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Editor-In-Chief Coordinating Editor President & CEO Radiochemistry Society Radiochemistry Society Richland, Washington USA Richland, Washington USA Technical Editor Graphics Design Nuclear Scientist Emeritus Independent Consultant Department of Energy Hanford Site Richland, WA USA Richland, Washington USA Research Assistant Contributor Radiochemistry Society Distinguished Professor Emeritus Richland, Washington USA Department of University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas USA Assistant Editor Radiochemistry Society Richland, Washington USA Document Production Independent Consultant Burbank, Washington USA

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume One   

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume One specialty Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume One

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume One

Guide

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Two Volume II: Table of Contents

CHAPTER 3 ...... 3-441 Section 3.1 and Isotopes

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Two Section 3.2 Lists by Element

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Two

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Two

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Two Section 3.3 Nuclide Charts Section 3.4 List of Radioactive Material Standards CHAPTER 4 The Elements ...... 4-716

Section 4.1 A Brief History of Atomism

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Two Section 4.2 Properties of the Elements Section 4.3 The Elements

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Two

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Two

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Two Section 4.4 Selected Periodic Trends

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Two Volume II: List of Tables

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Two

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Two

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Two

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Two Master List of Figures

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Two

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Three

Volume III: Table of Contents

CHAPTER 5 General Science Concepts ...... 5-954 Section 5.1 Mathematics ...... 5-956 5.1.1 Terminology ...... 5-956 5.1.2 Hierarchy of Mathematical Operations ...... 5-958 5.1.3 Significant Digits...... 5-958 5.1.4 Exponents ...... 5-959 5.1.5 Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation ...... 5-960 5.1.6 Algebraic Laws ...... 5-961 5.1.7 Linear Equations ...... 5-962 5.1.8 Quadratic Equations ...... 5-964 5.1.9 Simultaneous Equations ...... 5-967 5.1.10 Logarithms ...... 5-969 5.1.11 Graphing ...... 5-969 5.1.12 Basic Concepts of Geometry ...... 5-973 5.1.13 Shapes and Figures of Plane Geometry ...... 5-974 5.1.14 Solid Geometric Figures ...... 5-976 5.1.15 Pythagorean Theorem ...... 5-977 5.1.16 Trigonometric Functions ...... 5-978 5.1.17 Radians ...... 5-979 5.1.18 Statistics ...... 5-979 5.1.19 Imaginary and Complex Numbers ...... 5-982 5.1.20 Matrices and Determinants ...... 5-984 5.1.21 Calculus ...... 5-988 Bibliography ...... 5-1000 Section 5.2 Physics ...... 5-1001 5.2.1 Fundamental Dimensions ...... 5-1001 5.2.2 Unit Conversions ...... 5-1004 5.2.3 Newton’s Laws of Motion ...... 5-1006 5.2.4 Momentum Principles ...... 5-1007 5.2.5 Force and Weight ...... 5-1009 5.2.6 Force Equilibrium ...... 5-1011 5.2.7 Types of Force ...... 5-1012 5.2.8 Energy and Work ...... 5-1016 5.2.9 Law of Conservation of Energy ...... 5-1018 5.2.10 Power ...... 5-1019 Bibliography ...... 5-1020 Section 5.3 Chemistry ...... 5-1021 5.3.2 The ...... 5-1024 5.3.3 Chemical Bonding ...... 5-1030 5.3.4 Chemical Equations...... 5-1035 5.3.5 Acids, Bases, Salts, and pH ...... 5-1038 5.3.6 Basic Separation Theory ...... 5-1040 5.3.7 Separation Theory: Converters ...... 5-1048 5.3.8 Corrosion Theory ...... 5-1051 5.3.9 General Corrosion ...... 5-1057

Volume III Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Three

5.3.10 Crud and Galvanic Corrosion ...... 5-1064 5.3.11 Specialized Corrosion ...... 5-1066 5.3.12 Effects of on Water Chemistry (Synthesis) ...... 5-1069 5.3.13 Chemistry Parameters ...... 5-1076 Bibliography ...... 5-1087 Section 5.4 Nuclear Physics ...... 5-1088 5.4.1 Atomic Nature of Matter ...... 5-1088 5.4.2 Chart of the Nuclides ...... 5-1091 5.4.3 Mass Defect and Binding Energy ...... 5-1095 5.4.4 Modes of ...... 5-1097 5.4.5 Radioactivity ...... 5-1102 5.4.6 Interactions ...... 5-1106 5.4.7 Nuclear Fission ...... 5-1108 5.4.8 Energy Release From Fission ...... 5-1111 5.4.9 Interaction of Radiation With Matter ...... 5-1117 5.4.10 Neutron Sources ...... 5-1119 5.4.11 Nuclear Cross Sections and Neutron Flux ...... 5-1121 5.4.12 Reaction Rates ...... 5-1126 5.4.13 Neutron Moderation ...... 5-1128 5.4.14 Prompt and Delayed ...... 5-1130 5.4.15 Neutron Flux Spectrum ...... 5-1131 Bibliography ...... 5-1134 Section 5.5 Nuclear Reactor Concepts ...... 5-1135 5.5.1 Neutron Life Cycle ...... 5-1135 5.5.2 Reactivity ...... 5-1143 5.5.3 Reactivity Coefficients ...... 5-1144 5.5.4 Neutron Poisons ...... 5-1149 5.5.5 Xenon ...... 5-1150 5.5.6 Samarium and Other Fission Product Poisons ...... 5-1155 5.5.7 Control Rods ...... 5-1158 5.5.8 Subcritical Multiplication ...... 5-1162 5.5.9 Reactor Kinetics ...... 5-1165 5.5.10 Reactor Operation ...... 5-1171 Bibliography ...... 5-1178 CHAPTER 6 Radiochemistry Laboratory Concepts ...... 6-1179 Section 6.1 Key Laboratory Issues ...... 6-1180 6.1.1 Introduction ...... 6-1180 6.1.2 Overview of the Analytical Process ...... 6-1180 6.1.3 General Analytical Planning Issues ...... 6-1180 Section 6.2 Guidance on Selecting Radiochemistry ...... 6-1182 6.2.1 Introduction ...... 6-1182 6.2.2 Importance of Writing a Technical and Contractual Specification Document ...... 6-1182 6.2.3 Statement of Work—Technical Requirements ...... 6-1182 6.2.4 Request for Proposal—Generic Contractual Requirements ...... 6-1182 Section 6.3 Radiometric Method Selection Criteria ...... 6-1183 6.3.1 Introduction ...... 6-1183 6.3.2 Method Definition ...... 6-1183

Volume III Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Three

6.3.3 Life Cycle of Method Application ...... 6-1183 6.3.4 Project-Specific Considerations for Method Selection...... 6-1186 6.3.5 Method Validation...... 6-1186 6.3.6 Analyst Qualifications and Demonstrated Proficiency ...... 6-1186 6.3.7 Method Control ...... 6-1186 6.3.8 Continued Performance Assessment ...... 6-1186 6.3.9 Documentation To Be Sent to the Project Manager ...... 6-1186 Section 6.4 Evaluation of Radiochemistry Laboratory Methods ...... 6-1187 6.4.1 Introduction ...... 6-1187 6.4.2 Evaluation of Proposed Analytical Methods ...... 6-1187 6.4.3 Initial Evaluation of a Laboratory ...... 6-1187 Section 6.5 Radiometric Date Validation ...... 6-1189 6.5.1 Introduction ...... 6-1189 6.5.2 Validation Plan ...... 6-1189 6.5.3 Data Verification and Validation Process ...... 6-1189 6.5.4 Validation Report ...... 6-1190 Section 6.6 Radiometric Sampling Considerations ...... 6-1190 6.6.1 Introduction ...... 6-1190 6.6.2 Field Sampling Plan ...... 6-1191 6.6.3 Liquid Samples ...... 6-1191 6.6.4 Solids ...... 6-1191 6.6.5 Air Sampling ...... 6-1191 6.6.6 Wipe Sampling for Assessing Surface Contamination ...... 6-1191 Section 6.7 Sample Preparation ...... 6-1192 6.7.1 Introduction ...... 6-1192 6.7.2 General Guidance for Sample Preparation ...... 6-1192 6.7.3 Solid Samples ...... 6-1192 6.7.4 Filters ...... 6-1193 6.7.5 Wipe Samples ...... 6-1193 6.7.6 Liquid Samples ...... 6-1193 6.7.7 Gases ...... 6-1193 Section 6.8 Sample Dissolution ...... 6-1194 6.8.1 Introduction ...... 6-1194 6.8.2 The Chemistry of Dissolution ...... 6-1194 6.8.3 Fusion Techniques...... 6-1194 6.8.4 Wet Ashing and Acid Dissolution Techniques ...... 6-1194 6.8.5 Microwave Digestion ...... 6-1194 Section 6.9 Separation Techniques ...... 6-1195 6.9.1 Introduction ...... 6-1195 6.9.2 Oxidation-Reduction Processes ...... 6-1195 6.9.3 Complexation ...... 6-1197 6.9.4 Solvent Extraction ...... 6-1199 6.9.5 Volatilization and Distillation ...... 6-1203 6.9.6 Electrodeposition ...... 6-1205 6.9.7 ...... 6-1206 6.9.8 Precipitation and Coprecipitation ...... 6-1210 6.9.9 Carriers and Tracers ...... 6-1214 6.9.10 Analysis of Specific Radionuclides ...... 6-1214

Volume III Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Three

References ...... 6-1215 Section 6.10 Nuclear Counting Concepts ...... 6-1217 6.10.1 Introduction ...... 6-1217 6.10.2 Instrument Calibrations ...... 6-1217 6.10.3 Methods of Source Preparation ...... 6-1217 6.10.4 Alpha Detection Methods ...... 6-1217 6.10.5 Beta Detection Methods ...... 6-1219 6.10.6 Gamma Detection Methods ...... 6-1219 6.10.7 Specialized Analytical Techniques...... 6-1221 Section 6.11 Data Acquisition and Analysis ...... 6-1222 6.11.1 Introduction ...... 6-1222 6.11.2 Data Acquisition ...... 6-1222 6.11.3 Data Reduction on Spectrometry Systems ...... 6-1222 6.11.4 Data Reduction on Non-Spectrometry Systems ...... 6-1224 6.11.5 Internal Review of Data by Laboratory Personnel ...... 6-1224 6.11.6 Reporting Results ...... 6-1224 6.11.7 Data Reporting Packages...... 6-1224 6.11.8 Electronic Data Deliverables ...... 6-1224 Section 6.12 Radiometric Quality Control ...... 6-1226 6.12.1 Introduction ...... 6-1226 6.12.2 Quality Control ...... 6-1226 6.12.3 Evaluation of Performance Indicators ...... 6-1226 6.12.4 Radiochemistry Performance Indicators ...... 6-1226 6.12.5 Instrumentation Performance Indicators ...... 6-1227 6.12.6 Related Concerns...... 6-1228 Section 6.13 Propagation of Measurement Uncertanties ...... 6-1229 6.13.1 Overview ...... 6-1229 6.13.2 The Need for Uncertainty Evaluation ...... 6-1229 6.13.3 Evaluating and Expressing Measurement Uncertainty ...... 6-1229 6.13.4 Procedures for Evaluating Uncertainty ...... 6-1229 6.13.5 Radiation Measurement Uncertainty ...... 6-1230 References ...... 6-1230 Footnotes ...... 6-1230 Section 6.14 Detection Limits and Quantification Limits...... 6-1231 6.14.1 Overview ...... 6-1231 6.14.2 Concepts and Definitions ...... 6-1231 6.14.3 Recommendations ...... 6-1231 6.14.4 Analyte Detection ...... 6-1232 6.14.5 Footnotes ...... 6-1233 Section 6.15 Laboratory Subsampling ...... 6-1234 6.15.1 Introduction ...... 6-1234 6.15.2 Basic Concepts ...... 6-1234 6.15.3 Sources of Measurement Error ...... 6-1235 6.15.4 Implementation of the Particulate Sampling Theory ...... 6-1235 6.15.5 Summary ...... 6-1238 References ...... 6-1239 Footnotes ...... 6-1240 CHAPTER 7 Nuclear Medicine ...... 7-1241

Volume III Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Three

References ...... 7-1241 Section 7.1 Introduction to Nuclear Medicine ...... 7-1242 7.1.1 Diagnostic nuclear medicine imaging ...... 7-1242 7.1.2 Nuclear medicine therapy ...... 7-1243 7.1.3 Molecular medicine ...... 7-1243 71.4 History ...... 7-1243 7.1.5 A career in nuclear medicine ...... 7-1244 7.1.6 Nuclear medicine residency/training ...... 7-1245 7.1.7 Nuclear medicine technologist ...... 7-1245 7.1.8 Source of radioisotopes ...... 7-1246 7.1.9 Analysis ...... 7-1247 7.1.10 Radiation dose ...... 7-1247 Bibliography ...... 7-1247 Section 7.2 Nuclear Medicine Terminology ...... 7-1249 Section 7.3 Diagnostic Tests & Medical Procedures ...... 7-1257 7.3.1 Angiography ...... 7-1257 7.3.2 Antegrade Pyelography ...... 7-1257 7.3.3 Biopsy ...... 7-1257 7.3.4 CT Scan ...... 7-1258 7.3.5 Contrast and Radionuclide Cystography ...... 7-1258 7.3.6 Cystometry ...... 7-1259 7.3.7 Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) ...... 7-1259 7.3.8 Kidney (Renal) Nuclear Medicine Scan ...... 7-1260 7.3.9 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ...... 7-1260 7.3.10 Prostate Cancer Screening ...... 7-1261 7.3.11 Radionuclide Cystogram ...... 7-1262 7.3.12 Retrograde Pyelography ...... 7-1262 7.3.13 Testicular Self Examination (TSE) ...... 7-1263 7.3.14 Ultrasound Imaging ...... 7-1263 7.3.15 Urine Cytology ...... 7-1263 7.3.16 Urologic Radiology ...... 7-1264 Section 7.4 Applications of Isotopes ...... 7-1265 Section 7.5 Medical Isotopes ...... 7-1270 7.5.1 Medical Isotopes ...... 7-1270 7.5.2 Stable and Unstable Isotopes ...... 7-1270 7.5.3 Applications ...... 7-1270 7.5.4 What Are Radioisotopes? ...... 7-1272 7.5.5 Nuclear Medicine ...... 7-1272 7.5.6 Diagnosis ...... 7-1273 7.5.7 Radiotherapy ...... 7-1273 7.5.8 Biochemical Analysis ...... 7-1274 7.5.9 Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals ...... 7-1274 7.5.10 Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals ...... 7-1275 7.5.11 The Discovery of Isotopes ...... 7-1276 7.5.12 Isotopes Used in Medicine ...... 7-1277 7.5.13 Fundamental Terms and Concepts ...... 7-1282 Section 7.6 Definition of Radiopharmaceuticals ...... 7-1283 Section 7.7 Medical Uses of Radioactive Materials ...... 7-1284

Volume III Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Three

7.7.1 Overview ...... 7-1284 7.7.2 Diagnostic Uses of Radioactive Materials ...... 7-1284 7.7.3 Manufacturing Radioactive Materials ...... 7-1285 Section 7.8 Dose Tables for Adults and Children ...... 7-1286 7.8.1 Adults ...... 7-1286 7.8.2 Pediatrics ...... 7-1345 Section 7.9 Nuclear Medicine Associations ...... 7-1351 Section 7.10 Radioisotopes for Diagnosis and Treatment ...... 7-1352 Section 7.11 Radiology Associations...... 7-1354

Volume III: List of Tables

Table 5-1. Basic Mathematical Symbols and Definitions ...... 5-958 Table 5-2. English Units of Measurement ...... 5-1002 Table 5-3. MKS Units of Measurement ...... 5-1002 Table 5-4. CGS Units of Measurement ...... 5-1002 Table 5-5. Approximate Lengths of Familiar Objects ...... 5-1003 Table 5-6. Approximate Masses of Familiar Objects ...... 5-1003 Table 5-7. Approximate Times of Familiar Events ...... 5-1003 Table 5-8. Conversion Table ...... 5-1004 Table 5-9. Conversion Factors ...... 5-1005 Table 5-10. Properties of the and its Fundamental Particles ...... 5-1022 Table 5-11. , Orbital, and Shell Relationships in Atomic Structure ...... 5-1029 Table 5-12. Converter Stage Size vs. Location ...... 5-1048 Table 5-13. Summary of Reactor Coolant Chemistry Control...... 5-1076 Table 5-14. Critical Energies Compared to Binding Energy of Last Neutron ...... 5-1109 Table 5-15. Binding Energies Calculated from Binding Energy per Nucleon Curve ...... 5-1113 Table 5-16. Instantaneous Energy from Fission ...... 5-1116 Table 5-17. Delayed Energy from Fission ...... 5-1116 Table 5-18. Delayed Neutron Fractions for Various Fuels ...... 5-1166 Table 6-1. Common matrix-specific analytical planning issues ...... 6-1180 Table 6-2. Oxidation states of elements ...... 6-1196 Table 6-3. Oxidation states of selected elements ...... 6-1197 Table 6-4. Common ligands ...... 6-1197 Table 6-5. Radioanalytical methods employing solvent extraction (1) ...... 6-1201 Table 6-6. Common -exchange resins (*) ...... 6-1207 Table 6-7. Common coprecipitating agents for radionuclides(1) ...... 6-1211 Table 6-8. Coprecipitation behavior of plutonium and neptunium ...... 6-1213 Table 6-9. Example elements of a radiochemistry data package ...... 6-1224

Volume III Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Three

Volume III: List of Figures

Figure 5-1. Plot of x + y = 5 ...... 5-971 Figure 5-2. Cartesian Coordinate Graph of Quadratic Equation or Function ...... 5-972 Figure 5-3. Cartesian Coordinate Graph of Exponential Equation or Function ...... 5-972 Figure 5-4. Typical Nomograph ...... 5-973 Figure 5-5. Motion Between Two Points ...... 5-989 Figure 5-6. Displacement Versus Time ...... 5-990 Figure 5-7. Graph of Distance Versus Time ...... 5-992 Figure 5-8. Graph of Distance Versus Time ...... 5-993 Figure 5-9. Slope of a Curve ...... 5-994 Figure 5-10. Graph of Velocity vs. Time ...... 5-996 Figure 5-11. Graph of Velocity Versus Time ...... 5-998 Figure 5-12. Momentum ...... 5-1009 Figure 5-13. Net Force ...... 5-1011 Figure 5-14. Frictional Forces ...... 5-1013 Figure 5-15. Centripetal Force ...... 5-1014 Figure 5-16. Centrifugal Force ...... 5-1015 Figure 5-17. Loss of Centripetal Force ...... 5-1016 Figure 5-18. Periodic Table of the Elements ...... 5-1025 Figure 5-19. Regional Schematic of the Periodic Table ...... 5-1026 Figure 5-20. “R” Stage Separation ...... 5-1043 Figure 5-21. Variation of Permeability with the Slope Factor and Change in Pressure ...... 5-1045 Figure 5-22. Pressures, Temperatures, and Flows in a Typical V-31 Stage ...... 5-1047 Figure 5-23. Typical Converter ...... 5-1049 Figure 5-24. Formation of Ferrous (Fe++) in the Corrosion of ...... 5-1052 Figure 5-25. A Galvanic Cell ...... 5-1055 Figure 5-26. A Galvanic Cell Showing Absorbed Atoms on a Cathode ...... 5-1056 Figure 5-27. Effect of pH on the Corrosion rate of Iron in Water ...... 5-1059 Figure 5-28. Effect of pH on the Relative Attack Rate of Iron in Water ...... 5-1060 Figure 5-29. Effect of pH on Aluminum Corrosion and Oxide Solubility ...... 5-1063 Figure 5-30. Galvanic Corrosion at Iron-Copper Pipe Junction ...... 5-1065 Figure 5-31. Differential Aeration Cell ...... 5-1066 Figure 5-32. Change in pH, Gas Concentration, and Nitrogen Compounds ...... 5-1074 Figure 5-33. Facility Start-up With Air in Loop ...... 5-1085 Figure 5-34. Nuclide Chart for Atomic Numbers 1 to 6 ...... 5-1092

Volume III Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Three

Figure 5-35. Stable Nuclides ...... 5-1093 Figure 5-36. Unstable Nuclides ...... 5-1093 Figure 5-37. Neutron – Plot of the Stable Nuclides ...... 5-1094 Figure 5-38. Types of Radioactive Decay Relative to the Line of Stability ...... 5-1101 Figure 5-39. Binding Energy per Nucleon vs. Mass Number ...... 5-1110 Figure 5-40. Uranium-235 Fission Yield vs. Mass Number ...... 5-1112 Figure 5-41. Change in Binding Energy for Typical Fission ...... 5-1113 Figure 5-42. Typical Neutron Absorption Cross Section vs. Neutron Energy ...... 5-1124 Figure 5-43. Prompt Fission Neutron Energy Spectrum for Thermal Fission of Uranium-235 ...... 5-1132 Figure 5-44. Comparison of Neutron Flux Spectra for Thermal and Fast Breeder Reactor ...... 5-1133

Figure 5-45. Neutron Life Cycle with keff = 1 ...... 5-1141

Figure 5-46. Effects of Over and Under Moderation on keff ...... 5-1146 Figure 5-47. Effect of Fuel Temperature on Resonance Absorption Peaks ...... 5-1148 Figure 5-48. Equilibrium Iodine-135 and Xenon-135 Concentrations Versus Neutron Flux ...... 5-1152 Figure 5-49. Xenon-135 Reactivity After Reactor Shutdown ...... 5-1153 Figure 5-50. Xenon-135 Variations During Power Changes ...... 5-1155 Figure 5-51. Behavior of Samarium-149 in a Typical Light Water Reactor ...... 5-1157 Figure 5-52. Effect of Control Rod on Radial Flux Distribution ...... 5-1159 Figure 5-53. Integral Control Rod Worth ...... 5-1160 Figure 5-54. Differential Control Rod Worth ...... 5-1161 Figure 5-55. Reactor Power Response to Positive Reactivity Addition ...... 5-1168 Figure 5-56. Reactor Power Response to Negative Reactivity Addition ...... 5-1169 Figure 5-57. Neutron Radial Flux Shapes for Bare and Reflected Cores ...... 5-1173 Figure 5-58. Effect of Non-Uniform Enrichment on Radial Flux Shape ...... 5-1173 Figure 5-59. Effect of Control Rod Position on Axial Flux Distribution ...... 5-1174 Figure 6-1. Considerations for the initial evaluation of a laboratory ...... 6-1188 Figure 6-2. Crown ethers...... 6-1198 Figure 6-3. Elements separable by volatilization as certain species ...... 6-1204 Figure 6-4. Extended range coaxial germanium detector...... 6-1220 Figure 6-5. Gamma-ray analysis flow chart and input parameters ...... 6-1223 Figure 7-1. a) PET scan image of the human brain. b) MRI image of the human brain...... 7-1352

Volume III Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Chapter 5-954

CHAPTER 5

General Science Concepts

The cornerstone of Radiochemistry is a strong foundation in mathematics, physics, chemistry and the nuclear sciences. Chapter 5 provides a ready resource of fundamental science concepts as a learning tool for the novice and as a review resource for the seasoned professional.

5.1 Mathematics 5.1.1 Terminology 5.1.2 Hierarchy of Mathematical Operations 5.1.3 Significant Digits 5.1.4 Exponents 5.1.5 Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation 5.1.6 Algebraic Laws 5.1.7 Linear Equations 5.1.8 Quadratic Equations 5.1.9 Simultaneous Equations 5.1.10 Logarithms 5.1.11 Graphing 5.1.12 Basic Concepts of Geometry 5.1.13 Shapes and Figures of Plane Geometry 5.1.14 Solid Geometric Figures 5.1.15 Pythagorean Theorem 5.1.16 Trigonometric Functions 5.1.17 Radians 5.1.18 Statistics 5.1.19 Imaginary and Complex Numbers 5.1.20 Matrices and Determinants 5.1.21 Calculus 5.2 Physics 5.2.1 Fundamental Dimensions 5.2.2 Unit Conversions 5.2.3 Newton’s Laws of Motion 5.2.4 Momentum Principles 5.2.5 Force and Weight 5.2.6 Force Equilibrium 5.2.7 Types of Force 5.2.8 Energy and Work 5.2.9 Law of Conservation of Energy 5.2.10 Power 5.3 Chemistry 5.3.1 Characteristics of Atoms

Volume III Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Chapter 5-955

5.3.2 The Periodic Table 5.3.3 Chemical Bonding 5.3.4 Chemical Equations 5.3.5 Acids, Bases, Salts, and pH 5.3.6 Basic Separation Theory 5.3.7 Separation Theory: Converters 5.3.8 Corrosion Theory 5.3.9 General Corrosion 5.3.10 Crud and Galvanic Corrosion 5.3.11 Specialized Corrosion 5.3.12 Effects of Radiation on Water Chemistry (Synthesis) 5.3.13 Chemistry Parameters 5.4 Nuclear Physics 5.4.1 Atomic Nature of Matter 5.4.2 Chart of the Nuclides 5.4.3 Mass Defect and Binding Energy 5.4.4 Modes of Radioactive Decay 5.4.5 Radioactivity 5.4.6 Neutron Interactions 5.4.7 Nuclear Fission 5.4.8 Energy Release From Fission 5.4.9 Interaction of Radiation With Matter 5.4.10 Neutron Sources 5.4.11 Nuclear Cross Sections and Neutron Flux 5.4.12 Reaction Rates 5.4.13 Neutron Moderation 5.4.14 Prompt and Delayed Neutrons 5.4.15 Neutron Flux Spectrum 5.5 Nuclear Reactor Concepts 5.5.1 Neutron Life Cycle 5.5.2 Reactivity 5.5.3 Reactivity Coefficients 5.5.4 Neutron Poisons 5.5.5 Xenon 5.5.6 Samarium and Other Fission Product Poisons 5.5.7 Control Rods 5.5.8 Subcritical Multiplication 5.5.9 Reactor Kinetics 5.5.10 Reactor Operation

Volume III Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Four

Volume IV: Table of Contents

Chapter 8 Compendium of Selected Radiochemistry Methods ...... 8-1354 Section 8.1 HASL 300 Procedures ...... 8-1355 Americium in Water, Air Filters and Tissue, Am-03-RC ...... Section 8.2 ORAU Procedures ...... 8-1438 Sample Preparation ......

Volume IV Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry Volume Four

Section 8.3 RESL Procedures ...... 8-1565 Index………………………………………………………………………………………..Index-1684

Volume IV Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

Source: U.S. Department of Energy DOE-HDBK-1019/1-93 5.4.1 Atomic Nature of Matter

Electrons neutron

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

mass number nuclide

Isotopes

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

gravitational force

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

electrostatic force

nuclear force 5.4.2 Chart of the Nuclides

Chart of the Nuclides artificially radioactive

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

Enriched uranium Depleted uranium 5.4.3 Mass Defect and Binding Energy

mass defect A

Binding energy

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

         

  

    

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

5.4.4 Modes of Radioactive Decay

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

Conservation of electric charge Conservation of mass number Conservation of mass and energy Conservation of momentum

Beta decay

     

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

     capture 

internal conversion

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

isomer isomeric transition

  

  decay chain

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

5.4.5 Radioactivity

Radioactivity radioactive decay constant activity

curie becquerel

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

radioactive half-life

  

   

   

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

Radioactive equilibrium

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

    

Transient radioactive equilibrium

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

  Secular equilibrium 5.4.6 Neutron Interactions

scattering

elastic scattering 

   

Encyclopedia of Radiochemistry

resonance elastic scattering potential elastic scattering

inelastic scattering

absorption reactions

radiative capture

  particle ejection

 

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