DOCSLIB.ORG

The Radiochemistry of Plutonium

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Radiochemistry of Plutonium National v Academy of Sciences National1Research Council . E The Radiocheunistry of Plutonium ,“. m COMMlllEE ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE ~. A. Bromley, Chainmm R. D. Evans, Vice Cluri7man Yale University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lewis Slack, Secrekq National Rese=ch COunCtl E. C. Anderson Jerry B. Marion Los Afamo6 Scientific Laboratory University of Maryland N. E. Baflou R. L. PLatman U. S. Naval Radiological Defense Argonne National Laboratory Labomto~ Ernest C. Pollard Martin J. Barger Pennsylvania State University , National Bureau of Standards Katharine Way C. J. Borkowski Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory George W. Wetherill Herbert Goldstein University of California Columbia Uoivereity Marvin E. Wyman Bemd Kahn University of Illinois Taft Sanitary Engineering Center Harold Glsser William S. Rodney Office of Navsl Reeearch National Science Foundation George A. Kolstad Atomic Energy Commission SllWllMMITIEEON RADIOCNEMiSTSY Nathao E. Ballou, Chaivman Julian M. Nielsen U. S. Naval Radiolostcal Defense Battefle Pacific Northwest Lain-atow G. D. O’Ke!.ley G. R. Chq@n Oak Ridge National Laboratory Florida State University E. P. Steinberg Herbert M. Clark Argonne Nationaf Laboratory Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute D. N. Sunderman Richard M. Diamond Battelle Memoriel Institute IJmrence Radiation Laboratory John W. Winchester Jerome Hudla Massachusetts Institute of Technology Brookhaven National Laboratory R. P. Schuman, Consultant Jere D. Knight Sri Venkateswara University Los Alsmos Scientific Laboratow Tirupati, AndhI= Pradesh, India W. E. Nervik Lawrence Radiation Laborstory The Radiochemistry of Plutonium. George” H. Coleman September 1, 1965 UN17JERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Livermore, California AEC Contract No. W-7405 -eng-48 Subcommittee on Radiochemistry National Academy of Sciences—National Reaearcb Council Prfmtedin USA. Frice82.00. Available from the Cles.rin- fm Federal SciemUficondTechnical Information,National Bureauof Standards,U. S. Depnrbnentof CommercerSpringfield,Virginia. i FOREWORD The Subcommittee on Rsdiochemistry is one of a number of subcommittees working under the Committee on Nuclear Science within the National Academy of Sciences - Natioml I&aarch council. Its members represent government, Induetrlal, and unlverslt.y leti=tories In the areas of mmilochemistry and nucl-r chemistry. Support for the activities of this and other subcomnlttees of the Ccmuoittee on Nuclear Science is provided by a gmnt from the National Science Foundation. The Subcomnlttee has concerned Itself with preparation of publications, encouraging and appotiing activities in nuclear education, 6ponsoring sympo~ti on selected cum-ent topics in radlochemistry and nuclear chemistry, and investigating special problems as they arise. A series of monographs on the mdio- chemistry of essentially all the elements and on mdioclwnical techniques is being published. Initiation and encouragement of publication of artlcleB on nuclear education in various subject areas of chemistry have occurred, and development and improvement of certain educational activities (e.g., laboreto~ and demonstmtion experiments with mdioectivity) have been encouraged and assisted. Radioactive contamination of reagents and materials has been investigated and specific recommendations rmde. This series of monographs has resulted from the need for comprehensive compilations of mdiochemical and nuclaar chemical tifommtion. Each monogmph collects in one volume the pertinent Information required for mdlochemlcal work with an tiditidul element or with a specialized technique. The U. S. Atomic Energy Commission has sponsored the printing of the series. Ccumnents and suggestions for further publications and activities of value to persons working with radioactivity are welcomed by the Subcommittee. M. E. &llou, Chairman Subcommittee on Rsdiochemistry iii PREFACE This report has been prepared as one of a series of monographs on the radio- chemistry of the elements for the Subcommittee on RadioChemistry of the Committee on IWmlear Science within the National Academy of Sciences. There is included a review of the nuclear and chernic~ features of plutonium of particular interest to the radiochemist, a discussion of sample disacilution “&d counting techniques, and finally, a collection of radiochemical procedures for plutonium. The literature search was completed apprmdmately through September 1964. It is hoped that the bibliography is sufficiently extensive to serve the needs of the radiochemiet, but it is to be expected that important references were o~tted. The author would appreciate being made aware of such omissions, that they might be included in possible future editions of this monograph. The author wishes to express thanks to Dr. Earl Hyde, for the loan of his extensive card file on the rmiiochemietry of plutonium, to Carl Wenari&h and the staff of the LRL Library” who greatly aaaisted in the literature search, to Mrs. Shauna Ness *O typed the first draft, and to Mra. Vivian R. Mendenhall who competently edit ed the final draft and prepared the bibliography. I%mlly the auf.bor thanks his colleagues at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, especially Dr. R. W. Hoff, for reading and criticizing the manuscript, and Dr. P. C. Stevenson for his conthued interest and support during the writing of this monograph. George H. Coleman Lawrence Radiation Laboratory University of Caltiornia Livermore, California iv CONTENTS I. General Reviews of the Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry of Plutonium . 1 II. General Reviews of the Radiochemistry of Plutonium . 2 III. Table of Isotopes of Plutonium . 3 rv. Chemistry of Plutonium of Special Interest to the Radiochemist 4 A. Metallic Plutonium . , . 4 A. 1 Preparation . 4 A. 2 Physical Properties . 4 A. 3 Chemical Properties . 4 B. Compounds of Pu . 6 c. Plutonium Ions in Solution . 8 C. 1 Oxidation States . 8 C. 2 Oxidation Reduction Reactions . 9 C. 3 Disproportionation Reactions . 9 C. 4 Radiolytic Reduction of Pu Solutions 15 C. 5 Hydrolytic Reactions of Plutonium 15 C. 6 Pu(IV) Polymer . 16 C. 7 Complex Ion Formation . 17 D. Separation Methods . 24 D. 1 Co-precipitation and Precipitation 24 D. 2 Solvent Extraction Methods . 28 D. 3 Ion Exchange . ., 75 v. Dissolution of Plutonium Samples for Analysis 96 A. Metallic Plutonium . 96 B. Other Compounds . 96 c. Biological and Environmental Samples . 96 VI. Source Preparation and Counting Methods . 96 A. Source Preparation . 96 A. 1 Direct Evaporation . 97 A. 2 Electrodeposition . 97 A. 3 Other Methods . 99 B. Counting . 99 VII. Safety Considerations . 102 A. Radioactive Safety . , . 102 B. Criticality Safety . 103 VIII. Collection of Procedures . 105 A. Introduction . 105 B. Listing of Contents . 105 Procedure 1. Determination of Pu in solutions containing large amounts of Feand Cr . , . 108 Procedure 2. Separation and determination of Pu by TTA extraction . 112 v CONTENTS (Continued) Page No. Procedures (Continued) Procedure 3. Separation and determination of Pu in U – fission product mixtures . 114 Procedure 4. Plutonium . 116 Procedure 5. Plutonium . 118 Procedure 6. Separation of Plutonium from Uranium and Fission Products in Irradiated Reactor Targets . 122 Procedure 7. Determination of Pu . 124 Procedure 8. Uranium and Plutonium Analysis . 126 Procedure 9a. Separation of Plutonium from Irradiated Uranium. 129 Procedure 9b. Separation of Plutonium from Uranium Metal 130 “Procedure 10. Purification of Plutonium from Uranium and Fission Products . 131 Procedure 11. Uranium and Plutonium from Environmental Samples of SO1l, Vegetation and Water . 132 Procedure 12. Plutonium from Environmental Water Samples . 134 Procedure 13. Plutonium from Environmental Water Samples . 137 Procedure 14. Separation of Plutonium in Uranium-Plutonium Fission Element Alloys by TBP Extraction from Chloride Solutions . 140 Procedure 15. Separation of Pu before Spectrographic Analysis of Lrnpurities Anion Exchange Method . 142 Procedure 16. Separation of Plutonium Before Spectrographic Analysis of Impurities. Extraction Chromatography Method Using TBP . 144 Procedure 17. Separation of Np and Pu by Anion Exchange . 148 Procedure 18. Separation of Np and Pu by Cation Exchange Chromatography . 149 Procedure 19. Determination of Plutonium in Urine . 150 Procedure 20. Determination of PU239 in Urine (Small Area Electrodeposition Procedure) . 153 Procedure 21. Determination of Plutonium in Urine . 155 Procedure 22. Determination of Americium in Urine in the Presence of Plutonium . 156 Procedure 23. Determination of Plutonium in Urine by Anion Exchange . 161 Procedure 24. Determination of Plutonium in Urine by Co- crystallization with Potassium Rhodizonate . 164 Procedure 25. Determination of Plutonium in Urine and Bone Ash by Extraction with Primary Amines . 166 Glossary . 167 References . 169 vi The Radiochemistry of Plutonium GEORGE H. COLEMAhT Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California Livermore, California I. GENERAL REVIEWS OF THE INORGANIC AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY OF PLUTONIUM 1. J. J. Katz and G. T. Seaborg, , “The Chemistry of the Actinide Elements, ” Chap. VII, (John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 1957), pp. 239-325. 2. “Plutonium,” in Nouveau Traite de Chimie Minerale, Paul Pascal, Genl. Ed. Vol. xv, “Uranium et Transuraniens” (Masson et Cie, Paris, 1962) pp 324-864. 3. “The Complex Compounds of the Transtiranium ElementsJ” A. D. Gellman, A. I. Moskvin, L. M. Zaitsev, and M. P. Mefod’eva (Consultants Bureau, New York, 1962 transl. by C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Synthesis and Characterisation of Carbide Derived Carbons
    Synthesis and Characterisation of Carbide Derived Carbons Sigita Urbonaite Department of Physical, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry Stockholm University 2008 Doctoral Thesis 2008 Department of Physical, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry Stockholm University Cover: Some artefacts found during TEM investigation of CDCs. Faculty opponent: Prof. Rik Brydson Department of Nanoscale Materials Characterisation Institute for Materials Research University of Leeds, UK Evaluation committee: Prof. Bertil Sundqvist, Nanofysik och material, UmU Prof. Margareta Sundberg, Strukturkemi, SU Prof. Kristina Edström, Strukturkemi, UU Docent Lioubov Belova, Teknisk materialfysik, KTH © Sigita Urbonaite, Stockholm 2008 ISBN 978-91-7155-589-2 pp. 1-82. Printed in Sweden by US-AB, Stockholm 2008 Distributor: FOOS/Structurkemi ii ABSTRACT Carbide derived carbons (CDCs) have been synthesised through chlorina- tion of VC, TiC, WC, TaC, NbC, HfC and ZrC at different temperatures. The aim of the investigation was to systematically study changes of struc- tural and adsorption properties depending on the synthesis conditions. CDCs were characterised using nitrogen and carbon dioxide adsorption, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron micros- copy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The studies revealed the CDCs structures to range from amorphous to ordered, from microporous to mesoporous. It was found that structural ordering and porosity can be modi- fied by: i) synthesis temperature, ii) precursor, iii) density and volume of precursor, iv) catalysts, v) incorporation of nitrogen in to carbide structure, and CDCs can be tuned up to the demanded quality. They also exhibited a high potential for methane storage. iii iv LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Paper I. Porosity development along the synthesis of carbons from metal carbides S.
    [Show full text]
  • IA Metals: Alkali Metals
    IA Metals: Alkali Metals INTRODUCTION: The alkali metals are a group in the periodic table consisting of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs). You should remember that there is a separate group called the alkaline earth metals in Group Two. They are a very different family, even though they have a similar name. The seventh member of alkali metals group – francium, is radioactive and so rare that only 20 atoms of francium may exist on Earth at any given moment. The term alkali is derived from an Arabic word meaning “ashes.” PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Shiny Soft (They can all be cut easily with a knife ) Highly reactive at standard temperature and pressure Because of their high reactivity, they must be stored under oil to prevent reaction with air Their density increases as we move from Li to F White/metal coloured Very good conductors of heat and electricity Have the ability to impart colour to the flame. This property of alkali metals is used in their identification. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: The atom of any given alkali metal has only one valence electron. The chemical reactivity of alkali metals increase as we move from the top to the bottom of the group. Like any other metals, ionization potential is very low. In fact, alkali metals have the lowest ionization potential among the elements of any given period of the periodic table. Any alkali metal when comes in contact with air or oxygen, starts burning and oxides are formed in the process. At the end of the chemical reaction, lithium gives lithium monoxide (LiO), sodium gives sodium peroxide (Na2O2) and other alkali metals give superoxides.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
    Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1.
    [Show full text]
  • FRANCIUM Element Symbol: Fr Atomic Number: 87
    FRANCIUM Element Symbol: Fr Atomic Number: 87 An initiative of IYC 2011 brought to you by the RACI KAYE GREEN www.raci.org.au FRANCIUM Element symbol: Fr Atomic number: 87 Francium (previously known as eka-cesium and actinium K) is a radioactive metal and the second rarest naturally occurring element after Astatine. It is the least stable of the first 103 elements. Very little is known of the physical and chemical properties of Francium compared to other elements. Francium was discovered by Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, France in 1939. However, the existence of an element of atomic number 87 was predicted in the 1870s by Dmitri Mendeleev, creator of the first version of the periodic table, who presumed it would have chemical and physical properties similar to Cesium. Several research teams attempted to isolate this missing element, and there were at least four false claims of discovery during which it was named Russium (after the home country of soviet chemist D. K. Dobroserdov), Alkalinium (by English chemists Gerald J. K. Druce and Frederick H. Loring as the heaviest alkali metal), Virginium (after Virginia, home state of chemist Fred Allison), and Moldavium (by Horia Hulubei and Yvette Cauchois after Moldavia, the Romanian province where they conducted their work). Perey finally discovered Francium after purifying radioactive Actinium-227 from Lanthanum, and detecting particles decaying at low energy levels not previously identified. The new product exhibited chemical properties of an alkali metal (such as co-precipitating with Cesium salts), which led Perey to believe that it was element 87, caused by the alpha radioactive decay of Actinium-227.
    [Show full text]
  • The Radiochemistry of Tungsten
    National Academy of Sciences !National Research Council NUCLEAR SCIENCE SERIES The Radiochemistry of Tungsten — ...—- L. F. C URTISS,Chairman ROBLEY D. EVANS, Vice Chairman NationalBureau ofStandards MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology J.A. DeJUREN, Secretary WestinghouseElectricCorporation C. J.BORKOWSKI J.W. IRVINE,JR. Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory MassachusettsI&tituteofTechnology ROBERT G. COCHRAN E. D. KLEMA Texas Agriculturaland Mechanical NorthwesternUniversity College W. WAYNE MEINKE SAMUEL EPSTEIN UniversityofMichigan CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology J.J.NICKSON Memorial Hospital,New York U. FANO NationalBureau ofStandards ROBERT L. PLATZMAN Laboratoirede Chimie Physique HERBERT GOLDSTEIN NuclearDevelopmentCorporationof D. M. VAN PATTER America BartolResearch Foundation LIAISON MEMBERS PAUL C. AEBERSOLD CHARLES K. REED Atomic Energy Commission U. S.Air Force J.HOWARD McMILLEN WILLIAM E. WRIGHT NationalScienceFoundation OfficeofNavalResearch SUBCOMMITTEE ON RADIOCHEMISTRY W. WAYNE MEINKE, Chai~man HAROLD KIRBY UniversityofMichigan Mound Laboratory GREGORY R. CHOPPIN GEORGE LEDDICOTTE FloridaStateUniversity Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory GEORGE A. COWAN JULIAN NIELSEN Los Alamos ScientificLaboratory HanfordLaboratories ARTHUR W. FAIRHALL ELLIS P. STEINBERG UniversityofWashington Argonne NationalLaboratory JEROME HUDIS PETER C. STEVENSON BrookhavenNationalLaboratory UniversityofCalifornia(Livermore) EARL HYDE LEO YAFFE UniversityofC slifornia(Berkeley) McGillUniversity CONSULTANTS NATHAN BALLOU JAMES DeVOE NavalRadiologicalDefenseLaboratory
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Actinide Physics Specimens for the US/UK Joint
    Kgmg^tK)HiitV HMWU-HUBM- DISCLAIMER That report was preputd as u accoaat of mk spoasored by an ageacy of the Uaiied Stela Cuiiiaawal Neither the La-ted State* Cuiuaatat act aay ai;cacy thtttof. aor aay of their aaptoyees. nokei may wwtaaty. esarcai or •npfied, or anatt aay le^ hal^ or nspoasi- batty lor the accaracy. ooatpfeieaeB, or asefalaeai of aay ialbrBMrtW, •ppertta*. prorJoct, or L or repteaeab that its aae woakf aot iafnagc privately owaad rjgHs. Rcfcr- ; here* to *ay specific conaacrcial prodact. proem, or service by trade i ORNL-5986 r, or otherwise does aot aeccanriiy constitate or booty it* i Dist. Category , or favoriag by the (Anted State* GovcmnKat or aay ageacy thereof. The view of aathors ezprcsaed harm do aot aeceMariy state or reflect those of the UC-79d Uahcd Sutes Govcrnaieat or aay ageacy thereof. Contract No. W-7405-eng-26 ORIIL-- 5986 DE84 002266 CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTINIDE PHYSICS SPECIMENS FOR THEJJS/UK JOINT EXPERIMENT IN THE JJOUNREAY PROTOTYPE FAST REACTOR Analytical Chemistry Division: R. L. Walker J. L. Botts J. H. Cooper Operations Division: H. L. Adair Chemical Technology Division: J. E. Bigelow Physics Division: S. Raman Date Published: October 1983 This Work Sponsored by U. S. Department of Energy Office of Breeder Technology Projects OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 operated by UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION for the DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY *rr TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vii ABSTRACT ix I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. PHYSICS SPECIMEN CHARACTERIZATION 5 A. Selection of Actinide Materials 5 B.
    [Show full text]
  • Ceramic Carbides: the Tough Guys of the Materials World
    Ceramic Carbides: The Tough Guys of the Materials World by Paul Everitt and Ian Doggett, Technical Specialists, Goodfellow Ceramic and Glass Division c/o Goodfellow Corporation, Coraopolis, Pa. Silicon carbide (SiC) and boron carbide (B4C) are among the world’s hardest known materials and are used in a variety of demanding industrial applications, from blasting-equipment nozzles to space-based mirrors. But there is more to these “tough guys” of the materials world than hardness alone—these two ceramic carbides have a profile of properties that are valued in a wide range of applications and are worthy of consideration for new research and product design projects. Silicon Carbide Use of this high-density, high-strength material has evolved from mainly high-temperature applications to a host of engineering applications. Silicon carbide is characterized by: • High thermal conductivity • Low thermal expansion coefficient • Outstanding thermal shock resistance • Extreme hardness FIGURE 1: • Semiconductor properties Typical properties of silicon carbide • A refractive index greater than diamond (hot-pressed sheet) Chemical Resistance Although many people are familiar with the Acids, concentrated Good Acids, dilute Good general attributes of this advanced ceramic Alkalis Good-Poor (see Figure 1), an important and frequently Halogens Good-Poor overlooked consideration is that the properties Metals Fair of silicon carbide can be altered by varying the Electrical Properties final compaction method. These alterations can Dielectric constant 40 provide knowledgeable engineers with small Volume resistivity at 25°C (Ohm-cm) 103-105 adjustments in performance that can potentially make a significant difference in the functionality Mechanical Properties of a finished component.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiochemistry and Uranium Laboratories
    HAZEN RESEARCH, INC. Analytical Department Superfun4Recoi er SITE: J 4601 Indiana St., Golden, CO 80403 303-279-4501 BREAK: OTHER: QUALITY MANUAL Radiochemistry and Uranium Laboratories Policies and Procedures Established to meet NELAC Quality Systems Standards Reviewed, Acknowledged, and Approved by: Signature Date Bill Youngclaus Bench Chemist Richard Oberto Senior Chemist Ann Strapac Lab Technician Eve DelaFuente Group Supervisor s* 'A*/ Robert Rostad Laboratory Manager John C. Jarvis Laboratory Director QA Officer Eleventh Revision, 3/8/2000 Quality Manual Page 1 Radiochemistry Laboratory Revision 11 Hazen Research Inc. 3/8/2000 TABLE of CONTENTS 1.0 Laboratory Description and Quality Statement 1.1 Laboratory Profile 4 1.2 Management Quality Statement 4 1.3 Laboratory Organization 5 2.0 Personnel 2.1 Job Descriptions and Responsibilities 5 2.2 Training 5 2.3 Resumes 6 2.4 Director's Certifications 6 2.5 Employee Signatures and Initials 6 3.0 Facilities 3.1 General Description 6 3.2 Hazen Campus Map 7 3.3 Analytical Department Floor Plan 7 4.0 Licenses and Laboratory Certifications 7 5.0 Methodology 5.1 Standard Operating Procedures 8 5.2 Radium-226 (ZnS scintillation counting) 8 5.3 Radium-226 (alpha spectrometry) 8 5.4 Radium-228 8 5.5 Thorium-230 9 5.6 Polonium-210. 9 5.7 Lead-210 10 5.8 Gross Alpha, Beta 10 5.9 Uranium 10 5.10 Radiocesium 11 5.11 Radiostrontium. 11 5.12 Tritium 12 5.13 Radon 12 5.14 Method Exceptions and Departures 12 5.15 Employee SOP Certification 13 continued next page Quality Manual Page 2 Radiochemistry Laboratory Revision 11 Hazen Research Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Scholars Initiative a Collection of Papers from the 2013 Nuclear Scholars Initiative
    Nuclear Scholars Initiative A Collection of Papers from the 2013 Nuclear Scholars Initiative EDITOR Sarah Weiner JANUARY 2014 Nuclear Scholars Initiative A Collection of Papers from the 2013 Nuclear Scholars Initiative EDITOR Sarah Weiner AUTHORS Isabelle Anstey David K. Lartonoix Lee Aversano Adam Mount Jessica Bufford Mira Rapp-Hooper Nilsu Goren Alicia L. Swift Jana Honkova David Thomas Graham W. Jenkins Timothy J. Westmyer Phyllis Ko Craig J. Wiener Rizwan Ladha Lauren Wilson Jarret M. Lafl eur January 2014 ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK About CSIS For over 50 years, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has developed solutions to the world’s greatest policy challenges. As we celebrate this milestone, CSIS scholars are developing strategic insights and bipartisan policy solutions to help decisionmakers chart a course toward a better world. CSIS is a nonprofi t or ga ni za tion headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Center’s 220 full-time staff and large network of affi liated scholars conduct research and analysis and develop policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change. Founded at the height of the Cold War by David M. Abshire and Admiral Arleigh Burke, CSIS was dedicated to fi nding ways to sustain American prominence and prosperity as a force for good in the world. Since 1962, CSIS has become one of the world’s preeminent international institutions focused on defense and security; regional stability; and transnational challenges ranging from energy and climate to global health and economic integration. Former U.S. senator Sam Nunn has chaired the CSIS Board of Trustees since 1999.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemistry (CHEM) 1
    Chemistry (CHEM) 1 CHEM 6A. Introduction to General Chemistry. 5 Units CHEMISTRY (CHEM) Prerequisite(s): One year high school algebra; high school chemistry recommended. CHEM 1A. General Chemistry I. 5 Units General Education Area/Graduation Requirement: Laboratory (B3), Prerequisite(s): High school chemistry and college algebra; sufficient Physical Science (B1) performance on the college algebra diagnostic test, or equivalent; Term Typically Offered: Fall, Spring passing score on a standardized Chemistry diagnostic exam given prior to each semester, or a minimum grade of "C" in CHEM 4. Structure of atoms, molecules and ions; their interactions including General Education Area/Graduation Requirement: Physical Science (B1), stoichiometry, equilibria, and oxidation-reduction. Does not fulfill the Laboratory (B3) requirements for more advanced study in chemistry and cannot be Term Typically Offered: Fall, Spring counted toward a major or minor in chemistry. Lecture three hours, discussion one hour, laboratory three hours. Fundamental principles and concepts of chemistry, including CHEM 6B. Introduction to Organic and Biological Chemistry. 5 Units stoichiometry; thermochemistry; atomic and molecular structure; Prerequisite(s): CHEM 1A or CHEM 6A, or a high school chemistry course solution chemistry, including acid-base chemistry; quantum theory; and passing a qualifying exam given in the first laboratory period. bonding and intermolecular forces; and chemical kinetics. Lecture three General Education Area/Graduation Requirement: Further Studies in Area hours, laboratory three hours, discussion one hour. B (B5) Note: Not open to enrollment by engineering majors, who should take Term Typically Offered: Fall, Spring CHEM 1E, General Chemistry for Engineering. Introduction to structure and properties of the major classes of organic CHEM 1B.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodic Table 1 Periodic Table
    Periodic table 1 Periodic table This article is about the table used in chemistry. For other uses, see Periodic table (disambiguation). The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers (numbers of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with the chemical symbol in each box. The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 Standard 18-column form of the periodic table. For the color legend, see section Layout, rows, with a double row of elements under the larger table. below that. The table can also be deconstructed into four rectangular blocks: the s-block to the left, the p-block to the right, the d-block in the middle, and the f-block below that. The rows of the table are called periods; the columns are called groups, with some of these having names such as halogens or noble gases. Since, by definition, a periodic table incorporates recurring trends, any such table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements and predict the properties of new, yet to be discovered or synthesized, elements. As a result, a periodic table—whether in the standard form or some other variant—provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior, and such tables are widely used in chemistry and other sciences. Although precursors exist, Dmitri Mendeleev is generally credited with the publication, in 1869, of the first widely recognized periodic table.
    [Show full text]
  • Lab Chemicals.Cdr
    KIMYA Lab Chemicals Product Catalogue PRODUCTS Ammonium iron(ıı)sulfate hexa. Ammonium monovanadat 100 gr 1-Naphthylamine for synthesis Ammonium oxalate monoh.ext.pu 2-Butanol for analysis Ammonium peroxidısulfate ex.pu 2-Butanol gr for analysis Ammonium peroxidısulfate ex.pu 2-Mercaptoethanol Ammonium standart Acetaldehyde for synthesis Ammonium sulfate Acetic acid %100 gr for analysis Ammonium sulfate Acetic acid %100 gr for analysis pls. Ammonium thiocyanate gr for Acetic acid %100 extra pure Ammonium thıocyanate sol.for Acetic acid %100 extra pure Amonnium heptamolybdate Acetic acid (glacial) 100% extra pure Amyl alcohol Aceton gr for analysis acs,iso,reag,ph eur Amyl alcohol (1-pentanol)for.. Aceton gr for analysis acs,iso,reag,ph eur Aniline gr for analysis Aceton extra pure ph eur bp,nf Anthrone for synthesis Aceton extra pure ph eurbp,nf Antimony icp standart traceable to srm Acetone suprasolv 2,5 lt Antimony(ııı)chloride Acetone for liquid chromotography Aquamerck iron fresh-sea wa.te Acetonitrile for gas chromotography Aquamerck total hardness test Acetonitrile hplc Aqumerck total hardness test Acetonitrile hypergrade Arsenic icp standart traceable Acetonitrile lichrosolv Arsenic standard sol.1000mg/l Acetylacetone for synthesıs Azomethine h gr for analysis Acrylamide for electrophoresıs Barbituric acıd for synthesis Acrylamide for synthesis Barbituric acıd gr Acrylamıde for synthesis Barium chloride dıhydrate gr for analysis acs,iso Adipic acid for synthesis Barium chloride dihdrate ex.pu Albumin fraction v bovine seru Barium
    [Show full text]