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La Fine Ebbe Inizio in Baviera

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La Fine Ebbe Inizio in Baviera Una pagina nera della storia italiana fu scritta in Germania La fine ebbe inizio in Baviera genito del duce) e Orio Ruberti contra Hildegard Burkhardt – alias «La Repubblica di Salò vide la luce [...] (cognato di Bruno Mussolini, il Frau Felizitas Beetz – la traduttrice a Monaco di Baviera ed ebbe termine [...] terzo figlio del duce), che vengono affidatagli dai servizi segreti del in piazzale Loreto, a Milano». portati dapprima a Monaco di Ba- Reich con l’obiettivo di imposses- MARIO MONICELLI, La Repubblica di Salò, viera e poi alla Wolfsschanze, il sarsi dei suoi diari. Questa resterà Tascabili Newton, 1995 quartier generale di Hitler vicino a invece molto colpita da lui e gli Rastenburg, in Prussia Orientale. sarà vicina fino alla fine, aiutando In Germania giunge anche poi Edda Ciano a fuggire in Svizze- Galeazzo Ciano con la moglie Ed- ra insieme ai figli. Dopo la guerra CLAUDIO CUMANI da (figlia primogenita del duce) ed diventerà un’affermata giornalista Presidente del COM.IT.ES. i figli Fabrizio, Raimonda e Marzio. col nome di Hilde Purwin. (Comitato degli Italiani all’Estero) di Monaco di Baviera Un commando tedesco li traspor- Arrivano l’8 settembre e l’an- ta il 27 agosto a Monaco di Bavie- nuncio da parte del Capo del Go- ra e da qui ad Oberallmannshau- verno, maresciallo d’Italia Pietro opo il voto del Gran Con- sen, sullo Starnberger See, dove Badoglio, dell’armistizio con gli Al- siglio del Fascismo – vive il drammaturgo Hanns Johst leati anglo-americani. Al suo quar- che nella notte fra il 24 – presidente dell’Associazione de- tier generale, dove il 9 settembre ed il 25 luglio 1943 ap- gli Scrittori – che procura ai Ciano arriva anche il filosofo Julius Evola, Dprovò l’ordine del giorno Grandi, una villa di proprietà del barone Hitler mette a disposizione di Vit- La seduta del sancendo la caduta del fascismo von Wittgenstein. Da Oberal- torio Mussolini e di Preziosi una Gran Consiglio del – e dopo il successivo arresto di lmannshausen Edda parte per in- stazione radiofonica che viene ri- Fascismo del 25 Benito Mussolini, sono una dozzi- contrare personalmente Hitler al trasmessa su tutto il territorio ita- luglio 1943 nella na i gerarchi che scappano in Ger- suo quartier generale, il 31 agosto liano dalle sedi della Reichs- quale Mussolini mania. Fra questi Alessandro Pa- ed il 1° di settembre, nell’estremo, Rundfunk-Gesellschaft di Monaco fu costretto a volini (ex Ministro della Cultura inutile tentativo di ottenere un di Baviera e Stoccarda: nasce così dimettersi. Popolare), Renato Ricci (ex Mini- salvacondotto per la Spagna e Radio Monaco. Ad essa lavorano stro delle Corporazioni), Roberto salvare così il marito, che nazisti anche Pavolini, Ruberti, i giornalisti The meeting of Farinacci (ex segretario del Partito e fascisti intendono condannare a Cesare Rivelli e Felice Bellotti (già the Grand Council Nazionale Fascista), Giovanni Pre- morte per tradimento, a causa del inviato de La Stampa al fronte of Fascism of 25th April 1943 when ziosi (ex Ministro di Stato, ideologo suo voto a favore dell’ordine del russo), Angelo Vecchio Verderame Mussolini was del razzismo e dell’antisemitismo), giorno Grandi. Ed è a Oberal- con funzioni di interprete. Radio forced to resign. Vittorio Mussolini (figlio secondo- lmannshausen che Galeazzo in- Monaco inizia la sera stessa le Cola Images Cola 138 UNO SGUARDO AL PASSATO dalle carceri di Regina Coeli e del Forte Boccea: Guido Buffarini Gui- di (ex sottosegretario agli Interni), Attilio Teruzzi (ex Governatore della Cirenaica), Raffaello Riccardi (ex ministro Scambi e Valute), Luigi Freddi (presidente di Cinecittà e direttore generale dell’ENIC, l’Ente Nazionale Industrie Cinematografi- che), Mario Candelori (Console della Milizia) e Enrico Varenna (in- dustriale). Assieme a loro sono Bruno Spampanato (giornalista) e Sigfrido Barghini (ex redattore del- la rivista La Verità, espressione FSN Gilardi della “sinistra fascista”). Tutti ven- sue trasmissioni con musiche fa- Nel processo di Mare, è poi portato – di nuovo in gono ospitati all’Hotel Vier Jah- sciste ed appelli agli italiani ed il Verona Galeazzo aereo – a Vienna. reszeiten. A questi seguono, il 14 giorno dopo annuncia la costituzio- Ciano e altri gerarchi Il 13 settembre, alle ore 14, settembre, Telesio Interlandi (diret- ne del governo nazionale fascista furono condannati a i Mussolini incontrano Benito al- tore de La difesa della razza, punto morte. L’esecuzione che «opera nel nome di Mussolini». avvenne l’11 gennaio l’aeroporto di Monaco e pernotta- di riferimento della politica razzista Nei suoi diari Joseph Goebbels 1944. Sotto: l’ex no con lui al Prinz-Carl-Palais (oggi ed antisemita fascista), Asvero annota che questo “cosiddetto” segretario del Partito residenza ufficiale del Primo mini- Gravelli (consigliere nazionale della governo non ha altre alternative Nazionale Fascista stro bavarese). Dal settembre Camera dei Fasci e delle Corpora- che obbedire agli ordini nazisti. Roberto Farinacci in 1937 – proprio per ospitare Benito zioni), Nicolò De Cesare (segreta- Il 12 settembre Rachele, Ro- visita ai reparti della Mussolini in occasione della sua rio particolare del duce) e il gen. mano e Anna Maria Mussolini ven- Repubblica Sociale prima visita in Germania – il palaz- Ubaldo Soddu (ex comandante Italiana nel gennaio gono prelevati da soldati ed ufficia- 1944. zo era stato adibito a residenza delle Forze Armate in Albania). li tedeschi alla Rocca delle Cami- per i capi di Stato stranieri e Mus- Il 14 settembre Mussolini nate (il castello, residenza estiva solini vi era stato ancora nelle sue parte per il quartier generale di dei Mussolini, in Romagna), dove At the Verona trial, successive visite del settembre Hitler, dove incontra il dittatore erano stati confinati. Partiti in ae- Galeazzo Ciano and 1938 (per la Conferenza di Mona- tedesco ed i gerarchi fascisti lì reo da Forlì per andare a Vienna, other leaders were co) e del giugno 1940 (dopo l’in- presenti. Il 15 settembre 1943, condemned to death. sopra Verona devono cambiare The execution took gresso dell’Italia in guerra). Ed è al alla Wolfsschanze, Mussolini fonda rotta per evitare una formazione place on 11th Prinz-Carl-Palais che Edda incontra il Partito Fascista Repubblicano e nemica ed atterrano a Monaco di January 1944. Below: una prima volta suo padre, per ne nomina segretario Alessandro Baviera, dove sono ospitati all’Ho- the ex-secretary of convincerlo a ricevere il genero. Pavolini, che rientra in Italia insie- tel Vier Jahreszeiten. the National Fascist Lo stesso giorno arrivano a me a Ricci per dare vita al partito Lo stesso giorno Benito Mus- Party Roberto Monaco di Baviera i primi gerarchi ed al governo. Radio Monaco an- Farinacci visiting the solini – agli arresti presso Campo units of the Italian fascisti liberati dai nazisti a Roma nuncia «Benito Mussolini ha ripre- Imperatore sul Gran Sasso – viene Social Republic in liberato da un commando di para- January 1944. cadutisti tedeschi. Trasportato dapprima in aereo a Pratica di The end started in Bavaria After the fall of Mussolini in July 1943, following the contrary vote by the Grand Council of Fascism, the fate of the dictatorship fell into the hands of Hitler. The group of Fascist leaders faithful to the Duce became reorganized in Munich: they began to broadcast “Radio Monaco”, the voice of the Fascist comeback. The Ciano family also passed through Munich: Edda asked the Führer for a safe-conduct, which was not granted, to Spain, where her husband Galeazzo could have escaped the death sentence for his vote against Mussolini. It was also in Bavaria that the first “explanation” took place between Mussolini, released from Campo Imperatore, and Ciano. At this point though, the family-political drama was not reaching its epilogue. The Council of Ministers of the Italian Social Republic irrevocably condemned Ciano to death for high treason and he was executed in January 1944. PortfolioMondadori UNO SGUARDO AL PASSATO 139 Benito Mussolini ospitati al castello di Hirschberg, esce dal Teatro dove arrivano anche la nuora Orso- Lirico con la (moglie di Vittorio Mussolini) con Alessandro Pavolini i figli Guido ed Adria. e Francesco Barracu dopo il discorso Ogni tentativo di salvare Ga- alle Camicie nere. leazzo Ciano fallisce: il 13 ottobre Milano, 16 dicembre il Consiglio dei Ministri della Re- 1944. pubblica di Salò accusa Ciano e gli altri del 25 luglio di “alto tradimen- Benito Mussolini to” ed il 19 ottobre Galeazzo viene leaves the Teatro condotto in Italia, a Verona, dove Lirico with viene arrestato (condannato a Alessandro Pavolini morte il 10 gennaio 1944, sarà and Francesco fucilato il giorno successivo). Barracu after the speech of the Black Rachele Mussolini, i figli e gli Shirts. Milan, 16th altri familiari restano al castello di December 1944. Hirschberg. Rachele rientra in Ita- Mondadori PortfolioMondadori lia il 2 novembre per riunirsi con so la suprema direzione del fasci- seguenti, i gerarchi ospitati ad Benito alla Rocca delle Caminate smo in Italia» e comunica i primi Oberaudorf ed altri visitatori (il ge- il giorno successivo, mentre i suoi «ordini del giorno» del nuovo gover- nerale della Milizia Ferruccio Gatti, figli rimarranno al castello ancora no mussoliniano, tra i quali l’ordine l’addetto stampa a Bucarest Fran- per un breve periodo. I figli di Cia- agli uffici del ricostituito partito co Trandafilo, il direttorio del Fa- no lasceranno la Baviera solo il 12 fascista di «appoggiare efficace- scio di Berlino, ecc.). Non a caso novembre, riaccompagnati in Italia mente e cameratescamente l’E- Rachele Mussolini commenta: «In dallo zio Vittorio. Questi ritornerà sercito tedesco» ed «esaminare la quell’angolo della Baviera furono più volte sul suolo tedesco (dal 24 situazione dei membri del Partito, gettate le prime basi della Repub- novembre 1943 ricoprirà la carica in relazione alla loro condotta di blica Sociale».
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