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The Challenge to Control South Africa's Borders and Borderline

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The Challenge to Control South Africa's Borders and Borderline Untitled Document 2011/04/15 12:38 PM THE CHALLENGE TO CONTROL SOUTH AFRICA'S BORDERS AND BORDERLINE Ettienne Hennop, Clare Jefferson and Andrew McLean LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ABBEVIATIONS AUTHORS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Chapter 1 BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF RESEARCH Chapter 2 THE ROLE OF THE SAPS IN SOUTH AFRICAN BORDER CONTROL MECHANISMS Chapter 3 THE ROLE OF THE SANDF IN SOUTH AFRICAN BORDER CONTROL MECHANISMS Chapter 4 PRECEDING INITIATIVES TO STRENGTHEN BORDER CONTROL Chapter 5 EFFECTIVENESS OF LAND BORDER CONTROLS IN SOUTH AFRICA Chapter 6 CASE STUDY 1: KWAZULU-NATAL BORDER WITH SWAZILAND AND MOZAMBIQUE Chapter 7 CASE STUDY 2: NORTHERN CAPE BORDER WITH NAMIBIA Chapter 8 A NEEDS ASSESSMENT ON BORDER CONTROL Chapter 9 CONCLUSION LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS MAP 1 file:///Users/mbadenhorst/Documents/websites/iss/pubs/Monographs/No57/Mono57.html Page 1 of 98 Untitled Document 2011/04/15 12:38 PM South Africa’s borderline and the distribution of border posts MAP 2 Main firearm-smuggling routes along the border between South Africa, Swaziland and Mozambique MAP 3 & 4 Main firearm-smuggling routes along the border between South Africa and Namibia DIAGRAM 1 Aspects of border control and safeguarding DIAGRAM 2 Interaction between the National Operational Co-ordinating Mechanism and the National Inter- Departmental Structure TABLE 1 Comparative statistics of annual arrest and seizures by border police, 1997-1999 TABLE 2 Comparative statistics of annual arrest and seizures by border police, January to March 1999 — January to March 2000 TABLE 3 Borderline control successes, 1998 TABLE 4 Borderline control successes, 1 January to 31 July 1999 TABLE 5 AK-47 assault rifles seized by SAPS Illegal Firearms Investigation Units, 1994-1998 TABLE 6 AK-47 assault rifles destroyed during Operations Rachel TABLE 7 Other types of firearms seized by SAPS Illegal Firearm Investigation Units associated with crossborder smuggling, 1994-1998 TABLE 8 Sample size TABLE 9 Border posts where surveys completed TABLE 10 Border posts where surveys were completed by province TABLE 11 Experience of respondents in the police service file:///Users/mbadenhorst/Documents/websites/iss/pubs/Monographs/No57/Mono57.html Page 2 of 98 Untitled Document 2011/04/15 12:38 PM TABLE 12 Experience of respondents in the police service by type of duty TABLE 13 Proportion of time spent on different crime areas TABLE 14 Proportion of time spent on police functions by the border police TABLE 15 Proportion of time spent on police functions by border police by type of duty TABLE 16 Frequency of contact with various agencies, government departments and specialised police units TABLE 17 The effectiveness of the border control mechanisms in comparison to previous years TABLE 18 Change in the level of effectiveness of border control mechanisms by type of duty TABLE 19 Change in the level of effectiveness of border control mechanisms by years of service in permanent border police TABLE 20 Frequency with which people declare firearms upon entry into South Africa TABLE 21 Frequency of firearms found when searching people at border posts TABLE 22 License status of firearms uncovered TABLE 23 Action taken when a firearm is found during a search TABLE 24 The level of control over the flow of firearms across South Africa’s borders in comparison to other Southern African countries TABLE 25 Effectiveness of the current control mechanisms at stopping the flow of illegal weapons across borders TABLE 26 Ease with which firearms are smuggled across land borders TABLE 27 Suggestions for improved border policing file:///Users/mbadenhorst/Documents/websites/iss/pubs/Monographs/No57/Mono57.html Page 3 of 98 Untitled Document 2011/04/15 12:38 PM TABLE 28 Suggestions for improved border policing through the provision of more resources TABLE 29 Suggestions for improved border policing through the use of better search methods TABLE 30 Suggestions for improved border policing through training and incentives TABLE 31 Suggestions for improved border policing through enhanced partnerships TABLE 32 Main obstacles facing border police by type of duty TABLE 33 Main obstacles to border police identified under ‘more resources’ TABLE 34 Main obstacles to border police identified under ‘training and incentives’ TABLE 35 Main obstacles to border police identified under ‘better search methods’ TABLE 36 Main obstacles to border police identified under ‘partnerships’ TABLE 37 Main obstacles to border police identified under ‘replace and monitor’ TABLE 38 Review of the personnel resources at a selection of border posts TABLE 39 Review of transport resources at a selection of border posts TABLE 40 Review of communications systems at a selection of border posts TABLE 41 Top border police priorities TABLE 42 Main needs of Border Police Units TABLE 43 Main methods of smuggling firearms TABLE 44 file:///Users/mbadenhorst/Documents/websites/iss/pubs/Monographs/No57/Mono57.html Page 4 of 98 Untitled Document 2011/04/15 12:38 PM Solutions to firearm-smuggling FIGURE 1 National distribution of border posts per province FIGURE 2 Operational statistics of recovered goods, 1995-2000 FIGURE 3 Illegal border crossings, 1995-2000 FIGURE 4 Number of seizures and arrests by SAPS Border Police Units per year, 1995-1998 FIGURE 5 Number of seizures and arrests made by SAPS Border Police Units by province, January — December 1999 FIGURE 6 Arrests and seizures by SAPS Border Police Units by province, January — March 2000 FIGURE 7 Illegal firearm seizures by the border posts in the case study area, northern KwaZulu-Natal, 1998/1999 FIGURE 8 Number of firearms declared and handed in for safekeeping at border posts in the case study area, northern KwaZulu-Natal, 1998/1999 FIGURE 9 Number of crime operations undertaken by the three border posts and firearm seizures resulting from these operations, northern KwaZulu-Natal, 1998/1999 FIGURE 10 Illegal firearm seizures by the border posts in the case study area, Northern Cape, 1998/1999 FIGURE 11 Number of firearms declared and handed in for safekeeping at border posts in the case study area, Northern Cape, 1998/1999 ABBEVIATIONS AMP Arms Management Programme BAC Business Against Crime CCOSI Cabinet Committee on Safety and Intelligence CIAC Crime Information and Analysis Centre CLETG Customs Law Enforcement Task Group CPF Community police forum National Firearms Project of the Arms Management FIRE Programme IFIU Illegal Firearm Investigation Units file:///Users/mbadenhorst/Documents/websites/iss/pubs/Monographs/No57/Mono57.html Page 5 of 98 Untitled Document 2011/04/15 12:38 PM NGOs Non-governmental organisations NIA National Intelligence Agency NICOC National Intelligence Co-ordinating Committee NIDS National Inter-Departmental Structure NIM Network of Independent Monitors SADF South African Defence Force SANDF South African National Defence Force SAP South African Police SAPS South African Police Service Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Co-ordination SARPCCO Organisation UK United Kingdom United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime UNODCCP Prevention AUTHORS Ettienne Hennop joined the ISS in October 1998 as a researcher in AMP. A member of the South African Police Service for 13 years, he held the rank of Detective Inspector. During his career, he served with different sections in the SA Police Service. From 1993 until 1998, he served with the FIU Head Office and the Pretoria FIU as an investigating officer and firearms expert. He successfully completed several courses in ballistics, the identification of firearms and ammunition, the testing of firearms for court purposes, the identification and handling of explosives. Clare Jefferson (née Hansmann) holds a Bachelor in Social Science from the University of Natal, Durban South Africa, majoring in Sociology and Human Geography. From December 1995 to June 1997, she was employed at Data Research Africa, as an applied researcher and project manager. She specialised in the quantitative design, computation and analysis of developmental indicators, as well as qualitative participatory research methods. In September 1998, Clare joined the Institute for Security Studies, where she is undertaking research for the AMP. As the Head of the Public Awareness Campaign and Education Component of AMP, she conducts applied research on the role of firearms within the culture of violence, and is currently, involved in the design of a national public awareness campaign on firearms. Andrew McLean works for Saferworld in the UK. At the time of the research, he was seconded to the Institute for Security Studies to work on joint projects between Saferworld and the ISS. Andy assisted in the research and fieldwork on the border project and is a major contributor to this research report. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Ettienne Hennop, Clare Jefferson and Andrew McLean undertook the fieldwork and analysis of the opinion surveys that formed the core of the research project. Ettienne’s experience as a former member of the SAPS contributed greatly to the understanding of the difficulty of working conditions at border posts and assisted in understanding the dimensions of crossborder crimes. The assistance and co-operation given to ISS researchers by the SAPS, in particular from the SAPS Border Police Head Office in Pretoria made this research possible. The following SAPS members are acknowledged for the positive and co-operative role they played in the project: Director A N van der Westhuizen, Operational Head, Border Police, Border Police Head file:///Users/mbadenhorst/Documents/websites/iss/pubs/Monographs/No57/Mono57.html Page 6 of 98 Untitled Document 2011/04/15 12:38 PM Office, Pretoria. Senior Superintendent Deon Beneke, National Head, Land Borders, Border Police Head Office, Pretoria. Superintendent Beneke went out of his way to support the ISS in this research project and assisted the researchers in visits to border posts and the provision of statistics on short notice. Superintendent Jopie Crous, National Land Borders, Border Police Head Office, Pretoria. Superintendent Crous travelled with researchers to the Northern Cape and facilitated interviews with border police officials in the region.
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