Boston, 1865), p. 708. "Annual Cyclop., 1865, p. 589. "Ibid. "Republican, June 14, 1865. By this decision, A. G. Bernoundy, Recorder of Deeds, St. Louis County, retained his office and Fletcher's appointee, Julius Conrad, appealed the case to the Supreme Court. ^Detailed and partisan accounts of the struggle are in Democrat, Republican, and Dispatch, June 13, 14, 15, 1865. 48 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

ordinance would be enforced and warning a summary treat­ ment for all who attempted to usurp the judicial functions of the government.14 Dryden and Bay, however, contended that they had a right to their offices until the expiration of their terms, and vehemently denied the validity of the ordi­ nance on grounds already well known.15 Upon their refusal to leave the bench, Coleman pro­ duced a special order issued by Fletcher, as commander-in- chief of the militia, authorizing him to put the new judges in complete possession of the court room and of the records and papers belonging to the Supreme Court. Upon their insistent refusal to recognize any acts or commands of Cole­ man, he called a policeman who removed them, protesting, to the office of a police judge. Here a somewhat ridiculous charge of disturbing the peace was lodged against Dryden and Bay.16 The records of the court were forcibly taken from the protesting Mead. A military force was stationed near the court house; additional corps of militia held in readiness in other sections of the city.17 Under these stern auspices, the new court proceeded to administer justice. Inflammatory appeals and statements now appeared in profusion. The Radicals charged that the actions of the old judges had been the result of Conservative concert and premeditation.18 In insolent definace of the popular will, they sought to retain their offices so that the ordinances of the convention might be declared void, and "thus reinstate slavery in Missouri."19 The act of the governor was ap­ plauded as a firm and fearless manifestation of undoubted executive duty and power. The shrill outcries of Conservatives against what they considered reckless fanaticism were powerless in the face of armed force. A large mass meeting was held in St. Louis

"See (1865) 35 Mo. pp. I-V. "Skinker, op. cit., p. 261. "The case was set for trial the following day. When no one appeared to prosecute, it was immediately dismissed. "Republican, June 15, 1865. "Democrat, June 13, 1865. "Ibid. "The greatest mischief makers now in the State are the Conserva­ tive Unionists the greatest disturbances we now have are chiefly the work of professed Union men, that is, Conservative Union men," ibid., June 14, 1865. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 49

to protest against the actions of Fletcher and, as an impressive gesture, to demand his impeachment.20 This gathering listened patiently to the discussion of the legal aspects of the situation as explained by leading Conservative lawyers.21 The former Confederate and pro-southern element j watched with cynical indifference the contest over the judge­ ships. They regarded it as a factional struggle for office between the Radicals and Conservative Unionists. It was recalled that Dryden and Bay were not the first legally elected judges who had been deposed on grounds which to some seemed purely partisan.22 As the controversial and hortatory discussion over this original recall of judges abated, j it was seen that the convention had succeeded in getting the i governmental machinery of the State in a complicated muddle. The attacks made by jurists upon the Ordinance and upon the Governor's enforcement of it were based on certain interpretations of the powers of the convention.28 It was maintained that the convention, under the act calling it into existence had power only to amend the constitution; that the vacating ordinance was not in the proper sense an amend­ ment because there was in it nothing of a permanent or fundamental character.24 The ordinance was an arbitrary sentence against certain designated officials which deprived . them of office without any charge or trial.25 It was further argued that the Ordinance was not an amendment to the constitution because it had not been referred to the people at the ratification election, but had been proclaimed to be in force on May 1, 1865.26 As no state of war existed, as there was no need for military necessity, and as martial law had not been declared, such procedure was highly irregular.27

"Republican, June 19, 1865. ^Dispatch, June 19, 1865. "Skinker, op. cit., pp. 270-71. a«The best general statement is in An Address to the People of Missouri, (St. Louis, 1865). It was written by Conservative lawyers. Also, Missouri Judge­ ship, pp. 716-20. ""It is absurd to say that a mere ordinance or decree which vacates an office, and which exhausts itself in the first operation is an organic law. It has none of the elements of a law about it." Republican, March 22, 1865. 28Address, passim. **Ibid., Annual Cyclop., 1865, p. 591. "Republican, June 14, 1865. 50 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

The proponents of the ordinance held that the act calling the convention had provided that it should have the power to pass "such other amendments as may be by them deemed essential to the promotion of the public good."28 Assuming that the convention was limited in its acts to these purposes specified in the call of the Legislature, under which the dele­ gates were elected, it would have the power under the fore­ going passage to enact the ousting Ordinance.29 A con­ siderable number of Ordinances had been enacted at the various sessions of the Convention of 1861-63, which directly affected the several departments of the state government. The justification for these acts was that the governmental machinery of the state was under the control of disloyal persons and that drastic measures, which were certainly extra­ legal, were necessary.80 The Radicals in the convention of 1865 believed, or assumed to believe, that certain civil officials were "disloyal," and they used the same reasoning to justify the vacating clauses as the supporters of the earlier con­ vention had employed in defending its work. The Conservative contention that the Ordinance was not "fundamental" or "organic" in character is difficult to sustain.31 While it may be admitted that a convention is supposed to confine itself to matters of a fundamental charac­ ter, there is certainly no very adequate test which can be ap­ plied to determine what is and what is not "fundamental." The assertion that the ordinance was not a part of the constitution because it was not referred to the people for ratification assumed that it was necessary to submit the revised document. The act calling the convention made no

"Laws, 1863-64, p. 23. 2»Some maintained that the Legislature could provide the machinery for the election of delegates but could not, as an inferior body, restrict the actions of its superior, the Convention. In 1861, Gamble declared that the Convention called in 1861 to consider the relations between Missouri and the Union "had all the power that the people would have if they had assembled in one great plain they are almighty in so far as the people themselves would be almighty." Missouri Judgeship, p. 713. ,0 J. A. Jameson, The Constitutional Convention, (1 ed.r New York, 1867), p. 313. «»Jameson, writing in 1867, held that the Ordinance was only of temporary character, applying to particular individuals, and not an act of fundamental legislation, op. cit., pp. 311-12. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 51 provisions for submission, and in 1865, the practice of referring constitutions to the electorate for ratification, although customary, was not universal in certain southern states.8* Judicial interpretations of various aspects of the ousting ordinance were delivered at a special term of the Supreme Court, in October, 1865. The injunction issued in June by the circuit court of St. Louis had been disregarded by Wagner, Lovelace, and others who had forcibly removed from the possession of Mead all the records, papers, and books of the court. In September, the former judges and certain persons were called before the circuit court to answer charges for contempt. They immediately applied to the Supreme Court for a writ of prohibition to prevent Mead and Moodey, the circuit judge, from proceeding further in the matter.88 In its decision rendered by Justice Holmes, who had not been involved in the removal, the Court held that the vacating Ordinance was "an Ordinance of the people of the State of Missouri in Convention assembled," and that it had been put into operation by the governor of the state.34 It thus became the duty of all courts to take judicial notice of the action of the convention and of the governor in duly recogniz­ ing the Ordinance as a part of the constitution of the state. The Court with righteous indignation characterized as "an unparalleled affront" the assertion that it was not a public, legal, and official body.36 In State v. Bernoundy,u in which was involved a pro­ ceeding by quo warranto, the validity of the Ordinance was fully recognized, and a judgment of ouster rendered against the defendant who was recorder of St. Louis county. Some­ time later, in an advisory opinion, the majority of the Court informed the governor that the Ordinance was organic in character and could not be altered, repealed, or impaired by

*W. F. Dodd, Revision and Amendment of State Constitutions, (Baltimore, 1910), p. 66. Unusual conditions, of course, prevailed in many of these states in 1865-1876. **Thomas v. Mead, (1865), S6 Mo., p. 232. "Ibid., p. 249. *Ibid., p. 244. »«(1865) 36 Mo. 279. In Price v. Adamson, (1865) 37 Mo. 145, It was held that "the Ordinance was the supreme law a paramount enactment of the highest authority in the state." 52 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW a mere legislative enactment.87 In a subsequent decision the Court reaffirmed in even more decisive terms the original doctrine.88 In this case the legality of the Ordinance was presented squarely to the Court, which declared that the convention represented the people in their sovereign capacity. "The act contained no limitation on the powers of the con­ vention, even if it were admitted that the General Assembly had the power (which we think they had not) to place any limit on the action of a body so called and constituted."89 The court regarded the Ordinance as a particular amendment which the convention had the power to proclaim. Finally, in State v. Neal,A0 the majority, in answer to the argument that the Ordinance was not a part of the constitution be­ cause it had never been ratified by the electorate, held that the convention had the power to declare it in force with­ out such procedure, because "as the representative of the people, clothed with an authority as ample as that, cer­ tainly its power to prescribe the means by which it was thought best to ascertain the sense of the qualified voters upon that instrument cannot be seriously questioned."41 It would have required no very acute observation to have predicted the general nature and character of these decisions. The political exigencies of the situation were too obvious to deceive any one. Dryden sued Fletcher for $50,000 damages; the case lingered in the courts for some time and was then dismissed.42 In the autumn of 1865, Dry­ den and Bay formally "resigned" their positions, being

"(1866) 38 Mo. 419. "State ex. rel. Conrad v. Bernoundy, (1868) 40 Mo. 192. Judge Lovelace had been succeeded by Judge Fagg. "Ibid., p. 193. "(1808) 42 Mo. 119. "Ibid., pp. 119-20. Stewart v. Crosby, (1845) 15 Texas 546 has been cited as a precedent for the doctrine laid down by the Missouri court. In that case, however, the Ordinance adopted by the Convention was submitted to the voters for approval with the Constitution proper. In State v. McBride, (1836) 4 Mo. 303, an amendment to the Constitution was upheld which declared vacant the offices of all circuit judges. For examples of ordinances in other states, see Dodd. op. cit., pp. 110-115. Dodd holds that "it is fairly well established that a convention may not supersede the regular executive, legislative, and ju­ dicial organs of a state; it properly acts only by means of the Constitution it frames and adopts, ibid., p. 115. "Skinker, op. cit., pp. 262-63. Statesman, July 14, 1865. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 53 powerless in the face of the governor and his military author­ ity.48 To the last, the Conservatives continued to regard the Ordinance as illegal and its enforcement as a brutal attack on the independence of the judiciary. Late in June, 1865, General Frank P. Blair returned with his regiment to St. Louis. He had resigned his posi­ tion in the army shortly after the close of the war and his return was awaited with great interest by all. Although Blair was but forty-four years of age his public career already had been long and arduous. After his graduation in 1840 from Princeton College and his admission two years later to the bar, Blair came to St. Louis to join his elder brother Mont­ gomery. Here he practiced law for some years and served with credit in the Mexican war. His chief interest was politics. In that field, his abundant talent and gifted per­ sonality were shortly manifest. He was an ardent supporter of Thomas H. Benton and from the first an opponent of the extension of slavery. As a solution of the slavery question he advocated various plans for deportation and colonization. Blair served two terms in the Legislature and three in Congress. He assisted in the formation of the Republican party and was a close friend and adviser of Lincoln. In the spring of 1861 his extraordinary courage and energy were of the greatest significance in preventing the secession of Mis­ souri. His military career was honorable and conspicuous, and won for him the distinction of the ablest volunteer general in the service. None of the politician-generals of the Civil War had a more creditable record. He commanded a division at Vicksburg, and at the head of the 17th Army Corps was with Sherman on the march to the sea. Blair was slender and wiry in figure, "a bundle of bones and nerves without a particle of surplus flesh," with auburn hair and a sandy complexion.44 He was not an eloquent speaker but a decidedly effective debater, with unusual powers of ridicule, invective, and sarcasm. Blair combined in an unusual degree qualities which aroused enthusiasm and defied opposition. Friend and foe alike paid tribute

"Ibid., Oct. 6, 1865. "Hume, op. cit., p. 189. 54 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW to his rare courage.45 "Frank is bold in words as well as deeds," wrote Gideon Welles, "fearless in his utterances as in his fights; is uncalculating, impolitic, it would be said, rash, without doubt, but sincere and patriotic to the core."48 In the first public utterance after his return, Blair, while admitting he had not studied the new constitution, said that it was not the proper time for writing constitutions. He declared his opposition to certain features of the docu­ ment and predicted a revision.47 There was every indication, however, that the Radicals could expect his opposition. Some weeks later, Blair made a number of speeches in Ken­ tucky, advocating a general amnesty and a pardon for all participants in the rebellion as the first step toward a real reconstruction.48 It was provided in the constitution that if a person exercised any of the functions of the offices therein specified, without first taking the oath, he would be punished, on con­ viction, by a fine of $500.00, by a prison sentence of not less than six months, or by both.49 No provision was made for any central administrative machinery for enforcing the clauses concerning the test oath; local officials were relied upon in the execution of state policy. The proclamation of Governor Fletcher announced the constitution to be in effect on July 4, 1865. Between that day and the first of September, when the time fixed for taking the oath of loyalty expired, speculation was rife and dis­ cussion widespread throughout the state concerning the oath in its application to the professional classes. The clergy of

"There is a great deal of material on Blair, chiefly of a very laudatory type, see Scharf, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 625-26; Hume, op. cit., pp. 186-91; Encyclop. Hist, of St. Louis, Vol. I, pp. 171-73. **Diary, Vol. I, p. 405. "Every man in Missouri," declared an admiring observer, "whatever his politics, his religion* or his beverage, whose residence dates from a period prior to 1852, believes, or has reason to believe, that a braver man than Frank Blair never set foot on Missouri's soil or any other soil. No one hereabouts whose hope of eternal life was not well assured, would ever think of drawing a knife or pistol on Frank." New York Sun, NGV. 33, 18T0. "Democrat, June 26, 1865; Dispatch, June 26, 1865. "Democrat, July 14, 1865. He attacked Chase, Stanton, and Joseph Holt and declared against negro suffrage which Chase was urging apon Johnson. Rhodes, op. cit., Vol. V, pp. 522-25. "Art. II, sec. 14. The oath was to be filed with the cjerk &f the County Court where the person resided. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 55

all denominations were placed in a difficult, not to say humilat- ing, position. The constitution required them, in effect, to take out a license to preach. To comply with its provisions, it was contended, would be to concede the power of the state to regulate religion; to refuse to comply, while continuing the functions of the office, would be to disobey the law. It was further suggested that they might cease all preaching and teaching, close their churches and await a decision on the constitutionality of the oath, in so far as it pertained to the clergy.60 During the month of July there was a rather general interchange of opinions and views among the clergy of Mis­ souri and it was asserted that the result was "an almost unanimous resolution by the Baptist, Presbyterian, Methodist and Christian ministers to disregard the oath and to con­ tinue to preach and to teach."51 The Catholic Church early took a position of opposition to the oath of loyalty. The leader of this opposition was the Archbishop of the Diocese, Peter Richard Kenrick of St. Louis. To him, the test oath was but a form of persecution which the triumphant Radical minority had forced upon a majority of the people.52 In an open letter to his clergy the Archbishop expressed the hope that the civil power would abstain from exacting the oath but added that if it should be otherwise, he was ready to give counsel and assistance.53 The general view of the Catholic clergy was clearly stated by one of their leaders, Father Pierre De Smet. "The priests are generally agreed/' he wrote, "that, on principle, such an oath cannot be taken, because our authority does not emanate from the state, and we cannot, without compromising the ecclesiastical state, consent to take it. No Catholic priest in Missouri will take it. . . . If this cruel law is really enforced our churches will have to be closed and our schools and colleges will be ruined."54

"Dispatch, Aug. L, 1865. "Statesman, Aug. 4, 1865. »*J. J. O'Shea: The Two Kenricks (Philadelphia, 1904), pp. 296-297. «*For the full texl; of this letter, see the Annual Cyclop., 1865, (New York, 1866), p. 591. "Life, Letters, and Travels of Father Pierre Jean De Smet, S. J. Edited by H. M. Chittenden and A. T. Richardson, 4 vols., (New York, 1905), Vol. IV, pp. 1444-1445. 56 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

The Episcopal clergy turned for guidance to Bishop Hawks. The bishop himself had taken the oath of loyalty but was opposed to what he termed its retroactive features and its application only to particular classes.55 His advice was that all ministers who could take the oath conscientiously should do so; if not, then they should not take it.58 "I hope that it (the test oath) may soon be repealed," he wrote, "and that, in the meantime, the civil authority will not attempt to enforce it."57 A prominent clergyman of St. Louis, the Reverend Montgomery Schuyler, expressed well the situation confronting a large group of his associates when he declared: "Now the question is being agitated among the clergy of the various denominations, and of our own Church, whether a true regard to our own rights and prerogatives does not demand that we should refuse compliance with an exaction which so clearly infringes upon our liberty as citizens and so unjustly prescribes us as a class. . . . . The simple question is, am I bound to submit to such an unjust exaction and thereby admit that my right and duty to preach the Gospel and perform the ministrations of my office is limited by the construction which any body of men, no matter by what authority convened, may choose to put upon my loyalty?"58 Other church organizations began formally to oppose the oath. The General Association of the Baptist Church of Missouri, at its annual session, held in August, 1865, closed its deliberations with a lengthy protest against the test oath, in the form of an Address to the Baptist Churches of the State. The provision of the constitution was declared to be un­ constitutional, unjust, and an arbitrary interference with religious liberty.59 During the summer of 1865, many of the district associations of the Baptist church also issued formal statements which voiced their unqualified disapproval of the

"Hawks' views appear in the Democrat for August 30, 1865. "Ibid. "Ibid. 6*Quoted from William Schuyler: An Ambassador of Christ, (New York, 1901) p. 234. '»W. M. Leftwich: Martyrdom in Missouri, (St. Louis, 1870), Vol. II, pp. 321-322. For further information concerning the Baptists, see W. Pope Yeaman: History of the Missouri Baptist General Association, (Columbia, Mo., 1899), pp. 124-128. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 57 test oath, while only a small minority of the districts endorsed it.60 At the St. Louis conference of the Methodist Church, South, the test oath was the chief topic of interest, and the Bishop's sermon strongly protested against any action which would tend to put the temporal power above the spiritual power.61 In the meanwhile, the advocates of the oath of loyalty did not remain silent. It was early evident that those who, like Kenrick and Hawks, hoped for a deliberate policy of non-enforcement of the constitutional provisions, had failed utterly to comprehend the Radical attitude. Their hopes were rudely shattered by the vehement declarations of Gov­ ernor Fletcher. To dispel any idea of leniency in the enforce­ ment of the test oath, the governor stated in words which could not be misunderstood that the exact provisions of the entire constitution would be carried out with all the power at his command.62 Fletcher justified his uncompromising attitude on the rather reasonable assumption that, pending a decision by a higher judicial tribunal, the constitution was valid and that it was his duty to use the entire legal and military authority of the state to uphold the constitution and to enforce the laws.63 "Religious liberty is a political right," asserted the governor, "and when these outraged gentlemen go to the Supreme Court of the United States with their complaint, they will be told that there is not a sentence or a word in the Constitution of the United States which gives them the right to preach at all. That it (the test oath) is an infringement of religious liberty secured to any person by the Constitution of the United States, I deny."64 He reinforced his arguments by the discomforting suggestion that arrangements would be made for enlarging the peni­ tentiary to accommodate all clergymen and teachers who

«°R. S. Duncan: History of the Baptists in Missouri, (St. Louis, 1882), p. 919. It was alleged that only thirty of the five hundred Baptist ministers favored the oath. ^Democrat, Aug. 28, 1865. See also W. H. Lewis: History of Methodism in Missouri, (Nashville, 1890), pp. 215-17. •*Democrat, Aug. 1, 1865. * "Democrat, Aug. 25, 1865. "Quoted from Letter of F. P. Blair to the People of Missouri, (St. Louis, 1865), p. 1. 58 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW refused to take the oath while continuing the functions of their office.65 The governors course was quite generally approved by the Radical press, especially by the newspapers of St. Louis which supported that party. The test oath was defended as a proper measure of protection to the loyal citizens of Missouri and those who opposed it were com­ prehensively condemned as "rebels" and "traitors."68 During the months following the adoption of the constitution, Radical opinion sustained with emphasis the assertions of its leaders. Among certain groups of the clergy there were some attempts to justify the test oath. Those ministers who, in general, endorsed the principles of Radicalism if they did not approve of its methods, denied that the framers of the con­ stitution intended to infringe upon religious liberty. "They framed this merciless test oath," declared a prominent Baptist clergyman, "to hold in check the rebellious pro-slavery element of the commonwealth until the new order of things had be­ come thoroughly established."67 The reason for the applica­ tion of the test oath to clergymen was explained by the fact that "a majority of them throughout Missouri were dis- unionists and used their office to influence rebellion."68 The state was thus justified in restricting those who had sought to destroy the Union. The chief endorsement of the oath came from the Northern Methodists, and a small fraction of Presbyterians and Baptists. The constitution provided for an interval of sixty days during which time the professional classes .affected were to subscribe to the oath of loyalty.69 This period ended on September 2, 1865. On that day, it was announced that in St. Louis scarcely one-fourth of the clergy had taken the oath

••Statesman, Aug. 11, 1865. "Democrat, Aug. 1, 7, 28, 1865. "Galusha Anderson: The Test Oath of Missouri in Baptist Quarterly, (Phila­ delphia, 1867), Vol. I, p. 286. Writing many years later, Anderson maintained that persecution was not intended by the Radicals. See A Border City During the Civil War, (Boston, 1908), p. 358. •'Quoted from ibid., p. 288. "Many ministers over the state had, in one way or another, supported the rebellion, and were now suffering for that and for nothing else." Anderson: op. cit., p. 358. ••Art. Ill, sec. 7. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 59 and that no priest or bishop of the Catholic church or minister of the Methodist Church, South, or of the Christian Church had subscribed to it.70 The various ministers conducted their services just as though there was no oath in existence, and only one clergyman in St. Louis made any formal recognition of the situation.71 Shortly after the constitutional provisions became oper­ ative, the attention of the entire state suddenly was attracted to the enforcement of the oath of loyalty in Pike county and to the somewhat dramatic consequences which resulted. John A. Cummings, "a very modest, gentlemanly looking little fellow, of about twenty-two or twenty-three years of age," was the priest of the local Catholic parish at Louisiana. On September 3, Cummings preached before his congregation without having subscribed to the oath. The following week he was indicted by the Grand Jury of Pike county, taken to Bowling Green, and arraigned before Judge Fagg, of the Circuit Court. When the indictment was read to him, Father Cummings pleaded guilty and delivered a brief address to the court wherein he sought to show that his arraignment was a violation of his constitutional rights and a persecution of the Catholic church. Senator Henderson, who replied to Cum­ mings, emphatically denied that persecution was intended and maintained that the provisions of the constitution applied to all and would be enforced against all, Protestant and Catholic alike.72 Under the provisions of the constitution, the penalty for violating the oath of loyalty clause was a fine of $500.00 or a prison sentence of six months, or both.78 Judge Fagg levied a fine of $500.00 against Cummings, who would not permit his friends to pay it. He was, therefore, placed in jail and persistently refused to accept bail, pending an appeal to the Supreme Court of Missouri. "He would hot give bail and absolutely quarreled with the sheriff because he did not

"Dispatch, Sept. 2, 1865. "Ibid. 7-For full accounts of the earlier aspects of the Cummings case, see Democrat, Sept. 20, 1865; Dispatch, Sept. 18, 27, 1865; Louisiana True Flag, Sept. 16T 23, 1865. Leftwich: Martyrdom in Missouri, Vol. II, pp. 341-44. "Article II, sec. 14. 60 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW imprison him promptly enough," was the report of one inter­ ested observer.74 After remaining in jail several days, bond was secured for Cummings and he was released.75 When the news of the "rebellious priest" spread over the state it provoked widespread discussion. The details were placed before the people with all the embellishments that the newspapers were able to add, and the remote regions of the state soon became familiar with the particulars. The Cummings case is significant because it was the first one which tested the constitutionality of the test oath for clergymen, and to conservatives he was "the first victim of the tyranny of the new constitution."76 There was a general outcry among the different religious denominations against the arrest of Cummings and much public sentiment was expressed in his favor as well as unqualified and bitter disapproval of the Radical policy in enforcing the test oath. The Radical spokesmen, meanwhile, commended the rigid enforcement of the oath of loyalty and approved the gratuitous rigor of the methods employed. To call into ques­ tion the issue of ecclesiastical liberty was but "an impudent assumption of white traitors with black, treasonable hearts."77 In the radical strongholds of northwestern Missouri, the arrest of Cummings was cordially endorsed and the demand was voiced for the enforcement of the new constitution.78 Else­ where in the state, also, Radicals hastened to reaffirm their belief in stringent measures for the protection of Missouri from the baneful activities of "rebel" and "disloyal" preachers.79 An important element among them wished to justify the test oath from a legalistic point of view without arguing the merits

^Louisiana True Flag, Sept. 16, 1865. "It is apparent that considerable pressure was brought to bear on Cum­ mings to have him accept bail and offers of financial and legal assistance were made both by Catholics and by Protestants. See Robert A. Campbell's speech in the Proceedings of the Conservative Convention, (St. Louis, 1865), p. 27, Dis­ patch, Sept. 27, 1865. Cummings was supported by Kenrick and diocesan leaders, Shea, op. cit., pp. 296-97. "Dispatch, Sept. 18, 1865. "Louisiana True Flag, Sept. 9, 1865. "Holt County Sentinel, Sept. 15, 1865. Democrat, Oct. 10, 1865. Macon Argus, Dec. 13, 1865. 7»See Dispatch, Sept. 24, 1865, for a typical illustration of Radical sentiment in southern Missouri and southwestern Missouri. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 61

of any particular application of it. This group consistently maintained that a church was simply an association of in­ dividuals entertaining certain religious views and engaging in certain religious ceremonies, while claiming divine authority both for the faith and for the practice in which they indulged. Every member of a church, whether bishop, priest, elder, or layman, was a citizen of the state, and amenable, therefore, to every law on the statute books. There was no civil duty from which a churchman of any rank or position could claim exemption on the mere ground that he was connected with a religious organization. If the state, in behalf of the com­ mon good, required that the pursuits of individual citizens be regulated it acted entirely within its powers and violated no constitutional rights whatever.80 Late in October, 1865, the case was argued before the Supreme Court of Missouri, sitting at St. Louis.81 A month previous, the Court had upheld the provisions of the con­ stitution requiring attorneys to subscribe to the oath of loyalty denying that they violated in any manner the federal con­ stitution.82 Cummings* attorney insisted that the oath of loyalty for clergymen was in violation of the Bill of Rights of the Missouri constitution, because it invaded a field "of those fundamental rights which belong to the citizen as a man, and not as a member of a political society."83 He declared, further, that the oath for clergymen violated that provision of the federal constitution which prohibits a state from enacting an ex post facto law.84 The State of Missouri punished an offense previously committed by a penalty not prescribed at the time of the commission of the act. Finally, it was urged that the provisions concerning the test oath were a bill of attainder in that they declared a forfeiture of the right to preach or teach as a bishop, priest, or deacon.85 Counsel for the state contended that there was nothing

•°Perhaps the best expression of this view is in the communications of George R, Strong, a St. Louis lawyer and Radical leader, to the Presbyterian Synod of Missouri, Democrat, Sept. 6, 11, 27, 1865. "(1865) Missouri v. Cummings, 36 Mo. 164. "State v. Garesche (1865), 36 Mo. 256. "Ibid., p. 164. "Ibid., p. 166. nibid., p. 167. 62 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

in the federal constitution to prohibit a state from restricting or even prohibiting, the exercise of any trade or profession, or from prescribing the qualifications of persons who engaged in professions.86 The somewhat narrow view was advanced that the provisions of the Missouri constitution were not ex post facto in character because they did not provide any punishment for past offenses but only for a violation of exist­ ing law.87 The opinion in the case was rendered by a unanimous court. Speaking through Judge Wagner, the court denied first, that the provisions of the constitution were a bill of attainder because they merely imposed certain prescribed acts as prerequisites for doing certain things. No estates were confiscated; no forfeitures were declared; no pains and penalties inflicted.88 The court dismissed the contention that the oath of loyalty was ex post facto legislation on the ground that the oath had been placed in the constitution for future protection and not as a punishment for any past offense.89 The state, in imposing restrictions and conditions on its citizens in the exercise of their callings and professions, was acting in the field of municipal regulation and for the public good.90 Finally, the court refused to consider the doctrine that the provisions of the constitution were void because they were contrary to justice and to the fundamental principles of our institutions, or were inexpedient, oppressive, and unjust.91 Notwithstanding the favorable verdict of the Supreme Court, so cheering to many, every Radical came shortly to see that the enforcement of the test oath on any extended scale, and with any reasonable degree of uniformity, was little

••Ibid., p. 169. It had been held by the Missouri court in an earlier case, Austin v. The State, that it was in the power of the Legislature to prohibit or restrict the exercise of professions and trades within the State, and in Simmons v. The State that the practice of law was a grant of privilege which could be revoked, amended, or restricted, (1846) 10 Mo. 370, (1848) 12 Mo. 174. "Ibid., p. 168. "ibid., p. 170. "Ibid., p. 171. "Ibid., p. 172. "Ibid., p. 174. "It is not for the judiciary to inquire whether laws violate the general principles of liberty or natural justice, or whether they are wise and inexpedient or not." THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 63

short of impossible. During the latter months of 1865, both before and after the decision of the Supreme Court, no definite or settled policy toward the enforcement of the oath was put into execution by the Radical organization. Despite the vehemence of certain Radical leaders, the operation of the law, from the beginning, proved very unequal. Generally speaking, in those sections where conservatism predominated and where local officials were either hostile or indifferent to the test oath, it was openly ignored. Local sentiment often became the chief factor which controlled the enforcement of the legally enacted policy of the state, while locally elected prosecuting attorneys failed to prosecute and locally selected grand juries adjourned without finding indictments against clergymen accused of violating the fundamental laws of the state.92 In those communities where violent opposition to the oath of loyalty existed, its enforcement was often dis­ regarded, or carried out in a most indifferent manner.93 And, as the weeks passed, the situation tendgoVmore and more to indicate the great difficulty in the uniform and effective en­ forcement by local agencies of a state policy which clearly conflicted with the views of particular communities of people whom it affected.94

•*For additional evidence on this situation, which continued for over a year» see Annual Cyclop., 1865. (New York, 1866), p. 592; Encyclop. of Mo. Hist., (St. Louis, 1901), Vol. I, p. 927; Life of Father DeSmet, Vol. IV, p. 1462; North­ west Conservator, Sept. 9, Nov. 25, 1865; Peoples' Tribune, Oct. 18, 1865. Chris­ tian Advocate, Jan. 4, 11, 18, 25, Feb. 8, March 29, July 29, 1866. Thomas Shackelford, Early Recollections of Missouri, Mo. Hist. Soc. Collections, Vol. II, p. 13. ••"It is inoperative," declared Frank P. Blair, whom the Radicals regarded as their most notorious and dangerous foe. "Every preacher in the State continues to preach. In St. Louis, preachers of the Gospel preach and pray and perform the marriage ceremony, and there is no Grand Jury there that will indict them for the offense." Quoted in Democrat, Oct. 23, 1865, from an address delivered by Blair at Rolla on Oct. 19, 1865. See also Christian Advo­ cate, Sept. 28, Oct. 19, 1865; Republican, Oct. 16, 1865. Father DeSmet in St. Louis wrote to his brother that "The sad circum­ stances do not in the least interfere with our ordinary tranquility Our churches remain open and we preach and administer the sacraments as usual. We pray and keep our patience." Life of Father DeSmet, Vol. IV, p. 1446. •*"A few preachers have subscribed to the oath, only a few, however, pro­ portional to the whole number." Quoted from Christian Advocate, Nov. 16, 1865. "It has been taken by comparatively few ministers in the State. None of the Catholic bishops or priests have taken it; a very few, if any, of the M. E. Church, South, have taken it; and only a small portion of the Presbyterians and Bap­ tists have done so." Ibid., Nov. 11, 1865. 64 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

The enforcement of the oath of loyalty for the professional classes other than the clergy, occasioned some excitement and Jed to much litigation. Some weeks before the oath became effective, a consultation of the "best lawyers" of St. Louis decided that it was ex post facto in character and unconstitu­ tional.98 It was predicted that neither lawyers nor directors of corporations in St. Louis would subscribe to the oath.96 This proved to be an accurate forecast as the oath was systematically ignored in many of the courts of St. Louis. In some sections of the state the requirements of the constitution were observed, and circuit judges of Radical persuasion were inclined meticulously to scrutinize the records of attorneys who appeared before them. Earlier rumors of forcible resistance to the enforcement of the oath were not regarded seriously.97 An unofficial opinion of the attorney- general solemnly declared that the oath of loyalty was not in conflict with the federal constitution.98 In September, a Conservative circuit judge, Walter King, declared unconstitutional the test oath for lawyers.99 In St. Louis, steps were taken to contest the legality of the oath in so far as it applied to attorneys. S. T. Glover refused to take it, although his loyalty was unquestionable, and on an information which he himself preferred, the Grand Jury of St. Louis county indicted him.100 The case was tried the follow­ ing month in the lower court, Glover found guilty and fined $500.00.101 A stay of execution pending the appeal to the Supreme Court of Missouri was granted. The provisions requiring the courts to administer the oath to all jurors102 was not observed by all judges. The failure or refusal of jurors to take the oath and the various interpretations which judicial officers placed upon this section

"Dispatch, Aug. 8, 1865. "Ibid. "Democrat, Aug. 14, 1865. •»R. F. Wingate to T. G. Davis, ibid., Aug. 1, 1865. "Dispatch, Sept. 14, 1865. "•Statesman, Sept. 29, 1865; Johnson, op. cit., pp. 28-29. "Void., Oct. 27, 1865. For a criticism of this decision, see letter from Glover to Warren Woodson, ibid., Nov. 10, 1865. io«Art. II, sec. 11. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 65 led to confusion and delay.103 Where the oath was ignored for preachers, it was probably not enforced against lawyers or jurors. That the Conservatives were determined to test in the courts the legality of the oath for voters as well as for the professional classes became known in November, 1865. Their tactics were correctly calculated to keep public interest at a high pitch, and the person designated to combat the oath was Blair. At a local election in St. Louis in November, Blair refused to take the prescribed oath of loyalty but preferred one of his own composition. It had evidently been prepared for the occasion; was prospective in character and declared allegiance to the nation and state.104 Upon the refusal of the election officials to receive his ballot, Blair brought an action against them in the lower courts, nominally to recover damages against the judges, actually to have a judicial determination of the legality of the oath for voters.106 "I told them," said Blair, "that I could not swear that I had never borne arms against the State of Missouri. It so happened that in the early days of the rebellion, I did bear arms against Claib Jackson and the existing government; I would not take the oath and they would not let me vote."106 Some months later the case was tried in the St. Louis circuit court. Glover, Blair's attorney, traced again the already familiar ground.107 He also intimated that if the court did not declare the oath to be in violation of the constitution the dread alternative might be anarchy and bloodshed.108 Drake, the attorney for the election officials, Ridgely and Thompson, contended that it was the undoubted power of the people of Missouri to prescribe the qualifications of Missouri voters, and to fix any rules they desired "without accountability to, or subjection to the revision of, any tribunal or authority in the wide world."109 Drake's position was that

"•Annual Cyclop., 1865, p. 591. "^Republican, Nov. 8, 1865. "*Enclyclop. Mo. Hist., Vol. I, p. 170; Annual Cyclop., 1866, p. 523. l(*Speech of F. P. Blair to Missouri Legislature, in Statesman, March 6, 1866. ^"Missouri Test Oath, (St. Louis, 1866), passim. "•Ibid. "•Ibid., pp. 18-20. 66 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW the alleged right to vote was derived from and regulated by the state constitution and laws; it was therefore within the competence of the state to fix loyalty as a qualification of every voter. This argument was undeniably a strong one and had already been sanctioned by a decision in a very similar case in another border state.110 That Blair had never been, in the real meaning of the clause, "in armed hostility" to the government of this state was readily admitted.111 Indeed, the entire procedure of Blair and of his associates was regarded by the Radicals as an impressive gesture. The decision of the lower court was for the defendants and an appeal was at once taken to the Supreme Court.112 It had been distressingly obvious to all Conservative leaders during the campaign over ratification that effective organization was essential in future contests. A movement was inaugurated late in 1865 whose purpose was to lay the foundation for organized opposition to Radicalism. The course of national politics had a somewhat important bearing upon the situation in Missouri and was responsible for a broadening of the issues. With the exception of a few prominent Radicals, Johnson's plan for the reorganization of the southern states, put into operation on May 29, was well received at the north.113 As his policy developed, the Mis­ souri Radicals became less hopeful and began to view with suspicion the president's course. "You stick to your friends," warned a local politician, "and keep the Blairs out of your confidence."114 A Radical member of Congress, feeling the acute need of eliminating all Conservative postmasters in his district, informed Johnson that the Blair influence was waning in Missouri, and that true Radicals regarded the entire clan as "corrupt demagogues."115 As Johnson's policy and attitude toward the reconstruction of the southern states

^"Anderson v. Baker, (1865), 23 Md. 531. »>Mo. Test Oath, p. 23. 112For later aspects of this case, see Chap. VI. "'Rhodes, op. cit., Vol. V. pp. 525-41. "•Truman Woodruff to Johnson, July 20, 1865, Johnson Papers. 116J. W. McClurg to Johnson, June 23, 1865, ibid. H. T. Blow to Johnson, Oct. 20, 1865, ibid. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 67 developed, they early won the definite approval of Conserva­ tive and Democratic leaders in Missouri.116 The Conservative purpose was to bring together those who favored Johnson's policy and those who opposed Radical rule in Missouri. Accordingly, a call was issued signed by a large number of opponents of Radicalism. The great majority of these were unquestionably Union men; only a very few known to be pro-southern in sympathy.117 The Call declared that the purposes of the convention were to endorse the reconstruction policy and "to aid in re-establishing the principles of civil and religious freedom and equality, overturned by the recent state convention."118 The Call dwelt at length on the condition of affairs in Mis­ souri under Radical rule, and on the underlying purpose of the meeting to formulate plans for a state organization which through the ballot box could give effect to conservative principles.119 The delegates were selected at informal meet­ ings in the various counties. Conservatives throughout the state commended the plan and responded rapidly and favor­ ably.120 The movement was hailed as one which would give form and consistency to the growing anti-Radical group in Missouri.121 The mass convention, or as it was commonly called, the Verandah Hall Convention, assembled on October 26. About 1000 delegates were in attendance, representing almost every section of Missouri. The majority had already rallied to Johnson's support, including the "original and steady friends of Mr. Lincoln, the national patriotic Union men, the war "«Hogan to Johnson, May 17, June 19, 1865, Rollins to Johnson, June 7, Sept. 2, 1865; J. E. Yestman to Johnson, no date; James McFerran to Johnson, Aug. 15, 1865; L. V. Roberts to Johnson, Sept. 30, 1865; John Wilson to Johnson, Sept. 17, 1865, ibid. »7Among the prominent Unionists were Blair, O. D. Filley, Broadhead, Glover, Hogan, Bart Able, Bay, and Foy while Garesche and Bogy were pro- southern. See W. V. N. Bay, Reminiscences of Bench and Bar of Missouri, (St. Louis, 1878), passim; Scharf, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 603-65; Encyclop. Hist, of Mo., passim. ^"Dispatch, Oct. 4, 1865. Even before the call for the mass convention, many meetings had been held in the State to endorse Johnson's policy, ibid. "•Democrat, Oct. 2, 1865. "°For accounts of various meetings, see Dispatch, Oct. 9, 10, 12, 17, 1865, Statesman, Oct. 20, 27, 1865, Tribune, Oct. 20, 27, 1865, People's Tribune, Oct. 11, 1865. "i Weston Landmark, Oct. 13, 1865. 68 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Democrats, the Whigs who have been faithful, earnest, and true throughout the rebellion."122 Those who had occasion to observe the delegates were uniformly impressed by their character; "they are," it was reported, "the substantial men of Missouri, the men who made Missouri what it is and have wisdom and power to govern it."123 There was an impressive representation of men who had served in the Union army. Blair returned from a tour of the state and addressed the convention in characteristic fashion at its opening ses­ sion.124 All agreed that "One blast upon his bugle horn Is worth ten thousand men." "The Constitution," said Blair, "is simply an attempt of a faction to retain power in their hands which they know they could not maintain, if they went to the people for their votes. Therefore, they endeavored to disfranchise as many as they could who were opposed to them and thus retain power."125 The meeting was in session three days and under the direction and control of Unionists.126 The time of the con­ vention was largely occupied with a discussion and denuncia­ tion of the new constitution, although strong support of Johnson was in evidence.127 Two committees were named; one to lay before Johnson the proceedings of the meeting, the other, consisting of six members-at-large and one from each Congressional district, was "to organize the people of the State in opposition to the new Constitution."128 The resolu­ tions contained a naive appeal to the Legislature not to enact a registration law.129

'"Rollins to Johnson, Sept. 2, 1865, Johnson Papers. "'Statesman, No^s. 3, 1865. ^•Proceedings, Conservative Convention, (St. Louis, 1865), pp. 4-10. t"Ibid., p. 6. i»Day to day accounts are in Republican, Oct. 26-29, 1865. Able was the temporary. Glover the permanent, chairman of the convention. Both were strong Union men, Able a former Benton Democrat and original Republican. L. U. Reavis, St. Louis, the Future Great City, (St. Louis, 1875), pp. 412-13. ll7State leaders, outside of St. Louis, included McFerran, Richardson. Phelps, English, Rollins, Arden Smith, Noell, and Campbell. All had sup­ ported the War but were anti-Radical. Bay, op. cit., pp. 371-72; Hist, of Davies County, pp. 550-51. "•Statesman, Nov. 3, 1865. For personnel of the committees, see Republi­ can, Oct. 28, 1865. "•Ibid. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 69

A resolution presented to the convention also declared that the Ordinance abolishing slavery was accepted as final and irrevocable. In the debate over its adoption, some op­ position was voiced as to the method of abolishing slavery as taken by the convention in January, 1865, but there was practical unanimity of agreement that the institution was dead.130 Unionist leaders were quick to see the danger of reviving the slavery issue.131 The convention was significant not because of its actual accomplishments but because it laid the foundation for the definite organization of public opinion in approval of Con­ servative policies. After the adjournment, numerous in­ formal ratification meetings were held in sections of the state. These meetings indicated a considerable support for Johnson and a fixed purpose to combat Radicalism.132 These manifestations of political restlessness on the part of Conservatives aroused among the Radicals considerable speculation. It was the consensus of opinion that the real purpose was to overthrow the existing regime in Missouri, rather than to aid executive reconstruction.138 Johnson's name had been used to add respectability and to give a Union pretext to the movement. That Blair's influence should be given to the Claybank faction and to "the odds and ends of rebellion" was a singular thing to the Radicals.134 It was asserted that the Conservative forces were endeavoring to re-establish the Democratic party,135 and in this process Blair hoped to regain his political power by a combination of "Rebels" and Claybanks.136 The remaining weeks of 1865 constituted a period of comparative quiet. Shortly after the decision in the Cum- "•Proceedings, pp. 25-30. 1,lSpeeches of Gantt and of Switzler, in Statesman, Nov. 3, 1865. "^Dispatch, Nov. 13, 1865. "'Democrat, Oct. 2, 6, 1865, Sentinel, Nov. 10, 1865. Chillicothe Spectator, in Statesman, Nov. 10, 1865. "^Democrat, Oct. 18, 1865. iwThis is no evidence to sustain this opinion. Former party distinctions had no part in the work of the convention. Statesman, Nov. 17, 1865. "•Democrat, Oct. 20, 30, 1865. The result of this new grouping would be an organization whose membership, to paraphrase Dryden, would be, "not friends nor rebels they; nor this nor that; not birds, nor beasts; but just a kind of bat. A twilight animal, true to neither cause, with Union wings, but rebel teeth and claws." Quoted in Anderson, op. cit., p. 148. 70 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

mings case, it became known that an appeal would be taken to the Supreme Court of the United States. The uncertainty and doubt which came soon to exist in regard to what would be the attitude of that tribunal toward the oath of loyalty hindered the Radicals in their attempts to formulate any very definite policy regarding its enforcement. Some ministers could and did take the oath in those localities where, for various reasons, such action was either necessary or prudent. Others refused to subscribe to it, or were not required to do so, and in either case public sentiment in the community supported their action. Several were arrested, indicted, and later brought to trial for failure to obey the provisions of the con­ stitution. It is extremely difficult to estimate even the approximate number of clergymen of all denominations against whom the law was enforced in the period before March, 1866. Despite the pretentious assertation by a pronounced opponent of the oath "that hundreds of priests and preachers were indicted, arrested, and tried in the civil courts for preaching the Gospel," such procedure apparently was rather infre­ quently followed.137 It seems evident that in approximately twenty-eight counties some thirty-six indictments were returned against ministers.138 In some instances arrests were made, but it was not difficult to secure bond and arrange to have the case con­ sidered at a subsequent session of the circuit court so that no situation equalled in interest or in significance the case of Father Cummings.139 It becomes obvious, therefore, that only a small number of clergymen in Missouri were "persecuted," although the methods of the most extreme among the Radicals and their written and spoken words aroused in Conservative ranks a marked and. definite hostility to the entire Radical regime. The test oath constituted, in the main, a rather embarrassing problem for the Radical leaders. It became increasingly difficult to defend it, to say nothing of formulat­ ing a policy for its enforcement which could be made effective

"7W. M. Leftwich, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 341. i"For a detailed analysis, see Barclay, The Test Oath for the Clergy in Missouri, Mo. Hist. Rev., Vol. XVIII, pp. 365-66, (1924). 1|9The clergy who had been arrested and released on bond continued to exercise their functions. Christian Advocate, March 15, 1866. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 71

in the face of local opposition. The Conservatives systemati­ cally kept in the foreground the question of the constitution­ ality of the oath and were rather successful in forcing the Radicals into a position of defense or of apology for it. Such was the situation in March, 1866, when the case came be­ fore the Supreme Court of the United States. By this time, the salient features of the controversy were well known. The Cummings case had attracted interest and attention in many parts of the United States and a distinguished array of counsel, comprising David Dudley Field, Reverdy Johnson, and Montgomery Blair, appeared in behalf of the plaintiff in error.140 The State of Missouri was represented by George P. Strong and Senator John B. Hender­ son. Strong was one of the leading lawyers of St. Louis, a member of the convention which adopted the test oath, and generally regarded as the ablest, if not the most vehement, of its advocates. The case of Cummings vs. The State of Missouri was argued before the court on March 15, 1866.141 In presenting the argument for Cummings, Field undertook to show that the provisions of the Missouri constitution which imposed the oath as a condition of preaching or teaching as a minister of the Gospel, were in direct conflict with that part of the Constitution of the United States which prohibited the states from passing any bill of attainder or ex post facto law. He maintained that to deprive Cummings by retroactive legisla­ tion of the right or privilege, whichever it might be called, of preaching as a Christian minister, which he had hitherto enjoyed, constituted, in effect, a punishment.142 Defining as an ex post facto law, any law which "renders an act punishable in a manner in which it was not punishable when it was com­ mitted," Field concluded that the test oath clearly embodied

14°Field and Johnson had participated in the Milligan case which argued about the same time. H. M. Field, Life of David Dudley Field, (New York, 1898), pp. 191-97; Johnson had taken a leading part in Ex parte Garland. B. C. Steiner, Life of Reverdy Johnson, (Baltimore, 1914), pp. 116-17. Blair had been a resident of Missouri and was thoroughly familiar with the political situation in the state. "i(1866) 4 Wallace 277. "•Ibid., pp. 284-86. 72 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW that form of ex post facto legislation.143 In the second place, it was argued by Field that "it was unquestionably beyond the competency of the State of Missouri, by any legislation either organic or statutory, to enact, in so many words, . . . that because Mr. Cummings, on some occasion, after it was made punishable, manifested such sympathy (with the rebellion) that he shall, without trial and conviction, be deprived of his profession. It must be equally incompetent to enact that all those Christian ministers who have thus acted shall be thus deprived." The test oath, therefore, was unconstitutional because it constituted a bill of attainder, that is, it inflicted punishment without judicial trial.144 Finally, both Field and Johnson denied that the provisions concerning the oath of loyalty could be defended on the ground of police power regulations because they declared that the real object of the test oath was to affect the person and not the calling, and because the requirements of the con­ stitution were not regulations intended to secure fit occupants for responsible positions but rather to mete out punishment to certain individuals by excluding them from some of the benefits and privileges of society.145 For the State of Missouri, Strong contended that it was a reserved and exclusive right of a state to determine the terms and the conditions upon which members of the political body could exercise their various callings and pursuits.146 The provisions of the Missouri constitution concerning the oath of loyalty were designed, said Strong, "to regulate the municipal affairs of the State, that is, to prescribe who .... shall mold the character of the people by becoming their public teachers."147 He emphasized the view that every private calling was subject to such regulations as the state might see fit to impose.148 The purpose of the oath of loyalty was not to punish past offenses but to provide for the future

"'Ibid., p. 286. "*Ibid., pp. 287-88. "*Brief of David D. Field and Reverdy Johnson, File Copies of Briefs, Vol. 1866, pp. 5-7. "«(1866) 4 Wallace 293. "'Ibid. "*Ibid., p. 294. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 73 safety of the state by requiring that only those should enjoy the elective franchise, the offices, the positions of influence in the nature of public callings who had been loyal. It was denied both by Strong and by Henderson that the oath imposed a bill of pains and penalties or was ex post facto in character.149 Senator Henderson, while admitting the test oath was extra­ ordinary, perhaps unprecedented, endeavored to show the necessity for it.150 He drew a very striking picture of the struggle for ascendancy in Missouri between the friends and the enemies of the Union. But his discussion of the situation was confined entirely to events which occurred before the close of the war, when a stringent oath of loyalty might have been reasonably regarded as a war measure and thus endur­ ed.151 The adjourned session of the General Assembly met on November 1, and was in session nearly five months. In the House, the Radicals had a very large majority and in the Senate, one sufficient to make certain the adoption of party measures. The message of Governor Fletcher contained several important recommendations. In regard to the test oath for the clergy he was content merely to summarize the situation, declaring that "the future good of the State requires that the question of the right of the people to make it (oath) be now definitely settled by the Supreme Court of the United States."152 The Legislature was urged to submit an amendment to the constitution which would exempt from the test oath all persons who owned stock in private corporations and all teachers and professors in colleges and schools not supported by taxation.153 There was a moderate tone throughout Fletcher's entire message. It was the desire of the Conservatives in each house to have an official investigation to ascertain whether the con­ stitution had been adopted by fraudulent means. This was

"•Ibid., pp. 293-94, 297-305. "•Ibid., pp. 305-07. ™lbid., p. 306. "^Messages and Proclamations, Vol. IV, pp. 78-79. K'lbid., pp. 77-78. 74 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

attempted first in the Senate where a motion directing the Committee on Elections to investigate the election was lost by the deciding vote of the president.154 The proposal was not brought directly before the House as a separate motion because its defeat was certain. The Conservative strength in the House was about twenty and although hopelessly out­ numbered and out-voted, there was a persistent and success­ ful effort on their part to annoy their opponents by the intro­ duction and debate of various bills and resolutions concerning the test oath. Despite their large majority, the Radical leaders prudently submitted to a party caucus all the chief issues, thus saving time and securing a fair degree of harmony.155 All questions respecting either the legality of the adoption of the con­ stitution or its amendment were referred to a special Com­ mittee on the Constitution where they were heard of no more.156 There was a similar committee in the Senate which was equally effective.157 When defeated in all efforts to investigate the alleged irregularities in the adoption of the constitution, the Con­ servatives in the House, led by C. P. Johnson, proposed a series of amendments to the fundamental law. A resolution was offered by him directing the proper committee to prepare such amendments to Article II "as will remove the disabilities imposed therein upon teachers, professors, attorneys at law and preachers of the Gospel."158 The Radical majority post­ poned a final vote on this resolution until near the close of the session when it was finally and decisively beaten.159 Attempts in the Senate either to secure the submission of amendments or to provide for the calling of a new convention were de-

"*Senate Journal, 23 Gen. Assembly, Adj. Sess., pp. 129-30. For the charges of Senator Doniphan, see People's Tribune, Dec. 6, 1865. "•Democrat, Nov. 29, 1865. "•Ibid., Nov. 8, 1865, House Journal, 23 Gen. Assembly, Adj. Sess., pp. 6, 8. ^"Senate Journal, pp. 8, 21, also Authentic History of the Radical Legislature, (St. Louis, 1866), pp. 3-4. "•House Journal, p. 74. See speech of C. P. Johnson, Nov. 17, 1865, in Pugh Collections. "•House Journal, pp. 75, 158, 167, 178, 274, 359, 412, 429, 830, 831, 907, Authentic History, p. 3. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 75 feated.160 Indeed, all efforts made to change the whole or any part of the constitution were alike fruitless.161 In the prolonged and controversial debates over the Conservative proposals partisan feeling was striking in evi­ dence. The representatives from the northwestern and southwestern portions of the state maintained unimpaired their reputation for extreme Radicalism. It was apparent that despite the widespread agitation throughout Missouri in regard to the oath of loyalty, the Radical leaders in the Legislature and elsewhere had no inclination to modify its provisions or to support any program which might endanger their supremacy and political power. In vain did Conservative members plead that dis­ qualifications for mere expressions of sympathy resulted in great injustice to thousands of persons who at the out­ break of the war were divided in feelings and had sympathized with the southern people.162 The arguments used in the Cummings case were again presented in elaborated form.163 Radicals listened with impatience to these complaints. "No class of people between heaven and earth, or outside of heaven or hell," declared Babcocke, a Radical legislator, "deserve the curse of God more than disloyal ministers and no class deserves sympathy less than this class ... I never want to see that clause amended which requires minis­ ters to take the oath."164 The Radical attitude was that if ministers would not conform to the requirements of the constitution they should abandon preaching and "step down from the pulpit which many are not fit to occupy."165 Con­ servatives who watched with doubtful hope the proceedings

"•Senate Journal, p. 143, Authentic History, p. 4, People's Tribune, Dec. 13, 1865. The desire for a new Convention was limited to a few Conservative members. It was not in any sense a party measure. "^Tribune, Nov. 24, 1865. "One thing is certain," wrote a member of the Legislature, "no amendment or even modification of the oath of loyalty need be looked or hoped for by any. For the present, at least, the oaths are fixed facts and will stand as they are, ' Herald, Dec. 14, 1865. "=W. D. Hunter, The New Constitution: Its Infamy and Tyranny, pp. 4-7, Pugh Collections. Hunter admitted that no amendments would receive Radical support unless deemed advantageous to party success. "•Speech of James Wilson, ibid., pp. 11-15. "^Authentic History, p. 5. "*J. W. McMillen, Amending the Constitution, pp. 9-12, Pugh Collections. 76 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

of the Legislature soon became convinced that it was futile to expect any change in Radical policy. Interest and concern in the Cummings case, therefore, were revived. The Conservatives were not alone in the effort to amend the constitution. The leaders of German opinion, assisted by a few other Radicals, were likewise concerned with changes. A resolution declaring negroes were entitled to the elective franchise but making no specific recommendations, was before the House but was indefinitely postponed by a significant vote of 55 to 51, indicating a strong Radical opposition.166 Late in the session, certain negro organizations and itinerant negro politicians petitioned the Legislature to submit an amendment removing the word "white" wherever found as a qualification for voting and for office holding.167 Clarke, of St. Louis, introduced a resolution instructing the proper committee to report an amendment embodying the above proposals.188 He frankly stated that the chief pur­ pose of negro suffrage was to save the state from the cunning designs of a cold, selfish aristocracy.169 As this proposal was not sanctioned by the Radical caucus, no action was taken on it. Attempts in the Senate of a similar character, led by Hugo Muench, after a great deal of parliamentary manoeuver- ing were indefinitely postponed.170 It was clearly evident both in and out of the Legislature that the Radicals were not anxious to advocate negro suffrage as a party measure. Seasoned Radical politicians were more concerned with the enactment of a state wide system of registration than with plans to confer wide political privileges on the negro race.

"•House Journal, pp. 120-21. l"Address of Colored People of Missouri, Pugh Collections, speech of J. M. Langston, ibid. Appendix, House Journal, p. 842. . A bill was introduced in the House providing for the fine and imprisonment of any one who recognized a Confederate by a title obtained in the War. It failed to pass. Authentic History, p. 9. "•House Journal, p. 753. "•Enos Clarke, Complete Equality in Citizenship, p. 10, Pugh Collections. "Let it no longer be a straight-haired Constitution, a thin-lipped Constitution, a white Constitution but let it be a Constitution of the whole people," ibid., p. 14. Clarke had affected among the colored people an organization in aid of negro suffrage and had secured Langsdon, the Oberlin orator, a hearing before the House, Reavis, op. cit., pp. 823-24. "•Senate Journal, pp. 286-87, Democrat, Nov. 29, 1865. THE LIBERAL REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT IN MISSOURI 77

The most decisive and significant work was the enact­ ment of a bill providing for the registration of voters. So important was this measure that it received the attention of a special Radical caucus at which the reputed author, Drake, appeared to explain its features.171 The proposal was approve- ed by the caucus and was introduced in the House on Novem­ ber 10.172 The large Radical majority made it certain that the bill would pass the House in any form desired but the Conservatives made several futile attempts to amend it and continued to the last their bitter opposition.173 When the Radicals were ready to pass the measure, the rules were suspended and it was adopted, 91 to 19.174 "The work was well done and done quickly, much to the discom­ fiture of the Conservatives who groaned audibly in ex­ pression of their despair," said a Radical report.176 Two days later the Senate began consideration of the bill. There was a determined onslaught against it, led by Doniphan and Howland, who represented the Conservative strength of about eight votes. Gravelly, a Radical from southwest Missouri, bluntly informed his colleagues that the registration law was a political measure and found none who disagreed.176 Conservative efforts were chiefly directed to­ ward lessening the partisan powers of the local registrars for permitting a judicial appeal from the decisions of the Board of Revision.177 Some of the proposals of the minority were just and the votes on several of the amend­ ments offered to the measure showed surprising Conservative strength.178 But the final vote on adoption indicated the normal Radical majority.179 The Registration Act was a comprehensive statute based on a similar law then in force in Maryland.180 It did not provide

"^Dispatch, Nov. 15* 1865, Statesman, Nov. 17, 1865. "•Democrat, Nov. 13, 1865, House Journal, p. 50. "'Ibid., pp. 170-71. "*House Journal, pp. 175-76. "•Democrat, Dec. 6, 1865. Herald, Dec. 15, 1865. "•Authentic History, p. 5. ^"Senate Journal, pp. 162-65. "•Ibid., p. 162, Statesman, Jan. 5, 1866. "•Ibid., p. 166. The vote was 20 to 9. "•Laws of Missouri, 1865-66, pp. 117-24. 78 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW for an adequate central enforcing authority but left to local officials the routine administration of state policy. In each county the governor was to appoint a supervisor of registra­ tion for the election of 1866; after which the office became elective.181 The supervisor became the administrator of the law for the county and under his direction registration was conducted. Within the county, "one competent and prudent person" was to be appointed for each election district.182 These officers of registration were empowered to ad­ minister the law and to examine under oath any person applying for registration as to his qualifications.183 The officer was diligently to inquire and ascertain that the applicant had not done any of the acts specified in the constitution as causes of disqualification and was authorized either by his own knowledge or from evidence brought before him to reject the applicant as a qualified voter, even though he had sub­ scribed to the oath of loyalty.184 The various election officials and the supervisor con­ stituted a board of appeals and revision, with power to add applicants legally entitled to registration and to eliminate therefrom those improperly or illegally registered.185 Powers of a judicial character were conferred upon all officers of registration.186 The enactment of the Registration Bill was regarded by the Radicals as a triumph second only to the adoption of the constitution.187 The government of Missouri was finally in the control of its "friends."188 With this assurance the party faced the campaign of 1866.

i«Secs. 1, 27. "'Sec. 2. "•Sec. 9. i"Ibid. ^Sec. 11. lg«Sec. 20. There were special provisions for St. Louis County. "7Democrat, Dec. 19, 1865. For endorsements of county meetings, see ibid., Dec. 13, 1865, Tribune, Dec. 2, 1865, Sentinel, Jan. 12, 1866. "•Democrat, Dec. 19, 1865. MARK TWAIN MEMORIALS IN HANNIBAL 79

MARK TWAIN MEMORIALS IN HANNIBAL BY FRANKLIN R. POAGE "And they shall know that there hath been a prophet among them," was the assurance that was given to Ezekiel. Regardless of the conduct of the people, his ministry would leave indelible marks upon the minds of men. It has always been true that great men leave unmistakable signs of their having lived in the world. The greatest memorials to men are not in tangible form; the greatest memorials are those appreciative hearts that have been helped and enriched by the lives and productions of notable men whose names are im­ perishable. Because the great live in our hearts we proceed to build those outward and material forms that tell to the coming generations that a prophet hath been among us. In Hannibal we now know that a world character for a time dwelt among us. To the populace in those early days Mark Twain was just one of the boys, the leader of a gang of boys, and if anyone in those days ever prophesied that Mark would turn out to be anything unusual we have never heard of it. Judge Norval L. Brady, so far as is known the only surviving member of Mark Twain's gang of boys, said as much recently when the writer visited him. It was only two months ago that we drove eight miles into the country to visit Mr. Brady who is now 86 years old. Many others yet living knew the famous humorist, but Mr. Brady was a real and lively member of the gang that gathered about Mark, and made excursions up and down the Mississippi river, and uncanny visits to the great cave south of town. "No one in those days ever expected Mark to become a great man," said he. Here without the knowledge of anyone was being prepared the world's greatest humorist. However, this beautiful city on the banks of the Mis­ sissippi, the town of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, is chief among those that love and celebrate the memory of Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Here he made his home when a 80 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

romantic youth for fourteen years; and to this spot he often returned to meet boyhood friends; and here many abide who knew him well and cherish his memory. Foremost of those who have given thought, time and money to honor the name of Mark Twain is Hon. George A. Mahan, a prominent lawyer of our city. One of the landmarks in Hannibal is the old home of Mr. Clemens. Some years ago Mr. and Mrs. Mahan purchased this property and presented it to the city of Hannibal. A tablet bears the following in­ scription : This Building Presented to the City of Hannibal May 7th, 1912, By Mr. and Mrs. George A. Mahan As A Memorial to Mark Twain. "Mark Twain's life teaches That poverty is an incentive rather Than a bar; and that any boy, however Humble his birth and surroundings, May by honesty and industry Accomplish great things." —George A. Mahan. This old house, erected in 1844 by Mark Twain's father, is in a good state of preservation. It is, through the generosity of Mr. and Mrs. Mahan, the property of Hannibal, and the city of Hannibal is a trustee for the world in this matter. For from all parts of the world people come to visit the boy­ hood home of Mark Twain, and inscribe their names upon the pages of the large register that is kept there for that purpose. In this old house a kindly, aged lady resides and welcomes all visitors who come and gives them such information as they wish. Here are to be found many interesting articles with which Mr. Clemens had to do, a favorite chair, the type­ writer used by Mark Twain and on which Albert Bigelow Paine wrote Twain's autobiography, many framed pictures and letters, etc. However, the original furniture of the Twain family is not here. They left this old home while Mark was a youth. AT« AWK^'i ^;^3 f h ATA*racy . ifQwsvcft '* **' "' - ' *£*«£ST* 4K0 il^&y^?^V v*

Tablet at Boyhood Home of Mark Twain in Hannibal

Statue of Mark Twain in Riverview Park, Hannibal, erected by the State of Missouri. Designed by Mr. Frederick C. Hibbard.

MARK TWAIN MEMORIALS IN HANNIBAL 81

Referring to this house, Mr. Clemens says: "This was in 1849. I was 14 years old then. We were still living in Hannibal, Mo., on the banks of the Mississippi river in the new 'frame' house built by my father five years before. That is, some of us lived in the new part, the rest in the old part back of it and attached to it." We cannot refrain from making the observation that in providing this old home, and preserving it for the world to visit, the donor and the City of Hannibal perform a sort of spiritual ministry of which they little dreamed. It is a shrine, indeed; and the visitor, sometimes from the other side of the world, standing with uncovered head in this little old house, feels emotions of gratitude and kindness while he reflects that one of the immortals was sheltered here. A great divine, internationally known, visited this old home, and, reverently approaching the little stairway, said, "I want to lay my hand here where his feet have trod." The State of Missouri appropriated the sum of ten thou­ sand dollars for the erection of a monument to her native son. In 1913 this beautiful work of art was built upon an eminence in Riverview Park overlooking 'The Father of Waters," "the fairest spot in the world," said Mr. Clemens. The bill ap­ propriating the money for this monument was framed by Col. John L. Ro Bards, Hannibal lawyer, and friend of Mark Twain. It is not inappropriate to say that Hannibal is rich in men and memorials. Admiral A. E. Coontz, head of the American Navy, was born and reared here, and still claims this city as a home. Col. William H. Hatch, who for many years represented this district in Congress, and was the author of the bill which created the Department of Agriculture as a Cabinet office, lived here. To his memory a statue was erected in Central Park. Now comes Mr. Mahan again, and with a unique idea! Mr. and Mrs. Mahan, and their son, D. D. Mahan, have presented to the city a new monument to adorn the spot known as Cardiff Hill, at the end of North Main Street. Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, in bronze—just as they ap- 82 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW peared as barefoot boys—are to greet the eyes of all those who love to read of their wild adventures. Cardiff Hill, then on the outskirts of the village, was one of the meeting places of Mark Twain and his gang. Referring to this hill in "Tom Sawyer," he says: "The locust trees were in bloom and the fragrance of the blossoms filled the air. Cardiff Hill, beyond the village and above it, was green with vegetation, and it lay just far enough away to seem a Delect­ able Land, dreamy, reposeful and inviting. I can remember the drowsy and inviting summer sounds that used to float in through the open windows from that distant Boy Paradise, Cardiff Hill." Hannibal long ago extended its corporation limits far beyond the beautiful hill, but in the process the hill was robbed of much of its natural beauty. Now Mr. Mahan plans to restore some of that beauty, and on this spot the boys loved so much, erect a beautiful monument which depicts Tom Sawyer (Mark) leaving his Boy Paradise and his com­ panion Huck Finn to engage in the more serious pursuits of life, while Huck, being not so intelligent and ambitious, re­ mains among his boyhood scenes. Emplacement for the statue is now being built, and ere long the city will have another item of interest and added beauty. It would not be just to make only mention of the name of the noted sculptor who is executing this work of art. Mr. Frederick C. Hibbard, who also designed the monument of Mr. Clemens that stands in Riverview Park, was a farmer's son and was born near Hannibal. Being reared on a Mis­ sissippi river hill farm he knows such boys as Mark Twain created in Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. Mr. Hibbard was endowed with natural talent; he began moulding faces and figures before he knew what it meant, and is now one of the ablest sculptors in the nation and has done some of the finest and most lasting work we have. He lives in Chicago Possibly the most interesting of the memorials is the great cave one mile south of town, known as Mark Twain's cave. True, this is not a memorial built by man; it is the work of nature. And the romantic youth, who so often fre- Statue of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn on Cardiff Hill, Hannihul. Designed by Mr. Frederick C. Hibbard. Donated by Mr. and Mrs. George A. Mahan and their son, Mr. D. D. Mahan.

MARK TWAIN MEMORIALS IN HANNIBAL 83

quented this cave with his gang of boys, by his association with it literally made it his memorial to coming generations. Seven to ten thousand people visit the cave each year. It has seemed to us that the youthful Mark Twain was delightfully favored in his home environs. The hills of Hannibal, the majestic Mississippi, the islands of the river, and the cave made life interesting to his adventurous spirit. In later years he capitalized that boyhood life he so much enjoyed in Hannibal and with it entertained the world. And he has left dwelling in these old haunts something of his own magnetic personality—they speak to us of Twain. Mr. John L. Ro Bards used to tell about his trip to Cali­ fornia with his father and others. He was twelve years old when he made the journey and returned. Mark tells with what envy he watched young Ro Bards set off with the party— sorry he could not go. Denied adventure afar, he found compensation in ex­ ploring the environs of his home village—a good lesson for us! He speaks on this subject himself: "In 1849, when the gold seekers were streaming through our little town of Hannibal, many of our grown men got the gold fever and I think that all of the boys had it. On the Saturday holidays in summer­ time we used to borrow skiffs whose owners were not present and go down the river three miles to the cave hollow, and there we staked out claims and pretended to dig gold, panning out half a dollar a day at first; two or three times as much later, and by and by whole fortunes, as our imaginations be­ came inured to the work. Stupid and unprophetic lads! We were doing this in play and never suspecting. Why, that cave hollow and all the adjacent hills were made of gold —but we did not know it. We took it for dirt. We left it a rich secret in its own peaceful possession, and grew up in poverty and went wandering about the world struggling for bread—and because we had not the gift of prophecy. That region was all dirt and rocks to us, yet all it needed was to be ground up and scientifically handled and it was gold. That is to say, the whole region was a cement mine—and they make the finest kind of Portland cement there now, 12,000 barrels a day, with a plant that cost $2,000,000." 84 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Geologists say the cave was probably formed a hundred thousand years ago. Dark, underground passageways lead­ ing in various ways through interesting rock formations afforded an inviting playground for Mark Twain's gang. The cave then was less frequented and was not so well ex­ plored. Uncanny tales are associated with this cave. Many are firm in the belief that the James boys for a time had a hiding place in the cave. The cave was also the scene of a murder. In the early fifties a jewelry salesman named De Collier and his companion named Hall went hunting. The next day De Collier's body was found near the entrance. The tracks of the murderer were followed in the snow, lead­ ing to the arrest of Hall, who, pleading insanity, was acquitted. The Hannibal Courier-Post is authority for this story and the following hair-raising incident from Mark's gang. The cave was then owned by a doctor of St. Louis, E. D. Mc­ Dowell, who conducted a medical college. The doctor desired to make an experiment. He brought the body of a girl, placed within an open copper receptacle, and left it in the cave. He wished to ascertain if the conditions within the cave would cause the body to petrify. He put iron bars over the entrance. The boys learned of this and resented being shut out of that strange, lonely retreat, broke into the cave, and one Of the fellows, approaching the corpse, entangled a stick in the hair and lifted the body to view. It was their habit each to carry a lighted candle and in single file pass through the dark corridors. We may imagine something of a boy's feel­ ings as he was taken in for the first time. Hannibal is now a busy little city of over 20,000 souls, and the Chamber of Commerce publishes to the world that "Tom Sawyer's Home Town has Grown Up." To think of Hannibal is to think of Mark Twain. The town is rich in men and memorials—men like Mahan and Pettibone, men serving this generation; memorials that commemorate the life and works of the great that are gone. These memorials tell the world that a great personality once dwelt among us. EARLY GUNPOWDER MAKING IN MISSOURI 85

EARLY GUNPOWDER MAKING IN MISSOURI BY WILLIAM CLARK BRECKENRIDGE

Gunpowder is an explosive mixture of saltpeter, charcoal and sulphur used in gunnery and blasting. It consists of from 70 to 80 per cent of saltpeter, with 10 to 15 per cent of each of the other ingredients. Within the limits of these percentages, gunpowder seems to have been compounded from almost the beginning of its use. The crude material from which these ingredients can be made is found plentifully and widely distributed over Missouri. Saltpeter, commonly called niter, is known to chemists as potassium nitrate and is found in many of the rock caves of this state. Some of it is so pure that it has been used in its crude state to make gunpowder. The charcoal most suitable for gunpowder is that produced from dogwood, willow, alder, hazel, maple, poplar or linden. All of these woods are indigenous to Missouri, and simple and crude methods convert them into excellent charcoal. Sulphur for gunpowder making was, in Missouri in the early days, obtained from sulphide of lead (Galena which yielded almost 25% of crude sulphur) or from sulphide of iron (Iron Pyrites yielding as high as 53.4% of crude sulphur) by fusion and sublimation. The lead ore of Missouri is principally pure galena and it is probable that from the year 1720 when Renault and LaMotte opened and worked the lead mines in this region on a large scale and roasted the ores therefrom to eliminate the sulphur that they, as well as those who came after them, during the hundred years or more suc­ ceeding made their own gunpowder, using the waste product sulphur in its manufacture. All of the materials were at hand and required but little effort to prepare for the mixture. If in some localities the obtaining of sulphur was at times so difficult, even so impossible, as to force its omission from the powder mixture, it could do no harm to omit it; for gun- 86 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

powder made without sulphur is equally as powerful as with, since sulphur adds nothing to its power. Gunpowder was and is one of the moving forces in the progress of the world. Without it this vast country could never have been opened up to civilization, nor could the pioneers have conquered the wilderness, nor survived the starvation which would have surely faced them, for their rifles provided them with materials for food and clothing and light in the early days. Without gunpowder, the pioneer was more helpless before the Indian armed only with his bow and arrows and spear than was that same Indian with only his primitive weapons before the pioneer and his rifle. The very necessities of their situation, far from all the sources of supply on the sea coasts, forced the settlers to manufacture gunpowder for their own use from the earliest times. Of the many who made gunpowder only the names of a very few have been handed down to us. Such items relating to them as could be found have been noted and mention made of them in this article. As bearing out the writer's assertion that the pioneers made their own gunpowder wherever the raw materials were plentiful and easily obtained, I quote the following from the Centennial History of Missouri by Walter B. Stevens, Vol. I, page 484. This account Stevens copies from "Narratives of the Indian Wars of Missouri," written for the Globe-Democrat about thirty years ago by Maj. R. I. Holcombe: "MONTGOMERY COUNTY TRAGEDIES: In the spring of 1814 occurred the next tragedy. A young man named Daniel Dougherty was killed by the Sac Indians at the Big Spring, in the southern part of the county. He be­ longed to the colony on the island, and volunteered to go up to a saltpeter cave on Clear creek (about four miles southeast of Danville) to procure some saltpeter for making powder. At that time the pioneers made their own powder." It is probable that the man whose death is mentioned in the item below was making saltpeter for gunpowder. This is taken from the Missouri Gazette and Illinois Advertiser, St. Louis, April 1st, 1815: EARLY GUNPOWDER MAKING IN MISSOURI 87

"We are informed that a man who was making saltpeter some distance up the Missouri was lately killed by the Indians." In the Missouri Gazette and Illinois Advertiser, St. Louis, January 21, 1815, appears a communication made to the Secretary of War by the Delegates in Congress from the Mis­ souri and Illinois Territories, dated Washington City, Dec. 17, 1814, suggesting that an expedition consisting of 3,000 mounted men would be sufficient for the purpose of a cam­ paign against those hostile bands of Indians, to be ready to march by the 20th day of April next. "Powder and lead can be procured in that country, and transportation in the fortified boats at St. Louis would be safe and easy." The War of 1812 must have given a stimulus to powder-making in the Mis­ souri Territory as the above item indicates that powder was made in this region in quantities at that time and that it must have been of a good grade to be recommended to the Government. The first powder factory of record in Missouri appears to have been established in the Boone's Lick Country according to the History of Cooper County, by Levens & Drake, pages 22 and 23. "The next day (after the attack by the Indians on Cole's Fort, in 1812) the settlers captured a French boat which came up the river loaded with powder and balls to trade with the Indians at Council Bluffs." "Previous to the capture of this boat and the ammuni­ tion with which it was loaded, which was sufficient to last the settlers a long time, Joseph Jolly had supplied them with powder, manufacturing it himself, saltpetre being found in a cave near Rocheporte." Joseph Jolly had only been engaged in this business in this county for a short time as he and eleven others moved into the Boone's Lick Country some time during the winter of 1811, and the spring of 1812. The next gunpowder factory appears to have been the one established by General William H. Ashley, the famous fur trader and explorer. The following quotation is taken from The Ashley-Smith Explorations and the Discovery of 88 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW a Central Route to the Pacific, 1822-1829, with the Original Journals edited by Harrison Clifford Dale, pages 60-61. "A knowledge of surveying and a slight familiarity with geology furnished him (Ashley) opportunities for visiting the remoter portions of Missouri. It was on one of his expedi­ tions of this sort that he discovered 'Ashley's Cave' in a lonely valley on Cave Creek, Texas County, about eighty miles southwest of Potosi." "Within the mouth of the cave, Ashley erected a com­ plete plant for the extraction of commercial saltpetre from the potassium nitrate with which the cave abounded. The prepared saltpetre he hauled to a gunpowder factory, which he built at Potosi, the only one in that part of the country. Here Ashley resided for a time, conducted his business in partnership with one Brown. The total production of their factory in the eighteen months from December 31, 1816, to June, 1818, amounted to sixty thousand pounds, valued at thirty thousand dollars." Henry R. Schoolcraft's View of the Lead Mines of Mis­ souri, New York, 1819, and his Journal of a Tour into the Interior of Missouri and Arkansas, are Harrison Clifford Dale's authorities for his statements regarding General Wm. H. Ashley's gunpowder factory. The year in which Ashley began this undertaking is uncertain, but his factory must have been built in the latter part of 1813 and started operations early in 1814. This is inferred from the following advertisement which appeared in the Missouri Gazette, St. Louis, issues of January 8th, 15th and 22nd, 1814.

NOTICE "A man well acquinted (?) with the business of gun­ powder making may meet with employment by immediate application to the subscriber living near mine Shibboleth Washington County. Wm. H. Ashley

December 25th, 1813." Apparently these works did not continue in operation for very many years, for Schoolcraft, who visited Ashley's Cave in November, 1818, thus writes of them in his Journal EARLY GUNPOWDER MAKING IN MISSOURI 89 of a Tour into the Interior of Missouri and Arkansas, London, 1821. "No person is, however, here (at Ashley's Cave) at the present to attend to his business, and the works appear to have lain idle for some time." It is a fair presumption, then, that Ashley having gotten into politics, and after a few years joined Major Andrew Henry in a fur trading expedition, never again devoted any of his efforts to the manufacture of gunpowder. Schoolcraft states in his View of the Lead Mines of Mis­ souri, page 208, that: "Three saltpetre caves are worked in Washington county, Missouri Territory. They are situated on the Merrimack. Several caves are also worked on the Gasconade River." This statement above quoted leads to the conclusion that the bulk of this saltpeter must have been used by private parties in the manufacture of gunpowder. The writer's con­ clusion regarding this is strengthened by the following quota­ tions from the History of Gasconade County, page 618, in a volume entitled History of Franklin, Jefferson, Washington, Crawford and Gasconade Counties, Missouri. "Saltpeter Caves.—Formerly there was a number of saltpeter caves along the Gasconade River, and small quan­ tities of saltpeter were made and shipped to St. Louis, but most of that made was used in other portions of the state in the manufacture of gunpowder." As giving an idea of the date at which these saltpeter deposits were worked, the following is taken from the same page of the same volume: "In the spring of 1810, James McDonald, of Bonhomme, and his two sons went to some caves on the Gasconade River to make saltpeter, and in three weeks returned to St. Louis with 3,000 pounds." According to the next quotation, the entire process in the manufacture of gunpowder was sometimes carried on within the saltpeter cave itself. This quotation is from the History of Franklin County, page 213, of a volume entitled History of Franklin, Jefferson, Washington, Crawford and Gasconade Counties, Missouri: 90 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

"Saltpeter Cave is a large opening below Fisher's Cave. It is entered from near the river. Its height averages about thirty feet and it is nearly a fourth of a mile in depth. Gun­ powder was made in this cave at an early day." The following account in order of date of the next gun­ powder factory is given in the History of Pulaski County, pages 101-102 of a volume entitled History of Laclede, Camden, Dallas, Webster, Wright, Texas, Pulaski, Phelps and Dent Counties, Missouri: "In 1816 Messrs. Johnson, Dulle and Cullen with their families embarked from Mississippi and settled in the Valley of the Gasconade, near the well-known Saltpeter Cave, five miles west of Waynesville. They engaged in the manufacture of gunpowder, finding a ready market for it among the trap­ pers and hunters who frequented this region. About a year after their arrival Mr. Cullen started out with his usual load of powder to supply some neighboring customers, and was never heard from again." Judging from the next quotation, Mr. Cullen's disappear­ ance ended the existence of this factory: "An Indian legend says that the well-known saltpeter cave five miles west of Waynesville, was the scene of an Indian tragedy between the Osages, Shawnees and Delawares. This cave had been used to manufacture gun-powder, and after its evacuation, about 1817 or 1818, some friendly Indians —five Shawnees and two Delawares—took possession. Here they were attacked by a band of 100 Osages, but succeeded in defending themselves until nightfall with the loss of but one of their number, while the Osage loss was very great. During the night the inmates of the cave blockaded its en­ trance and escaped through a passage way unknown to the Osages." The account of the next known gunpowder factory is found in the History of Phelps County, page 626, of a volume entitled History of Laclede, Camden, Dallas, Webster, Wright, Texas, Pulaski, Phelps and Dent Counties, Missouri: "The caves of Phelps County figure as the next attrac­ tion to settlers. Saltpeter Cave, ten miles northwest of Rolla, and Spring Cave, near Relfe, are identified with early EARLY GUNPOWDER MAKING IN MISSOURI 91

history. Saltpeter Cave is the largest, and by a surveying party was said to have been explored for five miles into sub­ terranean depths; it was not its spacious entrance, with its beautiful spring, nor its extensive compartments, pendant with sparkling stalactites seven feet long, and pillared with stalagmites, among which winds a rippling stream, that brought the sturdy settlers in 1823; it was an altogether more prosy thing, namely, the deposits of saltpeter the cave con­ tained. For this William Coppedge, a powder manufacturer of Kentucky, came with his family of four sons and two daugh­ ters, and located near the site of Newburg. They engaged extensively in powder making, and afterward undertook agriculture." The first mention found of any gunpowder factory at or near St. Louis, Missouri, is contained in the following item from Edwards1 Great West, page 351: "The Eagle powder mills were erected this year (1833) by Major Phillips and Dr. Lane, in the southern part of the city, and their powder became justly celebrated." This factory passed out of existence some three years later according to the Missouri Republican, St. Louis, April 12,1836: "BURNING OF THE EAGLE POWDER MILLS.— About nine o'clock last night (April 11, 1836) a fire was observed to be raging in the direction of the Eagle Powder Works, a mile below the city, and we are sorry to say that the whole establishment, with the exception of the drying house, was destroyed. The fire commenced in the engine room, although it is said there had been none there during the day. There were three explosions, the last of which was tremendous, shaking the houses with great violence in the city and produc­ ing much alarm. No lives were lost. The establishment was owned by Dr. William Carr Lane, and the loss to him and to the worthy projector and superintendent of the works, Maj. Phillips, must be very heavy. Further particulars will be given hereafter." The only particulars given later stated that the explosion was heard at a point twenty-seven miles from St. Louis and that the sensation was described as that produced by an earth- 92 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW quake, which it was really supposed to be. Later informa­ tion was to the effect that the explosion had been heard in the vicinity of Hillsborough, Illinois, nearly seventy miles from this city. Edmund Flagg, the author of The Far West, who at this time lived in St. Louis, states in The Far West that the daily manufacture of this factory was three hundred pounds of superior powder and that the loss sustained by the proprietors was estimated at forty thousand dollars. Dr. William Carr Lane, mentioned as the owner by the Missouri Republican, was one of the leading physicians of St. Louis in its early days, settling here in 1819. When St. Louis became incorporated as a city, he was elected its first mayor, being elected altogether nine times to that office. The foregoing items contain all the accounts, known to the writer, of early powder-mills in Missouri, with the excep­ tion of the one established in Stone county, Missouri, in 1835, which was fully described in The Missouri Historical Review for July, 1925; and the powder-mill in Franklin county, Mis­ souri, listed in the Compendium of the sixth census for 1840, which was also noted in the same issue of the Review. The extra hazards involved in the manufacture of gun­ powder and the competition of the eastern manufacturers with the attendant cutting of prices added to the panic which came upon the United States in the latter 30's, all combined to make such a manufacturing enterprise unattractive. These seem to be the reasons why no mention of a factory of this kind is found until the time of the Civil War. The follow­ ing is taken from The Reminiscent History of the Ozark Region, page 15: "Phelps County contains several interesting caves, the most accessible of which is Freide's Cave, about nine miles northwest of Rolla. * * * The cave also contains quantities of saltpeter, and during the (Civil) War large amounts of powder were manufactured there." In connection with the foregoing excerpts relating to Early Gunpowder Making in Missouri, it might be well to include some information gathered in the course of this research re­ garding the handling of gunpowder, the kinds sold in this EARLY GUNPOWDER MAKING IN MISSOURI 93

market, and the prices charged therefor, in the early days of the last century. The first gunpowder shipped here came to St. Louis from New Orleans, later it came from Pittsburg and Louisville by way of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. From St. Louis it was widely distributed over the West. In the Pierre Chouteau Collection* in the possession of the Missouri Historical Society is the following letter, quoted as showing the quantity of gunpowder purchased at one time by an early fur trader of St. Louis:

"Lexington, December 27th, 1812. Col. Augustus Chouteau, Dr. Sir. We received your favour by mail, in which you have been pleased to order Two Thousand pounds of Gun Powder which we will forward so as to go by the first boats that will sail for your Port from Louisville. Should you at any time need any articles that are to be had in this market you will please command us. With great Respect. Yr. Ob. Sevt. J.&D.Maccoun."

Chouteau stored his stock of gunpowder in the Powder Magazine which was located in the grounds of the "Fort on the Hill" just outside the then limits of the Town of St. Louis—to the west of Fourth Street and south of Walnut Street. The ground of this Old Fort was Chouteau's private property as part of his large mill tract. "The Fort on the Hill" was completed and occupied by one company of Spanish soldiers in 1794. After the transfer to the United States in 1804, the barracks were occupied by the United States soldiers for a couple of years, when the cantonment at Bellefontaine having been establised by Gen. James Wilkinson, in 1806, the troops were removed to that point, and these works were abandoned for military purposes, and turned over to Chouteau. In the Missouri Gazette and Illinois Advertiser, St. Louis, issues of October 15 and 22, 1814, William Sullivan inserted the following advertisement which is self-explanatory: 94 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

"OWNERS OF POWDER. Take notice, that I the Subscriber have rented the Powder Magazine from its proprietor, and that from the date of the present advertisement, I will charge 25 cents per month for storage on every keg, provided it does not contain more than 100 lb., and on every keg or barrel that contains more than 100 lb. to pay at the rate of one dollar per hundred. Every attention shall be paid on my part for the security of the powder, that it may be stored, but I will not be answerable for any accident that may happen in any way whatever. As several persons have powder stored in said magazine, their storage will begin from the first day of November next. P. S. Storage to be paid monthly. William Sullivan. St. Louis, October 14, 1814." Gunpowder commanded a high price in the early days in Missouri Territory. The first quotation found is in the St. Louis Retail Prices Current of November 30th, 1816, where it is listed at One Dollar per pound. The following gives the prices current of the St. Louis market for 1833: Gunpowder.—Dupont's per keg* $7.00 Kentucky & Delaware, per keg* $6.50 (*Evidently the kegs contained only 12}^ lbs. each.) Attention is called to the fact that the above shows three different brands of gunpowder on the market at that date, namely, Dupont's, Kentucky and Delaware. Only one brand of gunpowder was designated by the name of its maker in the earliest local advertisements, and that was Trotter's. In the issues of the Missouri Gazette for August 31; Sep­ tember 14, 21, 28; October 5, 12, 19, 26; and November 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 1816, appears the following announcement: "Lilburn W. Boggs & Co. have just received 60 Kegs Trotters warranted glazed gunpowder." It is evident to the writer that this powder was not made in this region but was shipped in, most probably from EARLY GUNPOWDER MAKING IN MISSOURI 95 the East, because of the fact that it is called glazed gunpowder. It is very doubtful if gunpowder made in this region was ever glazed in those early days. The writer notes that in the communication from the Hercules Powder Company of Wilmington, Delaware, they state: "I am also advised that S. & G. (de?) Trotter sold powder and perhaps had a powder mill at St. Louis in the early days of the last century." There is no evidence whatever of such being the case. All of the name of TROTTER in all of the early St. Louis City Directories—from the first one published on down through that of 1860—have been carefully checked by the writer and no TROTTER has been found who was engaged in either the manufacture or the sale of gunpowder. No "de Trotter" is listed in these publications. 96 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

THE OSAGE WAR, 1837

BY ROY GODSEY

The first settlers in Southwest Missouri were continually exposed to predatory raids of the Indians, frequently marked with rapine and slaughter. This, however, was a common and marked characteristic of every settlement that sought to plant the roots of civilization in a new section. The battles for existence in Southwest Missouri were almost a constant battle with the Indians, from the date of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 to the close of the Osage War in 1837. At the time of the Louisiana Purchase there were in Mis­ souri territory more than 30,000 Indians made up of tribes of Osages, Missouris, Iowas, Sacs, Foxes, Kickapoos, Shawnees and Delawares. From 1803 until Missouri was admitted to the Union, the Indians gave up by treaty, with the United States Government, more than twenty-three million acres of Missouri lands. The Shawnees, Delawares and Osages were the last of the Indian tribes to leave the State, when they were compelled by the Osage War to leave Southwest Missouri and forced to observe the terms of a treaty made in St. Louis in 1825. The Osage War of 1837 was a disciplinary and punitive campaign to rid Southwest Missouri of the Indian and compel him to observe the terms of treaties made years before between the Indians and the United States Government, and fre­ quently broken by the Red Men in the way of sudden forays into white settlements, such expeditions being attended by thieving, pillaging and depredations of all descriptions, some­ times including murder. While the Osage War was directed chiefly toward the tribe bearing that name, it was by no means confined to them. In the early part of the nineteenth century there were numer­ ous tribes of Shawnee and Delaware Indians in Southeast Missouri. By 1823 they had migrated westward into South- THE OSAGE WAR, 1837 97 west Missouri. Their trans-state journey being completed by 1830, when the United States Government induced them to move into Kansas. But like the Osages, a tribe which had been particularly populous in what is now McDonald, Newton, Jasper, Barton, Vernon, Bates and Cass counties, they continued from time to time to return and annoy the white pioneers. In 1837 Lilburn W. Boggs of St. Louis was elected governor. Boggs had accumulated wealth in trading with the Indians, and was versed in their ways. He had been lieutenant governor just prior to his election, and was regarded as a firm executive, a man of action, and one who would settle the Indian problems of Missouri for all time. This expectation was well founded. In September, 1837, Governor Boggs received word of depredations by the Osages in Southwestern Missouri, and he decided to call out the militia. Major General Samuel D. Lucas, commanding the Fourth Division of the State Militia, was placed in command. Only fragmentary records of Gen­ eral Lucas' movements exist, as the others likely were lost in the fire which destroyed the state capitol in the fall of 1837. His report of the expedition to the Governor was saved, as Governor Boggs had it filed among certain papers in a safe in his own home at the time of the fire, and is as follows:

His Excellency G. W. Boggs, Commander in Chief, Missouri Militia. Sir: "You will receive herewith the returns of the volunteers of the 4th Division, Missouri Militia, ordered out on the 16th of September, 1837. The troops rendezvoused on Grand River fifty miles south of Independence on the 24th of October, 1837. On the evening of the same day, I received information that a party of Indians had been seen that day on Deer Creek about three miles from our encampment. I ordered out a detachment of one hundred men to go in pursuit of them. In the search we took one Indian prisoner from whom we ascertained the direction of their main camp. We then took 98 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW up our line of march for the camp of the main body of the Indians, using the prisoner as a guide. We found their camp about 6 or 8 miles west of the bridge on Deer Creek, contain­ ing about 30 Indians. They evinced considerable signs of hostility when we first approached, each warrior taking a tree, with his gun and implements of war about him, and one of them cocked his gun and raised it to fire, but upon his seeing some 15 or 20 guns presented in the direction he was, he took it down and the whole party surrendered. "I next sent a detachment of three companies under the command of Brig. Gen. Wm. B. Almond in pursuit of a band of Indians that I was told had been committing depredations on Mound Branch Creek east of the Harmony Mission Road. I kept out from two to three detachments every day and scoured the whole country on each side of the Harmony Mission Road for from 10 to 20 miles. Every detachment that I sent out brought in more or less prisoners, and all re­ ported fresh Indian signs in the country, and judging from the signs, that there was a large body of Indians within our border. The 29th of October we arrived at Harmony Mission House. On that day I sent Brig. Gen. Wilson to Deepwater country with a detachment of four companies. "We found a good deal of excitement amongst the French and half-breed Indians in the vicinity of Harmony, and from observation and information, believe that they sent runners all through the country to inform the Indians of our approach and to advise them to leave the country or to elude our search. In the first five days we captured 101 Indians, and I have no doubt from the best information, but what there were at the least calculation, 1,000 Indians committing depredations on the white settlers in this Southwest Missouri section. "I received information that the Indians to the south were more impudent in their threats than they ever had been before and that they intended to bring at least from 400 to 500 warriors to attack the white settlers in this section. The Indians having heretofore committed depredations on the Southwest Missouri citizens for 8 or 9 years with impunity they naturally came to the conclusion that the whites were afraid of them and that when they sent their menacing threats THE OSAGE WAR, 1837 99 that it would have the effect to frighten even our soldiers to a quiet submission and they could commit depredations as formerly, but when they heard and saw our army of 500 mounted riflemen marching to the assistance of their injured countrymen they took the alarm and fled from the country as fast as possible. "A good citizen who had settled in Spring River valley in Southwest Missouri came on horseback and said that there was a large party of Indians in the Spring River country commit­ ting depredations on that settlement. I sent a detachment of three companies, under the command of Brig. Gen. Almond, to scout that section of the country. He captured 200 Indians and put them outside of the State line. We captured in all 301 Indians in the Spring River country which were removed without the limits of the State after some explanations through an interpreter of the laws of the country on the subject of acting as they had been doing and what they might expect provided the men were called out again to remove them. "The Indians expressed great astonishmient at the num­ ber of white men and said they did not believe before that there could be as many men raised within the State of Mis­ souri. "The citizens of our southwestern frontier have been badly treated. We found as respectable people living on the frontier aforesaid as any in Missouri. Men of exemplary habits and good moral character, and a remarkable fact is they are all, or mostly so, temperance men, who discountenance the use and traffic in Ardent Spirits. Such a class of citizens are worthy of and entitled to protection and the general government is bound to afford it, and not any longer dis­ regard their exposed situation. The general government, heretofore, they say, has afforded them no protection what­ ever and that their only dependence is upon the State author­ ities. I have the honor to be, with high respect, (Signed) Sam'l D. Lucas, Maj.Gen.4thDiv.,M.M." 100 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

To His Excellency L. W. Boggs, Commander in Chief, Missouri Militia. In November Governor Boggs received word of Indian depredations in the extreme southwest corner of the State. He decided to extend the operations to this section. This mission was assigned to the Seventh Division, Major General Joseph Powell commanding. It operated from Springfield in Greene county. One operation was intrusted to Col. Charles S. Yancey of the Greene county militia. Accompanied by Lieut.-Col. Chesley Cannefax, Capt. Henry Fulbright and company of one hundred men Col. Yancey proceeded into the Stone Creek country where he came upon a large body of Indians, squaws and their young. They were ordered to leave, but pleaded good behavior if allowed to remain. Col. Yancey returned to Springfield but the fears of the white settlers in the vicinity of the Indian camp were not allayed, and on their pleas, the removal of the Indians was ordered by Governor Boggs. Winter advanced, and it is recorded that the Indians suffered considerable hardship as they were led to the Arkansas border and told to keep out of Missouri and observe their treaty agreements. The last of Southwest Missouri's belligerent Indians crossed the Arkansas border December 2, 1837, which date closed the Osage War. This war was a Missouri war con­ fined exclusively to Southwest Missouri. THE WARRENSBURG SPEECH OF FRANK P. BLAIR 101

THE WARRENSBURG SPEECH OF FRANK P. BLAIR

BY HUSTON CRITTENDEN

General U. S. Grant is reported as saying, "The Civil War produced two great volunteer generals, Frank P. Blair, Jr., of Missouri, who arose to the rank of major-general and, John A. Logan, the 'Black Eagle' of Illinois." It is with the former my story is concerned. To Frank P. Blair, Jr., is due more than anyone else, that Missouri did not secede from the Union and cast her lot with the Confederate States. It was his untiring energy, foresight, ability and courage, aided by the military strategy of General Nathaniel Lyon, that saved the day at Camp Jackson in Saint Louis in May, 1861, Missouri's first move to stand by the Union. Senator George G. Vest, speaking in Washington at the dedication of the statue of Blair in Statuary Hall, said of Camp Jackson and what immediately followed: "I say here today, deliberately, from my personal knowledge of affairs then in the State, that but for Frank Blair, Missouri would have given her solid strength to the Southern cause." Mr. Lincoln's opinion of the Blairs is shown in one»of the President's informal talks which John Hay (his biographer) wrote into his diary: "The Blairs have to an unusual degree the spirit of the clan. Their family is a close corporation, Frank P., Jr., is their hope and pride. They have a way of going with a rush for anything they undertake, especially have Montgomery and the old gentleman," (father of both Frank P., Jr., and Montgomery). The latter was Mr. Lin­ coln's postmaster general. Virginia was the birth place of the elder Blair, lawyer and journalist. He moved to Lexington, Kentucky, where Frank P., Jr., was born in 1821, who after graduating from Princeton in 1841, moved to Saint Louis, Missouri, and like his illustrious father, engaged 102 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

in journalism and practiced law. The Blairs supported the policies of the martyred president from the first. In the summer of 1866, when the hatred engendered by the Civil War still prevailed in Johnson county, General Blair, while campaigning in Missouri, was billed for a speech at Warrensburg, the county seat. He was speaking against the "Oath of Loyalty," proscribed by the "Drake Constitu­ tion," better known as the "Test Oath," which disqualified anyone from voting or holding any office of honor, trust, or profit, or managing a corporation, or of teaching in any school, or a minister of the gospel performing any official duty, who had ever served in the Confederate Army, or in any way befriended a Confederate soldier. This drastic oath aroused all of the ire General Blair's impetuous nature was capable of and he proceeded to throw his dynamic force against its enforcement with the result that it was overthrown by the United States Supreme Court. Amidst this burning issue, he made his Warrensburg speech. Some of the radical element in Johnson county had sworn Blair should not speak, Old Bill Stephens, a farmer, and his two sons among the number. A few of Blair's friends even advised against it, fearing blood­ shed, saying his life had been threatened. He replied, "Gen­ tlemen, I will speak this afternoon and I shall explode a shell in this town that will be remembered by these scoundrels as long as they live." An improvised speakers stand was erected just north of the present court house, where the city jail is located. Bill Stephens, the old man, was a client of the law firm of Crittenden and Cockrell, the former afterwards congressman and governor of Missouri, and the latter, thirty years United States senator, a Union colonel, and a Confederate general. In order to keep his eyes on Stephens during the speaking Colonel Crittenden sat by him on the speaker's stand. In the course of Blair's speech Stephens called him a liar and started to arise, as though to attack him. Colonel Crittenden grabbed Stephens by the neck and forced him down. Blair quietly remarked, "I'll take care of the ." He afterwards told father he had a little derringer pistol in his vest pocket. In the meantime Jim Stephens, a son, THE WARRENSBURG SPEECH OF FRANK P. BLAIR 103 started for Blair from the front of the stand with a knife. It was then that one of Johnson county's most prominent farm­ ers, a Union man, named Williams, seeing the threatening atti­ tude of Jim Stephens, stabbed him and he was carried about a half a block away to Culver's Corner, where he soon expired. In the commotion, the stand was partly knocked down, but Blair never ceased speaking, as though nothing had happened. The stand was rebuilt during the speaking by citizens of Warrensburg. Among the number were General Francis M. Cockrell, a hero of the battles of Franklin and Shiloh; General Eli H. Murray, Kentuckian, who had marched to the sea with Sherman, afterwards appointed governor of Utah by President Hayes, he was also a half brother of Colonel Crittenden; Col­ onel Wells H. Blodgett of the Union Army, afterwards a distin­ guished lawyer and general counsel of the Wabash Railway, living in Saint Louis with his wife and two daughters, the sole survivor of this bloody episode in Missouri's history; and Colonel Thomas T. Crittenden, who had commanded a Union regiment in the "Battle of Westport" in '64, which resulted in the overthrow of General Sterling Price's Trans- Mississippi Army, saving Missouri to the Union. Cockrell, Crittenden, and Blodgett were all young lawyers living in Warrensburg at the time and General Murray was visiting his half-brother. After Jim Stephens was stabbed, Williams ran down to Ming's Hotel near the depot, up through the kitchen and hid in the closet of a room of one of the guests. He was closely pursued by the officers of the law and others, who soon reached the room where Williams was in hiding. They asked the guest if a man had run in there, receiving a negative reply. They searched the closet anyhow, but left without discovering the fugitive, concealed amidst the clothing. Later, when the case was called to trial, some witnesses swore it was "Oil" Williams, others said it was "Pitt" Williams, his brother, who committed the deed. As the absolute identity could not be established, there was no conviction. General Blair dined at my father's house the evening of the speaking and I had the great pleasure of meeting that wonderful man, afraid of neither "man nor devil." I was 104 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW but a lad and was greatly excited over the events of the day, for from our front yard on Gay Street, a block away, I could hear the speaking and saw Jim Stephens carried to the Culver Corner after receiving his death blow. Many times, in after years, I have heard father say that Frank Blair was the bravest man he had ever known. And long after, while serving his country as consul general, Gen­ eral Blair's picture had a conspicuous place on his desk in the consulate in the City of Mexico. After the war, when times had quieted somewhat in Missouri, Frank P. Blair served his adopted state with dis­ tinction and honor as United States senator; also as superin­ tendent of insurance. He was nominated for vice-president in 1868 by the Democratic party on the presidential ticket with Horatio Seymour. Blair had great respect for Mr. Lincoln and supported all his measures in behalf of the defeated south with all the fearlessness of his ardent nature. With his big and brave heart he fought as hard in the "Test Oath" against the disfranchisement of those who had cast their lot with the Confederacy as he had to save Missouri for the Union. THE STORY OF AN OZARK FEUD 105

THE STORY OF AN OZARK FEUD BY A. M. HASWELL I am inclosing a little sketch, "The Story of an Ozark Feud," which may perhaps be suitable for the Review. In 1873 my wife and I passed six honeymoons on Rippee Creek in the very center of the Alsup territory. I knew them all, big be-whiskered fellows, all except the sheriff, Shelt Alsup. He was not over five feet tall, but known all over the county as "The head devil of the Alsups!" I have this story as the foundation of an Ozark novel, "An Ozark Oligarchy," but I am not ready to publish it yet, and at all events it will do no harm to tell it in brief form "efsobe" you see fit to do so. The original settlers of the Missouri Ozarks were nearly all natives of the mountains of East Tennessee, Anglo-Saxon stock of the purest strain on earth. And, outside of the larger towns, by far the greater number of the population are today the descendants of the original pioneers. It is a strange fact that while East Tennessee and the adjacent parts of Kentucky and southwest Virginia have for generations been the scene of long continued and bloody family and neighborhood feuds, their close kin in the Ozarks seem to have left the feud habit behind them when they migrated to Missouri. So much is this the fact that in an intimate acquaintance with the Ozarks and Ozark people of more than half a century, the writer has heard of only one such contest worthy of the name of "feud." There have of course been sporadic neigh­ borhood quarrels, some of them resulting in bloodshed, but they were strictly individual matters, of limited extent, and short continuance. But there was one inveterate quarrel which continued its bloody course for nearly forty years, held one of the largest counties in the Ozarks in deadly fear, cost scores of lives, and was at last drowned under the bloody waves of civil war. Now that all the participants in that vendetta have long since passed away, and that their descendants are among the 106 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

best citizens of Missouri, it would seem as if the story of that strange conflict is worthy of permanent record. The Alsups were among the first, if not the very first, settlers in that part of the Ozarks now comprised in the coun­ ties of Ozark and Douglas. They were of the best East Tennessee stock, and moved to the Ozarks as early as 1820. Old Uncle Tom Alsup used to claim that the first of them landed at the mouth of the Big North Fork, on White river, in 1812, and that later they made their way up the Big North Fork to its junction with the Bryant Fork of White river and up the latter stream into Douglas county. Thomas Alsup was a small boy at the time of that migration, and a hale old man when he used to tell about it fifty years ago, and there is no reason to doubt the truth of his statement unless, perhaps, he may have made the date of the arrival a few years too early. Be that as it may it is certain the Alsups were in the region well over a century ago. Year after year with that clannish spirit, which is such a characteristic of these people, others of their kinship followed from Tennessee, until the little river bottom farms stretched fifty miles up stream from the White river. But along with those of the Alsup connection, there were others of the same mountain race who came into this backwoods Eden. Probably the most numerous of these were the Fleetwoods. These were, I think, of Kentucky birth. For years this settlement in the remote wilds of the Ozarks lived in primitive simplicity, and with no more quarrels than usual in such communities. But at length an Alsup and a Fleetwood disagreed over something, and the quarrel ended by one of the pair shooting the other dead. What they quarreled about, or which man was the aggressor or did the killing, no one in later days seemed to have the least idea. Enough that one member of one of the clans had been killed. As quickly as the news spread through the hills every man on either side made the quarrel his own and swore vengeance; Thus started the longest, fiercest and bloodiest feud in Ozark history. Years passed on, each seeing the bloody fruit of the feud. Occasionally some of the older and cooler heads on either side made efforts to end the trouble, and sometimes there THE STORY OF AN OZARK FEUD 107 would be an armed truce for a little time but it was a truce filled with suspicion and hatred, and sooner or later some tri­ fling disagreement would spring up, the lie would be passed, the ready revolvers would be drawn, one or both of the dis­ putants would drop dead, and the feud fires would blaze with redoubled violence. Probably in the forty years prior to 1860 two hundred lives were offered up on the altar of that bloody Moloch. Then there came a phase of the conflict which is probably unique in the history of such struggles. By mutual agree­ ment the men of the two clans, now including many of the inhabitants of the region who were not related to either of the original sides, met on a day in October, 1860, to fight out their quarrel to the death, with the tacit understanding that the losers would leave the county to the undisturbed possession of the victors. The chosen battle ground was a level plateau between Bryant Fork and Fox creek. The place was a typical "Post oak flat," with scattering large post oak trees, but free of underbrush, one of those natural parks common to the Ozarks. Here the Alsups and Fleetwoods met, probably a hundred men to the side, and all that beautiful Indian summer day fought a bloody battle. They fought in the fashion which their forefathers had learned from the Indians, using the trees as shelters, slipping around for a shot at their foes from the rear, using every trick of savage warfare to win. As the day drew to a close a score of men lay dead and as many more wounded. A truce was called while each side carried off their dead and wounded. As might have been expected the fight was a draw. Neither side would admit defeat, and the feud raged more furiously than ever. This last outbreak was of such an outrageous nature, that the small minority who were not partizans of either side called for an end to be put to the feud. A brave circuit judge and a prosecuting attorney brought the matter before a special grand jury, and some fifty men on each side were indicted for murder. The cases were due to come to trial at the session of the circuit court in the spring of 1861. But before that court met something had happened fifteen hundred 108 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

miles away to the eastward that put a period to any trial. The Confederate batteries had bombarded Fort Sumpter, the whole land was swept into the vortex of civil war, and the indictments in the Ozark woods were most effectually quashed. At the first breath of war the Fleetwoods declared for the Confederacy; the Alsups as promptly came out for the Union. Then followed four years of the worst possible civil war, war which in these Ozark hills too often flung to the winds every restraint of civilization or humanity, which slew old men sitting at their firesides, which called non-combatants to the doors of their cabins in the night, and shot them down from the darkness outside. Nearly every man, even to those not yet of man's age, was in one army or the other. But discipline was slack, leave of absence was easily had, or taken without leave, and while many were brave and honorable soldiers, there was an element who took advantage of the conflict to get revenge for old injuries, or to wipe out in blood the old time feud. So it was that when the war ended it was boast­ fully said: "There is nary a living Fleetwood in Douglas county," and the statement was true. The feud was ended. Then the Alsups entered into their own. The machinery of county government had been destroyed by the war, but was now reorganized. A convention was held for nominating county officers. Aided by the drastic laws which shut out from the franchise all who had taken part with or sympathized with the confederacy, the strong and victorious Alsup con­ nection had no difficulty in dictating the nominations and entered on a reign which was to last nearly a score of years. They made good officers, too, and the county prospered under their control. But in the course of time many new settlers came into Douglas county. Opposition to the long rule of the Alsups arose, and at length an election drew near wherein party names7 were discarded and the tickets were spoken of simply as "Alsup," or "anti-Alsup." That was undoubtedly one of the strangest campaigns in Missouri history. There were threats of bloodshed on every hand, and there were many fist fights, but no actual killing. On election day every man went to the polls heavily armed, and expecting trouble, but THE STORY OF AN OZARK FEUD 109

miraculously the day passed without a serious fight. When the ballot boxes were closed the news spread to every corner of Douglas county that the oligarchy which had so long held sway had not elected a single candidate. There was an aftermath of that election, when one of the old officers, the sheriff, was indicted for murder. He was a man of almost dwarfish size, an old Union soldier, and as nearly absolutely fearless as ever man was. Whether the indictment was the move of some enemy seeking revenge, or not, none can at this day tell. At all events when the newly elected sheriff went with a posse to take the indicted man prisoner, there was a shot from the little one-room house and the sheriff dropped dead. The cruel murder enraged the posse and they poured a volley from their Winchesters into the house, which killed the man they had come to arrest and his little daughter as well. 110 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS OF DISTIN­ GUISHED MISSOURIANS

BY DANIEL M. GRISSOM

EIGHTH ARTICLE

STERLING PRICE I saw him first at the state fair at Boonville in 1854— an occasion which usually brought together many prominent citizens of Central Missouri; and he was the easy chief in a gathering which included, amongst others, ex-Governor M. M. Marmaduke, Claiborne F. Jackson, the governor that was to be in 1861, Jos. L. Stephens, secretary of the fair board, and father of Governor Lon V. Stephens, and William F. Switzler, the famous editor of the Columbia Missouri States­ man. I have a vivid recollection of how his noble presence and affable bearing impressed me. On my way down the river, to St. Louis, he was a passenger as far as Jefferson City, There were few other passengers aboard, and we seemed to have the boat nearly to ourselves as we sat in conversation on the boiler deck during the short run from Boonville to the state capital. He was governor of the state at that time. I saw him a few years afterwards, when he made a speech at the old Merchants Exchange on the corner of Main and Walnut streets, in behalf of what afterwards became the Western Branch of the North Missouri (Wabash) Railroad. He was an easy, graceful and pleasant, but not particularly impressive speaker. During the Civil War an Eastern paper represented, or rather misrepresented, him as uncouth in manners and uneducated, the rude product of a rude society. Nothing could be more unlike the real man. Tall and commanding in person, with frank and open features, he possessed a bearing and manners that placed him at ease in any company. He was not an orator, nor debater, but he never rose on any occasion nor in any presence to speak without securing per- RECOLLECTIONS OF DISTINGUISHED MISSOURIANS 111 feet attention. Few men possess, in a higher degree than he possessed, the personal force and authority that subdues a turbulent assembly, and brings it to order; and it was this quality, not less than his emphatic and avowed Unionism that indicated him for president of the State Convention of 1861. General Alexander Doniphan, General William S. Harney and General Sterling Price were contemporary citizens of Missouri, about the same age, and each of them six feet two inches in height—and it might be said that three finer looking men could not be found in the world. 112 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

LITTLE VISITS WITH LITERARY MIS­ SOURIANS

BY CATHARINE CRANMER

RUPERT HUGHES Monday morning my telephone rang, and expecting to hear a voice with only the usual "day's-work" interest, I had a pleasant surprise. For the voice was brisk but rich in tone, and it said, quite as cordially as if we'd been old friends for years: "Good morning! This is Rupert Hughes. I've just had your note and I'll be very glad to have you come to see me." "Fine!" said I. "Today?" "Well, I'm occupied today," the pleasing voice came back. "But how would tomorrow about this time suit you?" It suited, exactly, and I was on hand next day. The floor clerk at the hotel where Mr. Hughes was living had hardly finished announcing that I was calling when a door at my left opened and there was Rupert Hughes, ex­ tending a hand of welcome, just as any old neighbor in Mis­ souri would do. "Come in; take off your coat; sit here;" and there we were, we two Missourians, in a sunny suite on a high floor of one of New York's most sumptuous hotels. "You look just as I thought you would," I found myself saying, although I hadn't consciously thought what he would be like. But somehow he seemed to bring instantly to my mind all the pictures of him I'd ever seen, all the things I'd ever heard of him, and all his stories I'd ever read. The generous-sized living room had a homey, comfortable look. In one corner was a grand piano with piles of sheet music which looked, not like the accumulation of months, but rather like a "working library." There was a small desk showing evidences of real use, and there were books on the tables and magazines on the sunny window sills. The pictures LITTLE VISITS WITH LITERARY MISSOURIANS 113 included two or three artists' originals of jackets and illustra­ tions for the author's books. All of this, fortunately, I took in at*a glance as I entered the room. Otherwise, I might not have seen it at all. For suddenly, Mr. Hughes began to talk, and after that I looked only at him. If I had looked away for an instant I'd have missed something that his eyes and occasional graceful ges­ tures add to the expressiveness of the most fluent talk I've ever heard pour in "cataract Lodore" fashion from human lips. I asked him whether he was conscious of any influence of his early Missouri environment on his work. After that I only listened. "Oh, yes, very decidedly," he said. "You see, I was born in Lancaster, Missouri, and lived there till I was several years old. And when we lived in Keokuk, that was still farther south than Lancaster, although a part of Iowa. Then my prep school days were spent in St. Charles, Missouri, a town that was curiously southern in many ways. My mother always did her shopping in St. Louis, my sister went to board­ ing school there, and my brother Felix to Smith Academy. My mother was a southern sympathizer, and my father was a northern man. So I was brought up to think that both the North and South were infallibly right. "In this magazine," Mr. Hughes went on, drawing from the pile on the window sill a recent copy of a popular magazine, "there is a story of mine that is purely a Missouri story. Where are you, Tod Allerton' is the title I gave it. The idea had been in the back of my mind for ten years, and suddenly one night as I was coming from the movies it occurred to me to present it in the form I have given it, that is, as an inquiry from the author to the boy who is the hero of it. I wanted to write this story," he added, "because the love affairs of children are often very terrible, and writers seldom dare to write about them with frankness." Then came flying comment on his boyhood days, and of his thrills at the stories his father told him of famous bush­ whackers and bandits whose escapades had enriched the elder Hughes' experiences as a lawyer. In fact, there was the 114 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

story of one client who had to be defended almost at the point of his counsel's revolver because he showed such a tendency to take the defense in his own hands. And counsel backed up the argument of the revolver with some such statement as this: "Behave yourself, and I'll have you acquitted; but if you so much as raise a finger against me, I'll blow a hole through you as big as one of the barns you're alleged to have burned." And more, and more and more, equally interesting and impossible to report verbatim. Mr. Hughes mentioned "The Little Fellow of Then" as one of his early stories having a Missouri setting. In dis­ cussing some of his stories, he would say: "Let me see, what did I call that story?" And I find myself also a little confused, as any one might well be, as to which of his many stories treat of this or that specific idea. But I think he said it is in "The Little Fellow of Then" that certain ambitious schemes of his boyhood were described. One was to build a railroad. Another to ship the season's crop of dandelion "down" to compete with the cotton markets. And Rupert Hughes still has a very boyish twinkle in his eyes as he recalls these vast enterprises of his boyhood. "The Whirlwind," his first novel, was a Missouri story. And "You hadn't Ought To" was the story of a Lancaster man. He says that some of these early Missouri stories are now out of print, but that he hopes to have his publishers bring out a new edition of one or two of them. I asked him whether any Missouri writer had influenced him. "I think not," he said, slowly. "Unlike Stevenson, who says, you know, that he deliberately imitated other writers as practice, I don't think I did; except unconsciously, as we're all apt to do. Some word that has particularly im­ pressed us is likely to crop out in our own writing. My first stories were boys' stories. Of course I read Tom Sawyer' and 'Huckleberry Finn,' but I don't know that they actually influenced me. But I used to see Mark Twain in Keokuk and he was a great hero of my boyhood. I got him to write his name in my autograph album, I remember." LITTLE VISITS WITH LITERARY MISSOURIANS 115

"Two of your short stories," I ventured, " 'The Last Rose of Summer* and 'Momma', have always seemed to me definitely Missourian in setting and characters. Are they?" "Oh, no; not Missouri, nor Iowa, nor Illinois," he said, with a little laugh, "but just any one or all three of them, as I knew them from Keokuk. I wrote several stories about a town I called Carthage, not after Carthage, Illinois, as many people supposed, but because the middle west was given to the habit of naming its small town such high-sounding names as Carthage, Palmyra, Rome, and so on." Wanting to get an idea of how Mr. Hughes gathers material for his novels, I ventured a question about "Within These Walls," which I had just read. I said something about his having recreated the atmosphere of an older New York, but I got no farther. "Ah, that book! I purposely omitted all sense of comedy from it. Some people, you know, think any serious work must be solemn, but my philosophy of life gives humor its place. Why should a man be thought wiser when he's solemn? A real laugh is based on a certain logic Wise men who have sat in their studies and theorized about humor really knew almost nothing about it I am crazy about music, but I don't know what it's all about. Some of the great composers have admitted they don't know themselves A great writer went to Hollywood to try to learn something about how laughter is made so that he could use the information in a philosophical work he was writing. He went out with Harold Lloyd to study the methods used to create laughter Max Eastman spent some months with Charley Chaplin to try to learn what makes laughter .But a professor at Columbia University in New York was asked to delete from one of his lectures a reference to Chaplin You can get theories about humor, but in life the unutterable mystery of the comedy and the tragedy in the same person make up what I call the tragic farce of existence." I have used dots to indicate the incomplete reporting of this speech, and have given only those parts of which I 116 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

managed to snatch the main thought down in shorthand with my eyes on the speaker instead of on my memorandum book. In discussing humor, Mr. Hughes referred to two of his books, "In the Old Nest" and "What Will People Say," but I am sorry I can't state just how he said they illustrate his own theories about humor. In and out of the main thread of the talk up to this point interesting bits of things had crept in so that I now knew his publishers were putting out "The Golden Ladder," but recent­ ly completed as a serial in a popular magazine. And I had read a letter from a prominent literary agent begging for permission to make dramatizations of certain of his novels because he seemed never to get time himself to dramatize them. Speaking of serial publication, Mr. Hughes said that his publishers expressed surprise that "The Golden Ladder" had been acceptable as a serial, since it is really the biography of Betty Jumel, who climbed from the most degraded beginning to a certain sort of grandeur without showing any of the virtues which tradition requires of those who attain the ends they seek. "Here you are," his publishers had said, "perhaps the highest paid serial writer that ever lived, and yet this story has none of the required 'serial tricks'." "But I never employ 'serial tricks'," protested Mr. Hughes. "I write anything I please; getting, of course, a certain suspense and character interest And just the truth, as nearly as I could get it, has made up my novel about this woman who was born the illegitimate daughter of a prostitute in Providence, in surroundings indescribably sordid " And there followed a marvelously detailed outline of this woman's life. When presently the final climax came and she was housed in the historic Jumel Mansion and filled with senile delusions about being surrounded by the buried treasure of Captain Kidd, I had the temerity to put my question about how he had gone about gathering material for this book. "To me, my novels are just as much history as anything that ever happened," he said. "I consider myself more of a LITTLE VISITS WITH LITERARY MISSOURIANS 117 historian than a novelist. This book required considerable research work. But there did exist record of Betty Jumel's early life, and of many of her later triumphs. "In the course of the book there is a trial scene to be described. A man told me that a record of this trial was in Washington. I went there to the Congressional Library, looked through this record, and had 150 pages of it photo­ graphed for my use. "There was one period of a few years in Betty Jumel's life of which no record existed. She simply disappeared during those years. Well, if I were writing a life of Napoleon and knew only of his great military genius and nothing of his childhood, it would be natural to assume that he had played with toy soldiers. So I had to assume that those unrecorded years of this woman's life were a logical step between her known early life and later career. I assumed that she had lived a fast life. And that she had been in France, for she later showed that she had somehow acquired a fondness for France and a knowledge of it which indicated first-hand famil­ iarity with it." I asked him how, with the work of actually creating so much writing, he found time also to do the research work necessary. "Oh, I manage," he said, "and I always had a mania for facts. In my college work one of our philosophy teachers said to us, after we had read all the philosophers, that unless we had taken to ourselves forever one lesson of just two words, then all our study had been in vain. That two-word lesson was: 'Question everything'." "I was the son of a lawyer, and was brought up to study evidence. When my father didn't know much about a case, he didn't have an opinion. He made me understand that opinions can be intelligent and fair only when based on facts. And the scientist says: 'Here is what I have studied, and observed. This is my theory. If any man has evidence that alters or disproves it, I welcome him, for all I want is the truth.1 "People—characters—are not all good nor all bad. They should be presented as they are. WTere our early statesmen actually as the historical legends portray them? Or were 118 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW they as full of faults as other men? A writer of fiction presents Alexander Hamilton as all good, and Aaron Burr as all bad. But records of fact do not justify either estimate. When the facts are not available, it is safer to say, 'Legend or fact, the story goes—' "Some people have said of me that I have an uncanny knowledge of the female heart, of a woman's soul." And he was off on another interesting trail. "It's a joke in my family. They say: 'Ah, how you know women!' A lady said to me: 'Mr. Hughes, I'm ashamed to stand before you.' I asked, 'Why? What's happened?' And she replied that my analysis of women in some of my books had made her feel that her very soul was naked in my presence." "The fact is," he went on, after a little laugh, "I don't know any more about a woman's soul than I know about a man's soul. All I do know is this: I have read and heard the traditional things about women, and I have observed women; and they just don't seem to me to live up, or down, to the prospectus. Even bad little girls aren't as bad as they're thought to be, and good little girls often know a great deal more than they let on. And there's the old notion that all women love fine clothes. But you know perfectly well that plenty of women are content in dirty rags. On the other hand, just as many men are fops." He then mentioned that it is commonly said that all women gossip about their neighbors, but he said the same reason a woman gossips about such matters is the man's reason for talking about his business associates and com­ petitors. "Put a woman in a $50,000 business position, and she is not interested in neighborhood gossip," he said. "It's not her life. She's on another plane, that's all. "In studying women, it came to me that a woman is just a man or a man just a woman, who in any situation reacts as that character would react in the same situation. There's no real difference between men and women." As I look back over the whirling minutes of that swift hour of talk, certain characteristic remarks stand out, but do not fit themselves into their proper niches given to them by LITTLE VISITS WITH LITERARY MISSOURIANS 119 the speaker. It is something like passing through an ex­ position building full of varied and elaborate exhibits and afterwards recalling many outstanding details without being able to fit them into the units of which they form a part. For example, I have a feeling that I'm robbing this account of much of its interest by not being able to quote the full context of the following remarks: "Laughter is so close to tears, tears so close to laughter. It's one thing to say 'Right is right, and wrong is wrong.' But it's quite another to find somebody capable of saying what is right and what is wrong I never saw anybody who could have as much fun out of life as I, yet I have had many deep griefs and have felt them keenly. I suffer, but I am elastic Everything in the world interests me. And that, by the way, makes it easy for me to do a great deal of work. When work on a novel begins to grow tiresome, I change to a short story, from that to a musical composition, or a scenario." In addition to all this, I can imperfectly recall flashing comments on subjects as varied as chemistry, politics, morals, Mr. Bryan's views on evolution, the Senatorial investigations, philosophy and religion. When presently the telephone rang, Mr. Hughes with his quick grace was across the room answering it by the time the bell had fairly stopped ringing. Somebody was remind­ ing him of an engagement. He said: "I'll be there in about fifteen minutes." And I, realizing that I had been there for almost an hour, rose to go. But he said, as he motioned me back to my seat: "Oh, no; it's only two blocks away." Then, with the same easy grace, he settled himself in his chair, and as calmly as if he had fully an hour to spare, resumed comment on his alleged wizardry in penetrating the feminine mind and heart. When a few minutes afterward I did leave, he was all the gracious host again, helping me into my coat, escorting me to the door, and entrusting to me a message for Mr. Shoemaker and the Historical Society. "And tell them I'm still a loyal Missourian," he said from the doorway, as I started down the hall. 120 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS In the making of a nation, state and sectional influence gradually yields to national. To a great degree this is true in America, but, fortunately, there is little indication that national interest will entirely supplant state. Local history and state pride have done much to protect the individuality of the American commonwealth. Those who see benefit to the nation in preserving the state are wisely aiding.

One of America's greatest assets, actual and potential, is the local traditions and culture of each of the forty-eight states. Standardization may be both blessing and curse. Uniformity in acting and thinking may present a drab back­ ground for any civilization. This nation is fortunate in having preserved a diversity of legend and culture to lend color, interest, and beauty to our lives.

A dam across the Osage river and another across the Gasconade are probably engineering accomplishments within the near future. The first will form a lake one hundred miles long with a four hundred mile shore line, the second an eighty mile lake with nearly three hundred miles of shore. The power developed will be tremendous and may greatly alter economic life in central Missouri. But a greater change will be the influx of tens of thousands of vacationists.

A well informed man, of conservative thought, told me that the Ozarks would become one of the great playgrounds of the nation. They have nearly every advantage possessed by their more popular competitors and these in addition— beauty and diversity of scenery, springs remarkable in size and number, and nearness of location. The completion of the hard surfaced roads in Missouri, will, in this man's opinion, make the Ozarks the best known section of the State. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 121

Nearly every section of Missouri rushed into print with a boom. Lead and furs brought the river settlers. Virgin soil at cheap prices peopled the Boone's Lick and Salt River sections. Similar conditions populated the Platte Purchase country in less than a decade. Zinc, and later fruit and grain made the southwest thrive. Lumbering made the Ozarks progress for decades. Now, after a century of swamps and lakes, the southeast has become a valley of the Nile in pro­ ductivity. Will the Ozarks soon control the headlines?

While viewing some of the finest scenery in the Rockies, I remarked to my companion, president of a western railroad, that I had seen no stream and no scenery which in sheer beauty equalled the Osage river and the country around Westphalia, Missouri. To my surprise I received this answer: "You are right. Years ago I worked on the out of St. Louis. I know the Westphalia country. There are not a half dozen streams in America that rival the Osage river."

APPRECIATION I carried The Missouri Historical Review to the breakfast table with me this morning and almost did not get the dishes washed in time for dinner, the magazine was so very interesting. The State Historical Society is doing a wonderful work for Missouri, we are coming to appreciate it more and more.—Mrs. H. J. Blanton, Paris, Missouri, July 29, 1925. The Review gets better and better. Every number is packed full of items of Missouri history new to me, and I think new to most Missourians and which taken together make a perfect mine of information for future writers.—Mr. A. M. Haswell, Mansfield, Missouri, July 25, 1925. The article "Monuments and Memorials in Missouri" is very interest­ ing, and Miss Cranmer's "Little Visits with Literary Missourians" is a little gem. The entire July number of the Review is really priceless.— Reverend John Rothensteiner, St. Louis, Missouri, July 22, 1925. I think The State Historical Society of Missouri is worthy of my support and valuable to all Missourians.—Mr. James O. Erwin, Mokane, Missouri, August 7, 1925. "Missouri Verse and Verse Writers," in the last two numbers of the Review, is decidedly worth while and should be printed as a separate. I would like half dozen copies if so printed.—Purd B. Wright, Librarian, Kansas City Public Library, Kansas City, Missouri, November 12, 1924. The April Missouri Historical Review has just reached me and I am more than ever in love with and proud of it. It seems to me no intelligent 122 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Missourian, if he knew just what was in these Reviews, would do without them. The pages under the heading "Missouri History Not Found in Textbooks" are most interesting to me.—W. O. L. Jewett, Los Angeles, California, May 20, 1925. Let me most highly compliment you on the work of The State His­ torical Society of Missouri. I consider The Missouri Historical Review one of the best historical magazines in the nation. It is very rich in material relative to Missouri.—Loyd Collins, Clinton, Missouri, May 27, 1925. The July number of The Missouri Historical Review is a dandy. This publication is getting better and better.—J. West Goodwin, Sedalia, Mis­ souri, July 22, 1925. I very much enjoy The Missouri Historical Review.—W. B. Lowry, Editor, The Advertiser, Aurora, Missouri, March 27, 1925. The Missouri Historical Review is worth many times its cost from point of merit and in every way.—Mrs. Ida P. Stewart, Bend, Oregon, April 9, 1925. I have just finished reading the April number of The Missouri Historical Review, and have enjoyed every article and every item in it. Its high stand­ ards are kept up in every issue.—Wm. Clark Breckenridge, St. Louis, Missouri, May 20, 1925. The Missouri Historical Review came yesterday. The Review seems to get better with each issue. The great value of this publication lies in the inspiration it gives to the editors of the country to print matters of historical interest. Those best fitted to do the work of today are those best acquainted with what was done yesterday.—Edgar White, The Macon Re­ publican, Macon, Missouri, May 16, 1925. We wonder how many of our readers take The Missouri Historical Review, published at Columbia? It's an amazingly interesting work. Every issue contains something about Macon county and about people all of us know. Then it has many historical sketches of value. The last issue had something about the old McCully mill, the great drouth in Mis­ souri and reference to all the historical sketches that had been published in Macon county in 1923-24.—The Macon Republican, Macon, Missouri, May 19, 1925. I read The Missouri Historical Review with a great deal of interest. It makes me live over my life for the last sixty years or more. I personally enjoyed the "New Journalism in Missouri" because I witnessed it from the beginning and always enjoyed the "great religious daily" as the Globe- Democrat was known to all its friends in those days. "The Missouri Model Farm" is always dear to me because on its adjoining farm I married my wife. I cannot tell you how much I enjoyed Wiley Britton's "Pioneer Life in Southwest Missouri." But the thing nearer to my heart than all are the "Followers of Duden." I am pot sure but I believe that perhaps I am a by-product of these followers. I personally knew Father Muench, I had the honor of meeting him in his own home and eating dinner at his house in the summer of 1872 and he always was a very interesting character HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 123

to me. I also had the honor to entertain in my own home about the year 1880 the Honorable Gert Goebel at one time one of our state senators. I sometimes feel tempted to. write a chapter of the history of Missouri myself entitled "The Second Creek Valley" in Gasconade county, Missouri. —Judge Louis Hoffman, Sedalia, Missouri, March 16, 1925. I cannot afford to be without The Missouri Historical Review. No periodical that comes to my desk is welcomed more eagerly than is the Review. I have not yet received a single copy that was not worth the price of a whole year's subscription. I am glad that Arrow Rock is to be preserved for future Missourians.—Reverend P. T. Harman, Lynchburg, Virginia, March 17, 1925.

MONUMENTS AND MEMORIALS IN MISSOURI Since the appearance in the July Review of the article on "Monuments and Memorials in Missouri," data on a number of additional monuments has been received. Full accounts of these memorials are herewith included under the names of the respective counties.

CAPE GIRARDEAU In a long forgotten and deserted cemetery about five miles from Cape Girardeau, there is a monument of Italian marble, at the grave of Wilson Brown, a former lieutenant-governor of the State, erected in 1856 with funds appropriated by the State of Missouri. Brown, who died on August 27, 1855, during his incumbency of the office of lieutenant-governor, was ac­ tive in state politics for a number of years, having been representative from Scott county in the General Assembly in 1838 and 1839, and state auditor from 1849 until 1852.

MACON A cenotaph of granite to the memory of Macon county's fifty-one World War soldiers, was erected in the courthouse square in Macon in 1921. The base and die containing the names of the men who lost their lives, are of gray St. Cloud granite and the American eagle surmounting the shaft is of Vermont granite. The monument was erected by the people of the county at a cost of $2,000. The graves of two Revolutionary soldiers buried in Macon county have been marked by the Daughters of the 124 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

American Revolution with the usual bronze markers. The graves thus marked are those of James Howe, who is buried in Dunham cemetery near the town of Elmer, and of Henry Lynch, who lies in the Powell cemetery, seven miles north of Macon.

MONROE In the main corridor of the Monroe County courthouse at Paris, there is a bronze tablet bearing the names of all soldiers, sailors and marines, and of all Red Cross nurses from that county who served in the great War. The tablet was presented to the county in 1920 by Mr. J. Fletcher Farrell of New York, a native of Monroe county and a former citizen of Paris. MONTGOMERY The Hardin Camp chapter of the D. A. R. have recently placed a marker at the grave of Mrs. Anna Skinner Hayes, in the cemetery at Jonesburg. Mrs. Hayes was a daughter of John Skinner of Virginia, a Revolutionary soldier who served in the Third Virginia Regiment and participated in the seige of Yorktown. Fourteen members of the Hardin Camp chap­ ter are direct descendants of John Skinner.

TANEY Commemorative of the soldiers from Taney county who lost their lives during the World War, is a soldiers memorial building erected in 1923-24 at Forsyth, the county seat. The building, which is to serve as a community center, is of native stone and stands upon a lot donated for. this purpose by one of the citizens of Forsyth. The memorial was erected with funds obtained by State and city appropriation and from private subscriptions.

IN RE EARLY POWDER MILLS IN MISSOURI This instructive letter from Father John Rothensteiner of St. Louis under date of July 23, 1925, throws additional light on this important subject of the early manufacture of powder in Missouri: HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 125

I just read your brief account of the "Early Powder Mills in Missouri." It struck me that 1835 was a rather late date for the first powder mill in Missouri. Surely the early Missourians before Missouri statehood must have manufactured this indispensable article for war and the chase. Of course a good part of it may have been imported from France. In fact Crozat was entitled by his contract to take a large quantity of powder from the royal magazines once a year. Yet this mode was too expensive, the trappers and traders of early days must have utilized the natural resources of the country. I never gave any thought to this matter until quite lately. But to lay, reading Schoolcraft's "A View of the Lead Mines of Missouri, 1818," I found the following on page 43: "There are several saltpeter caves worked, one powder mill and pretty extensive salt works on Saline Creek, Ste. Genevieve county." Until further data are forthcoming, I must regard the Ste. Genevieve county powder mill as the first one in the Territory of Missouri.

The following data on early powder mills in Missouri has been received in a letter from Mr. Hugo Schlatter of the Hercules Powder Company, Wilmington, Delaware: Our information on this subject is rather meagre. Clark, in his "His­ tory of Manufactures in the United States" (Washington, 1916), states that the Missouri settlements in 1819 had three shot towers, one powder mill . . .(Page 341). The St. Louis Public Library quotes from Scharff's St. Louis, II, 1253: "Major James Barry commenced the manufacture of powder in the neigh­ borhood of St. Louis in 1823 and in 1833 Major Phillips' Eagle Powder Mills had just been put into operation. The latter mills were soon after destroyed by an explosion."

MISSOURI GUNPOWDER FOR THE WAR OF 1812, BY HERMAN GOTTLIEB KIEL The Missouri Historical Review, July, 1925, pages 704 to 707, "Early Powder Mills in Missouri," mentions one powder mill with two persons employed, $1,050 capital invested, manufacturing 7,500 pounds of powder about 1840 in Franklin County, Missouri. Atlas Map of Franklin County, Missouri, published in English and German, 1878, by The Saint Louis Atlas Publish­ ing Company, is the first great classic publication confined to Franklin county, Missouri, and is generally trustworthy. Under History of Townships, Saint Johns, page 16, the follow- 126 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

ing statement appears: "Jack Maupin started a powder mill about 1812, to supply the early settlers for the troubles por­ tending from the war of 1812, while Daniel, his brother, manufactured guns, as demands were made, and was in his day one of the best gunsmiths west of the Allegheny mountains. The former was so injured from an explosion of his powder works that he died in a few hours after the accident. During the Indian troubles, consequent on our last war with Great Britain, the few settlers of the county banded themselves to­ gether into three divisions of rangers, each of which served alternately in scouring the country, while the others culti­ vated the fields and otherwise provided for the wants of the community; and such was the character of the vigilance used that the few forts built were never needed." History of Franklin County, 1888, The Goodspeed Pub­ lishing Co., Chicago, First Settlers, page 223, says: "John Maupin, son of Mosias, was killed by the explosion of a powder mill, and Benjamin Brown came very near losing his life by the same accident. John Maupin's children were John, Amos, Wilkinson, Daniel and two daughters, one of whom married James Heatherly, and the other William McDonald." This powder mill was probably about Newport, now Dundee, 61 miles west of St. Louis, via Mo. Pacific Railroad, and Franklin county was part of St. Louis county until Dec. 11, 1818. It is possible that Bucklick of that neighborhood contributed part of the material for the manufacture of gun­ powder. Historians of that period record much British propa­ ganda among the Indians and it is said that information was passed with remarkable speed and that the Indians were among the first there to learn of the close of the war. Much later a powder mill was located at a place known as Molino, Youngs Mills or "Spring Creek Mills" north of Stanton, where Charles Schulz whose biography appears in the Goodspeed History of 1888, page 817, later built the great flour mill near the best water power in Franklin county.

Mr. Wm. Clark Breckenridge, of St. Louis, under date of August 18, 1925, makes this interesting contribution: Herewith find enclosed my article on Early Gunpowder HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 127

Making in Missouri, which I have put into this shape at your suggestion. In view of the many books and newspapers consulted, I am disappointed at not finding more items relat­ ing to the gunpowder industry, but I still feel that there exists much information regarding this industry buried in many out- of-the-way reminiscences in books and pamphlets, as well as in old advertisements, inaccessible to me. I trust that the publication of this paper will have the effect of bringing into light more sources of knowledge that I have discovered. Houck in his History of Missouri referring to gunpowder- making over a century ago in pioneer Missouri, speaks of it as "No unimportant industry at that time," so I conclude that he must have had some particular knowledge of this manu­ facture, which he, however, failed to include in his books. I have included in my paper a few remarks about the raw materials used in gunpowder-making so as to show how easily they were to be obtained in Missouri. You will note that I have concluded my paper by giving some information about the storage, brands and prices of gunpowder in St. Louis. I thought it well to bring that in. The beginnings of the various industries in pioneer com­ munities, is a subject of absorbing interest, but one about which unfortunately the people at present connected with those industries can give but very little information. I trust that the publication of my paper on the early powder industry will be followed by papers dealing with the manufacture of the famous Conestoga wagons at St. Louis for the Western plains. This industry had reached such pro­ portions that frequently an entire steamboat was loaded with only these wagons in the knock-down which were then shipped up to Fort Benton and there assembled by men who ac­ companied them, and started on their long freighting journey. The history of the early manufacture of iron should be given, history of salt-making and the men (where known) mentioned. Early dyeing and weaving, together with the fact that books (really manuals) were published even at that early day to instruct in that industry, should be put on record, as well as the fact that books were published in America as early as 1808 giving instruction in powder-making. Also a paper would 128 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW be timely on the early makers of rifles in Missouri. Some of these makes of rifles became famous and were carried in the hands of the explorers and fur-traders all over the West. The publication of an article on the raising of the mulberry tree in early Missouri in preparation for the silk industry would make almost as funny reading as the celebrated work on The Hen Fever. I think a paper on early lotteries in Missouri would be very instructive, as showing that although the Legislature authorized all of these lotteries, still they all failed of their purpose. The one to provide money to purchase fire engines for the town of St. Louis in 1817 failed to provide; the one to finish and support Potosi Academy did not do it; the one to build a new Masonic Hall in St. Louis failed of its purpose; the one to build a railroad (plank-road) from the Missouri river to New Franklin was turned into a daring swindle, and the State had a hard time to stop its operation. In 1842 the Legislature enacted An Act to forever prohibit all lotteries, but after that, in the Constitutional Convention of 1865, an effort was made to permit lotteries to be established. A fine record when the results of the above mentioned lotteries plainly showed that the people as a whole were set against them.

THE FIRST STEAMBOAT IN ST. LOUIS This interesting letter from Dr. E. E. Reed, president of Westminster College at Fulton, Missouri, was received under date of July 29, 1925: I notice the inclosed item from you in the Globe-Democrat of yesterday telling of the landing of the first steamboat in St. Louis. Understanding that my great-uncle (my father's uncle) was the one who landed this boat there, I have referred to the data in the "History of the Reed, Read, etc., family" and find on page 549 the following: "Further Notice of Silas, of Rootstown, O.; and his Descendants. "Silas (who is noticed on p. 220) was the son of Jacob and Lydia (see pp. 530 and 531), and grandson of Josiah and Elizabeth (noticed on p. 217). He was born Oct. 21, 1752. "Jacob Reed, the eldest son of Silas, was born in Ellington, Conn. He removed his family to Rising Sun, Ind., in 1815; while he constructed the steamboat Tike,' at Louisville, with which he entered the port of HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 129

St. Louis in July, 1817—it being the first steam-craft that ever landed there, or stemmed the current of the Mississippi above the mouth of the Ohio. He afterwards owned the 'Franklin' and 'Yankee' steamboats; the former being sunk in the Mississippi while he owned her. He settled in St. Louis, 1817; and, in 1820, he, as captain of one of his steamers, and his son (Dayton) clerk of another, sailed from St. Louis to New Orleans; and both died there, in September of that year, of yellow fever." I might, also, mention in this connection that my father's oldest brother, Silas Reed, operated quite extensively in St. Louis and out from there in the latter half of the 30's. He was appointed Surveyor General of Illinois and Missouri by President William Henry Harrison in 1841. In March, 1839, he addressed some letters to Hon. Amasa Walker of Mass. "on the subject of a continuous line of railroad from Boston to St. Louis which letters were published in the Boston Post, in which he predicted the completion of such a road within fifteen years; in March, 1854, it was realized by the arrival of Eastern cars on the banks of the Mississippi at Alton and Rock Island." I might add that he was later appointed Sur­ veyor General of Wyoming by President U. S. Grant. I thought you might be interested in having this little bit of family history somewhat connected up with the early history of our state.

LETTERS FROM A MISSOURI FORTY-NINER COL. WILLIAM DANIEL MARMADUKE

BY GRACE H. SHARP California's celebration of the discovery of gold this year revives the memory of the "Forty-Niners." One of the most daring and unselfish of these spirits was William Daniel Marmaduke of Hannibal. He was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, March 12, 1816; being first cousin to Governor Meredith Miles Marma­ duke and second cousin to Governor John S. Marmaduke. On his maternal side he was heir to a vast estate, but being denied this by complications, he at an early age sought his fortunes in young Missouri. He located in Palmyra. Here he married Miss Elmira John, a Virginia girl. About 1842 he moved to Hannibal, engaging in the mercantile business. While there he was Master of St. John's Masonic Lodge No. 28 many times; the records show him to have been a popular lecturer. Shortly 130 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW before gold was discovered in California, Mr. Marmaduke had signed a friend's note as security. Upon maturity of the note the friend was unable to pay; neither had Mr. Marma­ duke the funds, $5,000.00. The bankrupt law of that time would have released him from paying this debt. He said that it was a dishonest law and that he would not avail himself of it. He said: "I want to fill an honest grave." He left his family in care of a brother and started with a party from St. Joseph; he went on the overland southern route to California to dig gold and pay his friend's debt. Of his many letters, only two are yet in evidence; they are printed below. He dug the amount necessary and returned home by the way of Panama, walking over the mountain defiles by the side of a burro, across which the bags of gold were strapped. Returning to Hannibal, he resumed his business and active Masonic work. His son-in-law, Rev. George W. Sharp, said of Mr. Marmaduke, "He would have died for a friend." When cholera raged he nursed the sick and cared for the dead; he had no sense of fear. A story is told by companions of his California trip. While enroute west they were checked by the torrent of the Green River. The caravan stopped, hesitating to enter the raging stream. Mr. Marmaduke flung his horse's bridle over his arm and swam the stream with his horse, leading the way. He moved to Bloomington about 1856, where he was Master of the Masonic Lodge. When the Civil War broke out he organized and drilled a company and joined General Price, who made him a colonel. After a hard fought battle in July, he lay down to rest in a little cabin near Neosha. Here he was later found dead, July 7, 1861. The following are the two letters. James and Samuel were his brothers. Bob was a slave of James. Stars have been placed where the letters are faded. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 131

Dry Digginsville, California, Oct. 14, 1849. Elmira Marmaduke, Shelbyville, Mo. Dear Wife: I have just received yours of the 4th of July, mailed at Edina and also from my beloved daughter. These letters afforded me the utmost pleasure to hear from you all, and to know that you are well. I have written you often, and from various places since I left, but you seemed to have received only one. I have forwarded one to you since my arrival, and will continue to write at every opportunity. Our preacher from Boone Co., Mr. Wright, will be the bearer of this letter, and also three (* * *) of gold; here are worth each $5.76, in the states, $7.60, or perhaps more or less according to the fineness of the gold, of which I am satisfied he will do me justice in his report to you. I have been here 7 weeks and have taken in gold over $1,000, and the ground seems yet good. Each miner is entitled to 15 square feet of ground, and he holds the same by having any mining tool on or in said "hold" or pan. I have seen several hundreds of dollars worth of gold in their "hold," while the owners were at dinner; in a Christian land they would have lock and key on same instanta. There is more true honor observed here than any place I ever saw. I expect to toil through this winter and leave for home next June pro­ vided I can raise the amount I left my name to get which is $5,000; I desire once before I die to be a free man, though I toil all day in mud and water and think it hard, but it is easy when I draw my pay at night, which has been as yet, from $16 to $100. This money you may receive, do as you think best about it. I do not fear your extravagance. Keep my children in school and tell them God help them. I do want to see them all once more, which I will soon do if fortune favors me as it has done since my arrival, though I live poor and having my living cost me #9.00 per week: 50 cts. pork. 25 cts. and 30 cts. lb. flour. 50 cts. a piece per No. 3 mackerel. 2 cts. per oz. for onions. #2 per bushel for Irish potatoes at the mines. I am done. I will write to James, also to Samuel and Allison. I wish you would write me a history of all my friends and neighbors. I am cut off from all communications, I can hear nothing. Tell my daughter she must write me again. I love to kiss often her little hand, and that her Pa never forgets her nor any of the family whilst I live. Fare you well until we meet again, whilst I ever expect to remain your affectionate husband, WILLIAM D. MARMADUKE. 132 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

I have made arrangements with Mr. Wright to take this money to you in person—you will pay him his charges. I would advise you to keep this money until I come. Oct. 17, '49. (The above letter was folded only and had been sealed, stamped and addressed.) California, Hangtown, March 6, '50 Dear Elmira: It rains today. I have not received any letter written since my arrival in California, notwithstanding I have written so often, and only have as yet received two letters in ten months, dated July 4th and August 3,—The little home circle answers to my thought as a magnet both by day and by night, and so frequently upbraids me for my absence, and says to me—return to them that love me above all others.—I console myself that the letters have been miscarried. Enough of * * * I can now define the time of my return home. If a good opportunity presents itself to cross the plains in July, I will start. If not safe or prudent I will have to come by November steamer—by the Isthmus.—I wish I could have your portrait that I could see, and also my little ones. My daughter Virginia is improving so fast in learning; I expect. Thaddeus Sobeski will be able to write soon I would like to see—tell Benton to try to learn fast—I will have many pretty stories to tell them about the country, of the Indians, elk, deer, bear, and will bring them many curiosities should I go by water. I intend this summer to obtain some seeds from the most (* *) grapes, raspberries and beautiful flowers I ever beheld, for Virginia.— I have about 1,000 ounces in gold on hand and want 100 more before I leave which I think I can get by the 1st of July, at which time I expect to quit digging, and if safe, will cross the plains. Tell James, Bob is not entirely well as yet. I hold it obligatory upon him to make $1,000 for James, then he can come and bring the same or stay in California. I will give him every chance I can and see that he is righted—and if he can do this, and will not, he never shall have his freedom, but if sick and can not, I will bring him home at my own expense. I have told Bob this and he will do his best to accomplish the same—unless put astray by some of those mean Yankees for which the country abounds. I have enjoyed good health here, and hope you and family are enjoying like blessings—but better provided for. I wrote that Mr. Pilcher was sick but is recovering slowly and I have great apprehension as to the result.—I see him every day and he has every attention that can be given in the mines. He does not wish his wife to know his sickness as it would make her uneasy. You can assure her though that every attention will be paid to him that is possible under the surrounding circumstances. I do not know whether you received the money sent by * * * or not. If you have, keep the same, except for your consumption in my absence, as I directed in one letter in Feby., pay to W. Allison 2,250 on the Hoffman acct. (or debt) and take a receipt for same. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 133

I have no more at present. I have written to Samuel and Allison by this mail. I remain your affectionate husband until death farewell. WM. D. MARMADUKE.

A MISSOURIAN, LAST REMAINING SCOUT OF KIT CARSON This interesting communication was received from Miss Grace H. Sharp, member of The State Historical Society: At 1124 Bannock Street, Denver, Colorado, lives one of the ad­ venturous spirits who helped open.the West to civilization, "Colonel" Dick Rutledge. He was born in Buchanan county, Missouri, eighty years ago. Going West in 1866 he joined Christopher (Kit) Carson, with whom he was closely associated in helping emigrants and fighting Indians for several years. Later he served in the same capacity under General Phil. Sheridan, then with Buffalo Bill. "Colonel" Rutledge is a genial, free natured man. He often conducts the scenario makers over the mountains and trails. Kit Carson, though probably a native of Kentucky, was reared in Howard county, Missouri, and was bound to the saddler's trade. Running away to the West when seventeen, an advertisement says of him: "He is supposed to have made his way to the upper part of the state. All persons are notified not to harbor, support or subsist said boy under penalty of the law. One cent reward will be given to any person who will bring back the said boy." Signed, DAVID WORKMAN, Franklin, October 6, 1825.

The Indian regarded the honey-bee as an ill omen. She was the white man's fly. In fact, she was the epitome of the white man himself. She has the white man's craftiness, his industry, his architectural skill, his neatness and love of system, his foresight; and, above all, his eager miserly habits. The honey-bee's great ambition is to be rich, to lay up great stores, to possess the sweet of every flower that blooms. She is more than provident. Enough will not satisfy her; she must have all she can get by hook or crook. She comes from the oldest country, Asia, and thrives best in the most fertile and long-settled lands.—From Pepaction and Other Sketches, pp. 53-54.

A MEMORIAL PARK FOR THE BATTLE OF WESTPORT Huston Crittenden, curator of the Missouri Valley His­ torical Society and a son of the late Thomas T. Crittenden, former governor of Missouri, gives below some reasons why 1 34 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW the federal government should establish a National Park on the field of the Battle of Westport. Mr. Crittenden should have strong support in this service he is giving to Kansas City to secure a suitable memorial for the men in Blue and the men in Gray who lost their lives in this great struggle within the present confines of Kansas City.

The Missouri Valley Historical Society of Kansas City, Missouri, considers that *he Battle of Westport with its preliminary sxirmishes, fought October 21, 22 and 23, 1864, during the Civil War, is of sufficient importance to warrant the National Government acquiring a part of the battlefield and converting it into a National Park, with a suitable monu­ ment or memorial building thereon, in memory of the soldiers of both the North and the South who made the supreme sacrifice in that memorable battle. This decisive battle was the most important engagement west of the Mississippi River and marked the end of the "Trans-Mississippi Army" under Major-General Sterling Price, and is frequently referred to in his­ tory as "The Gettysburg of the West." The Union forces were under Major-General Alfred S. Pleasanton, U. S. A., commanding the "Army of the Department of the Missouri" and Ma or-General Samuel R. Curtis, U. S. A., Department of Kansas, commanding the "Army of the Border." In this engagement were troops from eight different states, namely, Mis­ souri, Kansas, Arkansas, Iowa, Wisconsin, Colorado, Texas and Illinois; 29,000 troops took part in the conflict. There was a vast difference in the numbers engaged in the Gettysburg of the East and the Western Gettys­ burg, but the final result was the same; each ended the Civil War in its repective territory and brought peace to the strife-torn sections. Gettysburg National Military Park—24,460 acres, Shiloh National Military Park—3,547.14 acres, Vicksburg National Military Park—1,322.63 acres, Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park—5,733.11 acres, Antietam Battlefield—40.00 acres, have been generously remembered by the National Government with wonderful parks and monuments. Why not Westport National Military Park—110 acres? Kansas City, Missouri, has done her part to commemorate the great sacrifices of her sons in the terrible World War, by contributing three mil­ lion dollars for a Liberty Park and Memorial Shaft directly south of the magnificent Union Station. Therefore, our committee does not think it is asking too much of the Government in Washington to allow a compara­ tively small amount for the delayed memorial to the brave soldiers of our Civil War, who fell at the Battle of Westport. As Curator of the Missouri Valley Historical Society of Kansas City, I attended the second session of the sixty-eighth Congress, being in Wash­ ington about two months, and succeeded, though a short session, in getting the approval of Congress and President Coolidge of House Bill No. 5417, authorizing the Secretary of War to appoint a committee of three, to in- HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 135 vestigate the feasibility, and to ascertain and report the cost, of establish­ ing a national military park in and about Kansas City, Missouri, com­ memorative of the Battle of Westport. We are expecting that the committee will be appointed without delay, and will visit the battlefield in the near future. It would be a great thing for Kansas City and the middle west should this historic battle ground be marked by a national military park.—Citizens League Bulletin, Kansas City, Missouri, May 9, 1925.

A BIT OF CENTRAL MISSOURI HISTORY IN EARLY DAYS On the 25th of this month there is to be removed from Fayette to Chillicothe, a tombstone bearing likely as early a date as any in Central Missouri. The stone shows de­ ceased (Elizabeth Elrod Jones), was born the 19th of April, 1751. In 1835 there moved from Lincoln county, Kentucky, to Howard county, Missouri, Major M. Johnson and his wife, whose maiden name was Elizabeth (Betsy) Lee Jones. There came with them Mrs. Johnson's mother, Elizabeth Elrod Jones, then nearly eighty-five years old. She died 15th of April, 1843. She was buried in a private graveyard then a part of the farm of Major Johnson about a mile from Fayette. I think the farm is now owned by Mr. Ben C. Hitt. In 1867 Major Johnson sold the farm but reserved to himself and his descendants forever, this one-fourth acre graveyard and the right of way to it. (See Deed Book No. 11, Page 246, Records of Howard County.) In 1894 the writer learned of these facts in letters from Messrs. A. J. Herndon and J. E. Erwin, then somewhat aged residents of Fayette. Mr. John T. Graves wrote that only a few years before S. F. Johnson of New York, a son of Major Johnson, had caused to be placed about the old graveyard a stout fence. A copy of the inscriptions of the tombstones then on the lot was sent to me in 1894 by Dr. T. M. Nicholson, who then owned the farm, as follows: 1. Elizabeth Jones, wife of John Jones, born April 19th, 1751. Died April 15th, 1843. 2. Sallie, wife of Dr. C. Walling, born February 27th, 1819. Died February 17th, 1850. 3. Sicily, Daughter of Dr. C. Walling, born March 24th, 1844. Died May 9th, 1856. 136 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Mr. A. J. Herndon wrote that he knew Major Johnson and his family, and well remembered Mrs. Johnson's mother "Grand Ma Jones," and their coming to Howard county, in the fall of 1835. Some two years ago I learned from Mr. John T. Graves of Fayette, whose wife I think was a granddaughter of Mrs. Johnson, that the grave of his wife's mother had been removed to the cemetery in Fayette. I learned also that the fence about the old graveyard had passed away and that the tombstones over the other two graves were then under a shed on Mr. Hitt's farm. Some of the descendants of Elizabeth Jones feel it a duty to restore her monument and remove it and her remains to Chillicothe and place them in the cemetery there beside the grave of her daughter, Mrs. Johnson. Edmund Burke once said: "Those who do not treasure up the memory of their ancestors do not deserve to be remembered by their posterity."

Elizabeth Elrod (born April 19, 1751, died April 15, 1843), married John Jones (born October, 1742, died May 31, 1824), and lived at Shallow Ford on the Yadkin River in North Carolina. They moved to Kentucky shortly after Daniel Boone came there. She was the daughter of Robert Elrod, and he the son of Teter Elrod, the immigrant. Many of that family of Elrods have become distinguished, among them, Ex-Governor S. H. Elrod of South Dakota. Major Johnson and his wife (married Oct. 5, 1813) Eliza­ beth (Betsy) (born Nov. 13, 1794, died January 26, 1877), had children with interesting names: 1. Phoebe Italy, 2. Novazembla, 3. Sicily Nannie Ann Zeene, 4. John Leland, 5. Adamantine (whose son, Novazembla, now lives at Chillicothe). 6. Servetus Fisher (whose children now live in New York City). HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 137

About the same year, 1833 to 1835, there came from Casey county, Kentucky, to Morgan or Moniteau county, near Tipton, two other daughters (and their husbands and families) of the aged lady. These two were Mary (Polly) wife of Thomas Douthitt, and Phoebe, the wife of Johnathan Huff. Also the aged lady's oldest son was John Jones, a preacher in the Christian Church who died in Casey county, Kentucky, in 1835, and of his children there came to Missouri about 1840 to 1850 the following: 1. Sandy Elrod Jones (the father, Allen B. Jones, who was a prominent .preacher, and for a time President of the College at Liberty, Missouri). The latter being the father of Gordon Jones, who caused to be passed the bill for the examination of banks in Missouri, and was the first Bank Examiner appointed thereunder. 2. John S. Jones, who had married Christina Carpenter, and settled at Warrensburg. 3. James W. Jones, who had married Margaret Carpen­ ter and also settled at Warrensburg. 4. Mary (Polly) who had married Adam Carpenter and settled at Knobnoster. (Her son is W. D. Carpenter, formerly President of the Bank at Knobnoster, and now living in Knobnoster.) Another grand daughter, Elizabeth Jones, daughter of David Jones, married a Rucker and lived in Central Missouri. Each of these families left divers children whose descend­ ants, almost in hundreds, live in Central Missouri and through­ out the Country. This from a great-grandson, Breckenridge Jones, c/o Mississippi Valley Trust Co., St. Louis, Missouri. June 18, 1925.

MISSOURI MATERIAL WANTED National Old Trails Road Association 2nd, 1913 to 6th, 1917. 138 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Northwest Missouri Press Association 11th, 1901 and all others to date. Odd Fellows, Grand Encampment of Missouri 1st, 1847 to 36th, 1883; 38th, 1885 to 42d, 1889; 44th, 1891; 46th, 1893; 47th, 1894; 53d, 1900; 54th, 1901; 57th; 1904 to 61st, 1908; 66th, 1913; 69th, 1916. Odd Fellows, Grand Lodge of Missouri 60th, 1898; 64th, 1902; 66th, 1904; 67th, 1905; 68th 1906. Order of Eastern Star, Missouri Grand Chapter 42d, 1916. Ozark Press Association 1st, 1911 to 4th, 1914; 7th, 1917 to date. P. E. O., Missouri State Chapter 1st, 1893 to 7th, 1900; 9th, 1902 to 11th 1904. Photographers' Association The Society has only the 3d, 1896. Rebekah State Assembly of Missouri The Society has only from the 35th, 1919 to 40th, 1924. Road Improvement Association The Society has only the 7th, 1898. Royal Arcanum, Grand Council of Missouri 1st, 1884; 32d, 1915. Royal Arch Masons, Grand Chapter of Missouri 1855; 1857 to 1860; 1865; 1869. Royal and Select Masters, Grand Council of Missouri 1st, 1865; 2d, 1866; 5th, 1869; 7th, 1871; 8th, 1872; 9th 1873; 11th, 1875; 14th, 1878-79; 21st, 1886. Rural Letter Carriers', Missouri State Association 1st, 1903 to 3d, 1905; 8th, 1910. Southeast Missouri Drummers' Association 1st, 1896 to 17th, 1913; 19th, 1915; 21st, 1917. Southwest Missouri Press Association 1st, 1889 to 5th, 1894; 8th, 1897 to date. Sons of Revolution in Missouri Registers published before 1894; also any after 1920. Sons of Veterans, Missouri Division 1st, 1884 to 6th, 1890; 12th, 1896 and all others to date. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 139

Surveyors and Civil Engineers, Missouri Association 1st, 1880 to 3d, 1883; 7th, 1887 and all others issued later. Third U. S. Volunteer Engineers, Year Book 1907;1917;1918. Triple Alliance, Grand Council 1st, 1885 to 5th, 1890; 7th, 1892; 10th, 1895 and all others issued later. Tobacco Association The Society has only 1871, 1872, and 1875. Trap Shooters, Missouri and Kansas League The Society has only the 4th, 1905. U. A. O. D., Grand Grove of Missouri Any published before 1873; and 1883; 1901; 1903 and all others published later. United Confederate Veterans, Missouri Division 2d, 1898 to 4th, 1900; 7th, 1903; 8th, 1904; 9th, 1905; 11th, 1907; 14th, 1910; all published since 1913. Daughters of the Confederacy (Forerunner of U. D. C.) 2d, 1892 to 7th, 1897. United Daughters of the Confederacy, Missouri Division 1st, 1898. Y. M. C. A., State Association 2d, 1878 to 6th, 1882; 22d, 1898; 23d, 1899; 28th, 1904; 30th, 1906. Y. W. C. A., State Association 2d, 1890; 8th, 1896 and all others published to date.

"LIFE'S GOLDEN DREAMS"

REVIEWED BY W. L. NELSON "Life's Golden Dreams" is the effective title which Emory W. Justus of Jefferson City has given to a collection of poems, of which he is the author. The book, just from the press, is beautifully bound and attractively arranged. So diversified are these poems, by a writer as yet but little known, but destined to become much better known, that the reader finds in them an appeal to every mood and some­ thing for every moment. In many of the writings there has been given expression to a fine philosophy of life. In fact, 140 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW this is one of the strong points in the Justus poems. While attaining to fine heights, he has not written above and from the average man, but with and for him. The reader frequently finds himself feeling that he should like to have expressed himself in just such a manner. This is perhaps the best test as to the work and worth of a writer. Included among the selections are poems that appeal to patriotism and to state pride. For instance, there might be mentioned "Missouri" written to the tune of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" and found on page 163 of the volume referred to. On page 134 is found a beautiful and timely poem dedi­ cated to the hawthorn, the Missouri state flower. Special reference might also be called to "Those Magic Cliffs," lines descriptive of the view from the rear of the Missouri state capitol; to Ha Ha Tonka, a graphic description of Missouri's most beautiful playground; to "Missouri's New Capitol," the title of which is self-explanatory; and to Champ Clark, this poem constituting a fine tribute to one of Missouri's favorite sons. Another descriptive poem of merit is that of "The Ozark Land." In the same class belongs "The Meramec Springs." Differing greatly from the selections just referred to, is "The Heritage." These unusual lines constitute reflections on death, and were written after a visit to a cemetery. Nor would we fail to call attention to such joyous lines as "Happy Little Children." This poem should find a place in the song program of every school attended by small children. All in all, "Life's Golden Dreams" will make possible the realization of many golden dreams for all who are so fortunate as to read this volume of poems.

JOHN RAY This interesting and valuable sketch of one of the fathers of the State was compiled by Mrs. J. F. (Dora B.) Kurtz of Washington, Iowa: Among those who so freely gave their best efforts toward the organizing and building of the State of Missouri not many were more active than John Ray, a native of Virginia. At the HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 141 beginning of the Revolutionary War he enlisted for service in the First Virginia Regiment as a private. In 1780-1782 he served under General George Rogers Clark against the Indians in Illinois. He also worked with Daniel Boone in Kentucky and Missouri. After the close of the war he moved with his family to Kentucky and later to the territory of Missouri. Although past middle life he entered with enthusi­ asm into the work of helping to develop the rich resources of his new home. In May, 1820, he was elected as a delegate from Howard county to the first constitutional convention, which was held in the old Mansion House Hotel in St. Louis from June 12 to July 19. He was one of the framers of Missouri's first state con­ stitution which was adopted at this convention. While in St. Louis he was stricken with a fatal sickness and realizing that the end was near he called lawyer and witnesses and made his will. The next day he passed away. His burial place is not known to the writer. In November, 1820, when Ray county was formed it was named in his honor. He married in Virginia, Miss Jane Randolph, a sister of Nathaniel Randolph, who acted as purchasing agent for Gen. George Rogers Clark during the Revolution. A son of John and Jane Randolph Ray was Nathaniel Randolph Ray, who married Margaret Stockton Eads, whose nephew, I think, built the Eads bridge at St. Louis. A daughter of John and Jane Ray was Naomi, who married in Virginia John Boiling, a descendant of Col. Robert Boiling and Jane Rolfe, the grand-daughter of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. The great-grandfather of our John Ray was John Ray who emigrated from Kentworth, Lincolnshire, England, in 1635 and landed in Maryland. He was then 21 years of age. His wife was Nancy Harvelle. Several years later he moved his family to Virginia and in 1647 settled on the Sandy River in Prince Edward County. One of the descendants of John and Jane Randolph Ray is Rev. Randolph Ray, Rector of the Little Church around the Corner in New York City. Another was the late Wesley B. Boiling (Bolding) of Richland County, Illinois, and Henry County, Iowa. 142 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

PERSONALS James Newton Basket: Born in Nicholas county, Ken­ tucky, in 1849; died in St. Louis, Missouri, June 14, 1925. He was educated in the University of Missouri, and received the degree of Ph. B. in 1872; and in 1893 was awarded the honorary degree of A. M. He was prominent as a writer of popular scientific works dealing mainly with the habits of birds and the vagaries of nature. In 1893 he presented a paper at the World's Congress of Ornithologists in Chicago on "Some Hints at the Kinship of Birds as Shown by Their Eggs," and this gained immediate recognition for him. He is author of The Story of the Birds, The Story of the Fishes, As the Light Led, Whispers From Nature, and other books and papers dealing with nature study. Isaac Walter Bayse: Born in Bowling Green, Missouri, August 25, 1845; died in Bowling Green, Missouri, June 3, 1925. He was educated in the public schools of that city, and the Allegheney College at Meadsville, Pennsylvania, and the State Normal School at Plattsville, Wisconsin. Following this he returned to Bowling Green and taught in the public schools for some time. In 1867 be established a Normal School, and conducted it successfully for several years. He then gave up teaching and entered the real estate business. He spent much time in the study of the history of Northeast Missouri, and especially of Pike county. He became an authority on this subject, and wrote many articles for publication. Mr. Bayse was a member of the State Historical Society of Mis­ souri. Mrs. Amelia Xantippe Brown: Born in Warren county, Ohio, May 25, 1847; died in Edina, Missouri, September 11, 1924. She came to Missouri in 1857, and attended the public schools of this state. She then taught school for a short time, and later attended the convent conducted by the Sisters of Loretto, at Edina. Following this she studied in the normal school at Kirksville. She was at one time superintendent of schools in Lcwistown, and for a number of years was the editor of the Edina Sentinel. She wrote several short poems, HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 143 and was author of the Knox county section of a three volume History of Northeast Missouri.

Thomas B. Buckner: Born in Callaway county, Missouri, September 8, 1853; died in Kansas City, Missouri, July 8, 1925. He was educated in the public schools of Callaway county, and in 1875 was graduated from Westminster College at Fulton. He entered the law school of the University of Michigan, and in 1876 was admitted to the bar in Audrain county. Shortly after this he was elected prosecuting attorney of this county. He moved to Kansas City and practiced law for thirty years, and was then appointed to the circuit bench in 1916 by Governor Major. He was re-elected to this posi­ tion, and held it at the time of his death.

John Cosgrove: Born near Alexandria, Jefferson county* New York, September 12, 1838; died in Boonville, Missouri, August 15, 1925. He was graduated from Redwood High School, and for three years following his graduation he taught school. While teaching he read law, and was admitted to the bar in October, 1863. During the Civil War he was made first lieutenant of a company of New York National Guards, In November, 1865, he moved to Boonville, Missouri, and began practicing law. In 1870, and again in 1871, he was, elected city attorney of Boonville. Following this, in 1872, he was elected prosecuting attorney of Cooper county, and in 1882 was elected Congressional representative from the sixth district. At the time of his death he was president of the Cooper County Bar Association. He was a member of the State Historical Society of Missouri.

Lewis B. Dougherty: Born at Fort Leavenworth, Kan­ sas, December 7, 1828; died at Liberty, Missouri, August 16, 1925. He was educated in the public schools of Clay county, and was graduated from the University of Missouri in 1847. At the beginning of the Civil War he was made Captain of Company B, Third Missouri Regiment of the state troops, and he served throughout the entire war. In 1874 he was elected county treasurer of Clay county. 144 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Willard P. Hall: Born in St. Joseph, Missouri, August 12, 1879; died in Greenville, Texas, August 12, 1925. He was educated in WTilliam Jewell College, at Liberty, and also at the University of Missouri. He lived in Liberty, Missouri, and in 1919 was elected state representative from Clay county. C. C. Fogle: Born in Hardin county, Kentucky, July 28 1847; died in Lancaster, Missouri, July 18, 1924. His family moved to Missouri in 1851, and he was educated in the public schools of Scotland county, and the State Normal School at Kirksville. After he left school he taught in the schools of northeast Missouri for several years. In 1878 he was admitted to the bar; and from 1880 to 1883 he was city attorney of Lancaster. He was county commissioner of schools of Schuyler county for two terms, and state representative from 1889 to 1895. Otho J. Hurley: Born in Hagerstown, Maryland, March 4, 1839; died in St. Joseph, Missouri, August 12, 1925. At the beginning of the Civil War his sympathies were with the South, and in 1862 he joined the Confederate forces. He founded the Savannah, Andrew County Democrat August 20, 1876, and was its editor until November, 1895. From 1886 to 1890 he served as postmaster of Savannah. William Daniel Johnson: Born at Galatia, Illinois, June 27, 1859; died at Crocker, Missouri, November 30, 1924. He came to Missouri in 1882 and for a number of years taught school in Miller and Pulaski counties. He studied law at home, was admitted to the bar in 1891, and in 1892 was elected prosecuting attorney of Pulaski county. He was the repre­ sentative of Pulaski county in the General Assembly in 1913, and was postmaster of Crocker for eight years during the administration of President Wilson. At the time of his death he was prosecuting attorney, serving in that office for the fifth time. Robert McReynolds: Born in Knox county, Missouri, January 11, 1847; died in Knox City, Missouri, August 15, 1924. At the age of fifteen he read medicine under Dr. Alonzo Condit, and later under Dr. Joseph McReynolds, his uncle. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 145

During the next four years he taught school. Following this he attended lectures at Keokuk, and then went to medical college in St. Louis. He was elected representative from Knox county to the State Legislature in 1922. He was a member of the State Historical Society of Missouri.

John Lewis RoBards: Born in Houstonville, Lincoln county, Kentucky, May 8, 1838; died in Hannibal, Missouri, May 27, 1925. He received his education in the University of Missouri and the Jefferson School of Law at Louisville, Kentucky. He was elected vice-president of the Missouri Bar Association, and held this position for several years. He was quite prominent as a writer and an orator. He'was a member of the State Historical Society of Missouri.

Frank L. Schofield: Born in Moundsville, Virginia, October 1, 1849; died in Hannibal, Missouri, July 9, 1925. He was educated in the public schools of Lewis county, Mis­ souri, and in 1870 was graduated from Christian College (now Culver-Stockton) at Canton. In this year also he was ad­ mitted to the bar, and became the superintendent of Lewis county public schools. From 1873 to 1876 he was prosecuting attorney of Lewis county. In 1887 he was made standing master in chancery of the United States Court, Northern Division, District of Missouri, which high position he held until his death. In 1904 he was made non-resident lecturer on jurisdiction and procedure on federal courts in the law depart­ ment of the University of Missouri, and he held this position until 1910. In 1903-04 Judge Schofield was president of the Missouri Bar Association.

Jesse James Shaw: Born in Lincoln county, Missouri December 6, 1857; died in Elsberry, Missouri, February 16, 1925. He was educated in the district schools of Lincoln county, Troy High School, and the University of Missouri. He taught school in this county for three years; later he served as a deputy in the office of the county clerk from 1881 to 1886. He was then elected to the office of county clerk and served for a period of eight years. In 1918 he was elected associate judge of the county court, and he held this position at the 146 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW time of his death. He was a member of the State Historical Society of Missouri.

August Smith: Born in the parish of Tungsose, Province of Smaaland, Sweden, May 18,1845; died in Verona, Missouri, June 23, 1925. After completing school and the study of a special business course he entered railroad work. At the age of twenty-three he moved to the United States and settled in St. Louis. In 1872 he moved to Verona. Here he entered the mercantile business and soon after built the first store at Exeter, Missouri. He was influential in attracting immigrants to Southwest Missouri. He was a member of the State His­ torical Society of Missouri.

John B. Stone: Born in Marion, Alabama, December 5, 1842; died in Kansas City, Missouri, May 31, 1925. He was educated in the public schools of Selma, Alabama, and during the Civil War he joined the Confederate forces. He held public office in Selma and later in Dallas, Texas. In 1885 he moved to Kansas City, and entered the real estate business. In 1894 he was elected presiding judge of the county court.

Norman Maclaren Trenholme: Born at Montreal, Can­ ada, September 29,1874; died at Columbia, Missouri, June 11, 1925. He was graduated from McGill University with the degree of A. B. in 1895. He received the degree of A. M. from Harvard University in 1897, and that of Ph. D. in 1899. He then spent two years of study and travel in Europe. He was an assistant professor in history at Harvard from 1898 to 1899; then professor of history at Western University, London, Ontario, from 1900 to 1901, and professor of history at Pennsyl­ vania State College from 1901 to 1902. In 1902 he accepted a position in the history department of the University of Mis­ souri, and at the time of his death he was chairman of this department. Dr. Trenholme was the author of several books on historical subjects. In 1924 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society of England. He was a member of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association, and the State Historical Society of Missouri. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS 147

Edwin Carey Waters: Born near Center, Missouri, Au­ gust 20, 1854; died at Vandalia, Missouri, August 3,1924. He engaged in farming until 1886 at which time he moved to Vandalia. Since that time he had served as alderman and mayor of Vandalia, and for two terms as respresentative of Audrain county in the Missouri Legislature. Leigh Bowlin Woodside: Born in Thomasville, Missouri, February 2, 1848; died in Salem, Missouri, July 12, 1925. He received his education at Steelville Academy. In 1876 he was elected to the Legislature and served for one term. In 1897 he was appointed judge of the 19th Circuit by Governor Stone, and he was re-elected several times, holding the office until 1922. Following this he practiced law in Salem until the time of his death. 148 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS

SENATOR BENTON AND THE BUFFALO TRAILS

BY EDGAR WHITE, from the St. Louis Apropos, April, 1925. One of the most famous hostelries of the throbbing days anterior to our civil strife yet stands in its hoary-headed grandeur at New London, a Ralls county town with enough interesting history to make a fair-sized volume. The Century Inn, which dates back to the good year 1829, has recently come into possession of John H. Mankopt, who appreciates the legacy of yesterday, and who will not permit the artificers to change one bolt or beam or rod in the entire structure. There is a wide hearth in the erstwhile tap room, the hewn doors and casings of the built-in closets where perchance there safely rested the jugs of apple-jack and other of life's necessities for the wayfarer on the Salt River road from St. Louis; the curiously-large dining hall in the rear, once adorned with deer-heads, powder-horns and flint-lock rifles and the four­ teen guest rooms, the most comfortable of which was always reserved for Senator Thomas H. Benton. Why that honor for "Old Bullion?" Let Judge Benton Megown of New London tell. The Judge was named for the noted Missouri statesman because the elder Megown was always a strong friend and supporter of Benton's. "There was a time when Benton's political life hung by a thread," said the Judge. "He was shy one vote in the Missouri Legislature to elect him to the United States Senate. Daniel Ralls, representative from Pike— which then included this county—was lying seriously ill at his lodging place in Jefferson City (St. Louis). Learning of Benton's emergency, Ralls had four husky negroes summoned and they bore him on a stretcher where he cast the vote that sent Benton to the U. S. Senate. "Whatever may have been the shortcomings of the old Gladiator, ingratitude was not one of them. He always had a warm affection for the man who came to his rescue and for this town and county. He was here frequently during his campaigns, and spoke from the balcony of this old inn. "Father told me this: On the occasion of one of Benton's speeches here to an immense crowd—Benton always attracted the people from a great distance, not all of whom were his friends—a certain man, well- known locally, pushed his way aggressively to the front, and demanded an explanation of Benton for his vote on a resolution of national import. " 'Benton [the eccentric statesman frequently referred to himself in the third person] fully answered that question in his speech at Boonville/ he replied. 'Read it, sir, and be informed.' MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 149

" 'But, Colonel Benton,' the man persisted, 'I have read your speech there and I fail to understand it.' " That is your misfortune, sir,' Benton retorted. 'I can make a speech, but I have not the power to put brains into a man's head so he can understand.' "Father said at another time when Benton spoke at New London a number of boys and girls were struggling to the front to shake hands with him, but the older people were in the way. Benton observed this and said, in his sonorous voice: " 'Suffer little children to come unto me, and forbid them not, for when the years have whitened their heads, and time has left its ineffaceable mark on their faces, they will be proud to say to their children and their children's children: *I have shaken hands with Benton.' "That sounded badly egotistical of course, but father said the very thing Benton foresaw happened—those boys and girls, grown old and gray, took pride in saying that they had shaken hands with Senator Benton when he made his speech at New London." Judge N. M. Shelton of Macon, while not, of course, a contemporary of Senator Benton's, has been a student of his official career, and has heard his father and other men of Benton's day talk of the famous Missouri statesman of the last century. "I've never heard any of those who knew Senator Benton attempt to explain his tremendous self-satisfaction, except to say that it was an in­ herent part of his nature," said Judge Shelton. "Benton was a great man, and he knew it. While it is true he greatly enjoyed the admiration of the young, and on the occasions of his addresses shook hands with them, knowing they would speak of it in after life as an honor, he didn't mix with the crowd as our senators and other statesmen do now. He wore a cape, a fashion of the times, when he was speaking, and then when he was through, would draw his cape closer around him, abruptly leave the platform and stalk to his inn or waiting carriage, looking neither to the right nor to the left. He began his addresses, according to the late Colonel W. F. Switzler, the historian, with the word, 'Citizens.' Never by any chance did he say, 'Fellow Citizens.' Benton acknowledged no 'fellows' or comrades. He was all-sufficient. "At Fayette Senator Benton was told by an acquaintance of a most accurate report he had read in a Missouri paper of one of the Senator's speeches. " 'Certainly it was a good report,' returned the statesman modestly, 'for Benton wrote it himself.' "For a great many years that very self-complacency that would have spelled ruin for a smaller man seemed to add to Benton's popularity. People looked at it this way: 'Well, he is a great man, so what's wrong in his saying so?' "In Lafayette Park, St. Louis, is a good statue of Senator Benton, representing him with a scroll in his hand, on which is the inscription, 'To the East—there's India.' 150 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

"This refers to the Pacific railroad, the great transcontinental line that Benton so vigorously advocated, and which he foresaw would be one of the great developing agents of his country." State Highway Number 9 from St. Louis to Hannibal follows almost directly the Salt River road of early days. The pioneer route came up through Woods' Fort (now Troy), Stout's Fort, Clark's Fort, Smiley's Inn, Prairieville, Eolia, Frankford, and New London. Much of Number 9 is through the Daniel Boone country. In Lincoln county can yet be seen marks of the old buffalo trails. There were places where the trails showed clearly for a distance of a quarter of a mile in length, one hundred feet in width, and ten feet in depth. They ran across the prairie toward the Salt Springs, in the gravel beds of Coon Creek, some seven miles from Troy. Indian tradition has it that the buffalo would travel a great distance to reach these springs, and that they would always follow the clearly defined trail made by those that had traveled before them. Some great depressions in the ground, at certain places, the Indians ex­ plained, were where the animals had wallowed in the dirt. The great snow of 1864, it is said, covered all these places smoothly and those who traveled abroad had to be very careful lest they fall into one of the deep places worn by the shaggy pilgrims. One of the stockades erected on the Salt River road was called Ken­ nedy's Fort. Sarah Kennedy, wife of a pioneer, was left on guard during the days on which the men worked out in the timber. The door to her cabin, which was located close to the road, was always barred. One day, when she was not quite so vigilant as usual, the Indians crept up on the cabin, and splintered the door in such a way that one of them could reach in to remove the bar. The frontier woman acted promptly. Seizing an axe she hacked off the invader's arm. He gave a howl that reached the pioneers in the timber, who came running with their flint-locks. The red men did not tarry to cope with men who had blood in their eyes and leaden balls in their guns. The Salt River region was peopled by immigrants from Tennessee, Kentucky and Virginia. Mark Twain's family came from Tennessee and settled at Florida, close to that river which gave the road its name. Guyon Gibson captained a company of one hundred and twenty-five Tennesseeans that headed for Missouri in 1811 for the purpose of taking up land on the Salt River road, above the Missouri river. When they bid the folks in Tennessee good-bye the pilgrims did not read the stars, else they might have postponed their journey. What htppended is told by Thomas C. Wilson, of Hannibal, grandson of the Mosts who led the children of Tennessee into the promised land of Missouri. "The pilgrims from Tennessee left that state in December, 1811, with Grandfather Gibson acting as commander of the expedition," said Mr. Wilson. "About the middle of the month they went into camp on the MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 151

Big Muddy river, in southern Illinois. That night occurred what was called the New Madrid earthquake. A weird rumbling preceded the dis­ turbance. The wayfarers thought.it everything but what it was. They had never experienced an earthquake, and when they observed trees falling and then straightening up, and the ground waving up and down like a cloth they became panic-stricken. You couldn't blame them. It was enough to terrify the stoutest heart. But there was one cool-headed man in the crowd, 'Duck River Gibson,' they called him. He seized a girl and began to dance with her, whistling a merry tune. He was reproached for his frivolity, but 'Duck River' retorted: " 'If we got to go down we might as well go a-dancing.' "Some laughed, and it brought a semblance of order out of the panic» which was 'Duck River' Gibson's purpose. "Grandfather hurried the packing and the travelers moved from the dangerous locality. It was several days before the shocks subsided, but the party kept resolutely on. None wanted to turn back. Of such stuff were the early Missourians made." State Highway Number 9 is destined to be one of the most beautiful roadways in Missouri. Beginning at the southern end of the bridge across the Des Moines river at Keokuk, there is a two-mile stretch of concrete over which the motor car can travel safely even if the big Mississippi rises and crawls over the highway. About Alexandria, the way is made safe by protecting dikes. There is pretty river scenery through Lewis county— tall bluffs bordering the road on the west. Sometimes, high on these bluffs, you will see a little cottage, the home of a riverman, where he and his family dwell, isolated from the world. Out of Hannibal you cross a small stream through a covered bridge, a landmark of the days when the stage driver's horn awakened the settle­ ment, and everybody flocked into the log cabin post office to get blue letters sealed with wax. The gravel beds of eastern Missouri are being drawn on to keep Num­ ber 9 in good shape, and the concrete will come later. Through long vistas of ancient trees in Ralls county the car glides smoothly along the lowland road, then over the circling ridges, through the Indian and buffalo country of yesteryear, where the long cathedral-like arches of the forest and the velvet green of the fields are as nature's benediction to man for his industry and his faith. The flint-lock rifle that guarded the right-of-way when the road was young, the inspiring notes of the stage driver's horn, and the hoarse cries of the drovers as the cattle made their way across the endless prairies all belong to an age that has gone, but that has left an imprint upon the minds and hearts of those traveling the trail today, and who are facing and working out new problems of development with the same courage that made the pioneer the most striking figure in the history of a great state. 152 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

THE TWO JIMS AND THE BEARS E[y SIDNEY E. JOHNSON, from Adventure Magazine, November, 1924. That Jim Bridger was given to foolhardy exploits at all times, but especially when gone in liquor, we have Hough's "The Covered Wagon" and other reliable testimony to witness. But it is improbable that in all their careers either he or his friend, Jim Baker, ever attempted a more fool­ hardy venture than when they staged their famous battle with the grizzly cubs—and so far as can be learned both were sober at the time. It is Baker's story, and he told it often to my grandfather, from whom I got it. He and Bridger were one day setting traps on the headwaters of the Grand River when they came upon two young grizzly bears as large as Newfoundland dogs. Baker proposed that they kill and scalp these cubs with their hunting knives alone, and have a real feat to boast of. Accordingly they laid aside their rifles, each chose a bear and they waded in, no more ready for the fray, however, than the cubs themselves. For awhile, Baker said, it was a case of sparring for an opening. Each man circled round his bear, seeking a chance to run in and deal a death thrust; but the wary cubs stood on their hind legs and kept their fronts turned to their adversaries, snarling and striking out with extraordinary swiftness. Baker said he realized at once that "he'd tackled a heap sight more fout than what he'd reckoned on;" and he quickly grew apprehensive of the coming of the cub's mother—a contingency which, hampered as the two men were, would likely have put an end to the fight and also to the West's two most seasoned pioneers. Baker made several tentative attacks, slashed the cub's paws a few times and finally angered the animal so that it took the offensive. Man and beast closed. Baker's arms and legs were soon clawed almost to the bone, his clothes were torn to shreds and it was all he could do to avoid being slashed in the vitals. But after a terrific battle he succeeded in driving his knife to a vital spot. And so he laid out his bear. But Bridger was in a worse predicament than the one from which Baker had just extricated himself. His scratches were more severe, and he was so weakened from loss of blood that he could scarcely fend off the bear. He begged the other to come to his aid. And although Baker said he felt "it warn't none o' his business to meddle with another man's b'ar fout," he went in. Whereupon Bridger immediately retired from the contest. Desperately Baker fought. Vainly he implored Bridger to come in and end it either by shooting or stabbing the cub. "Go ahead, Jim," said the panting Bridger. "Yo' kin kill him an' sculp him yo'self." Baker, after a fight which tried him to the utmost, finally, killed the second cub; and then each man rested and bound up the other's wounds and was glad, rifle in hand, to seek shade and water. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 153

Finally Baker demanded an explanation of Bridger's conduct. "Why Jim, yo' 'tarnal fool," said Bridger, "yo' wanted to kill an' sculp b'ars with butcher-knives an' I really wanted to git 'em with guns. Yo' got us into there scrape, so I jest thort I'd 'low ye to hendle ther big end o' it!" Baker reflected a moment. "By gumbo whizz, yo're right, Jim!" he said. "An' I'll never fight nary other grizzly less'n I've got a good shootin' iron in my paws!" I guess he never did.

HISTORICAL MEMORIALS

From the St. Louis Christian Advocate, June 24, 1925. The movement to preserve the old home of Eugene Field at 624 South Broadway, St. Louis, is awakening an interest in other landmarks and historical places in and about St. Louis. The presentation of the Mark Twain article in this paper is an illus­ tration of what interested folk in Hannibal and Monroe county have done to preserve the places notable in the life and letters of our chief humorist. The series of historical reviews with the fine pictures in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat reveal a wealth of historical information throughout the state. The Methodists of Missouri might very much revive an interest in the beginning of church history and perhaps bring back the spirit of the fathers with all their zeal and sacrificial labors in building God's kingdom in Missouri, should they inquire concerning many places notable in the beginning of our church history. What could be more fitting than to place a memorial at Herculaneum, where John Clark stood on a rock in the Mississippi River about fifteen feet from the western bank and preached the first Protestant sermon to the people in the then Spanish Province of Upper Louisiana. The Cold Water community, a settlement in the northeastern part of what is now St. Louis county, might also be marked as an important place in his labors and his burial place. Cold Water community is very probably the point of beginning of John Travis' work in 1806, and place of the first camp meeting in Missouri. A spot somewhere near the present Planters Office Building might also be marked as the place of prayer of Jesse Walker, who stopped to pray about the discouraging reception he had met when he first came to St. Louis in 1820. Here, it is said, Walker knelt in prayer and in his solilo­ quy said: "Was I ever defeated in this blessed work? No; and, by the grace of God, I will go back and take St. Louis." What an inspiration such words on a bronze tablet, conspicuously placed on that fine office build­ ing, would give to youth and the heavy laden men of large business in that important business district? A tablet might be placed on the Missouri Athletic Association build­ ing at Fourth and Washington, marking the site of one of the first Metho- 154 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW dist churches in the city which contributed to the upbuilding of both Cen­ tenary and St. John's Methodist churches, now notable among St. Louis churches. Through the state there are many notable places marking the progress of Methodism. In the Boonslick country historical interest attaches to the Midway community in Boone county, where John Scripps, Jesse Walker and John Schroeder held a great camp meeting near the place where Thomas and Reuben Hatton had settled and built a log cabin in 1816. The his­ tory of this class is continuous. Children to the third and fourth genera­ tion reside in the community and maintain a strong church. Boonville Church should memorialize the beginning of Methodism along the Lamine River and at Arrow Rock. Clark Chapel, in Howard county, still a fine congregation, dates from 1822 or earlier. Palmyra was known as a Methodist preaching place as early as 1823, and holds high place in Methodist history as the church where, in 1866, leading ministers assembled and by their faith and courage revived the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, throughout the country devastated by the war. Ebenezer Chapel, on Robberson Prairie, in Greene county, and Hickory Grove Church, near the line of Greene and Polk counties, are historic churches in Southwest Missouri and gave a fine company of young men to the ministry and an elect group of laymen and women to the church. Warren county, as the birthplace of Enoch M. Marvin and the several sons of the Pritchett family, should not let the names of these immortals pass from memory. St. Joseph Methodists should gather up the records of their history and mark the beginning of Methodism in the early Indian settlement at Third and Felix streets, and later at Seventh and Francis streets. McKendree Chapel, between Cape Girardeau and Jackson, the first, Methodist church house built in Missouri and the meeting place of the first Methodist Conference held in the territory, in 1819, is still standing and should be preserved. All Southeast Missouri, that is so rich in Metho­ dist history, should aid in preserving this sacred place and make it one of th distinguishing historical marks of the state and church. There are other notable places sacred to Methodist history, but these few suffice to recall to those interested in the wealth of our church history and the paths of progress. Historical memorials revive many precious experiences and tend to keep alive the faith of our fathers. Thus we may better appreciate our goodly heritage and know from what mighty, what heroic and faithful fathers we have sprung.

HISTORY OF ROCK SPRING CHURCH (PRESBYTERIAN) By Miss MAY WINDSOR, in the Holden Progress, May 7, 1925. In the year 1830, R. M. White came to Johnson county, Mo., and settled on a farm about two miles northeast of what is now Rock Spring. MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 155

There was no church near. Mr. White started a Sunday School at his place and carried on the school for several years. Finally he procured the services of circuit riders and had preaching at his place. Revs. W. D. Wear, F. E. Witherspoon and B. F. Thomas were among those who gave their services. Later Rev. John Morrow and Rev. Jack Whitsett preached for them. Three camp meetings were held in a grove on Mr. White's place in which R. D. Morrow, Edward Home and Finis Ewing assisted. By this time the country became more thickly settled, more people attended these meetings. This band of people were organized into a church by Rev. R. D. Morrow, in May, 1837, as the New Hope congre­ gation The congregation then held camp meetings at what is now Rock Spring. At this time a beautiful spring poured its clear waters out under a ledge of rock but the overflows have washed in sediment filling up the spring, until now not a trace of it is found. On this camp ground some had little cabins built; some had tents. The permanent camps belonged to the Chapman, White, Brown, Bigham, Davis, Masterson, Givens and Hamilton families. Others came yearly and pitched their tents and attended camp meeting. At the spring session of the Lexington C. P. Presbytery in 1843, the name was changed from New Hope to that of Rock Spring. In August, 1848, James Givens was appointed trustee for the congre­ gation and received a deed executed by Phillip Chapman for the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 22, Township 46 and Range 28, containing 40 acres, to hold the same for the use of said congregation. The first church built was a log one. In the year 1856 the Rock Church was built, Rev. David Hogan being in charge at the time, and donating two acres of land on the west of the tract already held by the congregation. The perishable part of the old Rock Church was burned in 1861. From the 50's until the end of the Civil War very few records of church activities are to be found. Following this, however, on September 14, 1866, the session met and admitted to the church fifteen members. Two days later the session again convened and received eleven members. Later in the same month they met again and received four members. On September 14, 1867, the congregation voted to sell 32 acres of land and use the proceeds to rebuild the church which had burned in 1861. This land was disposed of to M. Russell and S. F. Davis. The church was rebuilt and remained in use until replaced by the present building, which was erected in 1891

INDIAN DAYS IN NORTHEAST MISSOURI By JOE BURNETT, in the Ralls County Record, New London, August 1, 1924. In 1798 Missouri contained twelve towns. St. Louis had a popula­ tion of 925, Ste. Genevieve 949, St. Charles 875, Carondelet 184, St. Ferdi­ nand 276, Maries de Liard 376, Meramec 115, St. Andrews 373, New Madrid 783, Little Meadows 72, New Bourbon 560, Cape Girardeau 521; 156 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

total 6,028. White, 4,498; colored, 1,080. The people of the towns were clamoring for land. Spain ruled the country. Delassus was governor at St. Louis. He was giving away land to his friends, issuing Spanish grants. He said there was plenty of land for all. All the people had to do was to go west or north and survey it, drive stakes and mark it off. These grants were confirmed by treaty and an act of Congress. Locating on the land was another question. There was the Indian to deal with. The first surveyor captured was Maturin Bouvet, whom they burned at the stake at Freemore's Lick, on Salt River, near New London. Every Indian in this country, spurred on by their chiefs, went on the war path, filled with hatred for the white man. Old Habatoma sat in his wigwam one day in the fall of 1799. His village was located where New London now stands. The old chief was moody. He and his tribe had been at peace with the world for several years, but he was disturbed on the subject that has agitated people since the human race began to move—immigration. He didn't want the paleface any more than we want the Japs, or many others. He felt that the en­ croachment of the whites upon his territory was detrimental to his people and resolved to hold a council with the neighboring tribes. Calling a young Indian, Lone Wolf, he said: "Beat the tomtom for a powwow." A tomtom was made of a piece of a hollow log with a tanned buffalo hide stretched across both ends. They beat it with a round ball of wood with a handle inserted into it. The sound produced was far-reaching. The first tones sent out met a response from the Saverton hills. They were answered by others. They had a code by which they communicated with each other, a sort of wireless telegraphy. The next day a number of chiefs assembled around him. They sat in a circle. Crooked Tree of the Fox tribe arose and spoke: "I hear that our land has been given to strangers. Delassus, governor of St. Louis, has given Chouteau a large body of our land. He gave James McKay 30,000 acres, Francis Savier 8,000 acres, Daniel Boone 1,000 acres, and other large gifts. Surveyors are swarming the country, taking up our hunting grounds. Kill the surveyors." Chiefs Numakiki, Coila, Como, and Kechatsa all made fiery speeches. "Exterminate the paleface" was their slogan. In the fall of 1799 Marshall Cooper, John Todd, William Campbell, Thomas Smith, and James Busby were traveling north in a covered wagon drawn by a yoke of steers. The steers were white. Brass balls ornamented the tips of their horns. They were shod with iron half circles on their toes. Their names were Buck and Brandy. They reached Spencer Creek and camped for the night. They were all asleep except the dog. About midnight he began to bark. Smith awoke and looked out. They were menaced by a band of Indians who were shooting arrows through the canvas covering of the wagon. Todd and his companions returned the fire and the battle was on. They had with them a small cannon loaded with bullets. Busby pointed it at the MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 157

thickest part of the Indians and fired. The report of the cannon and the destruction in their ranks threw the savages into a panic and they fled, leaving a number of dead. Reloading their cannon and guns, the whites got out of their wagon and looked around. The day was dawning. Arrows began to fall around. The savages were yelling and dancing like fiends. One by one the whites fell, until all were killed. The Indians stripped them and let the bodies lie for the wolves. They took everything from the wagon and burned it. They ate the oxen. Years after, when the whites came in force, they found five skeletons in a row, and the charred .remains of a wagon. On making inquiry of an old Indian he told them the story, and they handed it down to their kin of today. JAMES CALLAWAY From the Elsberry Democrat, January 25, 1924. The following clipping from the St. Louis Times has come to our attention: From the steep hillside overlooking Loutre Creek, in Montgomery county, there is an old grave, little to mark it as the last resting place of a pioneer and hero of Missouri. Yet it is there that Capt. James Callaway, one of the most fearless Indian fightersi s buried. There is nothing to distinguish it from the surroundings except a low stone wall> now in a bad state of repair, and a small stone which bears the words: "Captain James Callaway. March 7, 1815." It was on this date that Capt. Callaway left Fort Clemson for Loutre Creek, in search of Indians who had stolen a number of horses. They found the ponies, guarded only by squaws, who started toward the fort. Lieutenant Jonathan Riggs, a daring but cautious soldier, was uneasy and called his officer's attention to the lack of molestation, when the trail showed signs of Indians. As the bank neared the creek, Riggs pleaded with his captain to return by another route. Capt. Callaway called his lieutenant a coward. The first three to enter the water were fired on in midstream. Spurring his horse, Callaway plunged into the stream and had almost reached the other side when another volley dropped the leader of that little band of rangers.

THE STORY OF OLD BETHEL From the Palmyra Spectator, April 2, 1919. A society with "Gott mit uns" for a slogan would have small chance of surviving within the country at the present time; but those were the exact words once adopted as a motto by an entire settlement in Northeast Missouri, and no objections were raised then. An old volume embracing 158 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW the early history of Monroe and Shelby counties, which recently came to light here, is sponsor for the fact. One portion of the book relates to the formation of a communistic colony at Bethel, Shelby county, in 1845. Its founder was Dr. Wm. Keil, a Prussian by birth, who later came to America and turned Methodist preacher. Rumor has it that he was an exponent of the "black art" in his own country, but, in Pennsylvania, the powerful exhortations of Dr. Wil­ liam Nash, founder of the German Methodist church, converted him and before a great public gathering Dr. Keil burned his secret "formulae" and renounced the practice of his necromantic occupation. For a time he preached and gathered followers in Pennsylvania and Ohio, but the church later became dissatisfied with his teachings and stripped him of its authority. His flock stuck staunchly by him, however, and proposed going with him farther west to form a land of promise. Accordingly in 1844 three men—Adam Schnele, David Wagner and Christian Tesser—were sent to reconnoiter the Western country and select a site for the colony. These precursors hit upon Shelby county, Mo., as a desirable spot, and proceeded to the purchase of a large tract of land upon North River there. The next year Dr. Keil, with 500 followers, migrated by wagon to his little Canaan. Title to the land was taken in the name of a few individuals, who in reality held it for all. No contract or articles of agreement were drawn up, but everything went harmoniously. No drones lived in Dr. Keil's hive. That genius managed everything himself. Certain duties were allotted each man and woman, and these were performed with surprising fidelity. Eleven hundred of the 4,000 acres owned by the colony were enclosed in a single field and cultivated. A treasurer took charge of all the funds; a common storehouse and com­ missary supplied all that existence needed. Married persons resided alone, and a large boarding house accommodated those families. The buildings at Bethel all faced a single street. East of the town, upon the bank of picturesque North River, was erected a mansion house, called "Elim." It contained a spacious banquet hall, and here, as a feudal lord, lived Dr. Keil, the head of the colony. Other buildings in the place were a mill run by steam, the first of its kind in this section of Missouri, a wooden factory, and a hat manufacturing plant. Shoes were roughly made from the hides of cattle, nor were mater­ ialistic wants the only ones provided for, as a distillery converted large quantities of corn and rye into their characteristic forms of whisky. The settlement's most successful industrial institution, however, was a glove factory, which turned the skins of deer into coverings for the human hand so expertly that the finished products captured first premium at the World's Fair in New York in 1858. A branch colony, called Ninevah, was formed in 1851 in Adair county, Mo., where 800 acres of land were purchased, but Dr. Keil, ever restless, had already his eyes upon the land of the Golden West, glowing accounts of which he was constantly receiving. "Spies" were sent by him to the MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 159

shores of Oregon, and these returned wit h enchanting reports of the wonderful country there that Dr. Keil's favo i son determined to depart for this Eden as soon as he could do so. After making complete preparations, however, he sickened and died; but on his deathbed extracted a promise from his father that his body should be laid to rest in that far distant land. The old patriarch made haste to fulfill his word, and an emigrant train was organized, composed of Dr. Keil and such of his followers as cared to make the journey. The corpse was placed in an iron coffin filled with alcohol, which was then sealed and loaded upon a six-mule wagon. And thus amid the la­ mentations of the whole colony, began what is probably the strangest funeral march ever undertaken in the history of America. Dr. Keil made good his promise but failed to return to Missouri, form­ ing instead a settlement in Oregon, called Aurora. Following his depart­ ure from Bethel, Dr. Christopher C. Wolf became the leader of the Shelby county colony. Under him the communists continued to prosper, but in 1870 some of them became dissatisfied and proposed to institute legal pro­ ceedings to obtain their share of the common property. D. P. Dyer, later United States Judge of the Eastern Federal District of Missouri, was consulted and referees appointed to make an equitable division by mutual agreement. This was done and the land deeded to individuals according to their rights. Of the personal property, each man received his original contribution and $29.05 a year for every year he had lived and labored at Bethel. To each female went one-half of this sum as her share for services. Thus ended after 35 years, this communistic project. Today Bethel is a prosperous inland town, in a region of plenty. Some of the original colonists, and a greater number of their descendants still reside there, but no trace remains of the ancient society that once took as its motto in all good faith and guilelessness, the words: "Gott mit uns."—Shelbyville Herald.

TRUE STORY OF THE TURNBACKERS (Editor's Note: The Review of January, 1925, contained an article copied from the Aurora Advertiser of September 25, 1924, en­ titled Putting Lawrence County History Right. This concerned the founding and early settlement of Lawrence county by the "Turn- backers" who came from Tennessee. Later Mr. John Cecil con­ tributed the following article, and it was published in the Advertiser of October 16, 1924.) During the summer of 1830, John Williams of Giles county, Tenn., came on horseback to what is known now as Lawrence county. He*was so well pleased that he decided to make it his home and selected the land he wished to locate on. This land was later entered by Mrs. Elizabeth Price, mother of the late Judge C. Price, and was for years known as the Goss place, near Phelps, but more of that later. 160 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

On his return to Tennessee, Mr. Williams found many who wished to accompany them to the land of promise, but on account of property being hard to dispose of at that time, it was late in the following summer before finally three families formed themselves ready to accompany them on the trip. Geo. M. Gibson, his son-in-law, James White and Daniel Beal. It was the latter part of October before they went into camp on the banks of the little stream that was afterward known as "Turnback." A heavy and unexpected snow that fell that night not only changed the in­ tended locations of all of them, but named the creek they had camped by as well. Mrs. White was expecting to become a mother and Mrs. Gibson, her mother, insisted that they return temporarily to the abandoned cabins they had passed a day's journey to the east. All agreed except Mr. Wil­ liams who decided to push on. If, up to this time, they had been traveling in a generally western direction in order to reach Mr. Williams' selection in 32-29-27, they en­ countered Turnback in 33-29-25, but Mr. Williams' experience doesn't seem to hold that view good. It was a dark, gloomy day and he drove by instinct, having no sun to guide him, when he finally reached the spring in 34-28-26, where he decided to abandon his first selection and permanently located. He was six miles south of the east and west line he was supposed to have been traveling. The nearly half section of land that Mr. Williams later entered here is now owned, by the family of his grandson, the late John William McCanse. The other three families reached the cabins in due time, the late John White duly discovered Southwest Missouri, new to mankind, married an elder sister of the late Geo. W. Rinker of Aurora, lived an exemplary life, and died many years ago. Joe R. White of south of Mt. Vernon is a son. To get back to the story. With Mr. Williams and his objective point out of the way, they drifted back along the line of least resistance. Avoiding the breaks of Turnback they followed along the route 40 years later selected by the railroad, and one day ran into the head of Spring River. Eureka! they exclaimed, and with the exception of the Beal family, who in a few years moved to near Springfield, pitched their tents for the last time. Of course these four families were but the forerunners of the many that followed. Fourteen years later Lawrence county, as at present, con­ stituted, was in full swing with its full set of officials and its county seat at Mt. Vernon.

STRUGGLE FOR THE COUNTY SEAT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY

From the Bowling Green Jejffersonian, November 12, 1924. The long battle which has been waged more than 60 years by Danville and Montgomery City for the county seat of Montgomery county, is over. It was settled by the voters of Montgomery county at the election held last MISSOURI HISTORY NOT FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS 161 week.* The contest waged between these two cities began before the starting of the Civil War. When the North Missouri Railway, now part of the Wabash system, was built through Montgomery City, an effort was made to move the court house and county seat from Danville to Montgomery City, a railway town. The fight started, and has been waged at the polls, in the court, and in the legislature. Danville was unfortunate when railways were constructed in Montgomery county, and again when the notorious Bill Anderson and his band of guerrillas swooped down on the town. Anderson put on his full program of killing prominent citizens and burning buildings. After he had killed all that he thought ought to be killed, his gang set fire to the court house and it was burned down; and the greater part of the records destroyed. This was a hard blow to Danville; but the people of the town and their friends were determined that the county seat should remain there. During the contest a court house was built at Montgomery City, and it has been practically the county seat. It was probably the longest and hottest fight that has ever taken place in the West for a county seat.

FIRST ROMANCE IN THE STATE From the Kansas City Star, October 26, 1924. Tragedy and romance are intermingled in the tale of the first white settlement in Carroll county and in Missouri at the junction of the Grand and the Missouri rivers, near DeWitt, sixteen miles east of Carrollton. The stories surrounding this historical settlement—Ft. Orleans—were told this week at the state meeting of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Thursday a monument was unveiled on the site of the old French fort with appropriate ceremonies. The story of the founding and later the passing of Ft. Orleans revolves around a Missouri princess—an Indian—who became Mme. Du Bois, wife of a French army officer, and daughter of the chief of the Missouris. The Indian princess was discovered by the first Frenchman to ascend the Missouri River—M. Bourgmont—who ascended as far as Kansas City in 1720 and penetrated into Kansas. Bourgmont built Ft. Orleans after making a friend of the chief of the Missouris. This was nearly half a century before Laclede founded St. Louis. After the French explorer had made treaties with several Indian tribes at a 3-day pow-wow, somewhere near Kansas City, he conceived the idea of taking a party of Indians to Paris on his return to impress them with the greatness of France. The daughter of the Missouri chieftain was among those chosen to make the trip. Not until Bourgmont was able to gain the consent of the princess and her father would the other Indians agree to go. There were eleven in the party. Bourgmont left a detachment of soldiers at Ft. Orleans, then, in pirogues, made his way to New Orleans, from whence he sailed for home. Arriving, the Indians were presented to the king.

*The vote was in favor of Montgomery City. 162 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

In Paris, the Indians delighted the Frenchmen with their native dances at the theaters. They hunted stags with bows and arrows in the game preserves. The Indians received distinguished attention, were showered with gifts and became especial favorites among the nobility. The Mis­ souri princess was converted to Christianity and baptized at Notre Dame. A young soldier in Bourgmont's company, Du Bois, fell in love with the Missouri princess. He won his suit; and the marriage received wide acclaim in Paris. It was looked upon as an international marriage of considerable note. M. and Mme. Du Bois returned to America for their honeymoon— probably the first by a white man in Missouri. At New Orleans the young couple were lavishly entertained by the "Company of the West," a fur trading concern. The Frenchmen believed the marriage would encourage better relations with the Indians. The wedding party proceeded to the wigwam home of the Missouri chief near Ft. Orleans. The journey up the river required three months. For a time Mme. Du Bois—the princess who had captivated Paris with her native dances—remained in the French fort. But from time to time she visited her family. "The boat which brought her had scarcely left," says Dumont de Montimy, the historian, "when the Indians massacred Sieur Du Bois and butchered the whole garrison, not one escaping; after which Mme. Du Bois returned to her people and to her former mode of life." Subsequent visitors to the Missouris saw the former "madame," who had renounced Christianity and returned to the superstitious religion and practices of her forefathers. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 1 63

HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS JULY-DECEMBER, 1924

ADAIR COUNTY. KIRKSVILLE, DAILY EXPRESS. Aug. 6. Historical sketch of the Battle of Kirksville. Aug. 31. Joe Doyle, former editor of Shelby County Herald, built Shelby and Northwestern railroad. Sept. 3. Life sketch of Hiram W. Snyder, Union veteran and former Adair county official. See also Weekly Graphic, Sept. 5. Sept. 14. Life sketch of George C. Laird, Union veteran. See also Journal, Sept. 18. Sept. 18. Life sketch of Amandus D. Risdon, Union veteran, former Adair county and Kirksville official. Oct. 5. Statistics show Kirksville's growth since 1909. Oct. 7. Life sketch of W. W. Pollock, Adair county pioneer. Life sketch of George B. Israel, World War veteran. Oct. 17. Life sketch of Thomas Power, Union veteran. See also Bra­ shear News, Oct. 24. Oct. 31. History of Kirksville's water supply. Dec. 21. Life sketch of Cecil Y. Johnston, officer in U. S. Navy. Dec. 26. Life sketch of D. V. McClelland, state official. Dec. 31. Death notice of Jacob Newcomber, Civil War veteran. KIRKSVILLE, WEEKLY GRAPHIC. Oct. 17. Life sketch of William Thomas Foster, Union veteran, former associate editor of the St. Joseph Herald. KIRKSVILLE, JOURNAL. Sept. 4. Life sketch of W. F. Kuhn, state official of the Masonic lodge. Dec. 18. Reminiscences of doctors who remember Dr. A. T. Still, founder of osteopathy. ANDREW C< >UNTY. SAVANNAH, ANDREW COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Sept. 19. Life sketch of Emery N. Jackson, Civil War veteran. Nov. 21. Life sketch of David Caldwell, Union veteran. See Reporter. Dec. 2. Mrs. Nellie Taylor Ross, governor of Wyoming, was born in Andrew county. SAVANNAH, REPORTER. July 11. Life sketch of D. P. Dobyns; editor of the Holt County Sentinel. See also Fairfax Forum, same date. July 25. Life sketch of Alfred Wade, Confederate veteran, Andrew county pioneer. Aug. 1. Life sketch of William Andrew Ennis, Union veteran, pioneer railroad telegrapher. Judge W. L. Daily writes of Andrew county during the Civil War. Sept. 5. Brief historical sketch of the Savannah Reporter and the Andrew County Democrat. Life sketch of Thomas F. Roberts, Civil War veteran. Sept. 12. Life sketch of Andrew M. Lewellen, former Andrew county official. Sept. 26. Life sketch of Israel Morris, Civil War veteran. Dec. 5. Life sketch of Dr. Wood Martin, pioneer Andrew county doctor. 164 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

ATCHISON COUNTY. FAIRFAX, FORUM. Aug. 22. Life sketch of W. H. Wright, Union veteran, former Atchison county official. Sept. 19. Life sketch of Thomas M. Bailey, former Atchison county official. See also Atchison County Journal and Atchison County Mail.

7 TARKIO, AVALANCHE. Aug. 8. Life sketch of George N. Dragos, Union veteran. Nov. 8. Reminiscences of Rockport, by John D. Dopf. AUDRAIN COUNTY. MEXICO, DAILY INTELLIGENCER. Sept. 1. Life sketch of James W. Gill, Republican leader in the Ninth Congressional District. Oct. 8. Brief historical sketch of William Jewell College, Liberty, on its seventy-fifth anniversary. Oct. 9. Brief review of the rivalry between Danville and Montgomery City for the county seat of Montgomery county. Nov. 3. Life sketch of W. H. Wallace, former Audrain county and Mexico city official. See Evening Ledcer, same date. Nov. 22. History of Hardin College. Dec. 18. History of the Missouri Military Academy, Mexico. Dec. 31. Life sketch of Thomas B. Hendrix, Confederate veteran. See Evening Ledger, same date. MEXICO, EVENING LEDGER. July 24. Life sketch of T. W. Harrison, Confederate veteran. Oct. 1. Life sketch of C. D. Rogers, former Audrain county official. Oct. 23. Life sketch of the Rev. C. A. Mitchell, veteran Baptist pre Richer. Oct. 25. Life sketch of T. J. Roberts .Union veteran. Oct. 27. Life sketch of J. D. McKee, former Mexico city official. Nov. 22. Life sketch of Douglass Mcllhaney, pioneer of Monroe and Audrain counties. Includes a "Bill" Anderson incident. Dec. 23. Life sketch of William N. Barney, Union veteran. VANDALIA, LEADER. July 3. Reminiscences of Sarah Thompson, centenarian. See death notice, Sept. 4. Aug. 7. Life sketch of E. C. Waters, Vandalia and state official. See also Mail; Mexico Daily Intelligencer, Aug. 4; Ralls County Record, Aug. 15. Aug. 28. Life sketch of Jesse Barnett, Audrain county pioneer. See also Mail, same date. Sept. 25. Reminiscences of Mrs. Henry Thole, fifty-two years a resident of Vandalia. Brief history of the Vandalia Leader. Oct. 23. Reminiscences of Mrs. Mary Utterback, fifty years a resident of Vandalia. VANDALIA, MAIL. July 17. History of the Vandalia Christian church, by R. S. Chinn. Aug. 7. Reminiscences of the beginning and organization of the Chris­ tian church at Vandalia. Nov. 20. State school for the deaf, dumb, and blind, at Fulton, is seventy- three years old—historical sketch. BARRY COUNTY. CASSVILLE, DEMOCRAT. Aug. 30. Reminiscences of Samuel Siegfried, Civil War veteran. Dec. 27. The Democrat enters its fifty-fifth year—brief historical sketch. CASSVILLE, REPUBLICAN. Oct. 2. Life sketch of Dick Wilks, Union veteran. Dec. 25. Life sketch of Thomas Arnold, Civil War veteran. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 165

MONETT, WEEKLY TIMES. Aug. 1. An old time wreck recalled—story of Frisco train out of Monett that was wrecked in 1907. Reprinted from Tulsa Tribune. Nov. 21. Life sketch of James A. Crossland, World War veteran. BARTON COUNTY. LAMAR, DEMOCRAT. July 10. Reminiscences at the death of Mrs. Nancy Parry, for seventy- five years a resident of Lamar. Oct. 23. Death of Gilbert Barbee, of the Joplin Globe, recalls stirring times in politics. Oct. 30. Life sketch of C. C. Coates, former Barton county official. See also Republican, same date. Dec. 25. Lamar as it was in 1884. LAMAR, REPUBLICAN. Sept. 4. Zodiac, once a prosperous health resort of Barton county, Is now deserted. Brief historical sketch of the village. BATES COUNTY. ADRIAN, JOURNAL. July 3. Life sketch of John David Hudelson, Union veteran. Aug. 28. Life sketch of Jonathan Adams, Civil War veteran. Oct. 9. Life sketch of Jones Webber, Civil War veteran. BUTLER, BATES COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Sept. 4. Life sketch of William C. Hedden, Union veteran. See also Republican Press, Aug. 29, Rich Hill Mining Review, Sept. 4. Oct. 2. Life sketeh of George W. Mitchell, Confederate veteran. Life sketch of C. H. Dutcher, Civil War nurse. BUTLER, REPUBLICAN PRESS. Nov. 28. Life sketch of John W. Harshaw, Confederate veteran. HUxvfE, BORDER TELEPHONE. July 17. Brief history of the Border Telephone, founded by J. P. Trussell. July 24. Life sketch of James T. Lee, Civil War veteran. Dec. 25. History of Independence Methodist church, Bates county. RICH HILL, BATES COUNTY REPUBLICAN. Nov. 28. Life sketch of Harvey J. Adams, Spanish-American War veteran. RICH HILL, MINING REVIEW. Aug. 7. N. Johannes, who was a pioneer merchant of Prairie City, is said to be the oldest implement dealer in the country. BENTON COUNTY. COLE CAMP, COURIER. Sept. 25. Death notice of Garrett Groomer, Benton county official. Nov. 13. Life sketch of John Wedderbrook, Union veteran. BOONE COUNTY. ASHLAND, BUGLE. Oct. 30. Life sketch of Jeremiah Tut Smith, Confederate veteran. Dec. 4. County Surveyor P. S. Quinn surveys north bank of the Mis­ souri river in Boone county to learn change 107 years have made. Dec. 11. Indian mounds near Easley Postoffice produce interesting relics. CENTRALIA, COURIER. Aug. 1. Sturgeon once handled freight for three counties—historical sketch of the town. Aug. 8. Jewell Mayes attempts to solve the "BiU" Anderson controversy —evidence presented. See Fireside Guard, July 25; Carroll­ ton Democrat, Aug. 8. CENTRALIA, FIRESIDE GUARD. Aug. 1. Life sketch of Thomas West Harrison, Confederate veteran. Aug. 15. Life sketch of J. H. Stewart, Union veteran. Sept. 12. Account of the Centralia massacre, by M. F. Hicks. See Sept. 19, 26; Oct. 17; Nov. 7; Dec. 5, 19, 26, for accounts by J. W. Daniel, Enoch Hunt, W. L. Hulen, James T. Willingham, E. T. Rodemyre, A. C. Boyd, Harvey Hulen. 166 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Oct. 31. Life sketch of Robert H. Strother, Union veteran. Life sketch of C. C. Cook, veteran railroad man. Nov. 28. Life sketch of I. L. McCaslin, Confederate veteran. COLUMBIA, HERALD-STATESMAN. Oct. 2. "When Boon© county troops left to fight Florida Indians," under Gen. Richard Gentry. Oct. 9. Boone county, its origin and name. Story of Daniel Boone's connection with central Missouri. Oct. 16. The story of John Woods Harris' model farm in Boone county. Oct. 23. Life of Boone county pioneers. Oct. 30. Boone county political campaigns of the 1840's recalled. Nov. 13. "Boone county and Columbia have progressed through the liberality of their citizens,"—historical sketch. Nov. 20. Thanksgiving Day as it was spent by Boone county people 100 years ago. Nov. 27. Boone county Indian mounds. Dec. 4. Life sketch of R. B. Price, Columbia banker, former treasurer of the University of Missouri. See also Tribune, Missourian. Dec. 11. U. Boldin, Confederate veteran, tells of camp life during the Civil War, in an old letter written in 1863, recently discovered. Dec. 18. F. F. Stephens tells of the Osage Indians of Missouri. See Missourian, Tribune, Dec. 12. "How pioneer ministers of Boone county preached the gospel." COLUMBIA, MISSOURIAN. July 1. Reminiscences of Eugene Field in Columbia. July 19. Pony Express, established in 1860, helped to win the West. Aug. 2. Town of Providence was laid out and named after the de­ struction of Nashville, Mo. Baptist church of Columbia began its ministry a century ago, —sketch by the Rev. Anderson Woods. Aug. 5. Biographical sketch of the Rev. G. W. Hatcher, former president of Stephens College, Columbia. Aug. 8. Life sketch of the Rev. Anderson Woods, founder of the Colum­ bia Baptist church. Aug. 11. First settlement in Boone county was in 1812-13. Aug. 12. Famous Thomas Hart Benton-Charles Lucas duel on "Bloody Island" occurred 107 years ago. Aug. 18. Some Centralia history. The Centralia Massacre took place 60 years ago. Includes "Bill" Anderson incidents. Aug. 23. Missouri Press Association erected memorial at Old Franklin, on site of old Missouri Intelligencer, first country newspaper in Missouri. Aug. 27. Archeological work in the Missouri Ozarks. Reprinted from the Literary Digest. Aug. 29. 'Columbia's "age of romance" described in (Alphonso) Wet- more's Missouri Gazetteer of 1837. Sept. 2. Sketch of the historic Torbit homestead near Rocheport. Life sketch of Jay Holcomb Netf, former mayor of Kansas City, benefactor of the School of Jornalism, University of Missouri. Sept. 4. Brief history of Stephens College. Sept. 6. Historical sketch of Sturgeon. Sept. 12. Historical sketch of Rocheport. Sept. 20. First train crossed Missouri from Kansas City in 1865. Life sketch of J. E. Boggs, former mayor of Columbia, Boone county official. Sept. 22. Brief history of Hartsburg. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 167

Sept. 27. Story of the Centralia Massacre. Sept. 29. Sixth anniversary of the Thirty-fifth Division charge in the Argonne recalls Incidents in which Missouri soldiers took part. Life sketch of Harry Stevens, World War veteran. Oct. 2. The Missouri state capitol was located at Jefferson City ninety- eight years ago. General Richard Gentry led men of Boone county In the Semi­ nole War in 1837, and was killed. Missouri's first United States senators were elected in 1820— David Barton and Thomas Hart Benton. Missouri was divided Into counties in 1812. The last Indian raid in the Boone county district was in 1818, near Boon's Lick. Oct. 4. Sedalia claims first normal school established in Missouri. Oct. 6. Dedication of the eleventh capitol adds new page to Missouri history—historical sketch. Oct. 7. Platte Purchase added valuable land to Missouri. Oct. 8. First mail from California to Missouri came by stage in 1858. Oct. 10. Exoneration of "rebels" opposed after Civil War—brief account of the controversy. Oct. 15. Jonas Viles tells of early settlers in Missouri. Oct. 18. Rocheport-Columbia road a highway for more than a century. Oct. 22. Story of a famous bear hunt in Columbia, told by E. W. Stephens. See Tribune, same date. Oct. 31. Alexander McNair, first governor of Missouri, advocated a system of economy. Nov. 1. The Sappington cemetery at Arrow Rock is the burying place of three Missouri governors: M. M. Marmaduke, Claiborne Jackson and John Sappington Marmaduke. Nov. 8. Historical sketch of the homes and families of the University of Missouri presidents. Historic incidents connected with the Arrow Rock Tavern. Nov. 13. The first state school for the deaf and blind in Missouri was open at Fulton 73 years ago. Historical sketch of the old Columbia Normal Academy. Nov. 14. Missouri's first capitol was burned in 1837. Columbia was chosen the county seat of Boone county in 1821. An account of the Palmyra massacre. Nov. 15. John H. Lathrop, first president of the University of Missouri, rebuilt the University after Civil War damages. Nov. 25. Review of Columbia's city ordinances of 1861. The Missouri constitution of 1865, made by Republicans, was subject to attack by Democrats. Dec. 1. life sketch of R. B. Price, pioneer banker, former treasurer of the University of Missouri. Dec. 6. Sketch of the Jewell family, prominent Missouri educators. Dec. 13. The geology of Boone county. Dec. 19. Boone county Is older than the state of Missouri—historical sketch. Dec. 27. Incidents in the history of Rocheport. COLUMBIA, DAILY TRIBUNE. July 25. J. N. Belcher writes of Columbia of forty-four years ago. Aug. 15. Battle of Dripping Springs, Boone county, was sixty years ago. Sept. 12. Missouri once had short ballot, according to Floyd C. Shoe­ maker. Sept. 15. History of Christian College, first school chartered by.the Missouri legislature. 168 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Sept. 24. E. W. Stephens' prophecy for Columbia, made in 1890, recalled. See also Missourian, same date. Sept. 27. Story of the Battle of Centralia. Sept. 29. The forgotten town of Persia, Boone county, was once Colum­ bia's rival for the county seat. Oct. 8. Election of 1844 in Boone county, the banner Whig county of Missouri, was an enthuastic one. Oct. 25. Ben Thorpe, old Columbia stage driver, dies in San Antonio,— told stories of "Bill" Anderson's guerrillas. Nov. 11. Life sketch of William R. Stewart, member of Quantrell's guerrillas. Dec. 11. An account of Boone county's first fair. Dec. 19. In 1861, Confederate troops destroyed parts of the North Missouri railroad. See Dec. 20 for letter from James C. Gillespie, questioning some points in this sketch. Dec. 27. Incidents in the life of Dr. S. S. Laws, former president of the Unh ersity of Missouri. STURGEON, MISSOURI LEADER. Oct. 2. Life sketch of Byron Hall, Boone county pioneer. Nov. 13. Brief review of the political history of Missouri since "recon­ struction days." Dec. 4. Life sketch W. L. Reid, former editor Monroe City News. BUCHANAN COUNTY. ST. JOSEPH, CATHOLIC TRIBUNE. July 5. Corby Memorial chapel is fifty years old. Sept. 27. Life sketch of Joseph Stein, Civil War veteran. Nov. 22. Catholicity in Mary ville. History of the Benedictines at Conception, Nodaway county. History of the St. Francis hospital, Maryville. ST. JOSEPH, GAZETTE. July 4. Life sketch of David P. Dobyns, veteran editor of the Holt County Sentinel. July 26. Life sketch of Peter A. Jones, Union veteran and former Buchanan county official. Sept. 7. John F. Storm, St. Joseph pioneer, tells of days when the city was small. First exhibition plane flight in the west was held in St. Joseph in 1909. Sept. 8. Life sketch of George H. Wyatt, former St. Joseph official. Sept. 9. Life sketch of J. O. Stephens, Union veteran. Life sketch of John D. Clark, former St. Joseph official. Sept. 17. Intersting facts recalled by the annual convention of the National Indian Wars veterans, held in St. Joseph. See Sept. 21 for roster of names. Sept. 23. Life sketch of George W. Hendley, pioneer Missouri newspaper man. Oct. 12. Life sketch of George Hopkins, Civil War veteran. Nov. 7. Life sketch of George A. McClellan, publisher of the Gazette. See also News-Press, Nov. 6. Nov. 9. Story of the old woolen mill near Lawson, built in 1860. Dec. 28. Visit of world flyers outstanding event in history of St. Joseph. Early history of St. Joseph, taken from the first city directory, 1859. Sparta was first Buchanan county seat—first court house built there in 1841. History of the St. Joseph postoffice. Dec. 30. Life sketch of William C. Garbe, Union veteran. Life sketch of Dr. C. E. Powers, World War veteran. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 169

ST. JOSEPH, NEWS-PRESS. July 9. Life sketch of W. T. Dameron, Randolph county pioneer and editor. July 12. History of Missouri Weslyan College at Cameron. July 21. Life sketch of Thomas B. Allen, judge of Buchanan county circuit court, dean of St. Joseph Law School. July 26. Life sketch of Robert McCurdy, formerly of U. S. Navy. Aug. 19. Life sketch of Miss Mollie Ella Utz, overseas nurse during the World War. Sept. 2. Life sketch of Dr. W. F. Kuhn, former superintendent of State Hospital No. 2, St. Joseph. See also Gazette, Sept. 3. Sept. 4. Life sketch of Charles R. Berry, pioneer railroad man. See Missouri Valley Independent, Sept. 11. Sept. 6. Story of the grist mill on the One Hundred and Two river, near Rosendale,—said to be northwest Missouri's oldest waterpower mill. Sept. 9. Life sketch of J. O. Stephens, Union veteran. Sept. 9. Life sketch of John D. Clark, former St. Joseph official. See also St. Joseph Observer, Sept. 12. Sept. 17. Historical sketch of monastery at Conception, established in 1873 by Rev. Fro win Conrad. Sep& 25. Life sketch of James J. Mays, Philippine and World War veteran, assistant judge advocate general, U. S. Army. Life sketch of Joseph Stein, pioneer citizen of St. Joseph. Sept. 27. Life sketch of William Thomas Foster, Union veteran. See Gazette, Sept. 28. Oct. 4. Some early St. Joseph history. Oct. 13. Life sketch of Edward A. King, former St. Joseph official. See also Gazette, same date; Missouri Valley Independent, Oct. 16. Oct. 27. Life sketch of Thomas Niedringhaus, former Republican national committeeman. Oct. 31. Life sketch of Enos Craig, keeper of Union military prison at St. Joseph during the Civil War, city official. See also Gazette, same date. Nov. 3. Life sketch of John Rollins Ward, Civil War veteran. Nov. 8. Life sketch of Peter Hertzel, World War veteran. See also Gazette, Nov. 9. NOV. 14. Life sketch of Matthew Gay Tate, Nodaway county official. Kov. 22. Historical sketch of the St. Joseph Masonic hall, built in 1871, rebuilt in 1898. Three Missouri governors—Stewart, Hall, and Woodson—are buried in Mount Mora cemetery, St. Joseph. Nov. 27. Life sketch of James W. Roberts, county official. Dec. 6. Life sketch of Edward Brooks, Spanish-American War veteran. Dec. 10. Life sketch of Mike Walsh, St. Joseph official. Life sketch of Andrew R. Moore, Union veteran. Dec. 13. Life sketch of Miss Eva Marquis, St. Joseph official. St. Joseph seventy-five years ago and yesterday, in pictures; also information on the first Buchanan county courthouse. Dec. 15. Life sketch of Don Riley, pioneer St. Joseph livery man, former Buchanan county official. Dec. 22. Life sketch of Charles H. Cliff, pony express rider. Civil War veteran. See also Gazette, Dec. 23; Missouri Valley Inde­ pendent, Dec. 25. BUTLER COUNTY. POPLAR BLUFF, INTERSTATE AMERICAN. Aug. 1. Life sketch of Francis M. Rose, Civil War veteran. Aug. 4. Life sketch of Henry Schwaner, Poplar Bluff pioneer, former county official. See also Republican, Aug. 7. 170 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Sept. 22. Life sketch of William Levi Fox, Union veteran. Dec. 3. Life sketch of J. F. Higgins, former Butler county official. POPLAR BLUFF, REPUBLICAN. Nov. 13. Life sketch of Joseph Schremp, Civil War veteran. Nov. 20. Legend of the "Bluo Man of Spring Creek." Dec. 11. History of Butler county, by David Bruce Deem. Continued in succeeding issues. CALDWELL COUNTY. BRECKENRIDGE, BULLETIN. July 4. Life sketch of George Baker, World War reteran. See also following issue; and Hamilton Advocate-Hamiltonian, July 10. . COWGILL, NEWS. July 4. Life sketch of Thomas Benton Hatfield, Civil War veteran. HAMILTON, ADVOCATE-HAMILTONIAN. July 31. Life sketch of John Burg, tTnion veteran. Sept. 11. Life sketch of Judson H. Streeter, Union veteran. CALLAWAY COUNTY. AUXVASSE, REVIEW. July 30. Life sketch of T. W. Harrison, Confederate veteran. Aug. 20. Life sketch of F. W. Bishop, Confederate veteran. See also Fulton Gazette, Aug. 21. FULTON, GAZETTE. July 3. Life sketch of Luther Ridgel, World War veteran. Sept. 11. Life sketch of James Coleman Stokes, Confederate veteran. See also Daily Sun, Sept. 4; Mokane Missourian, Sept. 5. Oct. 16. The grave of Col. James McClelland, one of the men who chose the site of the city of Fulton, is marked in Columbia cemetery by a monument. Oct. 23. Review of June 25, 1858, issue of the Weekly Missouri Tele­ graph, showing changes seventy-five years have wrought in Fulton. Nov. 6. Life sketch of William B. Sampson, Confederate veteran. See Daily Sun, Oct. 30. Dec. 18. Life sketch of Dr. Edgar Hoge Marquess, Confederate veteran, educator. Dec. 25. Life sketch of Joseph Davis Bartley, Confederate veteran. FULTON, DAILY SUN. July 7. Life sketch of Wesley Clark Hall, Confederate veteran. July 28. Life sketch of John L. Erwin, Union veteran. See also Mis­ souri Telegraph, July 31. Aug. 28. Life sketch of George W. Jennings, native of Callaway county, participant in the Klondike gold rush to Alaska. Sept. 12. Life sketch of Alfred Isaac Owen, Union veteran. See also Missouri Telegraph, Sept. 18. Nov. 25. Life sketch of John Bell, Confederate veteran. MOKANE, MISSOURIAN. Oct. 31. Four Missourians are state governors; Hart of Washington; Hunt of Arizona; Hinkle of New Mexico; Moore of Idaho. CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY. CAPE GIRARDEAU, SOUTHEAST MISSOURIAN. July 2. Life story of Mark Twain. Life sketch of William Nifong, Confederate veteran, pioneer southeast Missouri physician. July 19. Historic Gale home at Cape Girardeau being razed. July 23. Life sketch of Samuel J. Shrodes, veteran Mississippi river captain. July 31. Charles N. Mitchell, former Cape Girardeau newspaper man, tells of early days there. Sept. 1. Life sketch of William B. Anderson, Confederate veteran. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 171

Dec. 27. The story of reclamation work in southeast Missouri. Re­ printed from the New York Sun. JACKSON, MISSOURI CASH-BOOK July 24. Life sketch of William Byrd, Confederate veteran, pioneer citizen of Jackson; also genealogy of the Byrd family of Cape Girardeau. See also Cape Girardeau Southeast Mis­ sourian, July 23. Oct. 23. Life sketch of Henry Harris Barroll, Spanish-American War veteran, former officer in the U. S. Navy. CARROLL COUNTY. CARROLLTON, DEMOCRAT. July 11. Life sketch of William D. Pinney, former Carroll county official. July 18. Life sketch of Francis Marion Winfrey, Carroll county pioneer. July 25. Life sketch of Milton S. Minnis, World War veteran, U. S. Consul in Chefu, China. See also Republican-Record, same date. Life sketch of S. A. Enyart, Confederate veteran, veteran of the Indian Wars. Life sketch of William G. Busby, Jr., World War veteran. Aug. 15. Life sketch of Thomas Benton Goodson, pioneer Carroll county banker. Sept. 26. Life sketch of M. G. Garner, Union veteran. See also Re- publican-Record, same date; Hale Leader, Sept. 25. Oct. 10. Life sketch of William A. Shanklin, president-emeritus of Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., a native of Carrollton. Life sketch of James Goodson, Civil War veteran, Carroll county official. See also Norborne Democrat-Leader, same date. Life sketch of Isaac Cook, Civil War veteran. Oct. 17. Life sketch of the Rev. John D. Tomlin, Confederate veteran. Oct. 24. Carrollton Chapter, D. A. R. to mark site of Ft. Orleans, "the first French settlement west of the Mississippi river," which is thought to be in Carroll county. See also Oct. 31. Nov. 14. Life sketch of James E. Williams, former Carroll county official. Life sketch of William N. Palmer, Confederate veteran—story of "Old Sacremento," famous gun used at Waverly, Mo., during the Civil War. Dec. 5. Life sketch of Jacob Meier, Union veteran. See also Re­ publican-Record, same date. CARROLLTON, REPUBLICAN-RECORD. Sept. 19. Life sketch of James D. Ingram, Confederate veteran. HALE, LEADER. Aug. 28. Death notice of W. A. Dobson, Spanish-American War veteran. Oct. 2. Life sketch of Simeon Myers, Union veteran. NORBORNE, DEMOCRAT-LEADER. July 11. Life sketch of George J. Suess, Union veteran. See also Carrollton Democrat, same date. Aug. 12. Norborne was founded in 1868. Brief historical sketch. Oct. 17. Life sketch of William C. Palmer, pioneer Norborne banker. Life sketch of John D. Tomlin, Confederate veteran, pioneer Chiristian minister. Oct. 24. Life sketch of Frederick Hell, Sr., Union veteran. Oct. 31. Life sketch of Benjamin J. Hart, Civil War veteran. Dec. 5. Life sketch of James W. Duncan, Civil War veteran. Dec. 26. Life sketch of William James Rice, Confederate veteran. 172 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

CARTER COUNTY. VAN BUREN, CURRENT LOCAL. Dec. 18. Mormons may revive "Old Far West," in Caldwell county— historical sketch. Dec. 25. Legend of the "Blue Man of Spring Creek." CASS COUNTY. BELTON, STAR-HERALD. Oct. 16. A Civil War story by Mrs. Phebe A. Matthews. DREXEL, STAR. Nov. 6. Life sketch of Thomas B. Prather, Confederate veteran. Dec. 11. Life sketch of William Arthur Simons, Spanish-American War veteran. HARRISONVILLE, CASS COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Aug. 28. Life sketch of Jonathon Adams, Union veteran. Sept. 4. Life sketch of Francis M. George, former Cass county official. Oct. 30. Life sketch of Henry Van Hurst, Cass county official. PLEASANT HILL, CASS COUNTY REPUBLICAN. Nov. 21. Brief historical sketch of Freeman cemetery, Cass county. PLEASANT HILL, TIMES. July 25. Reminiscences of James K. Polk Hamilton, who remembers the days of the "red legs" and guerrilla warfare. Sept. 5. Reminiscences of Quantrell's band. CEDAR COUNTY. STOCKTON, CEDAR COUNTY REPUBLICAN. July 10. Life sketch of George W. Tackett, Union veteran. Sept. 18. Life sketch of Henry Butler, former Cedar county official. STOCKTON, JOURNAL, Oct. 23. Reminiscences of C. R. Church, former editor of the Journal. CHARITON COUNTY. KEYTESVILLE, CHARITON COURIER. Aug. 8. A Confederate soldier's account of the Battle of Boonville. Nov. 28. Life sketch of Clarence E. Brummall, World War veteran, Chariton county official. MENDON, CONSTITUTION. Oct. 2. Life sketch of William Smith, Union veteran. SALISBURY, PRESS-SPECTATOR. Sept. 19. Life sketch of J. W. Ingram, Confederate veteran, former Nevada official. CHRISTIAN COUNTY. OZARK, CHRISTIAN COUNTY REPUB- LICAN. Oct. 31. Life sketch of Claude R. Campbell, World War veteran. CLARK COTJ NTY. KAHOKA, CLARK COUNTY COURIER. July 18. Life sketch of Anderson B. Tucker, Union veteran. Aug. 8. Battle of Athens. Sept. 5. life sketch of James Marion Riggs, Clark county official. Sept. 26. Life sketch of Joseph S. Matlick, Civil War veteran. Oct. 3. Life sketch of B. F. Glover, Civil War veteran. Nov. 7. Life sketch of John J. Zinnert, World War veteran. CLARK <0O U NTY. KAHOKA. GAZETTE-HERALD. July 4. Chapters in the history of Clark county, by Jasper Blines. See also succeeding issues. July 11. Life sketch of John Day, Union veteran. Sept. 5. life sketch of Richard McKinley Hall, World War veteran. Oct. 10. Life sketch of James K. P. DeBord, Civil War veteran. Life sketch of Benjamin Franklin Glover, Union veteran, former mayor of Wyaconda. See also Wyaconda News- Herald, Oct. 16. Dec. 12. Life sketch of J. S. Hardy, Clark county official. Dec. 26. When Bob Ford assassinated Jesse James. Reprinted from Burlington Posi, Burlington, Iowa. WYACONDA, NEWS-HERALD. Sept. 4. Brief historical sketch of Wyaconda. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 173

CLAY COUNTY. LIBERTY, ADVANCE, Sept. 15. Life sketch of James Russell Morton, World War veteran. Dec. 15. Clippings from Tribune files tell how William Jewell College was located at Liberty. LIBERTY, TRIBUNE. July 18. Death of Mrs. Lon Darby marks passing of the Redding Dale family, pioneers of Clay county. Aug. 15. Life sketch of Phillip W. Reddish, Confederate veteran. Sept. 5. J. C. Peters, Confederate veteran, tells of "dark days of'60s," when QuantreU's band was active. SMITHVILLE, DEMOCRAT-HERALD. Nov. 14. Death notice of J. B. A'inter, fcrmer Clay county official. See also Liberty Advance, Nov. 10. CLINTON COUNTY. CAMERON, DAILY NEWS OBSERVER. Oct. 24. Life sketch of Richard J. Cullen, Union veteran, Catholic priest. Nov. 10. Life sketch of George W. Steele, DeKalb county official. Dec. 23. Description of election day "sixty years ago." CAMERON, SUN. Nov. 13. Life sketch of G. W. Longstreth, Civil War veteran. PLATTSBURG, CLINTON COUNTY DEMOCRAT. July 4. Life sketch of Nicholas Dennis, World War veteran. LATHROP, OPTIMIST. July 24. Life sketch of Samuel D. Cud worth, Union veteran. Oct. 23. Life sketch of Julian Martin, Union veteran. COLE COUNTY. JEFFERSON CITY, DAILY CAPITAL NEWS. July 3. E. W. Stephens tells of days when Eugene Field was in Jeffer­ son City as a newspaper correspondent. Sept. 23. Life sketch of Fred L. Buehrle, World War veteran. Oct. 25. Life sketch of Charles Edwin Small, state official. JEFFERSON CITY, DAILY DEMOCRAT-TRIBLNE. July 5. Life sketch of Rudolph Dallmeyer, pioneer Jefferson Cit.v business man. July 16. Life sketch of P. Camden, Civil War veteran. Sept. 29. Life sketch of Warren Goodall, World War veteran. Oct. 11. History of the Cole county circuit court, by W. C. Irwin. Nov. 15. Life sketch of B. F. Lutman, Union veteran. Nov. 22. Life sketch of John M. Williams, Union veteran, Moniteau county and state official. COOPER COUNTY. BOONVILLE, ADVERTISER. July 4. Josephus Daniels, former secretary of the Navy, writes of his travels in Missouri, where he visited historic spots with Walter Williams. Franklin as it was in 1819. Immigration a century ago. The Santa Fe trail in 1828. David Barton's grave in Boonville. Boonville sketches and reminiscences, by Dr. Emile R. Paillou. See also succeeding issues. The lottery in Missouri—example of its use afforded in the financing of the plank road from New Franklin to Boonville. Oct. 3. Locust street—an historic Boonville thoroughfare. BOONVILLE, CENTRAL MISSOURI REPUBLICAN. Sept. 11. Reminiscences of R. W. Whitlow, pioneer Boonville business man. Dec. 18. Changes in Kemper Military Academy ia last fifty years, by John A. Peck. BUNCETON, WEEKLY EAGLE. July 4. History of attempts to link Cooper and Howard counties with bridge at Boonville. 174 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Dec. 26. T. H. Carskadon recalls shipping days of fifty years ago. CRAWFORD COUNTY. STEELVILLE, CRAWFORD MIRROR. Nov. 27. Life sketch of William O. Harrison, Union veteran. Dec. 18. First telephone came to Missouri in 1877. DADE COUNTY. GREENFIELD, DADE COUNTY ADVOCATE. Aug. 28. Life sketch of Ralph Jones, World War veteran. GREENFIELD, VEDETTE. Oct. 30. Life sketch of E. V. Laffoon, Union veteran. DALLAS COUNTY. BUFFALO, REFLEX. Oct. 9. Life sketch of E. R. Price, Union veteran. Oct. 23. I ife sketch of David Dill, Union veteran. DAVIESS COUNTY. GALLATIN, DEMOCRAT. Dec. 11. Life sketch of Thomas Buzzard, Confederate veteran. Dec. 18. Life sketch of John M. Ellis, Civil War veteran. GALLATIN, NORTH MISSOURIAN. July 3. Life sketch of Martin V. Bishop, Civil War veteran. Oct. 2. Life sketch of William Thomas Foster, former editor of the Gallatin North Missourian. Nov. 20. Life sketch of Homer L. Faulkner, former mayor of Jamesport. Life sketch of Gus A. Lynn, Confederate veteran. DEKALB COUNTY. CLARKSDALE, JOURNAL. Sept. 11. Life sketch of Thomas Roberts, Union veteran. UNION STAR, HERALD. July 24. Brief historical sketch of the organization of DeKalb county. Nov. 27. Life sketch of Dave Caldwell, Union veteran. DENT COUNTY. SALEM, NEWS. Sept. 11. Life sketch of Robert Chumley, Union veteran. DUNKLIN COUNTY. CAMPBELL, CITIZEN. Dec. 12. Life sketch of J. Thomas Nichols, Dunklin county official. KENNETT, DUNKLIN COUNTY NEWS. Nov. 14. Life sketch of J. W. Timberman, Dunklin county official. KENNETT, DUNKLIN DEMOCRAT. Nov. 14. What the Little River Drainage project has meant to Southeast Missouri. Reprinted from St. Louis Globe-Democrat. FRANKLIN COUNTY. NEW HAVEN, LEADER. July 3. Life sketch of James T. Roark, Confederate veteran. July 17. Life sketch of Henry V. Bargen, Civil War veteran. Aug. 21. Life sketch of Albert E. Koch, World War veteran. Dec. 4. Life sketch of Lew Wallace Bagby, of the U. S. Navy. Dec. 11. Life sketch of Christian F. Karstedt, Union veteran. SULLIVAN, NEWS. July 10, Description of old home of Daniel Boone in St. Charles county. Sept. 4. Life sketch of I. U. Hargus, 'Forty-niner. Sept. 25. Life sketch of Charles L. Moore, Y. M. C. A. World War worker. See also Union Republican-Tribune, Sept. 19. Life sketch of Joseph R. Moore, Union veteran. Nov. 13. Life sketch of Henry William Brandt, Civil War veteran. Dec. 4. Life sketch of Roy Gilbert Miller, Washington city marshal and World War veteran. UNION, REPUBLICAN-TRIBUNE. Sept. 5. Franklin county in the Mexican war. By Clark Brown. WASHINGTON, CITIZEN. Oct. 24. Life sketch of James I. Jones, Franklin county official. WASHINGTON, FRANKLIN COUNTY OBSERVER. Aug. 1. Life sketch of J. G. Gallemore, former editor of the Franklin County Observer. Aug. 8. Life sketch of Edward John Maschmann, former Washington city official. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 175

Nov. 1. Life sketch of Herman C. Grohe, Spanish-American War veteran and Washington city official. GASCONADE COUNTY. BLAND. COURIER. Sept. 12. Life sketch of Gen. John J. Pershing at his retirement from army. Sept. 26. Bland's growth during the last twenty-five years. HERMANN, ADVERTISER-COURIER. July 18. Life sketch of Michael J. Dobmeier, World War veteran. Sept. 26. Life sketch of Louis Neese, Sr., Union veteran. GENTRY COUNTY. ALBANY, CAPITAL. July 3. Life sketch of Joseph Persinger, Civil War veteran. July 24. Life sketch of Nicholas Price DeWitt, Union veteran. Sept. 18. Life sketch of Carl V. Van Hoozer, veteran of the Mexican campaign of 1916 and World War veteran. Sept. 25. Life sketch of James R. Mallory, Union veteran. Nov. 27. Life sketch of Thomas J. Allen, Civil War veteran. ALBANY, LEDGER. July 10. Life sketch of James Clark, Gentry county official. Aug. 14. Life sketch of Charles H. Mothersead, Gentry county official. KING CITY, CHRONICLE. July 4. Life sketch of James Clark, Gentry county official. See also King City Tri-County News, same date. GREENE COUNTY. ASH GROVE, COMMONWEALTH. Sept. 11. Life sketch of Charles Moore, Union veteran. Oct. 9. Life sketch of James J. Mayes, Spanish-American and World War veteran. REPUBLIC, MONITOR. Sept. 18. Life sketch of George W. O'Neal, Civil War veteran. See also Aurora Advertiser, and Springfield, Missouri Republican, same date. SPRINGFIELD, MISSOURI REPUBLICAN. Aug. 16. Ely Paxon, long time resident of Springfield tells of conditions there in 1868. Aug. 23. Springfield in 1858, and how Conrad Gottfried came to settle there on his way west. Aug. 29. Life sketch of Ephraim Kinser, Greene county pioneer. Aug. 30. Reminiscences of Springfield, by W. W. Thomas. Aug. 31. Death notice of William L. O'Dell, Civil War veteran. History of Hunter School of Chiropractic at Springfield. Sept. 6. Moses Levy established business in Springfield in 1888. Sept. 13. Life sketch of L. E. Lines, Springfield business man and Union veteran. Sept. 17. Life sketch of Thomas Akins, former federal officer and promi­ nent Republican. Sept. 18. Life sketch of Joseph M. Dunnegan, Polk county banker and prominent Republican. Sept. 20. John R. Ferguson, Springfield resident for fifty-five years and Union veteran, tells of city's growth. Sept. 21. Central Bible Institute opens at Springfield in fall of 1924. Sept. 24. Notice of death of Garrett Groomer, Benton county official. Sept. 27. C. H. Dalrymple, Springfield business man since 1868, tells of early days. Sept. 28. Life sketch of Col. James J. Mayes, former Judge Advocate General of A. E. F. Sept. 30. Life sketch of Prof. Wm. H. Lynch, educator. See also other Southeast Missouri papers. Oct. 1. Life sketch of William S. Dillard, pioneer and former Greene county official. 176 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Oct. 2. Life sketch of Judge Z. C. Mason. Oct. 4. History of McDaniel National Bank, at Springfield. Oct. 11. History of J. E. Walton Land Investment Co., at Springfield. Oct, 18. W. A. Reed, pioneer Springfield merchant tells of business there half a century ago. Oct. 21. Life sketch of Paul Ewert, former federal officer. Nov. 1. J. L. Long, pioneer Springfield business man tells of conditions just after Civil War. Nov. 8. Life sketch of T. J. Murray, former Greene county official. Nov. 9. Life sketch of William A. Hall, Union veteran. Nov. 12. Monument to World War dead of Springfield unveiled—roster of dead. Nov. 22. Charles McGregor tells of early days in Springfield. Nov. 29. J. F. Dunckel gives explanation of the origin of the Ozark "houn' dawg" song. Dec. 11. Life sketch of H. E. Howell, Civil War veteran. Dec. 13. Life sketch of S. L. Sherman, Union veteran. Dec. 19. The Ozark Region—by Dr. E. M. Shepard—a geological and geographical account. The caves of the Ozarks. Brief historical sketch of the organization of Greene county in 1833. Dec. 20. Life sketch of Dr. J. R. Boyd, pioneer Ozark physician. SPRINGFIELD, LEADER. July 2. Description of a trip down Current River on a timber raft. July 4. General Emmett Newton, Missourian, claims to have started the saying, "I'm from Missouri; show me." July 22. Description of wreck on Frisco out of Monett in 1907. Sept. 25. Life sketch of Col. James J. Mayes, veteran of the Philippine campaign and the World War. Sept. 29. Life sketch of Wm. H. Lynch, pioneer educator. Sept. 30, Life sketch of William C. Dillard, pioneer and former Greene county official. Nov. 2. Reminiscences of L. M. Mitchell, veteran salesman of Southeast Missouri. Nov. 3. No trace of Springfield's first city ordinance found in records— some city history. Nov. 9. Reminiscences by G. D. Milligan, of early trade conditions. Nov. 11. Life sketch of Lewis Stephens, Civil War veteran. Nov. 17. "Blue Man of Spring Creek" legend. Nov. 18. Information on "Ozark Bluff Dwellers;" result of recent archaeological research. Nov. 19. Story of Franz Sigel, a German who fought for the Union in the Civil War. Dec. 10. Life sketch of H. E. Howell, former Springfield city official. Dec. 11. The telephone came to Missouri in 1877. GRUNDY COUNTY. SPICKARD, GRUNDY COUNTY GAZETTE. Aug. 7. Life sketch of Harold Freemont Wyatt, World War veteran. Life sketch of George Severn, Civil War veteran. TRENTON, TIMES. Sept. 4. Life sketch of Rev. DeWitt C. Brown, Civil War veteran. See Republican-Tribune, same date. Oct. 23. Life sketch of Albert Miller, Civil War veteran. See also Nov. 6. Dec. 24. Life sketch of William J. Limes, Union veteran and county official of Grundy county. TRENTON, WEEKLY REPUBLICAN AND TRIBUNE. July 10. Life sketch of Samuel D. Robison, Civil War veteran. Sept. 4. Brief history of Republican-Tribune. See also Nov. 13. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 177

Oct. 9. Life sketch of Henry Wettstein, former city official. See Times, same date. HARRISON COUNTY. BETHANY, CLIPPER. Aug. 13. Life sketch of Washington Morgan, Union veteran. See also Aug. 20, and Republican, Aug. 20. Aug. 27. Life sketch of Charles H. Mothersead, G.entry county official. Sept. 17. Life sketch of W. H. Leazenby, Harrison county official. See also Sept. 24, and Republican, Sept. 17, 24. Nov. 5. Life sketch of Adoniram Judson Dodd, Union veteran. Dec. 10. Life sketch of Frederick Gardner, Union veteran. BETHANY, REPUBLICAN. July 2. Invasion of Missouri by Iowa troops in Civil War. Reprinted from Kansas City Star. Oct. 1. Life sketch of Ray Hollar, World War veteran. Life sketch of Charles A. Johnson, Union veteran. Nov. 12. Life sketch of John Long, World War veteran. Nov. 26. "The Wagon and the West"—a story of trip to Harrison county in early days. By E. W. Howe. Reprinted from Saturday Evening Post. Dec. 3. Life sketch of John L. Youngs, Union veteran. Dec. 31. Life sketch of Thompson Edwards, pioneer. Life sketch of Amos Edward Golder, Confederate veteran. Life sketch of Isiah Spencer, Union veteran. CAINSVILLE, NEWS. Aug. 28. Life sketch of Paul Carleton Putnam, World War veteran. RIDGEWAY, JOURNAL. Nov. 21. Life sketch of Hugh Maxwell Crabb, Union veteran. HENRY COUNTY. CLINTON, HENRY COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Oct. 16. History of Cumberland Presbyterian Church in Clinton. Life sketch of Joseph Jefferson Stephens, Union veteran. See also Eye, same date. Dec. 11. Life sketch of Judge William M. Wilson, Henry county official. CLINTON, EYE. Aug. 8. Life sketch of Columbus C. Bronaugh, Confederate veteran. Oct. 10. Historical calendar of Henry county. By Loyd Collins. Oct. 17. Historical sketch of Cumberland Presbyterian Church. By Mrs. Theodore J. Bolton. Historical sketch of First Presbyterian Church. By Miss Inez L. McKee. WINDSOR, REVIEW. Sept. 11. Life sketch of John Hardin Bell, Confederate veteran. Nov. 27. Historical sketch of First Baptist church of Windsor. HICKORY COUNTY. HERMITAGE, INDEX. Aug. 21. Life sketch of Patrick N. Chancellor, county official and Civil War veteran. Dec. 18. Life sketch of John G. Crutsinger, Union veteran. HOLT COUNTY. MOUND CITY, NEWS-JEFFERSONIAN. July 11. Life sketch of D. P. Dobyns, editor of Oregon, Holt County Sentinel, q. v. Aug. 1. Life sketch of E. J. Kellog, mayor of Craig. Aug. 22. Life sketch of John Alvin McGill, World War veteran. Nov. 14. Life sketch of William Green Mclntyre, Holt county official and Civil War veteran. See also Oregon, Holt County Sen­ tinel, Nov. 21. Dec. 5. Life sketch of William S. Montgomery, World War veteran. MOUND CITY, JOURNAL. July 10. Life sketch of J. P. Nauman, Confederate veteran. Sept. 4. Life sketch of Roy Ramsey Keaster, World War veteran 178 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

CRAIG, LEADER. Aug. 1. Life sketch of E. J. Kellog, mayor of Craig. OREGON, HOLT COUNTY SENTINEL. July 11. Life sketch of D. P. Dobyns, Union veteran and editor of Holt County Sentinel. July 25. Life sketch of Thomas Miller, pioneer. Life sketch of Martin Van Buren Cass, Union veteran. Oct. 31. Life sketch of Solomon Loffer, Union veteran. HOWARD COUNTY. FAYETTE, ADVERTISER. Oct. 9. Life sketch of Judge David Bagby, Howard county official. See also Democrat-Leader, Oct. 9. Nov. 27. Life sketch of Otho Ashcraft, Confederate veteran. See also Democrat-Leader, Nov. 27. Dec. 4. Life sketch of John M. Taylor, Confederate veteran. Life sketch of William linn Reid, editor of Advertiser. See also Democrat-Leader, Dec. 4. Dec. 25. Life sketch of David Bagby, Jr., county official, State Senator, and World War, veteran. HOWELL COUNTY. WEST PLAINS, HOWELL COUNTY GAZETTE. July 17. Life sketch of Robert McKamey, Union veteran. Sept. 4. Life sketch of John W. Brownell, Confederate veteran. See also Journal, Aug. 28, and Quill, Sept. 4. Oct. 2. Life sketch of William H. Lynch, Union veteran. Oct. 16. Life sketch of William Deatherage, Confederate veteran. , WEST PLAINS, JOURNAL. Aug. 7. Life sketch of Benjamin Kinion, Union veteran. WEST PLAINS, WEEKLY QUILL. July 31. Life sketch of John T. Holmes, Civil War veteran. Life sketch of T. B. Miller, Union veteran. Sept. 25. Life sketch of Thomas Lamons, Union veteran. IRON COUNTY. IRONTON, IRON COUNTY REGISTER. Aug. 14. Life sketch of H. A. Schwaner, Iron county official. Nov. 20. Legend of Ton Sauk. Reprinted from St. Louis Post-Dispatch. JACKSON COUNTY. INDEPENDENCE, JACKSON EXAMINER. Oct. 24. Reminiscences of Civil War by Capt. John D. Brown, of Iowa. Nov. 14. Life sketch of Curtis S. Campbell, Jackson county official. INDEPENDENCE, EXAMINER. July 2. Some newspaper history of Missouri. July 3. Life sketch of Charles W. Brady, Sr., Postmaster at Independ­ ence for twelve years. July 17. Life sketch of William Enslee Axtell, Union veteran. July 24. Life sketch of Strother Wells, pioneer Independence banker. Aug. 25. Life sketch of James D. Hall, Confederate veteran. Oct. 11. Life sketch of Christian Ott, former mayor of Independence. Nov. 13. Life sketch of Frank C. Wyatt, former Jackson county official. See Nov. 15 also. Nov. 19. Lite sketch of Franklin Harding, Confederate veteran. Nov. 20. Life sketch of Charles W. Brady, Jr., Jackson county official. Dec. 8. Life sketch of William E. Rowe, Union veteran. KANSAS CITY, JOURNAL. July 16. King City, First Trust Company chartered by state. Aug. 3. Life sketch of Courtney Ryley Cooper, born in Kansas City, who has gained renown as a writer. Aug. 10. Pioneer Kansas City railroad men recall time when three trains per day was schedule. Reminiscences of Col. J. C. Green- man, James Loughlin, S. B. Lightcap, Capt. James Darling, and J. M. Hibbard. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 179

Aug, 29. Life sketch of William C. Hedden, newspaper writer connected with Rich Hill Mining Review, and Union veteran. Sept. 1. "Black Friday Scare," an incident of the Missouri-Iowa war (May, 1861), recalled by Joseph Ashbaugh. Sept. 7. Story of F. X. Aubrey, early day freighter, who once rode horse­ back from Independence to Santa Fe, N. M., in five days. Sept. 28. E. R. Weeks was first man in Kansas City to light his home with electricity. Oct. 26. Union Station's tenth birthday recalls first depot on Kansas City's West Bottoms. (See Star, same date, for further data.) Nov. 9. Idea for Kansas City's new Liberty Memorial originated by Celbe C. Cline. Nov. 16. Descendants of Davey Crockett living in Kansas City—some family history. "Blue Man of Spring Creek" legend. Opinion on it by Jeny Hildebrand, of Douglas county. Dec. 27. Life sketch of William Bales, Kansas City pioneer. Dec. 28. Story of Daniel Boone and the Judgment Elm. KANSAS CITY, POST. Aug. 15. Life sketch of Edwin F. Dexter, Civil War veteran. Aug. 29. Life sketch of Dr. Jefferson Davis Griffith, surgeon at St. Joseph Hospital in Kansas City for nearly fifty years. Sept. 22. Life sketch of George W. Hendley, pioneer Missouri journalist of Richmond. Sept. 25. Life sketch of George W. Sanders, pioneer live stockman. Nov. 18. Life sketch of Washington Adams, former Kansas City and Jackson county official. KANSAS CITY, STAR. July 4. Life sketch of George Benton Cottingham, Cass county pioneer. July 23. Life sketch of L. J. Talbott, former mayor of Kansas City. Aug. 3. "Bill" Anderson of Brown wood, Texas, claims to be the veteran of the Centralia Massacre who is believed to be dead. Historical sketch of Bioomington, Missouri. Aug. 9. Death of Maj. George P. Whitsett, former judge advocate of fifth army corps. Aug. 10. Dedication of Mark Twain Park at Florida. Aug. 13. Some history of the smokestack at 10th and Euclid in Kansas City. Aug. 14. The story of Mark Twain and the Ascot cup—a London inci­ dent. Aug. 15. Aztec markings on stones found at Nevada, and copper plates of Aztec origin dug up in Dunklin county prove existence of this ancient civilization in Missouri. Aug. 16. Life sketch of Frank 8. Casey, Kansas City official. Aug. 17. Story of life of Dr. E. R. Cockrell, president-elect of William Woods College, at Fulton. Aug. 22. Archeologists are on the trail of the Ozark Bluff Dwellers—a race said to have existed twenty centuries ago. Aug. 28. Life sketch of Ralph Jones, World War veteran. Sept. 1. Famous murder trial of Missouri's pioneer days; story of Jack­ son county killing In which Alexander W. Doniphan, counsel for defense, won acquittal. Sept. 2. Death of William F. Kuhn, holder of highest office in Royal Arch Masonry in United States. Sept. 11. Record of Gen. John J. Pershing's career. Sept. 21. Story of Mrs. Kate Kentling of Highland ville, Missouri, who is probably the last survivor of the Maximilian expedition to Mexico. 180 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Sept. 27. Life sketch of Dell D. Dutton, Secretary of Red Cross and Treasurer of Missouri Bar Association. Sept. 28. Life story of Governor Sam A. Baker. Oct. 5. Major R. S. Wilks, deceased, of Verona, Lawrence county, was well informed on the history of southwest Missouri. Old Louis Vogel home in Kansas City, a landmark, to be razed. Kansas City claims honor of giving Lotta Crabtree her start toward stage fame. She was born in Jackson county. Oct. 12. Missourians serve as governors of Western states—George W. P. Hunt, Arizona; James F. Hinkle, New Mexico; Charles C. Moore, Idaho; and Louis F. Hart, Washington. Biography of Major B. R. Dysart, Confederate veteran and member of Constitutional Convention of 1875. Oct. 14. Miscellanies about Mark Twain on occasion of the publication of his autobiography. Oct. 15. Notice of death of Eli Winterbower, Confederate veteran. Oct. 16. Story of the founding of St. Joseph by Joseph Robidoux. Oct. 24. Life sketch of Martin L. Ham, Union veteran. Life sketch of Judge C. E. Small, Commissioner of Missouri Supreme Court. Oct. 26. First romance in the state was when an Indian princess married a Frenchman in 1720, a Carroll county legend. Life sketch of Col. John Cosgrove, former state official, who lives at Boonville. Joe Ward, of Macon county, Union veteran drove oxen across plains in early days. Nov. 2. How Daniel Boone dealt justice in his court under the Judg­ ment Elm. Story of his life in St. Charles county. Nov. 9. Origin of "Mysterious Stranger" as a political nickname for Missouri. History of the Liberty Memorial movement. Nov. 13. Life sketch of Frank C. Wyatt, former Jackson county official, and Independence banker. Nov. 16. Life sketch of David Edward Stoner, former Kansas City official. "The Romance in the Rise of Governor Baker"—his life story. Nov. 18. Life story of Franz Sigel, a German soldier who fought in the struggle for Missouri in the Civil War. Dec. 14. Danville, Missouri's smallest county seat, loses its fight—story of the county seat dispute in Montgomery county. See also Nov. 9. Dec. 18. Life sketch of William George Short, Civil War veteran. Dec. 23. Life sketch of Jay Hambridge, artist and art authority, formerly of Kansas City Times. Dec. 30. Life sketch of Joseph Pulitzer, publisher and newspaper man. KANSAS CITY, TIMES. July 1. Dr. William Wirt King is made president of Ozark Wesleyan College at Carthage. July 4. Death of David P. Dobyns, editor of Oregon, Holt County Sentinel. Dedication of new state highway bridge at Boonville. Life sketch of Joseph T. Bird, pioneer Kansas City merchant. July 30. Life sketch of H. A. Boyle, Civil War veteran. Aug. 11. Death i6f John Duncan, of the U. S. Navy. Aug. 12. Death of Capt. S. E. Dorsey, Union veteran. Aug. 13. Death of Walter Goodell, World War veteran. Death of James B. Peck, Kansas City attorney. Aug. 15. Death of Edwin F. Dexter, Civil War veteran. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 181

Aug. 21. Mark Twain Park at Florida opened. Aug. 27. Death of Theodore W. Trimble, Civil War veteran. Aug. 29. Death of Hugh McLaughlin, Union veteran. Sept. 9. World's record in cattle receipts established at Kansas City stockyards. Sept. 10. Republican-Greenback state nominating convention at Jeffer­ son City in 1884, is recalled. Sept. 20. J. West Goodwin, a picturesque Missouri editor—a character sketch. Oct. 7. Former Governor Herbert Hadley tells of fire which destroyed capitol building. Oct. 9. Sixty-year-old county seat war between Danville and Mont­ gomery City (Montgomery county) is renewed. Oct. 23. Story of Old Greenville, a deserted Clay county town. Oct. 25. Short biography of Harold Bell Wright. Oct. 31. Short biography of O. O. Mclntyre. Nov. 4. Life sketch of Benjamin T. Holloway, Kansas City pioneer. Nov. 8. R. A. Long named as originator of Liberty Memorial idea. Life sketch of E. E. Peake, good roads worker of Kansas City. Nov. 22. Life sketch of John M. Williams, former county and state official. See also California, Mo., papers. Nov. 26. Story of Mark Twain's bed, which is in Detroit. Dec. 2. Life sketch of Lawrence I. Hatfield, World War veteran. Dec. 27. Life sketch of William Bales, Kansas City pioneer. OAK GROVE, BANNER. Aug. 15. Lite sketch of William F. Lewis, Civil War veteran. Nov. 21. Life sketch of Capt. Benjamin Franklin Harding, Confederate veteran. JASPER COUNTY. CARTHAGE, JASPER COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Dec. 5. Life sketch of Riley Willey, Union veteran. CARTHAGE, EVENING PRESS. July 14. Life sketch of J. G. Armitage, Union veteran. Lite sketch of J. N. U. Seela, Jasper county pioneer. July 28. Life sketch of James Shriver, former Missourian, who had dis­ tinction of raising first flag over state building in West Vir­ ginia when that state was created. Carthage in 1874 and later. By Mrs. E. O. Brown. Aug. 1. Carthage in 1870 and later. By O. A. Peterson. Aug. 30. Life sketch of A. W. Rainwater, Union veteran. Oct. 18. Life sketch of Gilbert Barbee, former publisher of Joplin Globe and Tribune. See also Oct. 20. Oct. 27. Mrs. Malinda L. White writes of Carthage as it was in 1844. Nov. 12. History of the flag of the 29th Mo. Infantry placed in the Memorial Museum at Carthage. Nov. 15. Life sketch of William Casebolt, Union veteran. Nov. 23. Life sketch of William A. Rogers, Union veteran. Dec. 2. Life sketch of J. E. Twitchell, Union veteran. Life sketch of Clinton E. Spencer, former Jasper county official. Dec. 17. Life sketch of Silas Rogers, Union veteran. JOPLIN, GLOBE. July 15. Life sketch of James Graham Armitage, Union veteran. July 13. Historical sketch of Boucher's Cigar Factory, at Joplin, the largest operating in Missouri. Sept. 1*3. Life sketch,of W. H. Picher, Joplin pioneer. Formal opening of Ozark Wesleyan College at Carthage. Oct. 19. Life sketch of Jesse Richardson, Jasper county pioneer. Oct. 28. Life sketch of W. E. Whitfield, Jasper county pioneer. 182 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

JOPLIN, NEWS-HERALD. Aug. 22. Life sketch of S. F. Clark, former mayor of Webb City and State legislator. Aug. 27. Joplin honors Charles Schifferdecker, a former prominent citizen and city benefactor by observing Schifferdecker Day. Sketch of the life of Charles Schifferdecker. Sept. 1. Life sketch of Charles E. Dunham, Union veteran of Joplin, who "recognized and effected the capture of Jefferson Davis at the close of the Civil War." Oct. 17. Life sketch of Gilbert Barbee, Joplin Democratic leader and philanthropist. Oct. 21. Life sketch of Paul A. Ewert, Joplin attorney and philanthro­ pist. Nov. 3. Life sketch of Hans Hackel, editor of the St. Louis Westliche- Post. Nov. 27. Life sketch of William A. Rogers, Union veteran and pioneer livestock man. Dec. 27. Life sketch of John Cragin, prominent Joplin business man. SARCOXIE, RECORD. Nov. 13. Life sketch of William H. (Bud) Smith, Civil War veteran. JEFFERSON COUNTY. CRYSTAL CITY. PRESS. Oct. 16. Life sketch of William R. Donnell, county official of Jefferson county. See also Hillsboro, Jefferson County Record, Oct. 23. DESOTO, JEFFERSON COUNTY REPUBLICAN. July 10. Life sketch of Philip A. Langehennig, Jr., World War veteran. JOHNSON COUNTY. HOLDEN, PROGRESS. July 31. Life sketch of John W. Burden, Union veteran. Sept. 18. Life sketch of Joseph Painter, Civil War veteran. Oct. 2. Life sketch of Benjamin B. Farrow, World War veteran. Oct. 9. Life sketch of Lyle Evan Doty, World War veteran. KNOBNOSTER, GEM. Aug. 14. Life sketch of Nathaniel Bruce Shepherd, Union veteran. WARRENSBURG, WEEKLY STANDARD-HERALD. July 18. Life sketch of Orl Still well, Union veteran. Dec. 12. Life sketch of Hiram C. Morton, Civil War veteran. Dec. 19. Life sketch of Albert W. Repp, Union veteran. WARRENSBURG, STAR-JOURNAL. Dec. 12. Life sketch of Hiram C. Morton, Civil War veteran. Dec. 19. Life sketch of Albert W. Repp, Union veteran. KNOX COUNTY. EDINA, SENTINEL. Aug. 28. Reminiscences of Kit Carson by his son, Kit Carson, Jr. Writ­ ten by Albert B. Sanford. Sept. 18. Life sketch of Mrs. A. X. Brown, authoress and former editor of the Sentinel. See also Edina, Knox County Democrat, Sept. 18. Oct. 23. Life sketch of Thomas Power, Union veteran. LACLEDE COUNTY. LEBANON, RUSTIC. July 81. List of business men and officials of 1878 found in old copy of Laclede Leader. Aug. 14. Historical sketch of first farm club organized. Nov. 6. Life sketch of Fred J. Demuth, former city official. LEBANON, LACLEDE COUNTY REPUBLICAN. July 4. Historical sketch of McClurg farm at Linn Creek. July 11. Life sketch of Judge Christian L. Senn, former county official. Aug. 1. Life sketch of David McClure, Confederate veteran. Sept. 26. Historical sketch of Missouri's past capitols and description of the new one. Oct. 3. Life sketch of Prof. William Henry Lynch, educator and Civil War veteran. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 183

LAFAYETTE COUNTY. LEXINGTON, INTELLIGENCER. Nov. 7. Life sketch of William T. Wernwag, former Lafayette county official. See also News, Nov. 6. ODESSA, DEMOCRAT. July 4. Reminiscences by Mrs. Betty Lynes, pioneer. July 11. Reminiscences of a nine-day fight with Indians in 1864, on the banks of Cow Creek. By T. W. Carmichael. July 18. Brief sketch of Mount Hebron Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Aug. 15. Notice of the death of William Lewis, Confederate veteran. Aug. 29. Life sketch of Isaac Best, Union veteran. Dec. 12. Short sketch of first ferry at Lexington, Missouri. LAWRENCE COUNTY. AURORA, ADVERTISER. Sept. 11. Brief sketch of the founding of Lutheran Church at Freistatt. Sept. 25. Life sketch of Major R. S. Wilks, Civil War veteran and state representative. Oct. 2. Story of settlement of Lawrence county. See also preceding and following issues. Oct. 16. Early history of Lawrence county. Nov. 27. Life sketch of William H. Smith, Union veteran. See Miller, News-Herald, Nov. 20. Dec. 4. Historical sketches of early mills near Aurora. See also Dec. 25. MOUNT VERNON, CHIEFTAIN. Sept. 4. Life sketch of Jackson B. Davis, Union veteran and former Lawrence county official. Oct. 30. Life sketch of Rumsey O. Davis, Union veteran. LEWIS COUNTY. CANTON, PRESS. July 25. Life sketch of Eugene Herrick, World War veteran. LABELLE, STAR. Sept. 5. Life sketch of Judge James Marion Riggs, former Lewis county official. Nov. 21. Life sketch of Ed. M. Randolph, former Knox county official. Lifo sketch of David Bruner, Union veteran. See also Nov. 14. Dec. 12. Life sketch of George R. Minor, Confederate veteran. Life sketch of Jefferson Davis McPike, Confederate veteran. LAGRANGE, INDICATOR. Oct 2. Life sketch of William H. Solter, Union veteran. Nov. 27. Sketch of time when Alexandria ranked second in pork packing. MONTICELLO, LEWIS COUNTY JOURNAL. Aug. 22. Life sketch of John C. Jenkins, Civil War veteran. LINCOLN COUNTY. ELSBERRY, DEMOCRAT. Aug. 29. Life sketch of James TV. Powell, former Lincoln county official. Oct. 3. Brief sketch of experiences of Mrs. Kate Kentling, Missouri woman who accompanied Maximilian to Mexico. Reprinted from Kansas City Star. LINN COUNTY. BROOKFIELD, DAILY ARGUS. Aug. 4. Early day elections recalled. By Edgar White. Aug. 23. Life sketch of Wesley Lineberry, Civil War veteran. See also Brookfield Gazette, Aug. 29. BROOKFIELD, GAZETTE. Dec. 5. Lite sketch of Arthur Miller, Union veteran. BROWNING, LEADER-RECORD. Aug. 21. Reminiscences by Mrs. P. C. Mullins. See also Oct. 9. MEADVILLE, MESSENGER. July 31. Life sketch of Albert R. Jones, Civil War veteran. Dec. 11. Life sketch of Daniel David Figg, Jr., World War veteran. MARCELINE, HERALD. Dec. 5. Life sketch of Philip Manewal, Union veteran. 184 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

LIVINGSTON COUNTY. CHILLICOTHE, CONSTITUTION. July 3. Life sketch of E. A. Exceen, Union veteran. Oct. 9. Missouri was divided into counties 112 years ago. Oct. 23. An unrecorded tragedy of the Civil War. MCDONALD COUNTY, PINEVILLE, HERALD. Dec. 5. Life sketch of Major Joseph W. Kelley, former editor of the Pineville Democrat, Union veteran, and Indian fighter. Life sketch of W. H. Fleming, Confederate veteran. MACON COUNTY. LAPLATA, HOME PRESS. Sept. 4. Notice of sale of negro girl in Macon county in 1833. Story of railroad wreck at Warrenton in 1904. Dec. 4. Life sketch of Harold Winger, World War veteran. LAPLATA, REPUBLICAN. Aug. 14. Celebration of the Battle of Kirksville. Oct. 23. Life sketch of John Riley, former Macon county official. No*. 20. Life sketch of Dr. Benjamin Guffey, Confederate veteran. MACON, DAILY CHRONICLE-HERALD. Chronicle-Herald is fifteen years old. July 22. Wonders of Mark Twain Cave. July 25. Aug. 7. Basis of truth for Mark Twain's story of the jumping frog. Oct. 3. Col. E. W. Stephens recalls time when Eugene Field was a reporter in Jefferson City. Oct. 14. Notice of the death of J. H. Thomas, Confederate veteran. MACON, REPUBLICAN. July 8. Short sketch of Falstaffan Encounter at Monroe City, July 14, 1861. July 15. Brief sketch of how "wall paper edition" of Vicksburg Daily CUizen happened to be published. July 25. Brief mention of early day highways and ferries by Theodore Gary. Sept. 23. What is said to be the oldest structure in the county is at Bloomington. Reprinted from Kansas City Star. Oct. 7. Life sketch of James D. Sparrow, Confederate veteran. Nov. 11. Reminiscences of election of 1860. By Justice W. O. Gardner. Dec. 2. Reminiscences of early day transportation through Macon. By J. H. Sullivan. Dec. 16. The Tom Sawyer Trail. Reprinted from the Motor, Camper and Tourist. Dec. 19. Sketch of Danville's sixty-year fight for county seat of Mont­ gomery county. Dec. 26. Sketch of printers banquet at Keokuk, Jan. 17, 1856, which was attended by Mark Twain. Christmas in Missouri "befo' de War." By Grace Hewitt Sharp. * Dec. 30. Mark Twain and Barnum planned an excursion on big comet— million rooms. From Keokuk, Citizen. MADISON COUNTY. FREDERICKTOWN, DEMOCRAT NEWS. July 3. Life sketch of Dr. William Nifong, Confederate veteran and pioneer. July 24. Life sketch of Thomas B. Allen, Buchanan county official. Aug. 21. Sketch of Christian Church on 100th anniversary. MARIES COUNTY. VIENNA, HOME ADVISER. Oct. 2. Short sketch of early courts and officials of Cole county. Re­ printed from Jefferson City, Missouri Volksfreund. MARION COUNTY. HANNIBAL, COURIER-POST. July 11. Early history of Hannibal revealed by old documents. July 31. Life sketch of Frederick Cluskey, Union veteran. Nov. 2. Life sketch of A. E. Dickson, World War veteran. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 185

Nov. 8. Life sketch of D. Smallwood, World War veteran. Nov. 13. Hannibal of seventy-five years ago as Mark Twain saw it. Nov. 25. M ark Twain's tribute to his mother. Nov. 26. Dr. Henry J. Waters, editor of the Weekly Kansas City Star, was the first student enrolled in the Missouri College of Agri­ culture, of which he later was dean. Nov. 28. Extracts from West and South, a paper published and edited in Hannibal in 1868-1871 by Thomas W. Hawkins, giving some early history of Hannibal. See also Nov. 29. Dec. 8. When Vice-President Dawes visited Mark Twain's Cave. Dec. 13. Life sketch of James G. Blackford, Union veteran. Dec. 17. Mark Twain on Hannibal. Dec. 29. Life sketch of W. H. Powell, former managing editor of the Courier-Post. Lite sketch of W. J. A. Meyer, prominent business man of Hannibal. PALMYRA, MARION COUNTY HERALD. Oct. 31. Life sketch of Charles E. Small, state official. Nov. 6. Life sketch of Adelbert C. Dickson, World War veteran. PALMYRA, MARION COUNTY NEWS. July 8. Life sketch of Miles Britton (colored), Union veteran and ex- slave. See Spectator, July 3. Dec. 9. Why Mark Twain refused to tell in what house he was born. PALMYRA, SPECTATOR. July 31. Life sketch of Frederick Cluskey, Union veteran. Aug. 21. Old documents by Francis Asbury which made Richard Sharp a deacon in M. E. Church. Aug. 28. A Century of Mormonism. Reprinted from Kansas City Star. The wonders of the Mark Twain Cave at Hannibal. By Lois Burch. Sept. 11. Life sketch of Clark Johnson (colored), Union veteran and ex-slave. MERCER COUNTY. PRINCETON, POST. July 2. Life sketch of Eli Craig, pioneer. Death recalls early days in Mercer county. July 9. Life sketch of William Flaherty, Union veteran. Aug. 27. Life sketch of Paul Putnam, World War veteran. Oct. 15. Life sketch of John H. Gate, Union veteran. Oct. 22. Life sketch of E. S. Owen, Civil War veteran. Dec. 3. A Missourian, Senator David R. Atchison, was President for one day. Reprinted from Kansas City Journal. Dec. 10. Lite sketch of Stanley W. Coon, Civil War veteran. PRINCETON, TELEGRAPH. July 23. Life sketch of Granville Vanderpool, Union veteran. MILLER COUNTY. ELDON, ADVERTISER. July 3. Story of the flood of 1844. Reprinted from the Boonville Advertiser. Dec. 4. Life sketch of John Francis Rea, Civil War veteran. TUSCUMBIA, MILLER COUNTY AUTOGRAM. July 3. Case from circuit court records of 1838 in which slave sues master for freedom. MISSISSIPPI COUNTY. CHARLESTON, ENTERPRISE-COURIER. July 17. Life sketch of Henry L. Finley, Confederate veteran. Dec. 11. Reminiscences of early Mississippi county. By Mrs. Mary A. Jackson. EAST PRAIRIE, EAGLE. Oct. 24. Life sketch of Carl D. Mitchell, County Representative of Mississippi county. 186 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

MONITEAU COUNTY. CALIFORNIA, DEMOCRAT. July 17. Life sketch of Henry Walterscheidt, Civil War veteran. Oct. 23. Life sketch of John H. Stark, former county official of Moniteau county. See also Herald, Oct. 23. Nov. 20. Life sketch of Jesse Hornbeck, former Moniteau county official. See also Nov. 27. Nov. 27. Life sketch of John M. Williams, Moniteau county official, and Union veteran. CALIFORNIA, MONITEAU COUNTY HERALD. July 3. Life sketch of J. W. Hines, pioneer. TIPTON, TIMES. Nov. 14. "Old Sacremento," famous Confederate field piece, recalled by Jason James. Dec. 19. Data on old Sappington cemetery near Arrow Rock. MONROE COUNTY. MONROE CITY, SEMI-WEEKLY NEWS. Sept. 30. First train crossed state fifty-nine years ago. Reprinted from Columbia Missourian. Nov. 28. Life sketch of Samuel Breckenridge Upton, pioneer and Con­ federate veteran. See Paris Mercury, Dec. 5. Dec. 19. The telephone came to Missouri in 1878. Dec. 30. The first romance in Missouri. Reprinted from Kansas City Star. PARIS, MERCURY. Aug. 29. Some personal reminiscences of Mark Twain. Sept. 5. When Mark Twain met Kipling. From the Los Angeles Times. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. NEW FLORENCE, MONTGOMERY COUNTY LEADER. Aug. 1. Resume" of earlier meetings of the Montgomery County Old Settlers' Association. MORGAN COUNTY. VERSAILLES, STATESMAN. Nov. 20. Life sketch of B. Frank Lutman, Union veteran. Nov. 27. Life sketch of Jehiel Buckwalter, Union veteran. NEW MADRID COUNTY. NEW MADRID, RECORD. July 25. Life sketch of Thomas B. Allen, county official of Buchanan county. From St. Joseph News-Press. Sept. 19. Life sketch of J. W. Brownell, Confederate veteran and pioneer. NODAWAY COUNTY. BURLINGTON JUNCTION, POST. July 3. Life sketch of Chester Jennings Rees, Union veteran. Oct. 30. Life sketch of Alexander Gray, Civil War veteran. Nov. 13. Reminiscences by James W. Smith, first white child born in Nodaway county. HOPKINS, JOURNAL. July 10. Lite sketch of John M. Busby, Civil War veteran. See also Maryville, Weekly Democrat-Forum, July 10. MARYVILLE, WEEKLY DEMOCRAT-FORUM. Sept. 11. Sketch of the life of Gen. John J. Pershing. Sept. 18. Sketch of monastery at Conception (Missouri) on fifty-first anniversary. Oct. 9. Brief sketches of Missouri's capitols. Nov. 13. Life sketch of Matthew Gay Tate, former Nodaway county official. Reminiscences by W. H. Hudson, pioneer. MARYVILLE, DAILY DEMOCRAT-FORUM. Oct. 24. Lite sketch of Alexander Gray, Civil War veteran. Oct. 28. Some incidents in the life of former Governor A. M. Dockery. Oct. 31. Life sketch of James Parshall, pioneer. See Skidmore News. Nov. 13. Extensive historical sketch of the Democrat-Forum on its fifty- fifth anniversary. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 187

Life sketch of Matthew Gay Tate, former Nodaway county official. See Tribune, Nov. 13. Life sketch of W. L. Johnson, Justice of the Peace in Nodaway county for thirty-one years, and Union veteran. History of the newspapers of Nodaway county. C. J. Holden, founder of the Nodaway Forum tells of his ex­ periences. Samuel O. Dunn, editor of Railway Age, tells of experiences in Maryville, and of some of the city's newspaper history. Homer Croy got a year's subscription to the Forum for his first article. Reminiscences of N. Sisson, Union veteran, who came to Mary­ ville in 1866. Brief history of the city in the reminiscences of Cooper Gooden. Reminiscences of Charles Hyslop, resident of city since 1874. Reminiscences of N. B. Lamar, resident of Nodaway county since 1850. Business and professional history of Maryville. "People carried lanterns on streets in Maryville in 1869;" other reminiscences by John G. Grems. Nov. 28. Life sketch of Arthur S. Robey, former mayor of Maryville. See also Tribune, Nov. 28. Dec. 1. Life sketch of Napoleon B. Lamar, Civil War veteran, and Nodaway county pioneer. Dec. 6. History of milling industry in Nodaway county. Dec. 26. Life sketch of W. G. Sayler, Nodaway pioneer. Dec. 27. Life sketch of Joseph H. Alexander, Nodaway pioneer. Dec. 29. Life sketch of George W. Null, Union veteran and pioneer. See also Tribune, Dec. 29. Dec. 30. Life sketch of Thompson Edwards, pioneer of the Oregon Trail. MARYVILLE, TRIBUNE. July 5. Life sketch of John Busby, Civil War veteran. Aug; 23. Reminiscences of the Rev. Father Anselm, who recalls Mary­ ville of 70's. Historical sketch of Burlington Junction. History of the Automobile Club of Missouri. History of Conception Abbey, Conception, Missouri. History of Conception Junction, Missouri. Brief history of Ravenwood. Nov. 17. Life sketch of James W. Smith, of Burlington Junction; was first white child born in Nodaway county, Confederate veteran. Dec. 1. Life sketch of Redman Baker, Union veteran. RAVENWOOD, GAZETTE. July 24. Life sketch of George R. Stingley, Union veteran. Nov. 27. Life sketch of George Warehime, Union veteran. SKIDMORE, NEWS. Dec. 11. Life sketch of William S. Montgomery, World War veteran. OREGON COUNTY. ALTON, SOUTH MISSOURIAN-DEMOCRAT. July 17. Life sketch of Arthur Busby, World War veteran. Oct. 16. Life sketch of John K. Brewer, Confederate veteran. Dec. 18. Life sketch of Andrew Baker Hensley, Confederate veteran. THAYER, NEWS. Aug. 29. Life sketch of Elbert Easley, World War veteran. OSAGE COUNTY. LINN, UNTERRIFIED DEMOCRAT. July 24. Life sketch of Henry Walterscheidt, Civil War veteran. META, HERALD. Nov. 7. Brief historical sketch of Osage county. 188 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

PEMISCOT COUNTY. CARUTHERSVILLE, DEMOCRAT-ARGUS. Oct. 3. The origin of the name Cooter (Coutre), a Pemiscot county town. HAYTI, MISSOURI HERALD. Nov. 21. Life sketch of J. W. Timberman, Dunklin county official. PERRY COUNTY. PERRYVILLE, REPUBLICAN. Oct. 23. Life sketch of Ferdinand E. Bergman, Union veteran. Nov. 27. Life sketch of Philip A. Leuckel, Sr., Spanish-American War veteran. Dec. 11. Life sketch of William L. Prost, World War veteran. Life sketch of William Mueller, Civil War veteran. Dec. 25. Life sketch of Jefferson Yount, Civil War veteran. PETTIS COUNTY. SEDALIA, CAPITAL. Dec. 25. Life sketch of Gabe Albers, former Pettis county official. SEDALIA, DEMOCRAT. Sept. 7. Notice of the death of Robert Van Hook, Confederate veteran. Oct. 6. Life sketch of Thomas Settles, Confederate veteran. Oct. 21. Life sketch of Henry Rethemeyer, Union veteran. Nov. 30. Alexander S. Vest tells of experiences in early days near Sedalia. Dec. 23. Life sketch of Richard D. Brunjes, Benton county official. Dec. 24. Life sketch of Gabe Albers, former Pettis county official. PHELPS COl NTY. ROLLA, HERALD. July 3. Life sketch of J. P. Woolsey, Confederate veteran. Oct. 2. Life sketch of Reuben D. Barger, Union veteran. ROLLA, NEW ERA. Sept. 19. Life sketch of Dexter Smith, Union veteran. ROLLA, TIMES. July 10. Life sketch of S. G. Hale, Confederate veteran. Nov. 6. Life sketch of Nathan Riley, Confederate veteran. PIKE COUNTY. BOWLING GREEN, JEFFERSONIAN. July 9. Pioneer newspapers of Pike county. Sketches of Salt River Journal, Radical, The Olive Branch, Bowling Green Journal, The Free Press, Democratic Banner, and the Seventy-Six. By I. Walter Bayse. July 23 John Hardeman, Missouri Naturalist, and Botanist. By I. Walter Bayse. Oct. 8. Pike county and the salt springs—a brief sketch of local history. Oct. 15. Pike county families' history. Department conducted by I. Walter Bayse. See succeeding issues. Nov. 5. Battle of Copenhaver, Pike county. Nov. 12. Montgomery county seat controversy lasted more than sixty years. Nov. 19. Pike county history. See succeeding issues. Nov. 26. Reminiscences by I. Walter Bayse. Battle of Ashley, Pike county, during the Civil War. Dec. 31. The O'Neil Massacre, near Clarksville, Missouri. CLARKSVILLE, BANNER-SENTINEL. Dec. 18. Life sketch of W. H. Henderson, Union veteran. LOUISIANA, PRESS-JOURNAL. July 1. Lite sketch of F. C. Haley, Sr., Union veteran. Sept. 26. Old Bethlehem—History of one of the oldest cemeteries of Missouri. See also Times, Sept. 26. LOUISIANA, TWICE-A-WEEK TIMES. Aug. 8. Life sketch of John Thomas Suead, Confederate veteran. PLATTE COUNTY. PARKVILLE, PLATTE COUNTY GAZETTE. Aug. 21. Life sketch of William Hamlet Prather, World War veteran. POLK COUNTY. BOLIVAR, FREE PRESS. July 10. William Lower, Union veteran, writes of Civil War days in Missouri, particularly of "the Humansville fight." HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 189

July 17. Life sketch of Lewis W. Farris, Confederate veteran. Oct. 16. Life sketch of David M. Northern, Union veteran. Nov. 6. Life sketch of Albert Wesley Mitchell, Union veteran. Life sketch of Francis Marion Shelton, Union veteran. BOLIVAR, HERALD. Aug. 21. Life sketch of Solomon Hartley Hopkins, Union veteran. Sept. 18. Life sketch of J. M. Dunnegan, Polk county and Bolivar official. See also next issue. Nov. 6. Pioneer days in Bolivar. By Caleb Fisher. FAIRPLAY, ADVOCATE. July 17. Life sketch of George Washington Griffin, Civil War veteran. HUMANSVILLE, STAR-LEADER. Sept. 18. Life sketch of Thomas J. Adkins, St. Louis postmaster. PULASKI COUNTY. RICHLAND, MIRROR. Aug. 21. Life sketch of John Dorsie Johnson, U. S. N. Oct. 16. Life sketch of George O. Gibson, Spanish-American and Philippine war veteran, and Pulaski county official. Dec. 4. Life sketch of William Daniel Johnson, Pulaski county and state official. PUTNAM COUNTY. UNIONVILLE, PUTNAM COUNTY JOURNAL. Oct. 3. Life sketch of Luther Thompson, Union veteran. Nov. 28. Life sketch of Benjamin Guffey, Civil War veteran. Dec. 5. Life sketch of Alonzo S. K. McCutchen, Putnam county official. See also Republican, Dec. 10. UNIONVILLE, REPUBLICAN. July 9. Life sketch of Hiel Luther Dickerson, Civil War veteran. Oct. I. Life sketch of Everett Roy Hollar, World War veteran. Oct. 22. Life sketch of Stephen J. Timraons, Civil War veteran. RALLS COUNTY. CENTER, HERALD. Oct. 2. Brief historical sketch of Missouri's eleven capitols In 104 years of statehood. NEW LONDON, RALLS COUNTY RECORD. Aug. 1. Missouri Settlers and the Indians. By Joe Burnett. Aug. 8. Chief Pontiac, Famous Indian Warrior, is Buried in St. Louis. By Joe Burnett. Aug. 29. DeSoto was the First White Man to Set Foot on Missouri Soil. By Joe Burnett. Sept. 5. White Flower—an Indian story by Joe Burnett. See succeed­ ing issues for other Indian sketches. Oct. 3. Life sketch of John Gillam, Union veteran. See also Perry Enterprise, Sept. 25. PERRY, ENTERPRISE. Nov. 27. The death of Douglass Mcllhaney recalls his experiences during Civil War days, and during a Bill Anderson raid. RANDOLPH COUNTY. MOBERLY, EVENING DEMOCRAT. May 2. Article in Houston (Tex.) paper indicates that Bill Anderson still lives. May 4. Col. James Hackley, cousin of Bill Anderson, ridicules idea that he still lives. Recounts death of Anderson. May 26. The Mayo family of Randolph county. Life sketches of Cass A. Mayo, John D. Mayo, and Haskell Mayo. June 16. Life sketch of John Reynolds, Confederate veteran. June 22.. Life sketch of Alex M. Staples, Confederate veteran. July 1. Eads Bridge at St. Louis opened fifty years ago. Aug. 10. C. C. Hager, of Huntsville, says Bill Anderson is dead. Aug. 15. Adolph Vogel, of Coffey, Missouri, Civil War veteran says that Bill Anderson of Texas is not the one known in Missouri. Dec. 18. Roster of living Mexican War veterans; only one in Missouri— William F. Buckner, of Paris. 190 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

MOBERLY, MONITOR-INDEX. Aug. 9. The story of Spring Garden, deserted Miller county town. Sept. 6. Life sketch of George W. Jones, Union veteran. See also Weekly Monitor, Sept. 11. Oct. 27. Life sketch of Samuel Sparkman, Sr., Confederate veteran. See also Weekly Monitor, Oct. 30. Dec. 30. Life sketch of O. S. Pitney, Union veteran. See also Weekly Monitor, Dec. 25. MOBERLY, WEEKLY MONITOR. July 24. Life sketch of William H. Alexander, Paris postmaster, former editor of Paris, Mercury. RAY COUNTY. HARDIN, NEWS. Aug. 19. Life sketch of O. J. Berry, Confederate veteran. Sept. 16. Life sketch of Charles Watt Kirkpatrick, Civil War veteran. Sept. 26. Life sketch of George W. Hendley, former publisher of Rich­ mond Herald and Richmond Chronicle. See also Richmond Conservator, Sept. 25, and Missourian, Sept. 25. Oct. 21. Life sketch of Fred Heil, Sr., Union veteran. Dec. 30. Life sketch of Joseph H. Stapp, World War veteran. LAWSON, REVIEW. Oct. 23. The Watkins Mill—an historic structure near Lawson, built in 1860 by W. L. Watkins. RICHMOND, CONSERVATOR. July 17. Old Albany—1867-1875. Reprinted from Orrick Times. See July 24, 31, Aug. 7, 14. Sept. 18. Life sketch of Charles W. Kirkpatrick, Confederate veteran. See also Missourian, Sept. 18. RICHMOND, MISSOURIAN. June 12. Further data on Bill Anderson. See also July 31. Sept. 18. Sketch of Old South Point Church (Christian) in Ray county # RICHMOND, NEWS. July 2. The life of Fannie Elizabeth Royle, daughter of a pioneer Richmond family. By Frances R. Bane. July 14. The life of Frances Matilda Bates, pioneer Boone and Ray county woman. Aug. 20. Reproduction of a speech made before the Missouri Senate in 1864, by Senator W. W. Mosby. Sept. 3. Story of the career of W. H. Darneal, fifty years a merchant in Richmond. Sept. 22. Life sketch of John F. Ballard, Civil War veteran. Oct. 3. Life sketch of Mrs. Louisa W. Lillard, pioneer Ray county woman. Oct. 10. Life sketch of John M. Kennedy, Civil War veteran. Dec. 31. State's oldest chartered bank Is in Richmond. ST. CHARLES COUNTY. ST. CHARLES, BANNER-NEWS. Aug. 7. Life sketch of August S. Pujol, Union veteran. WENTZVILLE, UNION. Sept. 12. Brief sketch of Immanuel Lutheran Congregation of Wentz­ ville on fiftieth anniversary. ST. CLAIR COUNTY. APPLETON CITY, JOURNAL. Dec. 18. Life sketch of William Milton Prier, pioneer. OSCEOLA, ST. CLAIR COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Dec. 4. Life sketch of Emanuel Hoops, Union veteran. See also Republican, Dec. 4. OSCEOLA, ST. CLAIR COUNTY REPUBLICAN. Oct. 30. Life sketch of Salem Herran, Civil War veteran. From Eldo­ rado Springs Sun. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 191

ST. FRANCOIS COUNTY. FARMINGTON, NEWS. July 4. Lite sketch of Dr. William Nifong, Confederate veteran. Aug. 1. Life sketch of Frederick Elser, Union veteran. Sept. 12. Life sketch of Smith Denman, Union veteran. Sept. 26. Life sketch of Joseph R. Moore, Union veteran. Oct. 31. Life sketch of William G. Boyce, Confederate veteran. FARMINGTON, TIMES. Aug. 22. Early marriages in Missouri—from Potosi Journal. Dec. 12. "Blue Man of Spring Creek" legend. FLAT RIVER, LEAD BELT NEWS. Aug. 22. Notice of the death of Alexander Barton Young, World War veteran. STE. GE NE\ IEVE COUNTY. STE. GENEVIEVE, FAIR PLAY. July 12. Lite sketch of Jacob Hurka, Union veteran. See also Herald, July 12. Oct. 11. Life sketch of Jules A. Detchmendy, former county official of Ste. Genevieve county. STE GENEVIEVE, HERALD. July 19. Life sketch of William Louis Roussin, Civil War veteran. Nov. 1. Life sketch of Henry G. Klein, former Ste. Genevieve county official. Nov. 8. Life sketch of Charles Schoettler, Civil War veteran. ST. LOUIS CITY. APROPOS. Sept. Ancient Dwellers of the Ozarks. In 1865 Travelers had their Road Guides—excerpts from guide­ book of Capt. Mullan for trip from St. Louis to Walla Walla. Brief sketch of Battle of Sacramento—from "Doniphan's Expedition," by Elsey Connelley. Oct. Old Taverns of Missouri. Dec. Brief sketches of interesting points along Highway Number 8. CHURCH PROGRESS. July 24. Life sketch of Sister Mary Louis, first to enter Order of Sister of Mercy in St. Louis and nurse during Civil War. Sept. 25. How the Carmelite community of St. Louis became established in 1863. — GLOBE-DEMOCRAT. July 2. Life sketch of Dr. William Nifong, Confederate veteran. July 5. Notice of the death of D. P. Dobyns, editor of Holt County Sentinel, at Oregon, and Union veteran. July 12. Paul E. Giusti, first Italian consul for St. Louis takes up duties. Bishop W. F. McMurry named president of Central College. July 13. Amerika Publishing Company goes into hands of receiver, following bankruptcy. July 27. Missouri Pacific Railroad Terminal at Charleston abandoned; roundhouse and shops moved to Bismarck. Rev. William F. Robison resigns as president of St. Louis University; Rev. C. H. Cloud made acting president. See also Sept. 10. Sept. 2. State Board of Charities starts State Children's Home at Carrollton. Sept. 3. 1923-24 report of Water Commissioner, Edward E. Wall. Notice of the death of J. W. Nixon, pioneer merchant of Wash­ ington county. Catholic hospitals of Missouri and Kansas amalgamated. Sept. 4. Notice of the death of John R. Fontana, former St. Louis poli­ tician and Speaker of House of Delegates. Notice of the death of Charles R. Berry, assistant vice-president of Chicago Great Western Railway Co. 192 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Sept. 5. Notice of the death of James Coleman Stokes, lifelong resident of Callaway count*. Aug. 1. St. Louis' representation in "Who's Who" increases. Aug. , 7. State Liberal Party applies for place on state ballot. Aug. 9. Life sketch of Francis H. Peters, St. Louis manufacturer and philanthropist. Aug. 10. Long Lake, Madison county, to be drained and planted in corn, was famous hunting place. Aug. 12. Life sketch of George R. Lockwood, prominent St. Louis Demo­ crat who led fight there against Bryan in 1896. Aug. 16. Southeast Missouri Press Association meets at Dexter. Landmark for half century gone when building housing Muel­ ler's Union Bar in St. Louis collapses. Aug. 21. Dedication of Mark Twain Park at Florida, Missouri, held Aug. 20. Aug. 24. "Covered Wagon" parade at Bowling Green features costumes of 1849. Sept. 11. Biographical sketch of Merrill E. Otis, of St. Louis, who is made special assistant Attorney-General of U. S. Sept. 12. Life sketch of James G. Ingram, of Nevada, Confederate veteran. Gen. John J. Pershing retires as head of U. S. Army. Sept. 14. Survey for enlarging river channel below St. Louis to be made under direction of Maj. Gen. Harry Taylor. Sept. 19. Notice of the death of Amandus D. Ridson, Union veteran and former Adair county official. Six remaining members of Sixth Regiment Cavalry, Missouri Volunteers, hold annual reunion at Springfield. Sept. 21. Notice of the death of James P. Miles, prominent Missouri politician. Eugene B. Roach, editor of Carthage Democrat, elected presi­ dent of Missouri Press Association. Sept. 22. Life sketch of Joseph R. Moore, Union veteran. Sept. 25. Life sketch of Col. James J. Mayes, World War veteran. Sept. 30. Life sketch of Charles E. Slayback, one of the founders of Veiled Prophet organization in St. Louis. Oct. 16. The Missouri Association for Criminal Justice formed at Jefferson City. Oct. 27. Life sketch of August J. Siebert, physician and writer. Life sketch of Thomas K. Niedringhaus, St. Louis manufac­ turer and politician. Nov. 3. Life sketch of Hans Hackel, editor of Westliche-Post and Span­ ish-American war veteran. Nov. 4. Life sketch of Dr. James W. Whittlesey, Union veteran and educator. Nov. 8. Life sketch of William A. Hall, Union veteran and prominent Mason. Nov. 9. Dr. Alexander N. DeMenil reviews St. Louis' contributions to literature—a list of noteworthy writers. Nov. 12. George A. McClellan, late editor of St. Joseph Gazette, was first to print a newspaper in air. Nov. 16. Review of the work of Robert S. Brookings. Nov. 23. Life sketch of James W. Whittlesey, Union veteran. Nov. 24. Life sketch of Charles Bilhartz, former St. Louis official. Dec. 7. Life sketch of R. H. Karl, St. Louis official. Dec. 9. Life sketch of Rev. Gottlob E. Ahner, pioneer Lutheran minis­ ter. Dec. 14. Life sketch of Henry J. Kaiser, Union veteran and former city official. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 193

Scenic and historic interest of the Mississippi River Highway- Dec. 21. Life sketch of Dr. Henry N. De Menil, World War veteran. POST-DISPATCH. July 6. St. Louis struck by tornado in 1896. July 17. Life sketch of John W. Dunn, St. Louis official. July 18. Life sketch of William Horst, pioneer. Early days in St. Louis recalled. July 20. Comparison of first murder indictment filed by U. S. Grand Jury in Louisiana Territory (1804) under magistracy of Daniel Boone, with present day document. July 21. Life sketch of Thomas B. Allen, Buchanan county official. July 25. Life sketch of Bernard Gruenstein, former church editor of St. Louis Republic. July 27. First electric lights in St. Louis in 1880. Aug. 8. Notice of the death of L. R. K at nermann, Johnson county official. Aug. 9. Life sketch of Francis H. Peters, St. Louis business man and philanthropist. Aug. 10. Life sketch of Julius C. Strauss, St. Louis photographer. Story of Spring Garden, deserted Miller county village. Aug. 13. Organization of Liberal Party of Missouri. Aug. 14. History of Missouri Botanical Garden (Shaw's Garden). Aug. 15. Mississippi river thought to have been discovered by China­ man; claim that picture of Piasa bird is of Chinese origin. Aug. 17. Life sketch of Clarence A. Sinclair, former colonel of old First Regiment, National Guard of Missouri. Some history of Iron Mountain. Home of Dr. Alexander De Menil an historic place. Sixth Infantry, U. S. Army, stationed at Jefferson Barracks, was once commanded by Zachary Taylor. Other history. Aug. 21. Mark Twain Park, at Florida, presented to State. Aug. 24. American Institute of Accountants holds twentieth annual meeting at St. Louis, where it was founded. Aug. 28. Life sketch of Mrs. Margaret A. Vorbeck, founder of Margaret Nonsectarian Old People's Home, In St. Louis. Reunion of survivors of Quantrell's Band at Kansas City. Aug. 30. Anecdotes of the life of Joseph Pulitzer in St. Louis. Aug. 31. When St. Louis entertained Lafayette 100 years ago; story of visit at old Bennett's Hotel. Sept. 10. Platforms of Democratic and Republican State parties. Sept. 14. Tuttle Memorial to be erected in St. Louis in honor of the Right Reverend Daniel S. Tuttle, deceased presiding Bishop of Protestant Episcopal Church In U. S. Sept. 17. Life sketch of Thomas J. Akins, prominent Missouri politician, and former postmaster of St. Louis. Sept. 18. World flyers stop at St. Joseph. Sept. 21. Short history of Missouri's eleven capitols. See also Nov. 11. Sept. 22. Life sketch of Garret Groomer, Benton county official. Sept. 28. George W. Strodtman, sheriff of St. Louis county, gives city a playground. Oct. 3. Reminiscences of Rudolph Ufen, member of Fire Department since 1869. Oct. 6. First Olympic theatre in St. Louis built in 1865. Oct. 21. Notice of the death of Paul A. Ewert, former assistant Attorney- General of the United States, Oct. 28. Life sketch of John R. Kinealy, former state official. 194' MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Nov. 16. Life sketch of Henry H. Marmaduke, Confederate veteran. Mrs. Nellie Taylor Ross, former Missourian, elected governor of Wyoming. Nov. 18. First omnibus in St. Louis was started in 1830. Brief history of transportation. Nov. 30. Large tooth of prehistoric animal found near Florissant. The story of a burial cave in Miller county. By Frederick J. Liesmann. Dec. 1. Life sketch of L. V. Loeb, former publisher of St. Louis Dispatch. Dec. 5. The founding of St. Louis. Dec. 17. Life sketch of Edward E. Squier, pioneer steamboat pilot and friend of Mark Twain. Dec. 21. Louis P. Conklin tells of the last James-Younger train hold-up on the Missouri Pacific, near Otterville. Dec. 26. Life sketch of Joseph Gummersbach, one of the founders of the Amerika. Dec. 27. Life sketch of Cassius Kendall, Union veteran. Dec. 28. New light on the life of Joseph Pulitzer in St. Louis. Dec. 31. Life sketch of C. B. Stark, St. Louis city officiair STAR. July 5. St. Louis American suspends publication. July 17. Lou Holland, of Kansas City, re-elected president of Associated Advertising Clubs of the World. July 22. History of legal executions in St. Louis since 1809. Aug. 9. J. C. Strauss, St. Louis photographer, dies. Aug. 12. Life sketch of George R. Lockwood, prominent politician. Sept. 20. Life sketch of James P. Miles, Justice of the Peace of the Sixth District, and St. Louis Democratic leader. Sept. 25. William Beckmann, wharf merchant, tells of St. Louis fifty years ago. Sept. 30. John Gundlach, St. Louis collector, has Robert Livingston letters regarding Louisiana Purchase. Oct. 2. Famous old Olympic theatre being razed. Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and Methodist Episcopal Church, North, of St. Louis consolidate. Oct. 6. Veiled Prophet parade of 1878—history of first St. Louis festival day. Oct. 24. Notice of the death of John E. Wright, former editor of St. Louis Times. ST. LOUIS COUNTY. CARONDELET, NEWS. July 4. Article concerning old Carondelet. See later issues. July 25. Life sketch of William Horst, Civil War veteran. Sept. 5. Short historical sketch of News at beginning of twenty-fifth year. Sept. 26. Data on Carondelet's first city hall. Oct. 17. Life sketch of Theodore R. Baker, World War veteran. CLAYTON, SENTINEL-DEMOCRAT. Nov. 6. JAte sketch of George Herpel, former St. Louis county official. CLAYTON, WATCHMAN-ADVOCATE. July 29. Life sketch of Louis Schrimper, Civil War veteran. Aug. 15. Life sketch of H. W. Beerman, Union veteran. Sept. 2. Life sketch of Max Wapelhorst, Civil War veteran. Oct. 24. Historical sketch of the Mt. Auburn Church. Nov. 7. Historical sketch of Salem Lutheran Church on seventy-fifth anniversary. Dec. 5. Historical sketch of Brouser Post No. 233, G. A. R., and of its five remaining members at time of its disbanding. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 195

Dec. 9. Life sketch of Asa B. Ecoff, Union veteran and last member of Union Veterans Legion. Dec. 12. Brief historical sketch of Kirkwood Masonic Lodge. Dec. 19. life sketch of John Ruhl, former St. Louis county official. KIRKWOOD, ST. LOUIS COUNTIAN. Oct. 17. Life sketch of Gideon W. Carmichael, Union veteran. SALINE COUNTY. MARSHALL, WEEKLY DEMOCRAT-NEWS. July 16. Reminiscences of trip to coast in 1863. By J. T. Redman. July 24. Reminiscences of hunting in Missouri fifty years ago. By Judge Willing Napton. Sept. 11. Life sketch of Jim Edson, World War veteran. Dec. 11. Sketch of old cemetery of Sappington family. Dec. 18. Life sketch of Judge W. C. Gaines. See also Slater News, Dec. 16. SLATER, NEWS. Nov. 18. Life sketch of Capt. Henry H. Marmaduke, Confederate vet­ eran. SLATER, RUSTLER. Oct. 31. Life sketch of Ray H. Dysart, World War veteran. SCHUYLER COUNTY. LANCASTER, EXCELSIOR. July 10. Description of wooden brace and bit made 100 years ago. Aug. 21. Early day elections in Missouri recalled. By Edgar White. LANCASTER, SCHUYLER COUNTY REPUBLICAN. July 10. Life sketch of Hiel Luther Dickerson, Civil War veteran. July 24. Life sketch of C. C. Fogle, former Schuyler county official, and State Representative. See also Excelsior, July 24. Oct. 16. Life sketch of J. H. Thomas, Confederate veteran. See also Kirksville Express. Dec. 18. Life sketch of John Henry Green, former Schuyler county official. SCOTLAND COUNTY. MEMPHIS, DEMOCRAT. July 3. Life sketch of Ona Risk, World War veteran. See also Reveille, July 3. July 31. Life sketch of William Lewis Smith, former Clark and Scotland county official. Aug. 7. Historical sketch of Democrat, on its 53rd birthday. Oct. 16. Life sketch of Col. Edgar P. Grinstead, Spanish-American War and World War veteran. See also Reveille, Oct. 2. Dec. 25. Life sketch of Cecil Y. Johnston, World War veteran. See also Reveille, Dec. 25. MEMPHIS, REVEILLE. July 17. Lite sketch of Dolphin M. Beaver, Union veteran. July 24. Reminiscences of Morgan's Raid. By Rev. J. W. Anderson. Aug. 28. When Missouri negroes found refuge in low* during the Civil War period. Reprinted from Keosauqua (Iowa) Republican. Sept. 11. Lite sketch of William Franklin Noble, Union veteran. Sept. 25. Life sketch of Joseph S. Matlick, Civil War veteran. See also Oct. 16. Oct. 16. Life sketch of James K. P. DeBord, Union veteran. Oct. 30. Life sketch of W. R. Matlick, former Scotland county official. SCOTT COUNTY. BENTON, SCOTT COUNTY DEMOCRAT. Dec. 25. Stories of first car at Oran, which was owned by Rev. Helm- bacher. TLLMO, JIMPLICUTE. Sept. 4. The Battle of Sacramento—extract from Doniphan*s Expe­ dition, by William E. Connelly. SIKESTON, HERALD. Dec. 18. Prof. Magill tells briefly of early Mormon settlement at Old Far West. 196 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

SIKESTON, STANDARD. Sept. 2. Life sketch of William B. Anderson, Confederate veteran and pioneer. See also Herald, Sept. 4. SHELBY COUNTY. SHELBINA, DEMOCRAT. Dec. 17. Life sketch of James Green Blackford, Civil War veteran. STODDARD COUNTY. BERNIE, NEWSBOY. Aug. 14. Life sketch of William Lafayette Smith, pioneer and Confed­ erate veteran. SULLIVAN COUNTY. GREEN CASTLE, JOURNAL. Aug. 28. Life sketch of Marmaduke Hare, Union veteran. GREEN CITY, PRESS. Sept. 11. Life sketch of John W. Peters, Union veteran. MILAN, REPUBLICAN. Aug. 7. Life sketch of Capt. D. T. Ransom, Civil War veteran. See also Standard, Aug. 7. Oct. 23. Life sketch of George G. Schultz, Union veteran. TANEY COUNTY. FORSYTH, TANEY COUNTY REPUBLICAN. July 31. Life sketch of John Cariger Nance, Union veteran and former county official of Taney county. Aug. 14. Life sketch of N. D. Boles, Taney county official. See also Aug. 21. Life sketch of James Otis Yarnell, World War veteran. Oct. 2. Life sketch of William H. Lynch, Union veteran and pioneer educator. Nov. 20. Historical sketch of Taney County Republican on thirtieth anniversary. Dec. 11. Life sketch of George W. Stiffler, Civil War veteran. TEXAS COUNTY. HOUSTON, HERALD. Oct. 9. Life sketch of Frank L. Hartzog, World War veteran. Nov. 20. Life sketch of Rev. J. L. Snow, Civil War veteran and pioneer Baptist minister. VERNON COUNTY. NEVADA, SOUTHWEST MAIL. Aug. 22. Life sketch of Frank P. Anderson, pioneer and former Vernon county official. Sept. 19. Life sketch of Major J. D. Ingram, Confederate veteran. Dec. 26. Life sketch of I. L. Hunt, Union veteran. WARREN COUNTY. WARRENTON, BANNER. July 18. Life sketch of Frederick W. Hoelscher, Union veteran. WAYNE COUNTY. GREENVILLE, SUN. Oct. 23. Life sketch of John A. Davis, Union veteran. PIEDMONT, WAYNE COUNTY JOURNAL-BANNER. Dec. 25. "Blue Man of Spring Creek" legend. WEBSTER COUNTY. SEYMOUR, CITIZEN. Sept. 25. Life sketch of Kelcy Virgil Bench, World War veteran. See also Marshfleld Mail, Sept. 18. MARSHFIELD, MAIL. Aug. 7. Life sketch of Oliver Perry Wells, Confederate veteran. See also Aug. 14. WORTH COUNTY. GRANT CITY, WORTH COUNTY TIMES. Dec. 4. Life sketch of William Howard Wright, former Worth county official. GRANT CITY, WORTH COUNTY TRIBUNE. Nov. 26. Life sketch of Judge Matthew Gay Tate, Nodaway county official. See also Maryville papers. WRIGHT COUNTY. HARTVILLE, DEMOCRAT. Oct. 2. Life sketch of Hiram Rose, Confederate veteran. Dec. 18. Life sketch of John M. Carter, former Wright county official. See also Dec. 25. HISTORICAL ARTICLES IN MISSOURI NEWSPAPERS 197

MANSFIELD, MIRROR. Nov. 6. Life sketch of H. M. Ivy, Union veteran. MOUNTAIN GROVE, JOURNAL. Aug. 7. Life sketch of William B. Stone, Civil War veteran. Aug. 14. Reminiscences of early Mountain Grove Academy and Houston Academy. By G. S. Escott. Sept. 18. Life sketch of John La thro m, Civil War veteran and former Wright county official.