The Selected Papers of John Jay, 1760-1779 Volume 1 Index

Actaeon (ship), 278n3 Active (ship): admiralty court case on, 553 Act of March 18, 1780, 678n1 Adams, Charles Francis, xxxii Adams, John: administration of, xxv; confers with General Howe, 294, 294n2; on congressional committees, 137n1, 220n1, 239n4; and congressional instructions, xxxiii– xxxiv; and Conway cabal, 559n1; correspondence of, l; as diplomat, xlii; dispatches of, 601, 602n5; and Dutch loans, 696n2; and factions, 171; and independence, 170, 240n1, 250n3; influences N.Y. Constitution, 401; and inoculation, 489n1; JJ declines court appointment by, xliv; JJ’s correspondence with, xxxv; letter to, quoted, xxxvii; mission to the Netherlands, xxxiii; and moderates, xxvii; and New England interests, xxxii; as peace commissioner, xxxii, xxxiii–xxxiv, 698, 714; political theories of, 401, 402; praised, 665; quoted, 221n1, 305n3, 481n1; recollections of, 98, 99; relationship with JJ, xxxii, 98; voyages, xxxii, 665n7; writings of, 401 Adams, John Quincy, xxxii Adams, Samuel, 621n3; and appeal to Canada, 116; and authorship of Address to the People of Great Britain, 98; on congressional committees, 119, 137n1; as congressional delegate, 624n1; and Conway cabal, 559n1; and factionalism, 171; and French alliance, 572; identified, 119; militancy of, xxv; moderate distrust of, xxvii Adams family, 621n5 Adams-Lee faction: and committee memberships, 171 Addison, Joseph: quoted, 48, 49n4, 518, 519n5, 602, 604n2; writings of, 49n4, 543n5, 604n2 “Address of the Convention of the State of New York to their Constituents”: authorship of, 320–25; illustrated, 323 Address to the Electors of Great Britain, An, 143, 145n2 Address to the People of Great Britain, An, 96–99, 100–107, 109n1, 134, 137n1, 145n5, 177 Address to the People of the State of New York: and ratification debate, xl Adgate, Matthew, 377, 379, 380 Administration of Justice Act, xxvi, 105. See also Coercive Acts Africa, 1, 497, 673; coast, maps of, 736 African Americans: battalions of, proposed, 607–9, 609n1; capacities of, 607–8; education for, 582n1 “Agricola Americanus” (pseudonym), 484n1 Albany, N.Y., 248n3, 438, 447, 456, 470, 481, 482, 482n1, 484n1, 492, 499, 509, 514, 524, 526, 527, 537, 575, 604, 611; city council of, 434n1 (from Peter W. Yates, 5 June 1777);

command at, 417, 430, 432, 433n2, 537; commissioners for detecting conspiracies at, 522– 23, 523nn1–2, 523n4; committee, 275, 276n10; Committee for Detecting Conspiracies at, 523, 523nn1–2, 523n4; courts at, 46n2, 47, 508, 509n3, 515n2, 522, 523n2, 618; economic regulations of, 645; freemen of, 402; Loyalists evacuated to, 454; loyalty investigations at, 318, 319–20; militia, 434; negotiations with Indians at, 498, 499n2; politics, 114, 182, 199, 200n5, 204n5, 425, 426, 435, 436–37; Philip Schuyler at, 623; as state capital, 436–37; supplies at, 232, 683; trials in, 521, 521n3 Albany (sloop), 299 Albany County, N.Y., 46n1, 64, 89n4, 114, 319, 320, 434nn1–2 (to Leonard Gansevoort, 5 June 1777), 434n1 (from Peter W. Yates, 5 June 1777), 546n6, 704n1; committee of, 433, 522, 523nn1–2; elections, 640; militia, 464; politics, 419, 433, 434; tenant riots, 46n1, 48; and Vermont controversy, 704n1; votes on amendments to draft constitution, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 383, 384, 385 Albouy, Leonard, 615–16, 616n2; identified, 615 Alderman, Lord Mayor, 177 Alexander, William (Lord Stirling), 211, 289, 291, 293n4, 548n2, 594n3; identified, 213n5; promotion of, 217 Alexander the Great, 367 Alfred (ship), 218n1 Alien and Sedition Act, xxx Allen, Andrew, 353; identified, 355n6 Allen, Ethan: and Canadian campaign, 167; identified, 168n5; publications of, 542, 543n4, 590, 591n2; and Vermont controversy, 537–38, 540nn6–7 Allen, William, 488, 490n8 Alliance (ship), 664, 665n3 Allison, Mr., 259 Almon’s Remembrancer, 481n1 Alsop, John, 188, 194, 239n7, 242, 244n2, 245, 261, 262n1 (29 June 1776), 303n8; as congressional candidate, 91; elected to Congress, 93; identified, 189n2; letters from, 107– 10, 231–33 Alsop & Company, 301, 303n8 Amenia, N.Y., 231n3 “American, An” (pseudonym, Gouverneur Morris), 530, 530n2 Amherst, Jeffrey, 11–12n9, 28, 28n5, 33n3 Ammunition: shortage of, 578 Amphitrite (ship), 569 Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 696n2, 701; shipbuilding, 424 Ancram, N.Y., 288n2 André, John, 361

Anglican church: clergymen of, 66; and King’s College, 4; ministers’ controversy, Rye, 12, 13; mission, New Haven, 12 Anglicanism: and bishops in America, 373; and Loyalism, 361 Annapolis, Md.: Congress at, xxxiv–xxxv Annapolis Convention: and constitutional reform, xxxvi Anne (queen, England): proclamation of, 506n8 Anthony, Theophile, 275, 276n9 Anti-Federalists: and ratification of the Constitution, xl Appalachians: migration across, xxxiii Appius Claudius, 53, 54, 55n1 (1768) Aranda, Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, Conde de, 715n4; identified, 710 Aranjuez, Spain: alliance formed at, 601n3 Aranjuez, Convention of, 712, 718n5 Arbitration: under Jay’s Treaty, xliii Arbuthnot, John, 457n7 Arbuthnot, Marriot, 633, 635n2; identified, 635n2 Armaments: contracts for, 219, 219nn2–3 Armstrong, John, Jr., 528; identified, 529n1 Army, British: arrival at N.Y., 273; atrocities of, 429; avoidance of battle by, 343; captures Fort Ticonderoga, 440; defeat of, 473–74, 484, 491; depredations of, 389–90, 393, 423, 437, 438n2, 637; desertions from, 474, 474n1, 529, 534; disease in, 687n3; divisions in, 483; Germans with, 475; intelligence on, 474–75; invasion by, 332, 342; land granted half-pay officers of, 598; letters captured by, 612, 613n1; Loyalists in, 361, 363, 394, 415, 417n1, 488, 490nn7–8; military operations, 518, 686, 697; —, in New Jersey, 366–67, 528–29, 429, 456, 622; —, in New York, 392–94, 455n1, 455n3, 455n5, 467, 468, 469n2, 471, 472, 472nn5–6, 472nn8–9; —, in the South, 697, 707; occupation by, 102, 134, 135; officers of, 576; pay of, 344, 670; power of, 332, 342; prisoners, 577, 671; provisioning, 533, 534; recreation, 391; reinforcement, 652; size, 534; supply of, 332; threat from, 521; victories, 320, 321; withdrawal, 514 Army, Continental: African American units of, 607–9, 609n1; appointment of officers in, 171, 174n1, 213n6, 217–18, 391, 392n2; arming, xxiv; avoidance of battle by, 332, 343; bounties in, 578n4, 638, 639n4; and Canadian expeditions, 225n5, 225n12, 629–30; Catholics in, 373; chaplains for, 619; charges against, 585; and civil-military relations, 266, 503; clothing for, 638, 639n6, 654; commissions in, 217, 365n1; condition of, 491, 505, 506–7, 732; and Conway cabal, 555; cost of, 543–44, 544n3; courts-martial in, 253, 510, 578n4, 623n1 (see also Courts-martial); courts of inquiry in, 510, 510n2, 542n1; creation of, xxvii; damages by, 579–80; defeats of, 321; disloyalty in, 252, 253, 254; enlistments, 322, 637–38; entertainments of, 593–94; and evacuation of Fort Ticonderoga, 445 (see also Fort Ticonderoga, N.Y.: evacuation of); expenses of, 507; foreign officers in, 317n2, 562–63, 562n5, 611, 612n4, 659n8, 681, 682, 682n3, 682n5, 682n7; and Hickey Plot, 252–53;

3 and impressments, 504, 579, 590, 629–30; Indians in, 245n5; intelligence operations of, 614n1 (21 March 1779); land for officers and soldiers of, 584, 585n2; legal procedures, 574, 575–76, 579–80; and loyalty oaths, 173, 217; medical administration, 555; military operations, 311, 507n2; —, in New Jersey, 320, 322, 428–30, 446, 488, 622–23; —, in New York, 273, 417–19, 460–61, 466–67, 482–83; and militia, 289, 440, 488, 608; and mob action, 251; nationalism of members of, xxxvii; northern command of, 439–42 (see also Northern Department: command of); pay, 555, 573, 574, 637–38; pay scales of, 155n3; pensions for officers of, 555; and prisoners, 358–59, 419; procurement problems of, 503, 504, 506–7, 506n1; protraction of war by, 332, 343; quotas, 637–38; rations, 637; rebuilding of, xxix; recruitment, xxiv, 358, 394, 395, 397, 487, 555; regulations of, 313n8; requisitions of, 193n2; resignations from, 573, 574, 575, 588, 604–5, 606n4, 612, 613n2, 623, 627; rivalries in, 399, 440–41; shoes for, 654, 655; in the South, 554–55; staff departments, 526, 527n6, 624–25, 625nn2–3, 630–32, 642–44, 646–48, 654–55, 656 (see also Commissary Department; Hospital Department; Quartermaster’s Department); staff officers of, 511, 515, 555, 574; supply of, xxiv, 218n6, 333, 343, 393–94, 495–97, 578, 590, 591n5, 629–30, 631, 650–53, 654–55, 666, 666n3, 678, 679n1, 683; unpreparedness of, 506– 7 Army, French, 682n5, 682n7 Army, Roman, 390n4 Army, Spanish, 334, 671, 732, 733n5 Army, standing, 133 Arnold, Benedict, 160, 161, 309n2, 464, 490n15; identified, 162n7; investigation of, 585n1, 595, 596n5; letter of, quoted, 474; letter to, quoted, 472; military operations of, 473, 474n1, 475n2; proposes settlement for officers and soldiers, 584, 585n1; treason of, 361 Arnold, Edward: identified, 317n8 Articles of Capitulation, 163n10, 164n2 Articles of Confederation: amendment of, xxxvi, xxxvii; approval of, 494, 498, 499n4; and constitutional reform, xxxvi; controversies over, 498; ratification of, 499, 500, 537, 552–53, 674–75, 688; replacement of, xl; sent to states, 491; and taxation, 626n1 (circular letter to the governors, 22 May 1779); and union, 690; and Vermont controversy, 542, 694; weakness of, 673; and western lands, 537, 540n5 Artillery, 394 Asia: imports from, 497 Assemblies, colonial, 134 Association, Continental, 94, 112, 113, 127n3, 138, 140, 141n2, 142, 145n4, 147n2 (17 October 1775), 157n5, 215, 283n1 (22–24 July 1776) Assyria (Syria), 326, 337, 338 Athamas, 447 Atherton, Cornelius, 230, 231n3 Atlantic Ocean, 649n1, 706, 736

Atlee, Samuel, 641n3; identified, 641n3 Attorneys: licensing of, 407, 408n1, 410–12, 414n1 Auchmuty, Samuel, 36, 43n1, 50, 50n7; identified, 37n1 Aurora (frigate), 744, 744n2 (to Robert R. Livingston, 24 December 1779), 746 Austria: as mediator, 619n3 Avery, Ephraim, 50, 50n7, 201; identified, 202n2 Azores, the (Portugal), 649n1, 738, 739–40 Babylon, 326, 337, 338 Bache, Theophylact, 77, 85; identified, 77n3 Balance of power: and N.Y. Constitution, 401, 402 Baltimore, Md.: Congress at, 307n2, 321, 352, 354n2, 360, 437; munitions shipments to, 396n2; newspapers and publications, 325, 512n4, 526 Bancke (Banck), John V., 611, 612n4 Bancker, Adrian, 197n1 Bancker, Gerardus, 80, 525, 527n3; identified, 80n1 Bancroft, Edward, 295, 297n5, 315, 318n12; identified, 318n13 Bancroft, George, xlvii, 93n1, 120 Banks, Josiah, 65 Banks-Lubeken Tract, 64n5, 66n1 Banyar, Goldsbrow, 465, 466; identified, 466n2 Banyer, Maria Jay (daughter of John Jay), 731 Barcelona, Spain, 156 Barclay, John, 523; identified, 523n4 Barclay, Mr., 594, 596 Bard, Samuel, 51n1, 71, 200, 245; identified, 72n16 Bardin, Edward, 62n1 Bardins. See King’s Arms Tavern Barker, 13, 14n9 Barnum, H. L., 347, 349n1 Bascom, Captain, 295 Bascome, George: identified, 615n1; letter from, 615–16 Basden, Joseph: identified, 616n2 Basking Ridge, N.J., 365, 594, 599n3 Batten Kill, N.Y., 64, 65, 66nn1–2 Baughman, Roland, l Baulding, David, 257n7 Bayard, Lazare, 3n4 Bayard, Nicholas, 3n4 Bayard, Phoebe, 441n4 Bayard, Rebecca, 529; identified, 529n4

Bayard, William: identified, 529n4 Bayard’s (Byards) Mount, 210 Bayley, Jacob, 577, 578; identified, 578n2 Bay of Biscay, 549n3 Beardsley, John, 435; identified, 435n3 Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron de, 310, 311n1; and French aid, 313, 395n1, 550, 551; letter to, 572–73 Bedel, Timothy, 577, 578; identified, 578n2 Bedel’s New Hampshire Rangers, 225n10 Bedford, N.Y., xliv, xlvii, xlviii, l, 210 Bedlow, William, 178n2, 274, 275n1 Beekman, Henry, II, 56, 57n2, 57n4 Beekman’s Slip, NYC, 210 Belleville, N.J., 77n2 Benedict, Joseph, 234, 235n1, 236n2 Benezet, Anthony: identified, 582n1; letter from, 581–82; letter to, 604 Bengal: famine in, 610 Benjamin, Hannah, 487; identified, 489n1 Bennington, Vt., 471, 472n8, 507n1, 513n2 (28 April 1778), 543n4 Benson, Egbert, 129, 130, 130n1, 246, 566, 567, 731; as assemblyman, 619, 619n4; chairs county committee, 306; clubs and professional organizations, 51n1, 52n1, 54–55, 55n1 (1768), 62, 71; and confiscation bill, 619, 620n5; identified, 27n2, 749; at King’s College, 26; letters from, 371–72, 557–58, 639–41, 644–46, 665–67; letters to, 427–28; and loyalty investigations, 362, 363–64, 371–72; portrait of (illus.), 641; as state attorney general, 428n1, 433n1; and state legislation, 544, 544n4; and Vermont, 63, 641n1 Benson, Henry, 275 Benson, Robert, 640–41; correspondence of, 403, 404, 407, 412, 516, 516n1; identified, 403; positions held by, 445n2 Benson’s Ferry, 283 Bergen County, N.J., 179 Berkeley, George, 6, 6n6, 336n4, 347 Berlin (Prussia), 311 Bermuda, 295, 686, 701, 718n3, 737, 741; trade policy toward, 139, 155, 155n1, 615n1 Bernard, Francis, Sir, 103 Berol, Alfred C., lii Beulah (ship), 114, 115nn2–3 Bible: allusions to, 96, 106, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329, 331, 335, 336n3, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341– 42, 347, 479–80, 505, 506n3, 672, 678n4; quoted, 96, 106, 324, 336, 347, 586, 588n1; translation, 6 Biddle, Clement, 432; identified, 432n2

Bilboa, Spain, 714n1 Bills of exchange: drawn by JJ, 747; drawn on Benjamin Franklin, 592; protested, 662–63, 663n3 Bingham, William: as agent in Martinique, 729, 730, 745, 746, 747; identified, 586n1; letters from, 585–86, 592–93 Birch, Harvey: prototypes for, 347–49 Bishop (sloop), 231n1 Bishop of Landaff (pilot boat), 151n5 Blackstone, William, 375n1 Blackwell’s Island, N.Y., 291 Blaine, Ephraim (commissary general of purchases), 632n4, 651, 653n4; identified, 632n4 Blankets, 503, 504, 578 Bleecker (Blicker), John N., 65; identified, 66n2 Blenheim (home of Edward Carter), 577n1 Blicker, James: identified, 515n6 Bloomer, Joshua, 67, 68n2; identified, 66 Bloomer v. Hinchman, 66, 68n2 “Blue Skins” (“Blues”): term for N.Y. radicals, 112, 113 Board of Trade: and boundary commission, 78 Boatmen: for army, 652 Boats: for army, 651, 683, 684 Bolton, Duke of, 515 Bonhomme Richard (ship), 664, 665n3 Bonvouloir et Loyauté, Julien-Alexandre Achard de, 171–72; identified, 171 Bordeaux, France, 244n4, 301, 303n7, 303nn11–12, 303n15, 424, 472 Boston, Mass., 87, 130, 706; army at, 161, 162n8, 225n5; blockade of, 104; Britain’s punishment of, xxvi, 109, 133, 134; British evacuation of, 191, 219, 219n5, 232n2, 324; Burgoyne at, 484n1; closing of port of, 84; Committee of Correspondence, 85; —, letter to, 85–87; Continental army departs from, 231; contracts in, 646; convoy at, 394; destruction of commerce of, 104, 107; flour shortage in, 577; fortification of, 610, 611n1; Gates at, 577; and Loyalists, 219, 219n5, 319, 320, 415; mob actions in, 421, 422n3; naval affairs at, 151n7, 394, 549n4, 748; occupation of, 135, 138n3, 217; prize at, 595; seige of, xxvii, 220n1; smallpox at, 225n12; and tea, 104; town meeting, 578 Boston Gazette, 461 “Bostonian, A” (pseudonym), 584n5 Boston Port Act, xxiii, xxvi, 84, 90, 95, 95n2, 104 Boston Tea Party: response to, xxiii, xxvi, 84, 103–4, 133 Bostwick, Andrew (deputy commissary of forage), 526 Bourbon, House of, 518, 588, 600 Bowen, Emanuel, 80; identified, 81n2 (6 February 1773) Boyd, Robert, 219, 230, 274; identified, 219n2

Bradford, Thomas, 96, 137n1, 174n12, 177n1 Bradford, William, 96, 137n1, 174n12, 177n1 Bradstreet, John, 605, 606n3 Brandywine, Pa.: battle at, 488, 559n1 Brant, Joseph, 454; identified, 455n4 Brasher, Abraham, 184n7, 267n1, 516; identified, 517n2 Brass, Mrs.: tavern of, 51 Brattle, James, 204n3 Braxton, Carter, 265; identified, 229n1 Bread: scarcity of, 595, 610 Brest, France, 301, 418, 534, 535n2, 549n3 Brewerton, George, 257n7 Brinckerhoff, Dirck, 57 Bristol, England, 3, 11n1, 15, 22, 24, 28, 32 Bristol, Pa., 240n2, 241n6, 245, 246nn1–2 Bristol (ship), 277, 278n3 British Isles, 249n5 Broad Street, NYC, 14n8, 31, 279 Broadway, NYC, 9n6, 50n2, 260n1 (29 June 1776) Brockholst, Joanna, 90n1 Brockholst, Susannah, 90n1 Bronx, the, N.Y., 285n1 Brooklyn, N.Y., 253 Brooklyn Heights, N.Y., 289, 293n4 Brooks, David, 27, 27n4 Broome, John, 406n3 Broome, Samuel, 500, 501, 502n1 Brown, John, 577, 578n4, 611 Browne, Daniel, 6, 6n6 Browne, Marie French, 731n4 Browne, Sarah, 731n4 Brune (frigate), 392 Bruyn, Jacobus, 272n6 Burgoyne, John: campaign, 274, 439n3, 440, 445, 448, 449, 455n5, 457n7, 460, 464n1, 468, 470, 471, 472n6, 473–75, 482–83, 484n1, 507n1; demands court-martial, 534, 535n3; identified, 439n3; in Parliament, 534, 535n3; parole, 534; proclamation, 456, 457n7, 484n1; protection offered by, 448; satirized, 484n1; sent to America, 135, 138n3; surrender of, 484n1, 485n3, 487, 491, 534, 627, 664 Burke, Thomas, 616n1, 643, 662; identified, 663n2 Burlington, N.J.: assembly at, 360

Burr, Thaddeus A., 350 Butler, Richard, 597 Byron, John, 534, 577, 578; identified, 578n3 Cadiz, Spain, xxxii, 736, 737, 738, 739 Cambridge, Mass., 162n7, 217, 648 Cambridge, N.Y., 471 Cambridge University, 10n8 Camden (Cambden) (sloop), 275, 276n7 Camden Valley, N.Y., 66n2 Campbell, John, 257n7, 259 Canada, 63n5, 95, 130, 131n7, 187n4, 225nn1–2, 225nn5–6, 225nn8–12, 471, 472n5, 493; acquisition of, 718n3; appeals to, 373; boundaries with, xxxiii, xliii, 712; Catholicism in, 101, 105–6, 117, 373 (see also Quebec Act); congressional appeal to, 115–18; dispatches from, 422, 423n1; expeditions to, 162nn3–10, 166, 168n6, 183, 191, 199, 207, 214, 218, 219n1, 221, 223, 225n12, 231, 232, 233, 234, 247, 248n1, 263n1, 264, 269, 270, 308n2, 312, 312n5, 313n7, 352n3, 373, 439, 493, 506–7, 507n2, 508, 554, 562–63, 562n6, 578, 591, 605, 610–11, 629–30; fisheries of, xxxi; migration to, 375n8; and paper money, 629; refugees from, 522; reinforcements from, 652; retreat to, 474, 474n1; rights of English settlers in, 105; in Seven Years’ War, 507. See also Quebec (Quebeck), Canada Canadian regiments, 225n11, 272n6 Canary Islands, 737, 740 Cannon, lii, 274, 359n2, 430, 450, 456, 622, 623n2 Canterbury, Archbishop of, 15 Cantine, Matthew: identified, 428n1; letters from, 427–28 Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, 257n12, 316 Cape Carvoeiro, Portugal, 724n1 Cape Charles, Va., 472n9 Cape Magdalene (Magdline), Canada, 222 Capitulation, terms of, 164n2 Caribbean, 11n9, 314, 710, 715n6 Carleton, Guy, 160, 161, 166, 183, 225n6, 264, 312; identified, 162n6 Carlisle, Pa., 652 Carlisle Commission, 515n3, 530n2 Carmichael, William: as assistant to Silas Deane, 311n2, 317n4; as candidate for secretary to Franklin, 733; and Deane-Lee affair, 531, 532n1; identified, 749; as JJ’s secretary, 698, 699n1; voyage of, 714, 727 Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia, 93 Carriages, 502, 503, 629 Carter, John (printer), 137n1 Carter, John (pseudonym, John Barker Church): identified, 543n3

Carthaginians: history of, 331, 342 Castle, Robert, 275, 276n7 Castletown, Vt., 448 Cathalan, Estienne, 303n17 Catherine II (empress, Russia), 658 Catholicism: establishment of, in Canada, 101, 105–6, 117; restrictions on, 373, 374, 375, 376; Whig views on, 375 Catholics: British recruitment of, 172; rights denied to, 373, 374, 376 Cato: quoted, 48, 518, 519n5, 602, 604n2 Cattle: for army, 651, 652 Central America, 711, 712 Chambers, Anne Van Cortlandt (aunt of John Jay), 13, 14n2 (early 1763), 26, 26n2 (23 August 1763), 36, 37n3; identified, 23n3 Chambers, John (uncle of John Jay), 5, 22, 26, 26n2 (23 August 1763), 36, 37n3; identified, 23n3 Chambly (Chamblee), Quebec, 164, 165n2, 179, 180n1, 183, 225n10 Chandler, Thomas Bradbury, 50; identified, 50n7 Chapel Hill (modern Beekman Street and Cliff Street), NYC, 33n2 Charles I (king, England): beheading of, 335, 345 Charles II (king, England), 422n3 Charleston (Charles Town), S.C., 278n2, 278n4, 293n8, 309, 360n4, 558, 667, 697 Charlestown, Mass., 135, 140, 646, 648n2 Charlotte County, N.Y., 546n6, 704n1; votes on amendments to draft constitution, 380, 381, 383, 384, 385, 386 Chase, Thomas (Chace, deputy quartermaster general), 646, 648n2; letter from, 648 Chatham, N.Y., 65, 523n1 Chaumont, Jacques Donatien Le Ray de, 664; identified, 665n4 Checks and balances: support for, xxxviii, xxxix Cherry Valley, N.Y., 476 Chesapeake Bay, 469n2, 472n9, 595, 732 Chester, Major, 490n16 Chester, Pa., 720, 728 Chesterfield, Lord (Philip Dormer Stanhope), 666 Children: impact of financial measures on, 677; impact of war on, 330, 332, 340, 677 Chittenden, Thomas, 644, 695n1 Choiseul, Étienne François, Duc de, 301, 303n10 Christianity: expansion of, 324, 335, 346; teachings of, 581 Church, Benjamin, 357; identified, 357n1 Church, John Barker: identified, 543n3. See also Carter, John (pseudonym, John Barker Church)

Churches: desecration by British, 329, 340; foreign ties of, 381 Cicero, Marcus Tullius: on friendship, 38; identified, 9n2; influence of, 34; orations of, 6; Pro Milone, 54, 55n4; references to, 39n1, 39n3, 264 Ciphers: between JJ and Livingston, 719–20, 733 Circuit Court, U.S.: diary of, l “Citizen of Philadelphia, A” (pseudonym, Peletiah Webster), 657n2 “Civis” (pseudonym), 512n4 Claiborne (Clayburn), Richard, 651, 684 Clajon, William, 589; identified, 589n4 Clark, George Rogers, 711, 719n2 Clarke (schoolmaster; collaborator), 259 Clarke, Dr., 66n2 Clarke, John (1687–1734), 6; identified, 9n3 Clarke, Mr.: identified, 259n1 (22 June 1776) Clarke, Thomas, 65 Clarkson (son of Mr. Clarkson): as midshipman, 721 Clarkson, Ann Margaret, 728; identified, 731n4 Clarkson, Banyar, Mrs., xlix Clarkson, David, 489, 490n14, 731n4; identified, 490n13 Clarkson, David, Jr.: identified, 490n14 Clarkson, Elizabeth French, 731n4 Clarkson, Freeman, 489, 490n13; identified, 490n13 Clarkson, Helen Shelton, xlix Clarkson, Matthew, 489, 490n15, 561 Classics: influence of, 34; study of, 5, 17. See also Latin Claverack, N.Y., 443 Claypoole, David, 677n1 Clements, Peter, 351; identified, 352n3 Clergy: barred from holding office, 379 Clermont (Claremont, Livingston estate), 34, 42, 131n6, 198, 618 Clinton, George: as brigadier general, 275n1, 425; as candidate for governor, 425, 426, 427n6, 436; as candidate for lieutenant governor, 426, 427, 436; as congressional delegate, 239n7, 245, 248, 261, 262n1 (29 June 1776); correspondence of, 550; on Council of Revision, 544, 546n3; as governor, xliv, 210, 369, 405, 447, 487, 491, 502, 513, 517, 536, 570, 587, 588nn2–3, 604n3, 607n1, 666n3, 699, 731; and Hudson River defense, 274; JJ’s relationship with, 427; letters from, 231–33, 516–17, 582–84, 704–6; letters to, 522–23, 566–67, 584–85, 594–96, 626–27, 656–58, 660–62, 678–79, 687–96, 702–4, 718–19; and loss of Fort Montgomery, 542, 542n1; and Loyalists, 512–13, 527; and loyalty and security issues, 365, 365n1, 512–13; and military affairs, 511, 652; and Vermont controversy, 511, 512n5, 641n1, 644; and western lands, 554

Clinton, Henry, Sir: as commander, 138n3, 277, 278n2, 490n9, 510, 529, 559, 597; military operations of, 273, 488, 540n1, 545–46n2, 638–39n2 Clinton, James, 212, 441, 645; identified, 213n6; letter to, 259; and Sullivan expedition, 650, 651, 652, 653nn1–2 Clinton, Sarah Cornelia Tappen (Mrs. George Clinton), 516, 566, 583, 596, 626, 657, 705, 719 Clinton-Sullivan expedition, 236n2. See also Sullivan expedition Clothing: for army, 638, 639n6, 654; cost of, 607; imported, 359n2, 394, 395; scarcity of, 506; supply of, 333, 344 Clough, Mr., 147 Clubs and societies: Dancing Assembly, 74–75, 77; Debating Society, 50–51, 52–55; Social Club, 70–71, 74 —legal: Institutio Legalis (Newark, N.J.), 61; Moot, 60–63; Sodality (Boston), 61 Clugny, Jean-Étienne-Bernard de, 301; identified, 303n15 Clymer, George, 353, 358; identified, 354n3 Coats, John, 269; identified, 272n4 Code of the Twelve Tables, 54, 55n3 Coercive Acts: response to, xxiii, 85, 96, 104–7 Coffee House (N.Y.): meetings at, 91, 92 Cohoes, N.Y., 611, 611n1 Colden, Cadwallader, I, 28n5, 302n4, 414 Colden, Cadwallader, II: identified, 414; investigation of, 255, 415–16; letters from, 416– 17, 416n3, 422, 423–24; notes of, 422–23, 464–66 Colden, Cadwallader, III, 415, 422, 423 Colden, Mrs. Cadwallader, II, 423 Colden, Thomas, 415 Coldengham (Colden estate), 415 Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 252 College Club, 89 College of New Jersey (Princeton), 570 College of Philadelphia, 11n5 Colombe, Louis St. Ange Morel, Chevalier de la, 682, 701; identified, 682n7 Columbia County, N.Y., 81n2 (25 March 1773), 522, 523n1 Columbia University, 285n1; and Jay books and papers, xlvii, l–lii. See also King’s College (N.Y.) Commager, Henry Steele, l Commerce: clandestine, 139, 142; congressional management of, 620, 621n7; under Continental Association, 138; with enemy, 495–96; foreign, criticized, 497; growth of, 672; impact of currency depreciation on, 586; impact of war on, 333, 334, 343, 344, 615n1; Jay family involvement in, 1, 3; and money supply, 669–70; protection of, 595;

regulation of, 102, 121, 495–96; restrictions on, 96, 102, 134, 138, 140–41, 546n3, 672; taxes on, 584n5; treaties of, xxxv Commissary Department: committee to supervise, 580n1, 630–31, 632n3; effectiveness of, in N.Y., 515; investigation of, 644n4; payments by, 579; position for Frederick Jay in, 680, 680n2; problems of, 505, 631; resignations in, 624, 630, 631, 631n2, 632n4; salaries in, 624–25, 625nn2–3; and Sullivan expedition, 650, 651 Commissioners, American, to France: aid obtained by, 468, 469n6; instructions to, 514; letters from, 424–25; letters to, 501; loan obtained by, 395; and loan office bills, 508n2; treaty signed by, 517n4. See also Deane, Silas; Franklin, Benjamin; Lee, Arthur Commissioners, American Peace: criticism of independent course of, xxxiii–xxxiv; and U.S. boundaries, xxxiii, xxxiv Commissioners, British: peace overtures of, 530n2 Common Sense: publication of, 173 “Common Sense” (pseudonym). See Paine, Thomas Confederacies, separate, xxxvi Confederacy (ship): amusements aboard, 726–27; condition of officers and crew of, 740, 744–45; council of officers of, 722–24, 740; damages to, 722–24, 725, 733–35, 738–39; refitting of, 746, 747–48; voyage on, xxxii, 714, 718, 719, 720–21, 724–31 Confederation: crisis for, xxxvi; defects of, xxxviii; feebleness of, xxxvii; need for, xxviii Congregational Church, 6, 6n6 Congress, Continental, 71n4; acts of, 562, 562n6, 566n1 (10 January 1779), 630, 638n1, 639n3; addresses of, 95–99, 100–107, 115–18, 132–38, 177, 491, 498, 499, 526, 552, 601, 626n1 (to George Clinton, 22 May 1779), 636, 667–78, 686; adjournment of, 112, 188, 189n1; and African American army battalions, 607–9, 609n1; appointment of army officers, 171, 174n1, 217; appoints JJ minister to Spain, 709, 711, 714; approves JJ’s conduct as president, 702; and Articles of Confederation, 491; and attack on Rivington’s press, 157, 179, 183; bills of exchange drawn by, on JJ, xxxii; Board of Treasury, 540n1, 540n4, 540n11, 599; —, reports of, 631; Board of War, 239n9, 507n2, 579, 606n4, 625nn2– 3, 629n2, 648, 651, 682, 682n2, 683, 686n8; —, reports of, 422n2, 575n1; British efforts to undermine, 675; British refusal to negotiate with, 145n2; calling of, 87, 91; and Canadian expeditions, 248n1, 264, 554, 562–63, 562n6; and communication of intelligence, 599–600, 601; and confederation, 249–50, 261; and constitutional reform, xxxvi–xxxvii; and Conway cabal, 559, 559n1; costs of attending, 437; and counterfeiting, 590; and courts- martial, 636, 636n2 (see also Courts-martial); criticism of, 121, 543–44, 644; and currency depreciation, 555–56; and Deane-Lee affair, 532–33n1, 549–52, 565–66; debates, 140, 626; debts of agents of, 746–47; delegates to, 91, 152, 165n6, 180n4, 182, 184n4, 184n8, 185–86, 186nn1–2, 188, 189–90, 189nn1–2, 218n1, 226n1, 227n1, 240n2, 241n1, 242, 244n2, 245n2, 262n1 (29 June 1776), 262n3, 267, 267n1, 278n6, 293, 294n2, 299–300, 307n2, 317n8, 355n5, 492n1, 492n4, 645, 646, 661–62, 705; and diplomatic appointments, xxix, xxx, xxxii, 732, 733n6; discussion of, 205; dispatches to, 516; elections for, 112, 113; elects JJ secretary for

13 foreign affairs, xxxiv; equality of states in, 498, 499n3; and establishment of state governments, 227n4, 238, 239, 239n4, 240n1, 243nn2–3, 246n3, 399; executive departments created by, xxix; factions in, xxxvi, 93–94, 118, 171, 237, 549–50, 551, 556, 658, 688, 707, 714; fasts established by, 176; finances, xxxvi, 184n7, 186n2, 491, 492n2, 507, 508, 508n2, 531, 539, 543–44, 544n3, 555–56, 566n1 (10 January 1779), 573, 573n1, 574, 592n1, 593, 593n1, 621, 625–26n1, 633, 637, 638, 645–46, 667–78, 717, 717n2; and fisheries, xxxi, xxxii, 712; and flags, 208, 208n2, 216; flight from Philadelphia, 352–53, 354n2, 358; and foreign affairs, 249–50, 531; and foreign loans, 717, 718n3; and foreign officers, 317n2; and French aid, 563–64; and French alliance, 249–50, 298n1, 567, 568; and French guidance of peace commissioners, 712; French influence on, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxviii; and Hickey Plot, 253; history of, 97–99; and independence, 170, 173, 175, 176, 177, 237, 240, 240n1, 241n1, 242, 243nn2–3, 249–50, 250nn2–4, 261, 265, 266; and Indian affairs, 445n5, 498, 499n2, 605, 606n4; inefficiency of, xxxviii; information given to British on, 204; information sought by, 237n1; instructions of, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxviii, xlii, 712, 715n10, 716– 18; —, disregarded, xxxiv; intelligence brought to, 418; interpreters for, 619; and investigation of Benedict Arnold, 596n5; JJ’s absence from, 203, 264, 267n1, 296, 297–98, 299, 308, 484, 485, 501; JJ’s attendance at, 131n1, 172, 260–61; JJ’s departure from, 237, 251; journals of, 173, 174n9, 175–77, 177n1, 564, 566n1 (8 January 1779), 645, 656, 657, 673; and judicial review, 553–54; lack of quorums in, xxxix; and land claims, 678, 679n2, 719; and Charles Lee’s estate, 304n1, 597–99, 599n1, 599n5; letter from, 116–18; —, delegates of, 231–33; letters to, 564–66, 567–68; —, intercepted, 306–7, 307n1; —, delegates of, 125–26, 141–42; and loyalty oaths, 209, 210n3, 211; and manufacture of saltpeter, 219, 219n3; and medical administration, 555; medicine, 357n1; military affairs, 119, 150, 151nn1–2, 153, 154, 154nn1–2, 155n3, 156, 161n1, 162n3, 163n12, 164, 165n4, 168n5, 175, 179n2, 187n4, 200, 200n5, 208, 208n1, 212, 213n6, 215, 220–21n1, 225n5, 235n1, 247, 248n1, 248nn3–4, 263, 267–71, 268n1, 272n1, 307, 309n2, 357, 392n2, 397, 398, 399, 418, 420, 422n2, 427, 428, 431, 439, 441, 460, 469n5, 470, 471, 472, 472n3, 482, 486, 499n2, 500n2, 505, 506n1, 508, 515, 540n4, 542–43n1, 549, 549n1, 554–55, 562–63, 573, 574–76, 577–78, 579–80, 596n5, 604–5, 606n4, 609n1, 610–11, 611n1, 612, 613n2, 623, 624–25, 630– 32, 633, 637–38, 642–43, 643n4, 646–48, 650–54, 658, 659n8, 681, 682, 682n3, 682n5, 682n7, 683, 686n8; movements of, xxxiv–xxxv; naval affairs, 187n6, 196–97, 197nn2–4, 208, 208n2, 209, 210n2, 216, 216n2, 305n3, 424, 593n1, 620, 621n3, 649, 667, 746, 748; and navigation of Mississippi River, xxxi, xxxiv, xxxv–xxxvi, 712, 713, 715n10, 716–17, 718nn3–4; orders of, 193n2; and peace negotiations, 618; and peace overtures, 118, 119, 168, 181n6, 294, 294n2, 328, 338, 339, 530n2; and peace terms, xxix, xxxi–xxxii, 556, 711– 12, 718n3; and Pennsylvania government, 397, 398–99; petitions of, 118–25, 173, 327, 338; precedents established in, 94; and preservation of public property, 646–47, 648, 648n2; presidents of, 552 (see also Hancock, John; Huntington, Samuel [president of Congress]; Jay, John: as president of Congress); and prisoners, 164n2, 291, 312, 313n7, 576–77, 629, 648–49, 649–50n1; and prizes, 553–54; proposals for, 127n1; publications of, 109n1,

137n1, 325, 658, 659n8, 677n1; quorum of, 369n3; ratifies treaty with France, 517n4; and regional interests, xxxi, xxxv–xxxvi; reports of, 519, 519nn1–2 (3 May 1778), 524; reputation of, 505; requisitions of, 637–38; resolutions of, 147, 147n2 (17 October 1775), 155, 155n1, 227–29, 229n1, 251, 357, 358, 359n5, 399, 542–43n1, 554, 568, 569, 571, 572n2, 573, 573n1, 574, 591, 591n4, 592n1, 631, 636, 677n1, 687, 692–95, 747; return to Philadelphia, 358, 360, 369n1 (8 March 1777); and secrecy, 119, 556, 621; secretary of, 93 (see also Thomson, Charles); and separate peace, 572n2; and slave trade, 712; southern delegates in, xxxvi; and staff departments, 232nn2–3, 304, 304n2, 630–31, 631n2, 632n3; state accounts with, 180n3; states not represented in, 359, 612, 614; trade policy of, 133, 139–40, 141n11, 147, 147n2 (26 October 1775), 615, 615n1; trade regulations of, 91, 130n2, 140–41n2, 141–42, 141n11, 164, 165n1; and treatment of Loyalists, 190–91, 193n3, 215; and Vermont controversy, 248n2, 398, 399, 511–12n4, 554, 590, 626, 626n1 (to George Clinton, 22 May 1779), 640, 641n3, 644–45, 657n3, 660, 662n1, 666, 678, 679n1, 687–96, 705, 708; voting in, 94; and western lands, 537, 540n5 —committees, 96–97, 161n1, 162n3, 204n5, 220–21n1, 397n3, 580, 580n1, 593, 630–31, 632n3; Commercial Committee, 296n1, 620, 621n7; Committee at Camp, 505; Committee for Foreign Affairs, 296n1, 469n6, 500n1, 501, 532n1, 533n1, 551, 565, 569, 586, 605; Committee of Accounts, 165n5; Committee of Appeals, 553; Committee of Inquiry, 689, 690, 693; Committee of Intelligence, 295, 658, 659n8; Committee of Secret Correspondence, xxix, 171–72, 244n4, 296n1, 300, 302n1, 302n4, 317n1, 318n13, 324, 358, 359n3, 500n1, 532n1, 586; committee of the whole, 118, 119, 626; committee of treasury, 440; conference committees, 596n5; executive committee, 321, 358, 359n4; Marine Committee, 198, 218n1, 515, 586, 611n1, 620, 621n3; naval committee, 197n2; Secret Committee, 171, 244n4, 250n1, 296n1, 395n2, 592n1; Standing Committee, 553 Congress, U.S., 318; election of, xl Conklin, Nathaniel, 269; identified, 272n4 Connecticut, 59, 100, 123, 132, 151n3, 162n7, 167, 225n2, 232n2, 250n3, 265, 276n6, 291, 293n6, 293nn9–10, 307n2, 317n8, 350, 697; assembly, 27, 637, 638, 639n6; clothier, 638, 639n6; congressional delegates, 184n4, 185; electoral system of, 182, 407, 408, 412; finances, 637, 638, 639n5; and Hudson River defense, 276–77, 278, 280, 281–83, 286–88; Loyalists sent to, 253, 254; military operations in, 637, 638n2; militia of, 160, 212, 272n1, 279–80, 291, 312, 513n1 (28 April 1778), 637; prisoners in, 164n2, 359n5; publications in, 324; quotas of, 637–38, 639n3; regiments of, 167n2, 167n4; and Sears expedition, 155n2, 159n1, 180n2, 186; and trade with enemy, 495; treasurer, 638; and Vermont controversy, 540n9 Connecticut Courant, 116n1, 461 Connecticut Journal, 659n8 Connecticut River, 637, 690, 695 Connir, Hugh, 350 Constantinople, 658

Constitution, British, 101, 133, 135, 136, 401 Constitution, New York (1777): amendments to draft of, 373, 374, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 409, 412–13; approval of, 417, 427–28, 433, 584; balance of powers under, 479; benefits of, 477–78; consideration of, 389; copy of, 414; and Council of Revision, 583n4; debates on, 373–75, 376–86, 400, 407–8, 408n2, 413n2; drafts of, 373– 74, 376, 400–402, 413n2; and encouragement of literature, 405; equal protection of law under, 480; implementation of, 480, 481, 492, 497, 524–25, 546n3; influences on, 401; JJ’s criticism of, 404, 407–8; and landholding, 376, 382, 383; and naturalization, 379, 382, 383, 385, 413n3; and oaths of allegiance, 374–75, 376, 379, 382, 383, 385, 404, 412, 413n3; printing of, 403; provisions of, 402–3, 407–13, 414, 414n1, 443–44, 444–45n1, 538, 540n9, 554; and religious toleration, 372–75, 376–86, 479–80, 644; restrictions on Catholicism in, 373, 374, 375, 376; restrictions on officeholding under, 379; revision of, 682n2; and slavery, 405, 408–10, 412, 413, 413n4; and trial by jury, 379; and Vermont controversy, 538, 540n5; votes on amendments to draft of, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386; writings on, 511, 511n4 Constitution, Pennsylvania, 397–99, 510, 595 Constitution, U.S.: adoption of, xxv; amendments to, xl; executive powers under, 552; new government under, xl; and plural officeholding, xlii; ratification of, xl; Supreme Court created by, xxx; treaty-making powers in, xl; writings on, xxxviii–xl, xlvii Constitutional Convention, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii Constitutional Gazette, 256n5 Constitutional reform: goals of, xxxvii–xxxviii; movement for, xxv, xxxvi–xxxvii Constitutions: origins of, 479 Constructive murder, 48, 49n5 Continental Journal (Boston): writings in, 256n5, 390n8, 457n7 Conway, Thomas, 515, 515n5; and Canadian expedition, 506, 507n2; and Conway cabal, 543n2, 548n2, 559, 559n1; identified, 507n2 Conyngham, Anne Hockly: identified, 649n1; letter from, 648–50 Conyngham, Gustavus, 648–49, 650n4; identified, 649n1 Cook, William (deputy quartermaster general), 685; identified, 686n6 Cooke, Samuel, 272n4 Cooper, Dr., 543 Cooper, James Fenimore, 347–49 Cooper, Myles, 15, 17, 17n1, 33, 34n4; identified, 17n1 Cooper, Susan Fenimore, 348–49 Cork, Ireland: fleet from, 534 Corlear’s Hook, NYC, 291 Corn (maize), 616n1, 662 Cornwallis, Charles, 320, 429, 430, 491 Correspondence: interception and opening of, 455–56

Council of war, 289 Counterfeiting: impact of, 590; instances of, 252, 254, 520, 555–56; punishment of, 481, 673 Counting houses: interest in, xxv Courtland, Mr., 728 Court of appeals, U.S.: establishment of, 554 Courts, admiralty: Pennsylvania, cases in, 553; replacement of common law by, 133 Courts, Chancery, 55, 66, 68n2, 402, 697 Courts, law: disaffected debarred from, 172; suits in, over prewar debts, xlii Courts, royal: and Hickey Plot, 253 Courts, state: clerks of, 404, 407, 408–10, 413n1; judges of, 404, 405, 407, 408–13; licensing of attorneys for, 410–12; and loyalty cases, 255; organization of, 402, 403–4, 407, 408–12, 413nn1–2 Courts-martial: of Arthur St. Clair, 468, 469n4, 511, 512n6, 518, 525, 534; of Charles Lee, 529n3, 534, 535n4; demanded by Burgoyne, 534, 535n3; of Loyalists, 417n1; of Philip Schuyler, 439, 441, 441n5, 446, 447, 450–53, 457–60, 461–64, 511, 512n6, 518, 525–26, 534, 536–37, 540n3, 549, 549n1, 575–76; and staff officers, 636, 636n2; and treason cases, 253, 255 Courts of admiralty, colonial: trials in, 103 Courts of common pleas, 88, 89n4 Courts of oyer and terminer, 412; sessions of, 520–21 Cowperthwait, Joseph, 651; identified, 653n5 Cox, John (assistant quartermaster general), 642, 643, 643n1, 643n4, 684, 686; identified, 643n3 Cox, Mary: identified, 207n4 Coxe, Grace, 67n1 Creditors, British: and prewar debts, xliii “Crisis, American, The”: publication of, 320–21, 322–24; quoted, 322 Cromelin, Robert, 33 Crompond Road (N.Y.), 305 Crosby, Enoch, 255, 347, 349, 350, 362, 362n1; identified, 347 Croton River (N.Y.), 357n4, 393 Crown Point, N.Y., 117, 150, 151n4, 160, 175 Cruger, Henry, 43n3, 489 Cruger, John, 58n5 Cuba, 12n9, 710 Culper Ring, 547n1 Cumberland County, N.Y., 496, 497, 704n1 Cumming (Cummings, Cummins), John, 423; identified, 424n2 Curacao, 74, 210

Currency, colonial, 490n6 Currency, Continental: amount of, 668–69; and army pay, 573, 574; and Canadian campaign, 629–30; ceiling on, 556, 669, 677n1; counterfeiting of, 481, 555–56, 590; credit of, 420; depreciation, 397, 437, 505, 539, 544, 544n3, 555, 584n5, 585–86, 586n2, 621, 625, 626n2, 627, 643, 645, 658, 669–70, 677n1, 717; devaluation, 251, 678n1; emissions, 645, 646, 668–69; —, recalled, 590, 591n4; —, stopped, 488, 490n6; reasons for depreciation, 669–70, 676; redemption, 673–74, 675–76; and taxation, 625–26n1, 626n2, 645; writings on, 555–56 Currency, state, 219, 219n4 Curson, Richard, 183; identified, 184n10 Curson, Samuel, 184; identified, 184n10 Curson & Seton, 184n10 Cutler, Timothy, 6, 6n6 Cuyler, Jacob, 433, 515n4; identified, 434n2 (to Leonard Gansevoort, 5 June 1777) Dalrymple, William, 190; identified, 193n4 Dana, Francis, 518, 519n1 (3 May 1778), 698, 699n1 Danbury, Conn., 494 Danby, N.Y., 65n1 Dancing: during wartime, 391 Dancing Assembly, 74–75 Darby, John, 594, 728, 731n3 Dartmouth, William Legge, Earl of: identified, 81n1; letter to, 81 Davis, S., 302n1 Davis, William J., 256–57n5 Dawson, Henry B., xlvii Dean, James, 476; identified, 477n3 Deane, Barnabas, 295 Deane, Elizabeth Saltonstall, 301, 432; identified, 432n1 Deane, Silas, 203, 516; and appeal to Canada, 116; as candidate for secretary of Congress, 93; as congressional agent to France, xxix, 172, 294n2, 296n1, 303n17; correspondence of, 297, 306, 307, 310n2, 324, 354, 359n2, 421, 422n5, 469n1, 532n1; and currency devaluation, 678n1; and Deane-Lee affair, xxx, 549–51, 569, 583, 592n1, 604n3; and Declaration of Independence, 317n7; dispatches of, 172, 317n1, 431–32, 469n6, 472, 499, 501; and espionage activities, 303n11, 303n14, 317nn12–13; and Farmers General, 301, 303n11; identified, 749–50; and Indian contract, 296n1, 303n8; investigation of, 531, 532–33n1, 541, 541n2; and invisible ink, 172, 294, 296n1, 297, 297nn2–3, 298, 300, 302n1, 311, 359n2, 425n4, 431, 432, 547n1; letter to, 501; letters from, 295–96, 301–3, 310–11, 313– 18, 424–25, 484–85; and naval affairs, 196, 197n2, 424–25; papers of, xlviii; predicts onset of war in Europe, 359n2; price current sent by, 300; publications of, 550, 557, 565; and

public record, xlvi; recalled, 500, 500n3, 550, 714; and trade policy, 141n3; and treaties with France, xxx, 517n4 Deane, Simeon, 516; identified, 517n3 Deane (frigate), 592, 593n1, 747 Deane-Lee Affair, 171, 531–32, 549–52, 665n1; French involvement in, 551, 563–64, 565, 566n2 (8 January 1779); impact of, xxx, 713–14; reactions to, 557–58, 583; writings on, 569n1 Death penalty, 254, 416, 577–78 Debating Society, 74; debates, 50–51, 52–55; membership, 50–51; rules, 51–52 DeBerdt, Dennis, 532n1 Deboe, Francis, 522, 523n3 Debt, public: in Britain, 106; and depreciation, 539; interest on, 484–85; payment of, 556, 671–72, 673, 674, 676; and population growth, 671–72; size of, 668, 671 Debts, private: settlement of, 605, 606n3 Declaration of Independence: adoption of, xxiii, 674; approval of, 265, 266–67, 267n1; impact of, 229n1; motions on, 249–50, 250nn2–3; news of, 253; opposition to, 355n5; presented in France, 317; vote on, 237 Declaratory Act of 1766, xxvi Defoe, Daniel, 582n1 Degrushee’s Ferry, 157n4 de la Corne, Luc (de la Corne, Chaptes; La Corne Saint-Luc), 160; identified, 162n2 De Lancey, Edward Floyd, 257n12 De Lancey, James, 58nn4–5; identified, 501n1 (2 January 1778); letter from, 501–2; letter to, 500–501 De Lancey, John, 69; identified, 70n4 De Lancey, Oliver, 361; identified, 362n2 De Lancey, Peter: daughters of, 82 De Lancey, Stephen, 51n1, 52, 55n1 (1768), 62, 77n3 De Lancey faction, 34, 67, 82 Delap, Mr., 295 Delap, Samuel and J. H. (John Hans), 297n6, 301; identified, 303n12 Delaware, 100, 123, 147n2 (26 October 1775), 241n2, 355n5, 595, 697; delegates of, 614n1 (22 March 1779); exports to Bermuda, 616n1; land for officers and soldiers of, 584; lower counties, 132, 240; unrepresented in Congress, 359, 612, 614 Delaware Bay, 437, 469n2 Delaware nation, 245n5 Delaware River, 77, 241n6, 324n1, 396, 471, 472n9, 491, 720 “De Lisle” (pseudonym, William Livingston), 484n1 Democracy: suspicion of, xxv De Peyster, Abraham, 23n2, 31n3

De Peyster, James Abraham, 22, 24, 24n4; identified, 23n2 De Peyster, Margaret Van Cortlandt, 13, 14n2 (early 1763), 23n2 Detroit, xlii, 25, 245n5 De Witt, Charles, 255; as agent of N.Y. Convention, 357n4; identified, 356n1, 428n1; letters from, 355–57, 427–28; and N.Y. Constitution, 381, 400, 406; quoted, 322 De Witt, John C.: identified, 356n2 Dick, David, 522, 523n3 Dickinson, Philemon, 489; identified, 490n12 Dickinson (Dickenson), John: addresses drafted by, 626n1 (circular letter to the governors, 22 May 1779); attitude toward independence, xxviii, 250, 250n4, 355n5; confederation plan of, 261; on congressional committees, 171, 649n1, 677n1; as congressional delegate, 355n5, 614n1 (22 March 1779); correspondence of, 353, 355n5; identified, 750; letter to, 614; and N.J. petition to king, 173; and Olive Branch Petition, xxvii, 119, 120, 121, 122; opposes Pennsylvania constitution, 354n4; quoted, 121; reconciliation sought by, 118; writings of, 556 Diriks (Dircks, Diricks), Jacob Gerhard, 562, 629, 696, 696n2; identified, 562n5 Diseases: fevers, 468, 536, 539–40, 577, 686, 687n3; rheumatism, 388; treatment, 536, 543. See also Smallpox Dispatch (ship), 244n4 Doctor’s riot, xxxix–xl Documents, private: confidentiality of, xlvi Documents, public: preservation of, xlvi Dodge, Henry, 269; identified, 272n4 Dominique (Domenique, island), 732 Don Quixote, xxxii “Don’t tread on me”: on flag, 216 Dorset, England, 66n1 Douw, Volkert P., 623; identified, 476n1 Drayton, William Henry, 518, 519n1 (3 May 1778), 572n2, 573n1 Dred Scottv. Sanford: and due process, 99 Duane, James, 247, 309, 359; accusations of disloyalty, 203, 204, 204n3, 310n3, 354, 355n7; as congressional candidate, 91; on congressional committees, 137n1, 643; as congressional delegate, 93, 167, 184, 185, 186, 187n4, 239n7, 245, 354, 366, 396, 397n3, 422n1, 470, 481, 487, 492n1, 545, 546n5, 595, 603, 619, 646, 656–57, 660, 661, 698–99, 705, 705n2; identified, 168n8, 750; and independence, 237; landholding of, 63, 66n2; law practice, 67, 70; letters from, 107–10, 238–41, 242–43, 397–99, 468–69, 491–92, 498–99, 535–40, 584–85, 596–97; letters to, 196, 243–45, 475–77, 493–94, 708–9; member, the Moot, 62; on N.Y. Committee of Correspondence, 85, 86n1; and N.Y. Constitution, 400, 401, 406; in N.Y. Convention, 358; quoted, 550; reconciliation sought by, 118; on treasury

board, 540n4, 540n11; and Vermont, 63, 554, 626n1 (to George Clinton, 22 May 1779), 657n3, 660, 698–99, 708–9 Duane, Maria Livingston (Mrs. James Duane), 242, 494, 494n2, 498–99, 535–36, 709; identified, 499n5 Dublin, Ireland, 278n4 Du Bois, Henry, 269; identified, 272n4 Dubois, John J., lii Du Bois, Lewis, 263, 268, 271, 272n4, 272n6 Duché, Jacob, 488, 490n11; identified, 490n11 Du Coudray, Jean Baptiste Tronson, 313, 315, 432; identified, 317n2 Due process: rights to, 96; and security cases, 256 Dueling, 75–77, 489, 490n16, 542, 543nn2–3 Duer, Catherine Alexander (Lady Kitty, Mrs. William Duer), 663 Duer, William, 356, 364, 481, 482, 511, 530, 618, 731; and Canadian expedition, 507; as candidate for secretary to Franklin, 732, 733; on Committee for Detecting Conspiracies, 255, 319, 421; as congressional delegate, 422n1, 513, 514n3, 527, 527n11, 536, 543, 544n2; disillusionment of, 421; and Hudson River defense, 273; identified, 750; letters from, 278–80, 350–52, 420–22; and N.Y. Constitution, 406 Dunkirk, France, 424, 499 Dunlap, John: publications of, 116n1, 325n6, 677n1 Dunlop, James, 628–29; identified, 629n1 Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, 64n8; letter to, 64–66 Dunscomb (Dunscombe), Daniel, 110, 379, 385 Duportail, Louis Le Bégue de Presle, 610; identified, 611n1 Du Simitière, Pierre Eugène: identified, 221n2; portraits by (illus.), iv, 730 Dutch: publication in, 322, 325 Dutchess County, N.Y., 57, 89n4, 178n2, 204, 230, 231n3, 246, 293n2; committee of, 427; courts in, 435; delegates of, 200n4, 246, 361; legal practice in, 55; letter to freeholders of, 107–9; Loyalists in, 129, 130n2, 130n4, 156, 466n4; militia, 276n9; politics, 427, 427n6; residents of, 361; votes on amendments to draft constitution, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 383, 384, 385, 386 Dutch Reformed Churches, 381 Dyckman, 391 Eagle (ship), 273 Earnest, Matthew, 30 Eastern Department, 578, 610 East India Company: tea of, xxvi, 84, 103, 104, 105, 139 East Indies, 425, 712 Easton, Pa.: as boundary, 78; and Sullivan expedition, 650, 651, 652, 653n1, 655, 684, 685 East River (N.Y.), 280, 290, 292 Eden, William, Earl of Carlisle, 515n3, 530n2

Edict of Nantes: revocation of, xxiii, 1, 4n9 Edinburgh, Scotland, 4, 11n5, 547 Education: classics, 5, 17; medical, 5; science, 5, 17; vocational, 5, 17. See also Jay, John: education of; King’s College (N.Y.) Edward VII (king, Great Britain), xlvii Edwards, Jonathan, 477n1 Edwards, Timothy, 477n1, 623, 641n3 Egg Harbor, N.J., 211, 213n3, 216, 218n2 Egypt, 326, 337, 338, 478 Election of 1800, xxx, xliv. See also New York: elections in Elizabeth (Elizabethtown), N.J., 84, 90, 115n3, 138, 186, 188, 201, 202, 205, 229n1, 262n1 (1 July 1776), 594, 597; attack on, 600n1; JJ at, 204; Jay marriage at, 83; letters captured at, 612, 613n1; William Livingston moves to, 82; Livingston family at, 560, 561 Elizabeth II (queen, Great Britain), xlvii Ellery, William, 615n1, 621n3 Elliot, Andrew, 79, 358, 359n5 Elliot, Anne: identified, 207n4 Ellsworth, Oliver, 641n3; identified, 641n3 Elmendolph, 434 Ely, John, 502 Embden, Germany, 311 Embury, Peter, 257n5 Empire: westward expansion of, 336–37, 347n3 Empire, British: contraction of, 195, 670, 672; impact of revolution on, 132; jealousy of, in Europe, 344 Engineers: military, 172 England, 10, 17n1, 24, 37n2, 44, 56, 89, 90, 95n4, 132, 142, 191, 193n5, 241n1, 295, 315, 547; attack on, 424; coastal defense of, 424; difficulties raising troops, 469n6; fundraising for King’s College in, 67; information from, 588, 630; invasion of, 633, 635n3, 635n5, 701; Jay family in, 1; Jay papers in, xlvii, xlviii; Charles Lee’s estate in, 598, 599n5; letters from, 395; prisoners taken to, 649. See also Great Britain English Channel: naval operations in, 649 English Town, N.J., 528 Erkelens, Gosuinus, 561–62, 562nn3–5 Ernest, Matthew, 30–31n3 Esau, 328, 339 Esmond, James, 522, 523n1 Esopus, N.Y., 395, 415, 416n3, 434, 436, 444, 456, 464 Essex Journal, 256n5

Estaing, Jean-Baptiste Charles Hector Théodat, Comte d’: fleet under, 667, 667n1; naval operations of, 533, 535n1, 548, 549n4, 602n3, 682n5, 686, 697, 701, 707, 732, 733nn3–4 Estates: inheritance of, 605, 606n3 Estates, personal: taxation on, 590 Estates, real: taxation on, 590 Estherton, Pa., 684, 686n4 Eugene (township), N.Y., 65n1 Europe, 143, 296n1, 297, 303, 310, 313, 314, 315, 721; access to markets in, xxxv; agents in, 565; American reputation in, 634; attitudes toward Britain in, 333, 344, 633, 658, 671; British commerce in, 424; church ties to, 381; diplomatic appointments to, 699; fleet in, 663, 664, 665n1, 665n3; imports from, 497; information from, 584, 599, 633; onset of war in, 359n2; population of, 672; reaction to currency devaluation in, 678n1; support for America in, 468, 469, 670; voyage to, 722–24, 732, 737, 740; war expected in, 395; war preparations in, 484–85 Executive power: views on, 366, 397, 420 Expedition of Humphrey Clinker, The, 200n2 Experiment (ship), 278n3 Eyre, Benjamin G., 683; identified, 686n4 Fairfield, Conn., 60, 350 Falmouth, England, 44 Family Compact (Lee-Adams), 600, 601n3, 620, 621n5 Fanning, Edmund, 391; identified, 392n5 “Farmer, A” (pseudonym), 583, 584n5 Farmers: and free markets, 645; and New York politics, 619n4; and supply of army, 666 Farmers General, 301, 303n11 Farrant, Henry, 66n1 Faulkner, William D., 68n1 Faulkner v. Rapalje, 67, 68n1 Federalist papers: authors of, xxxviii–xl, xlvii; drafts of, xlvii, l, liin5; publication of, xlvii Federalist Party: and court appointments, xliv; and federal courts, xli; and Jay’s Treaty, xliii–xliv; and secrecy, xliii; and war with France, xxx Federalists: defined, xxv Fell, John, 615n1 Ferguson, Robert, 522, 523n1 Finance: writings on, 595, 656, 657n2, 667–78 “Financier, A” (pseudonym, Peletiah Webster), 657n2 Fine (Fyn), Frederick, 146, 146n1, 147, 147n2 (26 October 1775); identified, 146n1 Fine (Fyn) family, 146n1 Fisheries, xxxi, xxxii, 424, 472, 712, 718n3

Fishkill, N.Y., 293n2, 294, 298, 304, 306, 309, 319, 320n1, 349, 355, 357, 360, 363, 392, 394, 407, 408, 417, 418n1, 434, 435n3, 436, 466n4, 488, 492, 493, 499, 510n1 (26 February 1778), 513, 513n1 (28 April 1778), 516, 524, 547, 706; Commission for Detecting Conspiracies at, 371–72; Committee for Detecting Conspiracies at, 386; conferences at, 403; convention at, 265; Jay family at, 467; military operations at, 449; publications at, 321, 325n2, 336n1, 347 Fitch, Hezekiah, 276n6, 282, 286, 287, 288 Flags: adoption of, 216; Continental, 208, 208n2; hoisting of, 649 Flatbush (Flat Bush), N.Y., 259n1 (21 June 1776), 284, 391 Fleet Prison (N.Y.), 415, 424n2 Fleming (Flemming), Edward, 222, 271, 272n7; identified, 225n4 Fleury, François-Louis Teissedre, Marquis de, 654n1, 681, 700; identified, 682n5 Florida, 293n5; American claims to, 715n8; as boundary, 712; East, 598, 713; Spanish acquisition of, 711, 712, 713, 715n6, 716, 717n3; as Spanish war objective, 709; West, 598 Floridablanca, Joseph Moñino, Conde de: and American independence, 712–13, 715n6; documents presented to, 678n1; identified, 710; information from, 717n1; and peace terms, 712; policies of, 710 Flour: for army, 218n6, 631, 651, 683; embargo on, 495, 497, 546n3; exportation of, 140; impressment of, 583, 590, 591n5; magazines of, 485; scarcity of, 578, 610, 616n1, 666, 666n3 Floyd, William: as congressional delegate, 239n7, 261, 262n1 (29 June 1776), 545, 546n5, 661, 705, 705n2, 708, 732, 733n6; identified, 399; letters from, 584–85, 596–97 Folsom, Nathaniel, 553; identified, 553 Food: supply of, 333 Forage, 502, 503; Department, 511, 526 Forbes, Gilbert, 260; identified, 260n1 (29 June 1776) Forbes, William, 259; identified, 259n1 (22 June 1776) Ford, Benjamin, 622 Fort Ann, N.Y., 464 Fort Clinton, N.Y., 309n3, 542; inquiry into loss of, 510n2, 542n1 Fort Constitution, N.Y., 276, 280 Fort Edward, N.Y., 444, 446, 447, 449n5, 456, 457, 457n5, 460, 464n1, 470n1, 474 Fort George (Fort William Henry), N.Y., 56, 159, 160, 161n1, 162nn1–2, 214n2, 430, 431, 431n2, 448, 448n3, 474, 505 Fort Independence, N.Y., 394n2 Fort Lee, N.J., 320, 322 Fort Mercer, N.J., 491, 492n3 Fort Mifflin, Pa., 488, 489n3, 491, 492n3 Fort Miller, N.Y., 474 Fort Mills, N.Y., 482

Fort Montgomery, N.Y.: courts-martial at, 417n1; and Hudson River defense, 273, 274, 274n4, 275n1, 276, 280, 288, 299, 307; loss of, 510, 510n2, 542, 542n1; Loyalists held at, 415 Fort Oswego, N.Y., 474n1 Fort Pitt, Pa., 25, 187n5, 623n1 Fort St. Johns, Quebec, 225n11 Fort Stanwix (Fort Schuyler), N.Y.: military operations at, 236n2, 375, 455n3, 473, 474, 474n1, 475n2, 624; and provisioning of Indians, 605; and Sullivan expedition, 683 Fort Ticonderoga, N.Y., 131n7, 150, 151n4, 153, 154n2, 160, 161n1, 214n2, 248, 294, 417, 438; attacks on, 137n3, 431, 431n3, 433; cannon at, 515; command of, 418n1, 440, 536, 540n4; conditions at, 418; evacuation of, 440, 442, 443n2, 443n4, 445, 446, 446n2, 447–48, 449, 450–52, 455n5, 456, 457–59, 459n1, 459n3, 461, 466–67, 468, 469–70; fortifications at, 486; inquiry into loss of, 440, 441, 469–70, 525–26; securing stores at, 117, 175 Fort Washington, N.Y., 308n1, 309n3, 352n6, 358, 359n5, 745n1 Fort William Henry, N.Y. See Fort George (Fort William Henry), N.Y. Fowler, Capt., 315 Fox hunting, 244n3 France, 193, 244n4, 249, 294n4, 296n1, 298, 298n1, 301, 303, 314, 316, 317n2, 499, 500n3, 532–33n1, 708; agents in, 171, 550, 663–64; agents of, 171–72; aid from, 172, 333, 334, 343, 344, 373, 394, 395, 468, 469n6, 550, 551, 563, 564, 565, 566n2 (8 January 1779), 569, 571, 572–73, 572n2, 632–35; alliance with, xxx–xxxi, 514, 518, 519, 551, 565, 567, 568–69, 571, 572, 572n2, 670, 677, 696, 707, 708, 709, 713, 716, 717nn1–2; alliances with Spain, xxxiv, 600, 601n3, 709, 712, 713; bills of exchange on, 592, 605; British fear of, 390n2; commerce in, 424; commissioners to, 565, 713–14; and congressional instructions, xxxiii–xxxiv; court of, 296n1, 297, 315; and Deane-Lee affair, 563–64, 565, 566n2 (8 January 1779); debts to subjects of, 746, 747; dependence on, xxxii; and diplomatic appointments, xxxii; dispatches from, 499; finances, 484–85; foreign office, 318n14; Franklin in, xxxi; guidance of peace commissioners, 712; impact of Jay’s Treaty on, xxx, xliii–xliv; influence of, in Europe, 658; interest paid by, 668; invasion of Britain by, 534, 535n2; Jay papers in, xlviii; JJ’s attitude toward, xxxi–xxxii, xxxiii–xxiv, xxxviii, 514, 550, 714; lands claimed by, 710; Lee’s arrival in, 532n1; letters from, 469n1, 469n6; loans from, 468, 469n6; loans in, 395; logging concession for, 718n5; Louisiana ceded to Spain by, xxxii; military operations of, 633, 635, 700; minister from, 518; ministers of, 550–51; ministers to, 682n5; munitions imported from, 359n2; national debt of, 484–85; naval operations of, 633, 635n3, 635n5, 712; and navigation of Mississippi River, 715nn8–9; officers from, 507n1, 611n1, 659n8, 681, 682, 682n3, 682n5, 682n7; and onset of war, 500; and peace negotiations, 619n3; peace sought by, 708; and peace terms, xxxi–xxxii; Quasi-War with, xliv; reaction to currency devaluation in, 678n1; remittances to, 424; Revolution in, xxx, xliii, 682n7; secret negotiations with, 171–72; and separate peace, 572n2; ships seized by, xliii–xliv; supporters of, 550; support for American cause in, 333, 334, 344; texts

circulated in, 678n1; treaty with, 517n4; voyage to, 720, 724, 726, 729; war preparations of, 395, 484–85; wars of, xliii, 117, 332, 343, 373, 551 Francis, Turbot (Turbutt), 477n1; identified, 477n1 Francy, Jean-Baptiste-Lazare Théveneau de, 573n1 Franklin, Benjamin: bills of exchange drawn on, 593n1; as colonial agent, 318n13; as commissioner to France, 469n6, 550; on Committee of Secret Correspondence, 171, 302n4; confers with General Howe, 294, 294n2; and congressional instructions, xxxiv; controversies regarding, xxx; conversations with, lii; correspondence of, l; criticism of, 664; and Declaration of Independence, 250n3; diplomacy of, xxxi; identified, 751; as Indian commissioner, 186, 187n5; information from, 633; letters from, 424–25, 629–30; letters to, 501, 561–62, 696, 747; as minister to France, 714; naval operations of, 664, 665n1, 665n3; and Olive Branch Petition, 119; opposition to, 603; as peace commissioner, xxxiii; political allies of, xxvii; secretary to, 698, 732, 733; and trade policy, 141n3; and treaties with France, xxx, 517n4 Franklin, William (governor of N.J.), 78, 79, 173 Fraunces, Samuel, 71n2, 256–57n5 Frederick II (king, Prussia), 317n4, 607 “Freeholder, A” (pseudonym, John Jay), 505 Freehold Township, N.J., 529n2 Freemen: rights of, 564–65, 566 Free trade: support for, 657n2 French: study and teaching of, 4, 589, 721 French, Charity, 351, 352n3 French, Elizabeth, 490n13 French, Philip, 75n1, 82, 489, 490n13 French and Indian War. See Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War) Frontiers, western, 637 Fulton Street, NYC, 50n2 Furman, Moore, 642–43, 643n3; identified, 643n3 Gadsden, Christopher, 141n3; identified, 218n1 Gage, Thomas, 32, 33n3, 135, 138n3, 191; identified, 193n5 Gaine, Hugh, 30, 30n3, 57, 181, 184n2, 389, 390n8; identified, 184n2 Galatea (frigate), 649n1 Galer, Christopher, 522, 523n1 Galloway, Joseph, xxvii, 93, 94 Gálvez, Bernardo de, 713; identified, 710 Gálvez, José de, 710, 715n13 Gambier, James, 577; identified, 578n3 Gansevoort, Leonard, 255, 319, 349, 426; identified, 434n1 (to Leonard Gansevoort, 5 June 1777), 751; letter to, 433–34

Gansevoort, Peter, 474n1; identified, 394n2; letter from, quoted, 473; regiment of, 393 Gardner (Gardiner, Johnson), Captain, 701, 701n4 Gardoqui, Diego de: JJ’s negotiations with, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxvii, xlii Gardoqui and Sons: and Spanish aid, 714n1 Gates, Horatio: as adjutant general, 272n7; appointments of, 537, 540n4; attitude of New York toward, 524, 527n1; and Canadian campaign, 439; certificate from, 588–89; as commander at Ticonderoga, 417–18, 418n1; and Conway cabal, 543n2, 555, 559n1; criticizes Washington, 611n3, 616–17, 617n1; duel of, 542, 543n3; identified, 248n1, 751; letters from, 577–78, 610–12; military operations of, 475n2; and N.Y. Constitution, 417; and northern command, 422n2, 459, 470–71, 472, 472n3, 482n1, 499, 500n2, 513–14n2, 513n1 (28 April 1778), 516, 524, 529, 529n4, 529n6; popularity in New England, 517–18, 519n4; popularity with New England troops, 439, 440; relationship with Robert Troup, 547, 548n2; resignation of, 431n1, 456, 457n3; rivalry with Philip Schuyler, 422n2, 431, 439, 440, 515, 540n4; and Vermont controversy, 513–14n2; views on aristocracy, 417; views on democracy, 417 Gay, John, 457n7 General Gates (brigantine), 592, 593n1 Genêt, George Clinton, xllviii Geneva, Switzerland, 221 George II (king, England), 81n2 (6 February 1773) George III (king, England), 137n1, 249n5; allegiance to, 331, 342; appointment of commission by, 121; concessions offered by, 327–28; criticism of, 670; JJ’s comments on, 324; moderate disillusionment with, xxviii; oaths of allegiance to, 386–87, 414; petitions to, xxvii, 118–25, 133, 168, 173, 176, 327, 338; proclamations of, 701; satires of, 390n2, 390n8; speeches of, 390n2, 601; tyranny of, 338, 340, 477, 478, 668; unpopularity of, in Britain, 334, 344 Georgia: and African American battalions, 609n1; delegates of, 353, 354n3; and independence, 250; and instructions to JJ, xxxvi; military operations in, xxxi, 595, 667, 667n1, 682n5, 686, 697; and nonexportation, 147n2 (17 October 1775); and western lands, 715n10 Gérard, Conrad Alexandre: and American territorial ambitions, 712; and appointment of minister to Spain, 713, 714; and communication of intelligence, 601; confers with Washington, 621n8; and Deane-Lee affair, 551; and French guidance of peace commissioners, 712; as French minister to U.S., xxxi, xxxviii; and French officers, 681; and French treaties with U.S., 318n14, 517n4; identified, 533n2, 751–52; information from, 658, 696; on JJ’s election as president of Congress, 550–51; letter to, 568–70; letters carried by, 623n1; letters from, 563–64, 567–68, 571–72; and peace terms, xxxi, 552; and publications of Thomas Paine, 565, 566n2 (8 January 1779); reception for, 531, 533nn2–3; relationship with JJ, xxxi–xxxii, 620–21, 696, 721, 724n1, 735, 736–38, 741–43, 745–46; return voyage of, 698, 714, 724n1, 726, 727, 729; and Spanish policy, 711, 712

Gérard, Madame, 726 German: publications in, 137n1, 321–22, 325, 325n6, 656, 677n1 Germans: with British army, 483 Germantown, Pa., 559n1 Germany: affairs of, 633, 658; James Jay in, 485; mercenaries from, 328, 340, 478; officers from, 611, 612n4; soldiers from, desert British army, 529 Germany, Girardot & Company, 301, 303n16 Gerry, Elbridge, 677n1 Gibbons, James, 654n1 Gibralter: Spanish acquisition of, 710, 712 Giles, Charles, 275; identified, 276n8 Gillon, Alexander: identified, 665n1; letter from, 663–65 Girls: schools for, 582n1 Glasgow, Scotland, 472 Glass: taxes on, 102 Glen, Cornelius, 319; identified, 320n3 Glentworth, George, 50; identified, 50n7 Glenworth, John, 50 Glorious Revolution, 373 Gloucester County, N.Y., 704n1 Gloucestershire, England, 24 God: favor of, 494; punishment by, 325, 327, 337, 338; views on, 324, 325–26, 327, 330, 334, 336, 337, 338, 340, 345–46, 581, 670, 724, 729 (see also Providence, Divine) Goddard, Mary Katherine, 325n6 Goforth, William, 191, 270, 272n6; letter from, 221–25 Golden Hill (modern John Street), NYC, 31n3 Gordon, James, 640 Gordon, Patrick, 417; identified, 419n2 Goshen, N.Y., 63n6, 259, 320n1 Government: right to choose, 331 Governors, colonial: criticized, 103, 105, 133 Governors, royal, 34, 373 Governor’s Island, N.Y., 290, 291 Graham, Lewis, 363 Graham, Mrs., 279 Grain: export of, banned, 546n3 Grand juries: addresses to, xli; charge to, 405, 477–81 Grant, James, 291; identified, 293n5 Granville, N.C., 686n2 Grasse, François Joseph Paul, comte de, 732; identified, 733n4

Gravesend, N.Y., 391 Gray’s Ferry, 205 Gray’s Inn, 23 Great Britain: accused tried in, 103, 105; John Adams appointed peace commissioner with, 698; address to electors of, 143, 145n2; address to people of, 95–99, 100–107, 109n1, 134, 137nn1–2, 177; agents of, 171, 566n2 (8 January 1779); aid to fleet of, 252; alliance with, 514; alliances against, 601n3; attack on, lii, 472, 712; attitudes toward, xxiii, xxviii, xxxiv, 152, 333, 344, 514, 633, 658; barbarity of, xxviii, 328, 329, 340, 344; and Bermuda trade, 615n1; colonial agents in, 118; colonies of, 316, 715n4, 715n6; commerce of, 424; commercial policy of, xxxv; concessions from, xxx, xxxiv, xxxvi, xxxvii; conflicts with, 248n2; constitution of (see Constitution, British); correspondence with, xxix, 171; corruption in, 478; credit of, 485; debt of, 334, 344, 672–73; declares war on colonists, 216n2; depredations by, 437, 438n2; disadvantages of, 333, 334, 343, 344; discontent in, 324, 332, 343; dispatches stolen by, 565, 566n2 (8 January 1779); evacuation of U.S. posts by, 712; finances, 301, 324, 334, 343, 344; and fisheries, 314; foreign troops of, 195, 334, 340, 344, 658; and French aid to U.S., 551, 563, 564, 571; and French-American alliance, 567, 568; and Hamilton’s financial program, xlii–xliii; history of, 335, 345; impact of war on, 334, 344, 672–73; imports from, 132; and independence, xxviii, 250n2, 514; Indian allies of, 254; intelligence operations of, 254, 372; invasion of, 534, 535n2; judicial posts under, 84; laws of, 57n1; legal societies in, 61; letters intercepted by, 195; Loyalists in, 171, 318, 319, 362, 362n2, 362n4; manpower of, 333, 334, 343; mediation refused by, 658; merchants of, 91; military operations of, 610 (see also Army, British; Navy, British); —, in the South, xxxi; ministry of, 104, 105, 106, 116, 118, 132, 133, 135, 137n1, 171, 175, 177, 332, 343, 344, 534, 535n3, 588, 599, 670; misrepresentations of, 325, 337; naval operations of, 274, 431n3; naval superiority of, 712; negotiations with, xxx, xxxiii, xlii–xliii; nonexportation to, 86n1, 107, 133, 138, 147n2 (17 October 1775); nonimportation from, 86n1, 107, 133, 134, 139; opposition party in, 488, 490n10; patronage policies of, 105, 106; peace commissioners of, 328, 339, 519; peace overtures of, 518, 700–702, 708; and peace terms, 711; petitions to, 96, 98, 173, 176, 177; power of, 129, 330, 341; prewar debts to, xliii; problems of, 324, 670–71; proclamations of, 173; propaganda of, 675; protections offered by, 453, 455; quit rents of, 106; raids on, 665n3; recognition of U.S. independence by, xxxiii; reconciliation with, 96, 118, 169, 175, 176, 195, 242, 243, 243n3; response to Boston Tea Party, xxiii, xxvi; restrictions on American commerce, 102, 672; return of prisoners to, 162n10; return of troops to, 697; rights of subjects of, 57n1, 134; separate peace with, xxxiv, 572n2; ships seized by, xliii–xliv; Spanish concessions to, 715n6, 715n11, 718n3; and Spanish mediation, 585; and taxation, 102, 106, 517n1, 672; ties with, 326, 338; tobacco shipped to, 663n3; treaties of, xlvi–xlvii, 315, 718n3; truce with, 514; tyranny of, 326, 338, 478, 503, 688; war preparations of, 630, 633; war with Spain, 630, 708, 716; wars with France, xli–xlii, 373, 551; and western land claims, 678, 719; withdrawal from frontier posts, xlii Great Lakes, 438, 439

Greece, 500 Green, Timothy, 678n1 Green Kill, N.Y., 355, 356n1 Green Mountain Boys, 222, 225, 247 Green Mountains, Vt., 485 Greene, Christopher, 491; identified, 492n3 Greene, Nathanael, 253, 258n1 (21 June 1776), 284, 285n2, 321, 492n3, 752; letter to, 648; letters from, 574–75, 579–80, 642–44, 646–48, 683–86 Greenland: fisheries of, 424, 472 Greenwich, Conn., 637 Gregory, Stephen, 723, 724 Grenell, Thomas, 178n2 Greyhound (frigate), 432 Grimaldi, Jerónimo, Marques de, 710; identified, 710 Gross, Simon, 723, 724 Groton, Conn., 637 Gulf of Mexico: access to, xxxv, xxxvii Gunpowder: imported, 140, 141n11, 359n2, 395; supply of, 215, 333 Guns: contracts for, 219, 219n2 Habeas corpus, 105, 445n1 Haddonfield, N.J., 360, 366 Haines, John, 350 Hake, Samuel, 587; identified, 588n2 Halifax, Earl of, 28 Halifax, Nova Scotia, 114, 273, 577, 701 Hall, Edward, 731n4 Hamburg, Germany, 1 Hamilton, Alexander, 75n3; as candidate for negotiations with Britain, xxx; and constitutional reform, xxxvii; correspondence of, l, lii; and Federalist papers, xxxviii–xix; as Federalist party strategist, xxv; financial program of, xlii; friendship with Robert Troup, 392n6, 456, 548n2, 627; identified, 752; information from, 391; and Jay’s treaty, xlii–xliii; as lawyer, xxxix; letters from, 157–59, 194, 195, 428–30, 445–46, 607–10, 699– 702; letters to, 194, 428–30, 680–82; —, quoted, xxx; and Loyalists, 17n1; nationalism of, xxxvii; nominated as secretary to Franklin, 732, 733; portrait of (illus.), 609; as secretary of treasury, xl; writings of, 170, 170n6 Hancock, John: identified, 185n1; letters to, 263, 268–73; as president of Congress, 122, 184, 221n1, 253, 272nn1–2, 461n3 Hand, Edward, 502, 651; identified, 653n3 Hannibal, 331, 342, 527n5 Hanover: House of, 134; troops from, 425

Harding, Seth: as captain of Confederacy, 728, 734, 735, 741, 742, 743, 746; identified, 724n2; letter from, 747–48; letters to, 722–24, 748 Haring, John, 246n3 Harison, Frances Ludlow, 72n14 Harison, Richard, 33, 50, 50n5, 71, 72n14; identified, 34n5 Harlem, N.Y., 284, 289, 292, 293n2, 444, 445 Harlem Church, N.Y., 283, 289 Harlem Heights, N.Y., 308n1 Harper, John, 454; identified, 455n5 Harpur, Robert, 459, 460n5, 463n13; identified, 463n13 Harrington, James, 401 Harris, Peter, 156; identified, 157n4 Harrisburg, Pa., 686n4 Harrison, Benjamin: absence from Congress, 359; on Committee of Secret Correspondence, 171, 358, 359n3; identified, 752–53; quoted, 122; recollections of, 97, 99; as speaker of House of Delegates, 687, 687n5 Harrison’s Purchase, N.Y., 305 Hart, James, 522, 523n1 Hartford, Conn., 78, 276n6, 500, 501n1 (2 January 1778), 502 Hartwig (Hartwick), Johannes Christopher, 526, 527n7 Havana, Cuba, 11n9, 12n9 Haverhill, N.H., 578 Hawley, Joseph, 477n1; identified, 477n1 Hay, John, 71 Hay, Udney, 443n4 Hayes, James, 723–24 Hays, Judah, 13, 30, 30n3; identified, 14n8 Hazard, Ebenezer, 545; identified, 546n8 Hazard, John, 180 Hazelwood, John, 279; identified, 280n1 Hazen, Moses, 224; identified, 225n11 Health and medicine: views on, 202, 435, 527–28. See also Diseases Heath, William, 292, 351, 352n4, 577, 578n4, 611, 702n4; identified, 293n10 Henderson, Mrs. Harold G., l Henry, Patrick, xxvii, 97, 98, 240, 687n5; identified, 241n4; quoted, 94 Hepburn v. Griswold, 99 Herkimer, Nicholas, 454, 473; identified, 455n3 Hessians, 273, 321, 488 Heyer, Walter, 71; identified, 73n1 Hickey, Thomas, 252, 253, 257n5; identified, 252

Hickey Plot, 252–53, 254, 256n5, 259n1 (22 June 1776), 262n3 Hicks, Whitehead, 43, 62, 62n3; identified, 44n2 (25 April 1766) Highlands. See Hudson Highlands Hildreth, Benjamin, 33; identified, 34n8 “Hills, The” (estate), 500, 500n4 Hindostan, 673 “Hint to the Legislature of the State of New York, A,” 272n5 Hispaniola, 140, 146n1 History of the Province of New-York, The, 63n5 Hobart, John Sloss, 181, 181n6, 267n1, 445n1, 583, 584n4; as candidate for congressional delegate, 662; on committee for organizing state government, 403; as congressional delegate, 699; identified, 184n3, 753; as judge, 523; and N.Y. Constitution, 406, 407, 412; quoted, 404 Hoffman, Nicholas, 199, 274, 282; identified, 200n6 Holland, Henry, 33 Holland. See United Provinces (Holland, Netherlands) Holliwood, Mr., 13, 14n8 Holt, John: identified, 170n6; newspaper of, 170, 461, 463n13, 469; publications of, 170n6, 463n13, 542, 543n3, 646, 678n1; as state printer, 390, 481 Holten, Samuel, identified, 679n1 Homer, 526 Honduras, 715n6, 715n11, 717, 718n5 Honeywell, Gilial, 66 Honor: disputes involving, 66, 75; laws of, 612 Hood, Mr., 489 Hooper, Robert Lettis, Jr., 684, 686n5; identified, 686n5 Hooper, William, 137n1, 188, 358, 359, 359n3; identified, 188n1 Hopkins, Esek, 305n3; identified, 218n1 Hopkins, Stephen: identified, 220n1 Horace: quoted, 198, 200n2, 527n8, 627, 628n4 Horse racing: banned, 244 Horses: for army, 651; impressment of, 502, 503, 629–30; purchase or sale of, 396, 435; riding of, 44, 203; seizure of, 647 Horsmanden, Daniel, 46n1 “Hortensius” (pseudonym, William Livingston), 457n7 Hospital Department, 357n1, 508, 636, 636n1, 636n2 Hotel Valentinois, 665n4 Houghkirk, John, 573, 574 House, Mary: identified, 317n11 House of Commons, British, 516–17n1, 534, 535n3

Howe, George Augustus, 135; identified, 137n3 Howe, Richard, 138n3, 294n2, 297, 298, 307, 308n1, 313n7, 359, 472n9; arrival at N.Y., 273; as commander, 578n3; identified, 273; and Loyalists, 387n2; military operations of, 491, 533, 535n1; pardons offered by, 322; as peace commissioner, 515n3; proclamation of, 387n2 Howe, William: arrival at N.Y., 273; attack on Philadelphia, 321; as commander, 135, 138n3, 193n5; dispatches for, 415, 422, 423n1; engagement avoided by, 322; identified, 273; loans to, 488, 490n6; and Loyalists, 362n2, 387n2; military operations of, 396, 397, 418, 446, 468, 469n2, 474, 491; —, in New Jersey, 366–67, 369, 457n6; occupation of Philadelphia by, 489n5, 490n6, 505; pardons offered by, 322, 365n1; as peace commissioner, 515n3; prescribes oath of allegiance, 365n1; and prisoner exchange, 358; proclamation of, 387n2 Hubbard, Elijah, 639n6; identified, 639n6 Hudson Highlands: defense preparations in, 151n3, 154n2, 178n2, 274, 307, 309n3, 352n4, 370n3; military operations in, 511, 517–18, 517n7, 590, 657 Hudson River (North River), 64, 65, 150, 307, 529n4, 611n2; boats on, 273, 394n1; defense, 248n4, 253, 273–74, 274n4, 276, 282, 312n2, 357n1, 400, 406, 513n1 (28 April 1778), 622; fortification of, 274, 510; forts on, 149, 151n2, 152, 273, 274, 499–500, 500n2; frozen, 499; military operations on, 273–74, 394, 394n1, 439n3, 446, 457n5, 467, 470n1, 474–75, 483, 485–86, 518, 540n1, 637; obstruction of, 273–74, 275n1, 276n7, 280, 280n1, 281, 286, 298, 309n3, 485–86, 492, 493n4, 499 Hudson’s Bay, 472 Hudson Valley, 361, 362, 415, 527n7 Hughes, Hugh, 449; identified, 515n4 Hughes, Richard, 577; identified, 578n3 Huguenots: descendants of, xxxi, 582n1; in New York, 1, 3; persecution and exile of, xxiii, 1, 375 Hulbert, John, 360; identified, 360n4 Hunt, Davis, 282 Hunter, Elijah, 613, 658–59, 660nn9–10; identified, 614n1 (21 March 1779) Huntington, Benjamin, 288 Huntington, Jabez, 324 Huntington, Samuel (president of Congress), 679n1, 697; letters from, 716–18; letters to, 702, 733–47 Huntington, Long Island, 317n8 Huntington Library: Jay papers at, xlix, liin5 Hurley, N.Y., 415, 416, 423n1, 465, 466n4, 570 Hutchinson, Major, 392 Hutchinson, Thomas (governor of Mass.), 103, 107n6, 133 Hyde, Donald, Mrs., l

Illinois Country, 711 Imlay, William, 71; identified, 72n19 Immigration: Catholic, 105; and population growth, 556, 671–72 “Impartial Chronicle, or the Infallible Intelligencer,” 389–90, 390n8 Impressment: impact of, 629–30; instances of, 273, 583, 590, 591n5, 629–30; legislation limiting, 390n3, 502–3, 504–5 Independence: decision on, xxviii; denied as American goal, 106, 174–77; inevitability of, 670; means of securing, xxiv; recognition of, xxviii, xxix; views on, 106, 265, 331, 342, 670, 674 Independent Journal (NYC): and Federalist papers, xlvii Independent Ledger (Boston), 512n4, 530n2, 584n5 Independent Reflector, 63n5 Indiana Company, 678, 679n2 Indian affairs: commissioners of, 476–77, 477n1, 499n2, 623; management of, 591, 623; superintendents of, 72n8 Indian contract, 296n1, 303n8 “Indian Country”: expedition to, 683, 684. See also Sullivan expedition Indians: aligned with British, 254, 478, 521; as allies, 476, 476n1; expeditions against, 554–55, 591, 623, 624n2, 653n1, 655, 684, 718–19 (see also Sullivan expedition); interpreters to, 476, 477n3; military operations of, 448, 455nn3–4, 474, 474n1, 475, 476–77; negotiations with, 481, 482n1, 498, 499n2, 623; as neutrals, 476n1; relations with, 573; views on, 476. See also specific groups / tribes by name Infidels: toleration of, 373 Inflation: impact of, 555–56 Inglis, Charles, 43, 50, 50n7; identified, 43n1 Ink, invisible, 172, 195, 431, 432, 499, 547n1 Inner Temple, 23n5 Inns of Court, 23n5, 24 Inoculation. See under Smallpox “Integer” (pseudonym), 325n6 Interest, national: defining, xxiv–xxv, xxx Interest, private: criticized, 558 “Intolerable Acts.” See Coercive Acts Ireland, 137n1, 142, 633; address to people of, 132; correspondence with, xxix, 171; grievances of, 136; immigration from, 134; non-exportation to, 107, 133, 138; nonimportation from, 107, 138; oppression of, 671; and taxation, 121; trade policy toward, 134, 139; troops from, 135 Iroquois, 236n2; allied with Americans, 476, 476n1; conferences with, 481, 482n1; expeditions against, 554–55, 624n2, 653n1, 718; military operations of, 470 Irving, Washington, 257n5

Iselin, Arthur, Jr., l Iselin, Eleanor Jay, xlviii, l Iselin Estate, xlvii Izard, Ralph, 665; identified, 665n6 Jackson, David, Dr., 369; identified, 369n1 (3 March 1777) Jacob, 328, 339 Jamaica (British West Indies), 137n1, 284, 293n12, 314, 598 Jamaica, N.Y., 66 James II (king, England), 335, 345 Jauncey, James, 58 Jauncey, James, Jr., 358–59, 360; identified, 359n5 Jay, Anna Maria Bayard (grandmother of John Jay), 1, 3, 3n4; identified, 1 Jay, Anna Maricka (Nancy, sister of John Jay), 3, 305, 468; identified, 3 Jay, Augustus (Auguste, grandfather of John Jay), xxiv, 1; identified, 1 Jay, Augustus (Gussey, brother of John Jay), 3, 5, 210; identified, 3 Jay, Frederick (d. 1744, brother of John Jay), 3; identified, 3 Jay, Frederick (Fady or Fædy, brother of John Jay), 13, 15, 22, 26, 44, 44n2 (26 April 1766), 60, 74, 74n5, 566, 567, 583, 639, 656, 705, 729, 731n5; apprenticeship, 11, 11n7, 24; as assemblyman, 620n5; and family affairs, 467, 679; identified, 14n6, 753; letter to, 289, 679–80; letters from, 210–11, 289, 305, 449; position for, 656, 680n2 Jay, Jacobus (James, d. 1731, brother of John Jay), 3; identified, 3 Jay, James, Sir (brother of John Jay), 25, 36, 95, 296n1, 310n3, 566, 567n3, 583, 663, 680; arrival in Philadelphia, 541, 541n3; and confiscation bill, 620n5; correspondence of, 15, 485, 485n2; and Deane-Lee affair, 531–32, 532n1, 533n3, 551, 603, 604n3; destruction of correspondence with, 195n1 (4 January 1776); education of, 4; and family affairs, 680; fundraising for King’s College, 5, 11n5, 25n1, 26n2 (9 August 1763), 27, 36–37, 37n2, 66; identified, 3; invisible ink of, 172, 195n1 (4 January 1776), 547, 547n1; knighted, 24, 25n1, 27, 27n6; letters to, 15, 22–23, 195; loyalty of, questioned, 531, 532n1, 533n1, 551; medical practice of, 11, 528; and Gouverneur Morris, 531–32, 532–33n1, 533n3, 541, 541n3; relationship with JJ, 22; residence in England, 95, 95n4; return to America, 530, 531n4; travels of, 485, 501 Jay, John, 284; act drafted by, 703–4, 704n1; addresses drafted by, 95–99, 100–107, 365, 366n1; addresses grand juries, 405, 477–81; addresses of, 365, 366n1, 552, 686; addresses prepared by, 453–55; allegations of disloyalty, 171; —, against, 203–4; ambition of, xxiv; and amendments to draft constitution, 376, 377, 379, 380; and Anglo-American relationship, xliii–xliv; and anti-Catholicism, 105, 106, 116, 373–75, 376; appointed minister to Spain, 698–99, 705, 708, 711, 714; and arbitation commissions, xliii; and argument from necessity, 270, 272n5, 504, 505; attitude toward France, xxxi–xxxii, xxxiii–xxiv, xxxviii, 514, 696; attitude toward Great Britain, xxiii, xxviii, xxxiv, xlii, 514; attitude toward independence, xxviii, 170–71, 173, 174–77, 237; biblical allusions of, 96,

106, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329, 331, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341–42, 347, 672, 678n4; and bills of exchange, 678n1, 747; biographical sketch of, xxiii–xliv; birth of, 3; birth of children of, xxiv, xxxii; burnt in effigy, xliii; as candidate for governor, 419, 426, 433, 434, 435–36; and cession of western lands, 552; character of, 715n16; ciphers of, 719–20; and civilmilitary relations, 173, 215, 217, 266; classical allusions of, 39nn1–3, 390n4, 413, 500, 509, 525, 527n5, 527n8, 542, 543n5, 548, 549n5; as clerk for NY-NJ Boundary Commission, 77–80; commission of, as minister to Spain, 697–98; commissions favored by, 121; on Committee for Detecting Conspiracies, 254–55, 318, 347, 361, 363–64, 375, 421; —, as chairman of, 255, 347; on committee for organizing state government, 400, 403; on Committee of Fifty-one, 84, 91; on Committee of Secret Correspondence, xxix, 171, 172, 324, 358, 359n3; on Committee on the Disaffected, 251, 253; conciliatory measures supported by, xxvii; confers with Washington, 252; conflict with Robert Randall, 75–77; congressional approbation of, 702; as congressional candidate, 91; on congressional committees, 138, 139, 171, 174n9; as congressional delegate, xxiv, xxvi, 93– 94, 550, 552, 558–60, 584, 704, 704n1; congressional instructions to, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxviii, xlii; and constitutional amendments, xl; and constitutional reform, xxxvi–xxxvii; as Continentalist, 171, 552; and Conway cabal, 555; cooperates with French minister, xxxi– xxxii; courtship of, 82–83; criticism of, xxiv, xliii; and currency depreciation, 555–56; in Dancing Assembly, 74–75; and Deane-Lee affair, xxx–xxxi, 549–52, 557–58, 564–66; death of, xliv; and death penalty, 521, 522; in debating society, 51, 53, 55; descendants of, xlv, xlvii–l; diaries of, l, lii; as diplomat, xlii–xliii; disputes with John Tabor Kempe, 66– 70; and divided loyalties, 374, 375; and doctor’s riot, xxxix; and dueling, 75; and due process, 101, 103, 104; early activism of, 84–85; economic arguments used by, 333–34, 343–44; education of, 10–12, 15, 22, 23, 24–28, 30–33; —, early, 4, 5; elected to Congress, 93; and encouragement of literature, 400, 413; and establishment of state governments, 172, 237–38; and evacuation of Fort Ticonderoga, 460–61, 466–67, 470; family of, 1–4, 10– 12 (see also Jay Family); family affairs of, 449, 467–68, 493, 508, 509, 510n1 (26 February 1778); family connections of, xxiii; family obligations of, 661, 679, 680n1; as Federalist, xxv, xl; and Federalist papers, xxxviii–xl; and formation of state governments, xxviii; friends of, 47–48, 58–59, 73–74, 318–19, 348, 404; friendship with Robert R. Livingston, xxvi, xxxiv, 34, 35–36, 37–42, 404, 706, 719–20, 731–32; as governor, xxiv, xliv; and governorship, 318; health of, 73–74, 680–81, 725, 729; historical allusions of, 326, 331, 337, 342, 345; historical examples used by, 324; Huguenot descent of, xxiii, xxxi; illness and death of mother of, 403, 408, 421; illnesses of, xxxix; impact of war on attitudes of, xxviii–xxix; and impressment, 273, 390n3, 502–5; and independence, 514; instructions to, 715n10, 716–18; and intelligence operations, 613–14, 658–59, 660nn9–10; and invisible ink, 172, 358, 359n2, 431, 432, 499, 547, 547n1; judicial post sought by, 85; land speculation, 63–65; later career of, xxiv; law partnership of, 55; law practice of, xxiii, 55, 56, 58–59, 66, 67–69, 138; law studies and clerkship, 14, 15, 22–25, 26, 27–29, 30–32, 43, 44–46, 47–48; letters drafted by, 113, 114; letters of, captured, 612, 613n1; library of, l;

36 lodgings, 31; Loyalist friends of, xxv; and Loyalists, 215, 386–87, 422–23, 435, 464–66, 500–502, 512–13; and loyalty and security issues, 172, 173, 237, 251–56, 347, 347n1; and loyalty investigations, 252, 253, 255, 318, 361–62, 363–64; as manager of the Dancing Assembly, 75, 76–77; marriage, xxiii, xliv, 82, 83–84; and medical administration, 555; member, the Moot, 62; as member of Council of Revision, 520; and military affairs, 172, 215, 216, 217, 218–19, 265–66, 273–74, 392–94, 418–19, 439–42, 475–76, 482–83, 492–93, 499–500, 506–7, 508, 510, 514–15, 542, 548, 554–55, 562–63, 573, 573n1, 574–75, 576–78, 600, 610–12, 622–23, 635–36, 646–48, 653–54, 681–82; as militia officer, 172; as minister to Spain, l, 550, 553, 707, 709; mission to Great Britain, xlii–xliii; mission to Spain, xxiv–xxv, xxix, xxxii–xxxiii; as moderate, xxiii, xxiv, xxv–xxvi, 93, 172; and monetary issues, 525, 526; motives attributed to, 112, 113; motives of, 419; nationalism of, xxxvii–xxxviii; as nationalist, 94, 171; and naturalization, 382, 383, 384, 385; and naval affairs, 216; and navigation of Mississippi, xxxv–xxxvi, 712, 714, 718nn3–4; and N.J. petition to king, 173; on N.Y. Committee of Correspondence, 84–85; and N.Y. Constitution, xxviii, xxix, 400, 401, 403, 404, 406, 407–13; in N.Y. Convention, 321, 359, 408–13; on N.Y. Council of Revision, 508, 544–45, 546n3; on N.Y. Council of Safety, 422–23, 497n2; in N.Y. provincial congress, 265n2; and northern command, 440 (see also Northern Department: command of); and oaths of allegiance, 173, 174n9, 217, 255, 363, 374, 376, 379, 386–87, 404, 413n3; offices held by, xxiv; and Olive Branch Petition, xxvii, 118, 119–22, 137n1, 146, 173, 176, 178n8; opposes extralegal committees, 686; as orator, 551; pamphlets sent to, 581, 582n1; papers of, xxiv, xlv–lii; and peace negotiations, xxiv, xxix, xxxiii–xxiv; and peace terms, xxxi–xxxii, 556; persecution of ancestors of, 514 (see also Huguenots); political career begins, xxiii, xliv, 84–85; and political parties, xxv, xli–xliv; portrait of (illus.), iv; as president of Congress, xxiv, xxix, xxxi, xli–xliv, 172, 549–57, 560, 561, 585, 702; and the press, 511–12n4; and property rights, 96, 100; as proponent of stronger union, xxxvi; proteges of, 456; protests and flauts instructions, xxxiii–xxiv; and public documents, xlvi; and ratification of Articles of Confederation, 552; at ratifying convention, xl; recollections of, 98–99, 348; reconciliation sought by, 96, 118; religious arguments used by, 324, 325–26, 330, 331, 335, 336, 337, 340, 341, 342, 345–46; religious heritage of, 1, 3; reports drafted by, 139–40, 265; republican principles of, xxiv, xxviii; reputation of, xxx–xxxi, 407; resigns as state chief justice, 657–58n5, 678–79, 680; retirement of, xxiv, xliv; return to N.Y., xxiv, xxix; on role of states, xxxvii; and rule of law, 374; salary of, 747; and secrecy, 556, 606, 607n2, 615, 618, 620; on secret committee (N.Y.), 252, 253; on secret committee for Hudson River defense, 253, 273–74, 400, 406; as secretary for foreign affairs, xxiv, xxix; and slavery, 405, 582n1; in Social Club, 70, 71; as special delegate, 546n3, 560, 589–90, 692; speech of, quoted, 173; as state chief justice, xxiv, xxix, 405, 414, 433, 433n1, 435, 481, 514, 520–23, 698; as state legislator, xxix; and states rights, 94; supports energetic government, 170; suspiciousness of, xxxiii; threats to family of, 266; and trade policy, 139–40, 141n3; travels of, 274; as U.S. chief justice, xxiv, xxix, xxx, xli, l, 96, 552; and U.S. foreign relations, xxix–xxxvi, xli–xliv; and Vermont

controversy, xxx, 513, 515, 537–38, 542, 554, 566n2 (10 January 1779), 582, 626, 626n1 (to George Clinton, 22 May 1779), 639, 657, 657n3, 660, 662n1, 665–66, 666n1, 678, 679n1, 687–96, 705; and Vermont lands, 64–65; visits prison, 416; on voting by ballot, 403; voyage of, xxxii, 706, 714, 720, 725–26; will of, xlv–xlvi; writings of, xxxix–xl, 95–99, 100– 107, 116–18, 120, 121, 123–25, 132–37, 174–77, 320–47, 388–90, 502–5, 508, 552, 667–78; —, quoted, xxxix —views on: American nationality, xxxix; appointments, 408–13; balanced government, xxxix, xxxviii; congressional delegates, 661–62; corruption, 404; executive power, 388, 405; exercise, 527; extralegal bodies, 544, 546n3; finance, 595; God, 324, 454, 670 (see also God; Providence, Divine); health, 202, 435, 527–28; honor, 66, 67–68, 75, 76–77; human rights, 405; impact of Revolution, 616–17; independence, 106, 265, 331, 342, 670, 674; justice, 480–81; law, xxxvii, 374; legislative authority, 544–45, 546n3; legitimacy of government, 405; liberty, 100–101, 325–26, 454, 503, 667–68; military service, 612–13, 627; money, 621; national debt, 556; national interest, xxx, xxxix; naturalization, 374; public office, 661; punishment, 104, 514, 521; religion, 324; religious toleration, 373–75, 376, 377, 378, 379, 381, 382, 405–6, 479–80, 604; republics, 681–82; role of states, xxxvii; separation of church and state, 479–80; separation of powers, xxxviii, xxxix, 479; slavery, 96–97, 100, 104, 106, 116, 117, 322, 387, 413; taxation, 106, 172, 219, 526, 556, 669; union, 552, 673–75, 690, 693; westward expansion, xxxvii Jay, John (d. 1928), xlix Jay, John, II, xlvii, xlviii; quoted, xlvii–xlviii Jay, John Clarkson, xlix Jay, Margaret Barclay (Peggy, Mrs. Frederick Jay), 449, 468, 680, 729, 731n5 Jay, Mary (sister of John Jay): death of, 3; identified, 3 Jay, Mary Anna Van Cortlandt (mother of John Jay), 305; education by, 4; identified, 3, 24; illnesses and death of, 237, 238n2 (11 May 1776), 403, 408, 421 Jay, Mary Rutherford, xlix Jay, Peter (father of John Jay), 210, 211n2, 305, 305n1, 388, 408, 449, 534, 548, 728; care of, 661, 679, 680, 680n1, 714; children of, 3; and education of JJ, 4, 4n10, 14; identified, 3, 753; illnesses of, 237, 238n2 (11 May 1776); letters from, 10–12, 13–14, 15, 22–24, 25–26, 27–28, 30–32, 36–37, 83–84, 467–68; letters to, 24–26; marriage of, 3; and marriage of JJ, 82; trade of, 3; and Trinity Church, 5 Jay, Peter (brother of John Jay), 3, 13, 14n3, 305, 680; identified, 3 Jay, Peter Augustus (son of John Jay), 195, 366, 394, 418, 434, 484, 487, 489, 535, 548, 561, 594, 628, 727–28, 731n2; birth of, xxiv; care of, 714; identified, 753; inheritance of, xlix; and JJ’s papers, xlv–xlvi Jay, Pierre (great-grandfather of John Jay), xxiv, xlix, 1; identified, 1 Jay, Sarah Livingston (wife of John Jay), 112, 126n3, 200, 204, 239, 241, 243, 245, 246, 247, 360, 391, 392n4, 394, 418, 444, 468, 484, 499, 502, 506, 518, 519, 532, 534, 539, 548, 628, 663, 680, 705, 707, 733; birth of children of, xxiv, xxxii; death of, xliv; health of, 203, 204, 246,

388, 541, 548; identified, 756; illnesses of, 237, 238n2 (11 May 1776); JJ’s correspondence with, 255; learns French, 721; letters from, 560–61, 593–94, 724–31; letters to, 89–90, 187– 88, 205–7, 434–35, 487–91; —, captured, 612, 613n1; marriage of, xxiii, 82, 83–84; papers of, xlix, l, lii; portrait of (illus.), 730; relatives of, 75n1, 82, 361; return to New York, xxxiv; voyage to Europe, xxxii, 714, 720 Jay, Susan (daughter of John Jay), xxxii Jay, William (son of John Jay): inheritance, xlix; and JJ’s papers, xlv–xlvii, xlviii; quoted, 120, 267n1, 348, 400; writings of, xlvi, 137n1 Jay family: background, 1–4; care of, 661; cemetery of, xlix; house (illus.), 2; genealogy, lxxvii; papers held by, xlv–lii; real estate, 30, 31 Jay’s Treaty: and frontier posts, xlii; negotiation of, xxv, xxx, xlii–xliii; and neutral rights, xliii; opposition to, xxx, xliii–xliv; and prewar debts, xlii; secrecy of, xliii Jefferson, Thomas: acquaintances of, 577n1; correspondence of, xxxv, l, 401, 533n1; and Declaration of Independence, 250n3; as diplomat, xlii; as governor of Va., 687, 687n5; as peace commissioner, xxxiii; and political parties, xxv; recollections of, 97–99, 122; as secretary of state, xxx, xxxv Jersey, Isle of, 633 Jesus Christ: gospel of, 376 Jews: history of, 335, 336, 346; liberation of, 478; relationship to God, 326, 335, 337, 338, 345, 346; toleration of, 373 Johnson, Capt., 702n4 Johnson, John, Sir, 172 Johnson, Samuel, 13, 13n1, 14n4, 202n1; identified, 5n6, 753; letters from, 12, 26–27; portrait of (illus.), 5; as president of King’s College, 4–5, 9, 11n5, 15, 17; relationship with Jay family, 12, 25, 26–27, 26n2 (9 August 1763), 548n1 Johnson, Thomas (alias, Silas Deane), 311 Johnson, Thomas, Jr.: on Committee of Secret Correspondence, 171, 358, 359n3; identified, 753–54; letter from, 365–66; as militia general, 359n6, 366; and Olive Branch Petition, 119 Johnson, William, Sir, 64n3, 162n2, 375n8; identified, 162n2 Johnston, Henry P., xlviii Johnstone, George, 530n2; identified, 515n3 Jones, Dr. John, 423, 543, 544n1; identified, 424n1 Jones, John Paul, 664, 665n3; identified, 635n3 Jones, Mr., 238 Jones, Samuel, 46, 62, 63n9, 131, 131n2; identified, 46n5 Jones, Thomas (Loyalist), 82, 257n12 Jones, Dr. Thomas, 543, 544n1 “Jones, Timothy” (alias, Silas Deane), 358, 359n2 Joseph II (Holy Roman Emperor), 658

Joucourt, M. de, 635n5 “Joyce, Jr.” (pseudonym), 421; identified, 422n3 Judges: appointment of, 409; role of, xli Judges, colonial: tenure of, 133 Judicial review, 553–54 Judiciary: Federalist appointments to, xliv; role of, xli Judiciary Act of 1789: and circuit courts, xli Juries: role of, xl–xli Justices of the peace, 409–10, 502–5 Juvenal, 543n5 Kalb, Johann von Robaii, Baron de, 682n7 Kean Family, xlix Keith, Robert, 745n1 Kelly, Henry, 71 Kelso’s ferry, 651 Kempe, John Tabor: and Bloomer v. Hinchman, 66; disputes with JJ, 66, 67–70; and fundraising for King’s College, 67n1; identified, 67n1; and King v. Alexander McDougall, 66; and King v. Underhill, 66, 67n3; land of, 65, 66n1; legal practice of, 67– 70; letter from, 68–69; letters to, 67–68, 69–70; loyalism, 67; member, the Moot, 60, 62 Kent, England, 25n2 Kent, N.Y., 467 Kentucky: settlers in, xxxv Keppel, August, 534, 535n2, 548, 549n3 Ketchum (Ketcham), Isaac, 252; identified, 252; letter from, 258 Keteltas, Abraham, 200; identified, 201n8 Kinderhook, N.Y., 319, 523n1 Kinderhook patent, 81n2 (25 March 1773) King George’s War, 3 King of Prussia, Pa., 360, 360n3 Kings: allegiance or subjection to, opposed, 383, 385, 412–13; and interdicts, 101; and oaths of allegiance, 376, 379, 386–88 King’s American Regiment, 352n3 King’s Arms Tavern, 61, 62n1 Kingsbridge (King’s Bridge), N.Y., 252, 289, 289n1, 292, 293n2, 533 King’s College (N.Y.), 11n5, 12, 23, 25, 26, 27, 30, 32, 43n1, 60n1, 63n8, 77n2, 89, 201, 202n1, 548n1; alumni of, 50; board of governors of, 15, 36, 37nn1–3; commencements, 32–34, 49; curriculum of, 5, 17; and Debating Society, 50, 51; entrance requirements for, 6, 17–18; friendships formed at, 34; fundraising for, 5, 15, 25n1, 36, 37n2, 66, 67n1; graduates of, 72n9, 72n15; Jay family and, 5; JJ as graduate of, xxiii; JJ’s education at, 4; regulations of, lii, 6–10, 17–22; and religion, 4; students of, 318; view of (illus.), 16

Kings County, N.Y., 193n3 Kingston, N.Y., 275, 322, 356n1, 357n5, 386, 388, 396, 407, 414, 423n1, 433, 433n2, 434, 435, 437, 442, 443, 449, 453, 460, 466n1, 472, 473, 481, 485, 545n2, 546n2, 699, 705, 706, 731; British attack on, 485, 493n3, 545n2, 546n2; burnt, 405, 424n1; committee of, 356; convention at, 266, 319, 404; courts at, 520, 521; and invisible ink, 499; jail at, 416, 423, 424n2; legislature at, 437n3, 604n3, 665; Loyalists imprisoned at, 415 King v. Alexander McDougall, 67n1 King v. Underhill, 66 Kirkland, Samuel, 477n3 Kissam, Benjamin, 30, 31, 32n2, 60nn1–2, 63n9; in Debating Society, 51n1, 52, 53, 55n1 (1768); friendship with JJ, 47–48, 55, 58–59; identified, 754; JJ as clerk for, 29; law practice of, 31n3, 43, 44–46, 46n1, 47–48, 58–59; letters from, 43–44, 47–49, 58–59; letter to, 44–47; literary reference, Cato quoted, 48; literary reference, Hamlet quoted, 47; member, the Moot, 62; recommends JJ as clerk for NY-NJ Boundary Commission, 77 Kissam, Catherine Rutgers, 48, 49n6 Kissam, Samuel: clubs and professional organizations, 51n1, 70, 74n4; friendship with JJ, 59–60, 73–74; identified, 60n1; letters from, 73–74, 152; letter to, 59–60; medical practice, 74 Knox, George, 654n1 Knox, Henry, xxxvii, 593–94 Korpender, Jacob, 522, 523n1 Labor: needed by army, 629 Laelius (Gaius Laelius Sapiens), 39n3 Laelius de Amicitia, 39n3 Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de: aid to, 682n7; and Canadian expedition, 506, 507n2, 554; correspondence of, l; identified, 507n1; letter from, 632–35; letter to, 562–63; voyage of, 533n1 Laight, William, 49, 50, 51n1, 94, 95n1; identified, 50n4; letter from, 143–46; quoted, 112, 113–14 Laiske, Terrier de, 747n1 (26 December 1779) Lake Champlain, 151n4, 162n5, 309n2, 431n3, 439n3, 448, 451, 453n3, 457n5, 486 Lake George, 150, 159, 162n2, 166, 448 La Luzerne, Anne-César, Chevalier de: arrival of, 696; as French minister to U.S., xxxviii, 700; identified, 635n1; information from, 634, 732; recommendations for, 630, 634 La Mancha, Spain, xxxii Lamb, John, 166, 596; identified, 167n3 Lancaster, Pa., 164n2

Land: assessment of value of, 499n3; companies, 552, 719; offices, 656, 657n1; speculation, 64–66, 540n9, 552, 554; taxation based on value of, 626n1 (circular letter to the governors, 22 May 1779); taxes on, 509, 584n5, 590; titles to, 590 Landais, Pierre, 664; identified, 665n3 Landed estates: interest in, xxv Landholding: restrictions on, 374, 376, 382, 383 Lands, western: ceded to Congress, 552; claims to, 678, 679n2, 719, 719nn1–2; disputes over, 540nn4–5 Langdon, John, 161n1, 395, 532n1 Langdon, Woodbury: identified, 696n2 La Rochelle, France, 1 Latin: quotations in, 39, 39n2, 264, 265n5, 505, 506, 506n4, 506n6, 526, 527n8, 542, 543n5; study of, 4 Laurance, John, 312, 441; identified, 313n8, 441 Laurence, Elizabeth McDougall, 313n8 Laurens, Henry, 499n4; appointed commissioner to United Provinces, 696n2; capture and imprisonment of, xxxiii; and charges against Robert Morris, 592n1; on congressional committees, 615n1, 677n1; and Deane-Lee affair, 550, 551; disclosures to Thomas Paine, 566n1 (8 January 1779); identified, 550, 754; as peace commissioner, xxxiii; as president of Congress, xxix, 550; and Philip Schuyler’s resignation, 612, 613n2 Laurens, John: and African American battalions, 607, 609n1; as secretary to Franklin, 698, 699n1; —, resigns, 732, 733n6 Law, William, 582n1 Law, common, 103, 133, 411 Law, international: terms of, 715n8 Law, property: references to, 388, 390 Law, rule of, 374 Law clerks: apprenticeship, 14; role of, xli. See also Lawyers: education and training of Law of nations: and judicial review, 553; knowledge of, xli Lawrence (Laurence), Augustine, 273, 280, 281 Lawrence (Laurence), John, 724, 748 Lawrence, Jonathan, 178n2, 545; identified, 178n2, 546n6 Lawrence, Mary Morris (1724–1805, sister of Lewis Morris): identified, 207n2 Lawrence, Mary Morris (1752–76, daughter of Lewis Morris), 205; identified, 207n2 Lawrence, Mr., 396 Lawrence, Richard, 197n1 Lawrence, Thomas: identified, 207n2 Lawrence, Thomas, Jr., 294n4; identified, 207n2 Lawyers: appointment of, 404; attitudes toward, 410; constitution framed by, 410; education and training of, 14, 15, 28–29, 30–32; licensing of, 404

Lebanon, Conn., 164n2, 283n2, 286, 288, 637 Lee, Arthur: allegations of, 171, 531, 532–33n1, 550, 551; as commissioner to France, 550, 621n6; as congressional agent, 171; controversies regarding, xxx; correspondence of, 121, 300, 302n4; criticizes JJ, 569n1; and Deane-Lee affair, 549–51, 557, 604n3; identified, 754; praised, 665; recalled, 714; and treaties with France, xxx, 517n4 Lee, Charles: and battle of Monmouth, 529, 529n3; and Canadian campaign, 160, 162n8, 207, 208n1; compensation for losses of, 304; court-martial of, 529n3, 534, 535n4; finances of, 599, 599n1, 599n5; identified, 754–55; letter from, 597–99; and loyalty oaths, 173, 210n3, 211; and New York defense, 292, 293n4; orders disobeyed by, 311, 312n2; in the South, 278n2, 293n8, 360n4 Lee, Henry, 277 Lee, Richard Henry: on congressional committees, 137n1, 239n4, 358, 359, 359n3, 621n3; and Conway cabal, 559, 559n1; correspondence of, 302n4; and factionalism, 171; and French alliance, 572n2; identified, 755; and independence, 237, 249, 250nn2–3; JJ’s relationship with, 96–97, 99, 171; militancy of, xxv; moderate distrust of, xxvii; and northern command, 422n4; and trade policy, 140, 141n3; writings of, 97, 98, 99, 107n4 Lee, Sydney, 598; identified, 599n4 Lee, William: business practices of, 662–63, 663n3; and Deane-Lee affair, 604n3; identified, 621n7 Lee family: and Conway cabal, 559, 559n1; and Deane-Lee affair, 583; and family compact, 621n5; intrigues of, 682, 682n6 Legge, William (Earl of Dartmouth): identified, 81n1 (25 March 1773) Legget, Isaac, 66 Leghorn, Italy, 314 Legislature: role of, xxxix–xl Le Havre, France, 499 Leisler’s rebellion, 373 Lenox, David, 622 Leslie, Alexander, 597; identified, 599n2 Lester, Mordecai, 130n2 Lever, Ashton, Sir, 317n8 Lewis, Elizabeth Annesley (wife of Francis Lewis), 437; identified, 438n2 Lewis, Elizabeth Ludlow, 72n10 Lewis, Francis, 72n10, 126, 187, 194, 198n4, 245, 261, 262n1 (29 June 1776), 293, 294n1, 303n8, 640; on Board of Admiralty, 438n3; and charges against Robert Morris, 592n1; on Committee of Fifty-one, 84; as congressional delegate, 321, 438n3, 491, 492n4, 545, 546n5; identified, 71n4, 755; letters from, 437–38, 584–85, 596–97; on Marine Committee, 621n3; on N.Y. Committee of Correspondence, 85 Lewis, Francis (b. 1750), 71, 244n2; identified, 72n10 Lewis, Morgan, 71, 515n4, 526, 527n6, 619n1; identified, 71n4

Lexington and Concord: battles of, 135 L’Hommedieu, Ezra, 705, 708; identified, 705n2 Liberty: views on, 100–101, 325–26, 454, 503, 667–68 Liberty, English, 101, 105 Liberty Hall (Livingston home), xlix, 83 Lincoln, Benjamin, 471, 483, 600, 697n2; and court-martial of Philip Schuyler, 441, 441n5; identified, 472n6; letter from, 667; military operations of, 595, 596n3, 667n1 Lincoln, Charles Z., 401 Lincoln’s Inn, 23 Liquors, spiritous: excise tax on, 583n2; writings against, 582n1 Lisbon, Portugal, 303n13, 724n3 Lispenard, Anthony, 71; identified, 72n13 Lispenard, Leonard, 71, 91; identified, 72n12 Litchfield, John, 60; identified, 60n4 Litchfield, Conn., 12n1 Liverpool, England, 314, 472, 633 Livingston, Abraham, 231; identified, 232n3 Livingston, Catharine Wilhemina (sister of Sarah Livingston Jay), 90, 391, 392, 418, 435, 561, 628, 731n4; correspondence of, quoted, 82–83; correspondence of, referred to, 733; identified, 755; and Jay and Livingston papers, xlix; letter from, 487–91; news of, 394, 435, 593–94; portrait of, 730 Livingston, Catherine (1756–1830), 75n1 Livingston, Catherine De Peyster, 31, 31n2 Livingston, Edward (Ned, brother of Robert R. Livingston), 200, 570; identified, 571n2 Livingston, Gertrude (Getty, sister of Robert R. Livingston), 618; identified, 619n1 Livingston, Gilbert, 75n1, 178, 274, 282, 281, 283n2; identified, 178n2; letter from, 276–77; and religious toleration, 378, 379, 381; on secret committee for Hudson River defense, 273 Livingston, Helen, 588n2 Livingston, Henry (1752–1823), 71; identified, 72n7 Livingston, Henry Beekman (brother of Robert R. Livingston), 167, 168n7, 184, 185, 185n2, 203, 370, 370n2; correspondence of, 203n2, 204; identified, 131n5; military activities, 129, 161, 162n9, 179n2, 196, 213n6, 312, 313n8, 360, 360n4, 391, 392n1; resignation of, 573, 574n2 Livingston, Henry Brockholst (brother of Sarah Livingston Jay), 489, 490n16, 589, 594, 628, 663, 729, 733; identified, 755; letters from, 447–49, 720–24; as secretary to JJ, 561, 562n6, 714; voyage to Spain, 714, 725, 727 Livingston, Henry Gilbert: identified, 365n1; letter from, 364–65 Livingston, James, 247n3 Livingston, John (1714–86), 31n2, 71; identified, 71n6

Livingston, John Henry (1746–1825), 418; identified, 419n3 Livingston, John Lawrence (Jack or Johnny, brother of Sarah Livingston Jay), 593–94, 721 Livingston, John Robert (1754–1851, brother of Robert R. Livingston), 129, 196, 196nn1– 2, 200, 201n7, 203, 203n2, 204, 587, 588n2; identified, 131n5 Livingston, Margaret Beekman (mother of Robert R. Livingston), 204, 570, 607 Livingston, Mary Stevens (Mrs. Robert R. Livingston), 112n2, 200, 204, 524, 607; identified, 112n2 Livingston, Peter Van Brugh, 56, 58, 58n5, 126, 731n4; identified, 126n3 Livingston, Philip (1686–1749), 82 Livingston, Philip (1716–78): as assembly speaker, 57, 58n5; as candidate for governor, 426; as congressional candidate, 91; as congressional delegate, 93, 128n5, 185, 185n4, 262, 262n3, 396, 397n5, 422n1; council of war at home of, 289; family of, 34; identified, 185n4, 755–56; illness and death of, 526, 527n10; letter to, 260; letters from, 107–10, 258–59, 259; as military contractor, 303n8; and religious toleration, 385; on secret committee (N.Y.), 252, 258–59, 260, 262, 262n3; warrant of, 259–60 Livingston, Philip Peter, 56; identified, 56n1 Livingston, Robert (1654–1728), 34 Livingston, Robert (1688–1775, grandfather of Robert R. Livingston), 34, 42, 72n7, 129, 274, 283n2, 287 Livingston, Robert (1708–90), 71n6; identified, 283n2 Livingston, Robert Gilbert, 75n1; identified, 365n1 Livingston, Robert R. (1718–1775, father of Robert R. Livingston), 131n6, 185, 200; identified, 185n3; role of, 34 Livingston, Robert R. (1746–1813), 88, 261, 358–59, 487, 494, 498, 506, 507, 511n2, 513, 517, 519n2, 559, 566, 567n3, 656; as chancellor, 405, 433n1, 445n1, 583, 583n4; cipher with, 719–20; on committee for organizing state government, 403; on Committee of Correspondence, 430n1; confers with Philip Schuyler, 463n12; confers with Washington, 455n2; on congressional committee, 137n1, 168n6, 250nn3–4; as congressional delegate, 128n5, 194, 239n7, 662; on Council of Revision, 544–45, 546n3, 546n4; as critic of peace commissioners, xxxiv; in Dancing Assembly, 75; and diplomatic posts, 570, 587, 603, 604n4, 606, 732; as friend of JJ, xxvi, xxxiv, 34, 35–36, 37–42, 127, 239, 241, 404, 526, 606; and Hickey Plot, 253; identified, 756; illness of, 200n3; JJ’s correspondence with, 266, 511, 657; as law partner of JJ, 34, 55; letter to, quoted, 680n1; letters from, 129–31, 159–63, 166–68, 198–201, 247–49, 276–77, 288, 407–8, 543–44, 586–88, 602–4, 618–20, 706, 731–32; letters to, 35–36, 37–43, 56–58, 110–12, 184–85, 202–4, 245–47, 262, 278–80, 397–99, 408– 13, 570–71, 606–7, 698–99, 719–20, 744; member, the Moot, 62; as moderate, xxvi; and N.Y. Constitution, 400, 402, 403, 404, 406; in N.Y. Convention, 358; and organization of state courts, 403–4, 407–13; personal characteristics of, 39–40; relationship with JJ, 545, 546n4; and religious toleration, 375n9, 378; on secret committee for Hudson River

defense, 273, 281, 282, 284, 406; as secretary for foreign affairs, xxix, xxxiv; in Social Club, 71; as special delegate, 733n1; and Vermont controversy, 538, 540n8, 554 Livingston, Sarah (1752–1814), 418; identified, 419n3 Livingston, Sarah (1755–1825): identified, 731n4 Livingston, Susan (sister of Sarah Livingston Jay), 594, 613n1, 720 Livingston, Susannah French (mother of Sarah Livingston Jay), 82, 84, 366, 489, 490n13, 594; letters to, 720–22, 723–31; miniature of, 730; relatives of, 361 Livingston, Walter, 161, 232; identified, 163n12; letter to, 231–33 Livingston, William (father of Sarah Livingston Jay): address of, 324, 367, 367n1; and address to the people of Ireland, 137n1; and anti-Catholicism, 373; as congressional delegate, xxvii, 93, 187–88, 207, 207n1, 304; family of, 34; as father of Sarah Livingston Jay, 187, 560–61, 594, 721, 724; as governor of N.J., 360, 361n5, 391, 392n4, 426, 481; home of, xlix; house of, damaged, 488–89; identified, 756; intelligence conveyed to, 60n4; as JJ’s father-in-law, xxiii, xxvii, 84; JJ’s writings introduced by, 97; letter from, 366–67; letters to, 83–84, 388–90; member, the Moot, 60, 62, 63n5; moves to Elizabeth, N.J., 82; portrait of (illus.), 389; proclamations of, 388–89, 390n3; pseudonyms of, 457n7, 484n1; seafood enjoyed by, 726; speeches of, 367, 367n1, 390n7; writings of, 97–98, 99, 390n2, 457n7, 484n1 Livingston, William, Jr. (brother of Sarah Livingston Jay), 491n17, 594, 721 Livingston faction, 82 Livingston family: genealogy, lxxviii; JJ’s connections to, 570–71; opposition to power of, 426; papers of, xlix Livingston Manor, 58, 71n6, 131n6, 163n12, 283n2, 288n2, 494, 498, 535, 540n1, 545 Livingston’s Mill, 156, 157n2 Livius, Elizabeth Bradstreet (Mrs. Peter Livius), 605, 606n3 Livius, Peter, 606n3 Livy: Ab urbe condita, 52, 55n2 (1768) Loan offices, Continental: bills of, 508–9n2; certificates of, 668, 677n1; commissioner of, 639n5; funds placed in, 627 Loans, domestic: amount of, 671; interest on, 668; need for, 669, 676, 677, 677n1 Loans, foreign: amount of, 668; interest rates on, 717, 718n3; uses of, 539 Loans, public: compulsory, 645; interest on, 526; reliance on, 556 Locke, John, 375n1, 401, 402 Logwood, 717 London, England, 11n5, 15, 22, 23n5, 24, 27, 28, 89, 95n4, 247, 249n5, 296, 317n8, 318, 701; John Adams in, xxxv; colonial agents in, 118; court at, 708; JJ at, 319; livery of, 143, 177; negotiation of Jay Treaty in, xxx; Tower of, xxxiii London (ship), 84 London’s Ferry, 482

Long Island, N.Y., 157n4, 193n3, 285n2, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 293n2, 294n2, 299, 308n1, 362n2, 386–87, 453, 502, 541, 541n4, 547, 706n2; battle of, 392n1, 400, 628n1; defeat on, 321; Loyalists on, 215, 257n7; military operations on, 533; and oaths of allegiance, 388n2; prisoners on, 391; protections accepted on, 453; spies on, 547n1; troops on, 273, 362, 391 Long Island Sound, 499, 637, 639n2 Longueville, M., 296n1, 297n2, 298, 302n1 Loockermans, Govert, 1 L’Orient, France, 664, 665n3 Loring, Mr., 313n7 Lossing, Benson J., 256n5 Lottery, Continental, 369 Loudon, Samuel, 461, 462, 462n1; identified, 325; publications of, 321, 336n1, 347, 557; as state printer, 389–90 Louis XIV (king, France), 315 Louis XVI (king, France): alliance with, 716, 718n3; as ally, 630; and French aid, 563, 564, 569, 571, 572, 572n2; honor of, 551; as king of France, xxxi; orders of, 635, 635n3 Louisiana: ceded to Spain, xxxii, 711; East, 710 Lovell, James: on congressional committee, 643n4; and Conway cabal, 559n1; identified, 756–57; nominated for secretary to Franklin, 732, 733n6; quoted, 678n1 Low, Isaac, 84, 91, 109, 110; identified, 86n1 “Lower orders”: political capacities of, xxv Loyal American Regiment, 362, 363n1 Loyalism: impact on families, 386–88, 464–65, 512–13; penalties for, 172 Loyalists, xxvii, 415; aid British army, 215, 471, 483, 488, 490nn6–8; apprehension of, 172, 251, 252, 254, 256, 431, 454; banished, 255; behavior of, 391; with British army, 483; Catholics as, 172, 375n8; claims of, 256n5, 257n12; clamors of, 534; compensation for, 362; and conciliatory proposal, 516; connections with, attacked, 545, 546n7; and counterfeiting, 252, 254; courts-martial of, 417n1; and crime, 514, 520, 521; as criminals, 522–23, 523n1; depredations of, 514, 522–23, 523nn1–2; deterrence of, 322; disarmament of, 172, 251; and due process, 256; employed by British ministry, 171; exchange of, 358– 59; execution of, 415; exiled, 255, 319, 362, 362n2, 362n4, 368n1, 416, 423n1, 435, 466n4; hanging of, 253, 254, 416, 417, 417n1, 422n3, 423; imprisoned, 172, 252, 367–69, 414, 417n1, 422n3, 423, 423n1, 424n2, 465, 466n1, 466n4, 501–2, 501n1 (2 January 1778); influence of, feared, 255, 371–72, 414, 466n4; investigated, 252–53, 254, 318, 361, 363–64, 375, 415; and loyalty oaths, 415; military operations of, 454, 455n1, 455n3; military service of, 348, 361, 362nn1–2, 371–72, 521; mob action against, 251, 422n3; and neutrality, 255, 318, 361, 362, 363, 414; and oaths of allegiance, 255, 367, 369, 386–88, 435, 435nn2–3, 466n4; pardon of, 255; paroled, 319, 415, 416, 423n1, 424n2, 502; passes requested by, 529, 529nn4–5; passports denied to, 528; as prisoners, 358–59, 360; property of, confiscated, 322, 362, 362n2, 362n4, 371–72, 415, 435n3, 582, 583, 603, 606,

607n2, 619, 620n5, 627, 639, 705, 706n4; protections offered to, 219; Quakers as, 488, 490nn6–7; recruitment by, 252, 349, 628n1; regiments of, 349, 362, 363nn1–2, 372n2, 375n8, 435n3; return of, 318, 319; spies posing as, 347, 348; and Sullivan expedition, 554, 653n1; suppression of, xxiv; as tenants, 486; treatment by British, 329, 340; treatment of, 219; troops of, 501; views of, 456; warrants for arrest of, 257n7; writings of, 256n5, 325 Lubeken (Lubkener), Albert, 65, 66n1 Ludlow, Daniel, 71; identified, 72n15 Ludlow, Gabriel, 72n10 Ludlow, George, 71; identified, 72n17, 157n5 Ludlow, George Duncan, 72nn14–15, 72nn17–18; identified, 157n5 Ludlow, William, 71, 156, 157n5; identified, 72n18 Lupton, George (alias, James van Zandt), 303n17 Lush, Stephen, 596n6 Lynch, Michael, 252; identified, 252 Lynch, Thomas, Jr., 238, 239n8, 243, 265, 294 Lynch, Thomas, Sr., 119, 137n1, 239n8; identified, 119 Maclean, Allan, 162n6 MacPherson, James (Ossian), 27, 27n5 Madison, James, xxv, xxx, xxxvi, xxxvii, xlii, 554 Madrid, Spain, xxxii, xxxiii, 585, 708 Magaw, Robert, 210n2 Mahogany, 717 Mail: intercepted, 612, 613n1, 615, 618 Malcom, William: identified, 682n2; position for, 681, 682n2, 700, 702n2; regiment of, 654, 655n2 Mamaroneck (Mamarinek), N.Y., 312 Manhattan, N.Y., 31, 289, 308n1, 352n6, 386–88. See also New York City Manhattan Company, 72n15 Manhood: appeals to, 330, 335–36, 346 Manufacturing: British restrictions on, 672; encouragement of, 496–97; establishment of, 333, 343, 344 Marblehead, Mass., 548 Marbletown, N.Y.: militia, 356n2 Marie Antoinette: Sarah Jay compared to, xxxiii Marr, John, 650n1 Marseilles, France, 301, 303n17 Marsh, John: quoted, 257n5 Martin, William, 429–30; identified, 430n2

Martinique (Martinico), 549n4, 744; agent at, 585–86, 592–93; departure from, 747; governor of, 745, 746; landing at, xxxii, 726, 729, 730, 733, 737, 738, 740, 741, 742, 743, 745; navy at, 732 Maryland, 100, 123, 132, 240, 243, 309, 526, 527n7, 697; commissaries in, 631; convention, 241n1, 243n2; delegates, 242, 243n2; democracy in, 366; exports to Bermuda, 616n1; and instructions to JJ, xxxvi; land for officers and soldiers of, 584; militia, 359, 366; munitions arrive at, 395–96; and ratification of Articles of Confederation, 552, 553; and Restraining Acts, 141n2; unrepresented in Congress, 359; and western lands, 552 Mason, Bernard, 401 Mason, George, 662, 663, 663n3; identified, 663n3 Masons: references to, 617 Massachusetts: boundary dispute with New York, 80n1; Britain’s punishment of, xxvi; and Canadian campaign, 162n7, 225nn11–12, 472n6, 704n1; cannon in, 622, 623n2; charter, 104; delegates, 161n1, 163n11, 317n8; eruption of war in, xxvii; General Court, 648, 648n2; governors of, 103; House of Representatives of, 90–91; legal societies in, 61; militia, 351, 370n1, 513n1 (28 April 1778), 610; popularity of George Howe in, 138n3; prisoners of war in, 577; privateers, 577; publications in, 677n1; support for congressional delegation, 662; support of colonies for, xxvi; troops, 388, 390n4; and Vermont controversy, 679n1, 690, 691, 693, 694, 696n6, 704n1, 965 Massachusetts Bay, 100, 104, 105, 123, 132, 133, 175–76, 697, 702 Massachusetts Government Act, xxvi Massachusetts Historical Society: Jay and Livingston papers at, xlix Massachusetts Spy, 390n8, 530n2 Matthews, David, 62, 258, 259n1 (21 June 1776), 259n1 (22 June 1776); and Hickey Plot, 252, 253, 254, 256n5; identified, 62n4; quoted, 257n12 Matthews, Fletcher, 257n7, 259, 259n1 (22 June 1776) Matthews, James, 257n7, 259; identified, 259n1 (22 June 1776) Maurepas, Jean-Frédéric Phelypeaux, comte de, 301; identified, 303n10 Maxwell, William, 597 Mayor’s court (NYC): fee book, 285n1; records of, lii Mayor’s courts (N.Y.), 410 McCord, John: identified, 225n6 McCord, John, Jr., 222; identified, 225n6 McDougall, Alexander, 86n1, 187n4, 201, 290, 312, 312n1, 313n7, 365n1, 516; commands held by, 517n7; as congressional candidate, 91; early activism of, 85; identified, 757; information from, 622; and intelligence operations, 613n1, 659, 660n11; JJ’s correspondence with, 140, 168, 172, 251; JJ’s relationship with, 113; letters from, 149–51, 152–55, 156–57, 163–64, 179–81, 189–93, 196–98, 207–8, 211–14, 229–31, 311–13, 369–70, 613–14; letters to, 146–48, 164–65, 169–70, 178–79, 185–87, 188–89, 201–2, 208–10, 215–19, 226–27, 233, 596–97, 614–15; and military appointments, 365n1; military operations of,

393–95; on New York Committee of Correspondence, 85; notes of, 114n3; portrait of (illus.), 154; in provincial congress, 181n6; —, letters from, 181–84; quoted, 113 McDougall, John, 180, 312n6; identified, 181n8 McDougall, Ranald S., 312n6, 313n7 McKean, Thomas, 614n1 (22 March 1779), 643, 643n4, 679n1 McKesson, John: correspondence of, 403, 404, 516, 516n1; identified, 403, 516n1; law practice, 68n1; letter from, 589–91; and N.Y. Constitution, 403; positions held by, 445n2, 516, 516n1, 583, 584n6, 591; as secretary of convention, 407, 412; as secretary of Council of Safety, 445n2; as secretary of provincial congress, 254 McKnight, Dr., 544 McLean, Peter, 257n7, 260n1 (22 June 1776) Meal: impressment of, 583n2, 590 Measam, George, 515; identified, 515n6 Mease, James, 515; identified, 515n6 Meat: prices of, 360, 391; quality of, 651 Medicine: operations on eyes, 528. See also Diseases; Health and medicine Mercer, George, 532n1 Merchants, American: compensation for, xliii; criticism of, 495–96; investigated, 555; meetings of, 84; needs of, xxxv; and trade regulation, 139; vessels armed by, 595 Merchants, British: impact of war on, 334, 344 Merchants Coffee House (Philadelphia), 490n6 Merckle (Merkle, Myrtle), John Philip, 244n4, 249, 250n1; identified, 244n4 Mercure (Mercury, ship), 569; arrival of, 395n1 Mexico, 345, 673, 711; Gulf of, 711 Midagh (Middagh), Jacob, 417n1; identified, 417n1 Middlebrook, N.J.: army at, 428, 588, 599, 607, 615n1, 627 Middlesex, England: estate in, 598 Middlesex County, England, 143, 145n2 Middle Temple, 23n5 Middletown, N.J., 622 Mifflin, Thomas, 278, 279, 280, 304, 304n2, 502; and Conway cabal, 559n1, 560; identified, 248n1 Military departments: effectiveness of, 515 Military stores: removal of, 119 Militia: arming of, 379; depredations of, 507; drafts of, 637–38; goods seized by, 390n3; and Hudson River defense, 273; in New York, 483 (see also New York: militia); oaths of allegiance of, 388n2; short service of, 595; in the South, 608; use of, 513n1 (28 April 1778); victories of, 507n1 Miller, John Henry, 137n1 Mill Prison, England, 650n4

Mills, Zebediah: vote of, 380, 381 Milton, John, 375n1, 401 Minerva (ship), 31, 32 Minisink Patent, 77 Minorca: acquisition of, 712 Mirallesy Trajan, Juan de, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715n13; identified, 711 Mississippi River, 584; as boundary, xxxiii, xxxiv, 712; British posts on, 710, 713; free ports on, 712, 717, 718n3; land on, for half-pay officers, 598; navigation of, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxv–xxxvi, 710, 711, 712, 714, 715nn8–10, 716, 718nn3–4 Mississippi Valley, xxxiv Mitchell, John (deputy quartermaster general), 685; identified, 686n6 Mobile, Ala., 712 Mobs, 251, 421, 422n3, 687n4 Moderates: attitude toward independence, xxvii–xxviii; characteristics of, xxv; motives of, xxvi Mohawk River, 473, 474, 475n3, 611n2, 650, 653n2 Mohawks: military operations of, 455n3, 474n1 Mohawk Valley, 236n2; British recruitment in, 172; Catholics in, 375n8; military operations in, 453–55, 473, 474n1, 650, 653n2 Molleson, William, 532n1 Monaghan, Frank, xlix; quoted, 120 Monarchy: debate on, 50, 51n1 Money: hard (see Specie); light, 210; proclamation, 506, 506n8, 627, 628n2 —paper: Canadian opposition to, 629; counterfeiting of, 481 (see also Counter-feiting); depreciation of, 397, 584n5, 586, 717; inadequacy of, 618; opposition to, 657n2; payments in, 605; reasons for, 668; stopping of, 490n6; support for credit of, 420; taxation on, 584n5; writings on, 584n5. See also Currency, Continental Monier, John, 65, 66n2 “Monitor” (pseudonym), 170n6 Monmouth: battle of, 529n3, 535n4 Monmouth County, N.J., 529, 529n2, 622, 623 Monmouth Court House, 529 Montagnie’s Tavern, NYC, 113 Montcalm, Louis-Joseph, 162n2 Montgomerie (ship), 231n1 Montgomery, Richard, 160, 161, 163n10, 166, 167n1, 167n3, 198, 200n1, 272n4, 620n7; identified, 162n4 Montreal, Canada, 151n3, 160, 161, 162n2, 162nn5–6, 167n1, 167n5, 168n5, 191, 196, 221, 222, 224, 225n1, 233, 474n1 Moore, George H., xlvii

Moore, Henry, 49, 56, 57, 66; identified, 50n3 Moore, John, 71, 71nn2–3 Moot, the: membership of, 44n2 (25 April 1766), 60–61, 62, 77; records of, lii; role of, 60– 61; rules of, 61–63 Morality: debates on, 52–55 Morgan, Daniel, 474; identified, 475n2 Morgan, George, 679n2 Morgan, John, 357, 360, 555; identified, 357n1; letter from, 635–37 Morris, Gouverneur, 207n2, 248, 261, 262, 278n6, 310n3, 445, 469n7, 489, 587, 597, 602, 603, 646; and appointments, 445, 445n1; attacks on, 661, 662n3; biblical allusions of, 505, 506n3; and British peace overtures, 518, 519; classical allusions of, 518, 519n5; on committee for organizing state government, 403; on Committee of Correspondence, 430n1; on congressional committees, 624, 632n3, 649n1; as congressional delegate, 422n1, 487, 491, 492n4, 514n4, 543, 619, 620n6, 626, 656, 657, 660, 661, 662n3, 699, 699n2; correspondence of, l; —, quoted, 82–83; and Deane-Lee affair, 551; and diplomatic posts, 699, 732, 733n6; as friend of JJ, 404; identified, 757; and impressment, 503; JJ’s correspondence with, 405; legal practice of, 131, 131n1; letters from, 126–128, 131, 258– 59, 283, 407–8, 505–6, 513–14, 517–20, 530–33; letters to, 138, 397–99, 408–13, 449–50, 510– 12, 514–15, 524–27, 541, 542–43, 544–46, 698–99; Loyalist connections of, xxv, 545, 546n7; member, the Moot, 62, 62n2; and military affairs, 419n1 (15 May 1777), 462, 463n13, 503; as moderate, xxv, xxvi; and naturalization, 382, 383, 384, 385; not reelected, 705, 708; and N.Y. Constitution, 246n3, 400, 403, 404, 406, 413n4; and organization of state courts, 403– 4, 407–13; and pardon of Loyalists, 350, 351n2; and the press, 511–12n4; quoted, 550; and religious toleration, 375n9, 377, 378, 380, 382; reports drafted by, 519n1 (29 April 1778), 519n1 (3 May 1778), 524, 715n9; on secret committee (N.Y.), 252; and slavery, 413n4; in Social Club, 71; and trade restrictions, 616n1; and trial by jury, 379; and Vermont controversy, 518, 626, 626n1 (to George Clinton, 22 May 1779), 657, 657n3, 708–9; vote of, 377; on voting by ballot, 403; warrant of, 259–60; writings of, 511–12n4, 526, 530, 530n2 Morris, Jacob, 360n4, 510, 511n1; identified, 207n4 Morris, Lewis, 185, 186, 187n5, 196, 197n3, 207n2, 207n4, 232, 239n7, 250, 278n6, 502, 511n1, 530, 530n3; as congressional delegate, 168n8, 205, 206, 435; correspondence of, 121; identified, 757; letter to, 357; letters from, 231–33, 293–94, 360–61, 369, 396–97 Morris, Lewis, Jr., 360n4; identified, 207n4 Morris, Lewis Richard, 414; identified, 414n2 Morris, Mary Philipse, 362n4 Morris, Mary Walton (Mrs. Lewis Morris), 310, 360; identified, 361n6 Morris, Richard, 45, 58, 59, 530n3; appointed judge of admiralty, 445n3; identified, 59n1, 757–58; letter from, 443–45; letter to, 414; member, the Moot, 62; as state chief justice, 445n2

Morris, Richard B.: and JJ’s papers, xlvii, xlix, l–lii Morris, Robert, 296, 297n2, 298n1, 301, 302n1, 303n17, 317n1, 360, 469n1; attitude toward independence, xxviii; charges against, 591–92; and commercial affairs, 621n7; on congressional committees, 358, 621n3; correspondence of, l, 359; and Deane-Lee affair, 532n1; identified, 758; and impressment, 503; JJ’s esteem for, 541, 541n4; letters from, 297–98, 352–55, 358–59, 395–96; letters to, 294–97, 298–303, 306–7, 309–10, 472–73, 499– 500, 591–92; as moderate, xxvi; Spain supplied by, 718n3; urges JJ to return to Congress, xxviii Morris, Roger, 361, 362n4 Morris, Thomas, 295, 301, 303n17, 621n7 Morris County, N.J., 627 Morristown, N.J., 359n6, 394, 396, 418, 446, 560 Moses Creek, N.Y., 448, 448n4, 449, 457, 460, 461, 464n1, 469, 470n1 Mott, Edward, 166, 167; identified, 167n2 Mouchard family: as relatives of Jay family, 3, 4n9 Mount Defiance (Sugar Loaf Mountain), N.Y., 440 Mount Ephraim, N.Y., 349 Mount Independence, N.Y., 443n4, 447, 458, 471 Mount Niels, N.Y., 475 Mount Washington, N.Y., 278, 279, 298, 351 Moylan, Stephen, 304, 304n2 Muhlenburgh, John Peter Gabriel, 441 Muller, Carel, 522 Munitions: importation of, 140, 141n11, 172, 359n2, 394, 395–96, 468, 469n6; supply of, 333, 343 Munro, Eve Jay (sister of John Jay, Mrs. Henry Munro), 3, 28, 32, 210; identified, 3 Munro, Henry (Harry), 83n4 Munro, Peter Jay (nephew of John Jay): papers of, xlix; voyage of, 714, 725, 727, 729–30 Munro, William, 66 Murray, David: identified, 303n18 Murray, George, 4 Murray, James, 191; identified, 193n8 Murray, John, 114; identified, 115n3 Murray, John (Earl of Dunmore), 63; identified, 64n2 Murray, Lindley, 29, 51n1, 53, 55n1 (1768); identified, 29n2 Murray, Robert, 114; identified, 115n3 Museum of the City of New York: Jay papers at, xlix Muskets, 655 Nantasket road, 239n3 Nantes, France, 424, 472, 473, 621n7, 663, 663n3

Nantucket, Mass.: salt from, 495 Nassau Island, 191 Nassau Street, NYC, 73 Nationalism: sources of, xxxvii Naturalization: requirements for, 373, 374, 379, 382, 383, 385, 413n3; views on, 374. See also Constitution, New York (1777) Naval evolutions: writings on, 197n3 Navy, British, 192; American ships seized by, xliii–xliv; arrival at N.Y., 253, 273; block- ades by, 104; captures by, 432; cruisers of, 721; impressment by, 328, 339; intelligence on, 472; location of, 468, 469n2, 664; Loyalist aid to, 251; operations of, 396, 437, 533, 534, 535n1, 535n2, 633, 635n2, 649, 649n1, 650n4, 701–2; power of, 332, 342, 343; and prisoners, 577; supply of, 332; threat from, 742; in West Indies, 746 Navy, Continental: commission of, 181nn7–8; construction of, 273; establishment of, 216; expenses of, 592, 593n1; flags used by, 216, 218n1; management of, 620, 621n3; midshipmen in, 721; officers of, 722–24; operations of, 424, 472, 595, 649–50n1, 665n1, 665n3; vessels of, 592, 593n1; —, burnt, 491. See also Confederacy (ship); Harding, Seth Navy, French: location of, 418; operations of, 533, 534, 535n1, 535n2, 548, 549nn3–4, 633, 635n2, 667, 697, 701, 705, 706n5, 707, 732, 733nn3–4; —, in the South, 682n5; protection by, 742; vessel provided by, 729, 737, 741, 744, 746; in West Indies, 746 Navy, Spanish, 334, 585, 671, 701 Nebuchadnezzar, 330 Necker, Jacques, 303n15, 635n4 Negroes, 470. See also African Americans Neil, Hugh, 50; identified, 50n7 Nelson, Thomas, 240, 359; identified, 241n4 Neshaminy Creek, 241n6 Netherlands, 214n2; Huguenots in, 1; independence of, 674. See also United Provinces (Holland, Netherlands) Neutrality: difficulty maintaining, xliii; disputes over, xxx, xlii–xliii Neutrality, Proclamation of (1793): Jay involvement in, lii Neutral rights: importance of, xliii Neuville, Rene-Hippolyte Penot Lomard de Noirmont de la, 659n8, 681, 682n3, 700 Nevins, Allen: and Jay papers, l Newark, N.J., 325 Newark Academy, 318 Newberry Library: draft of Federalist 3 at, liin5 New Britain, N.Y., 81 New Brunswick, Canada, 435n3 New Brunswick, N.J., 82, 366 Newbury, Vt., 578

Newcastle, Del., 355n5 New England (Eastern States), 28, 111, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 166, 181, 190, 191, 224, 225n12, 250; anti-Catholicism in, 373; antipathy toward Philip Schuyler in, 439, 440, 468, 469n3, 575, 612; assistance from, 497; conflict with New York, xxxi, 433, 439, 449–50, 688, 699; criticism of, 470; depredations of troops from, 388, 390n7; as “English party,” xxxi; expedition, 178; and fisheries, xxxi; militia, 440, 468, 469n3, 482; popularity of Gates in, 439, 469n3, 469n5, 518; population of, 518; provisions in, 631; shortages in, 485, 595, 610; troops of, 370n1; and Vermont controversy, 688, 689 New England Chronicle, 137n1, 256n5 Newfoundland, 316, 735, 740, 747; fisheries of, 313, 712 New Hampshire, 64n1, 100, 123, 132, 161n1, 225n5, 225n10, 293n4, 306, 395, 696n2, 697, 702, 704n1; boundary dispute with New York, 63; General Court, letters to, 306; militia, 513n1 (28 April 1778); and ratification of the Constitution, xl; shortages in, 578; and Vermont controversy, 554, 567n2, 590, 626n1 (to George Clinton, 22 May 1779), 641n3, 660, 666n1, 679n1, 690, 691, 692–93, 694, 695, 704n1 New Hampshire Grants, 63–64, 64n8, 248n2, 704n1, 740n9 New Haven, Conn.: committee of, 113, 115n2; letter to, 114–15 New Jersey, 59, 80, 100, 123, 132, 159, 165n4, 170n5, 180n5, 211, 212, 213n3, 225n5, 226, 230, 238, 240, 271, 272, 308n1, 311, 352, 355, 361n5, 524, 601, 697; Assembly, 79, 119, 172, 367, 367n1; battalions raised by, 171; boundary dispute with New York, 77–80, 731; college in, 571n2; congressional delegates of, xxvii; convention of, 171; council of, 367; currency of, 488, 490n6; Germans in, 321–22; governor of (See Franklin, William; Livingston, William); and independence, 172, 173; land for officers and soldiers of, 584; laws of, 627; legal societies in, 61; legislature, 324, 388–89, 390n7, 642, 643n1, 643n4; military operations in, xxviii, 320, 331, 332, 343, 366, 367, 369, 392, 398, 399, 428–30, 456, 457n4, 488–89, 490n6, 600n1, 622; militia, 367, 488, 490n12, 529, 622, 625n2; militia bill of, 367, 367n1, 388; moderates in, xxiii; protections accepted in, 454; regiments of, 213n5; and Restraining Acts, 141n2; taxation in, 642–43, 643n1, 643n4; unrepresented in Congress, 359; and Vermont controversy, 689; wreck at, 629n1 New Jersey Gazette, 457n7, 484n1, 584n5, 594n2, 646n2 “New Jersey Man, A” (pseudonym, William Livingston), 457n7 New London, Conn., 577, 637, 678 New Netherland, 147n1 (17 October 1775) New Orleans, La., xxxi, xxxv Newspapers: British, 600; congressional publications in, 137n1; and Deane-Lee affair, 550, 551; information in, 566n2 (8 January 1779), 656; leaks to, xliii; publication of letters in, 618; publication of names of disaffected in, 172; public notices in, 85; Republican, xliii; writings in, 321, 324, 325, 583, 584n5 Newtown (New Town), N.Y., 541, 541n4, 653n1 New Utrecht, N.Y., 391

New Windsor, N.Y., 219n2, 275, 646 New York, xxiii, 11n5, 11n9, 12, 15, 24, 26, 31, 32, 35, 37nn1–3, 43, 44–45, 44nn1–2 (26 April 1766), 55n1 (Legal Practice), 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63n6, 64, 67, 68, 73, 75, 76, 80, 81, 85, 87, 90, 92, 95, 100, 110, 114, 115n2, 129, 131n2, 132, 133, 141n7, 141n11, 147n1 (17 October 1775), 147n2 (26 October 1775), 148, 149, 151n3, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 163, 167, 170, 178, 179, 180n6, 181, 182, 193n9, 196, 200n4, 201, 211, 212, 214, 225n5, 226, 227nn1–2, 229, 230, 232nn2–3, 234, 243, 245, 246, 247, 249n4, 258, 259, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 272, 275, 276, 278, 279, 281, 283n1 (3 August 1776), 284, 285, 287, 289, 293, 298, 299, 302, 303, 304, 304n2, 307n2, 308n1, 309n2, 310n3, 317n8, 319, 320, 352n3, 354, 355, 362n1, 488, 490n13, 514, 524–25, 529, 537–38, 540nn4–5, 540nn8–9, 542, 545, 546n6, 547, 548n1, 584, 595, 666, 698, 704n1; act of attainder of, 362; addresses published in, 320–47; advantages of, 584; anti-Catholicism in, 373, 375; approves independence, 265; armed vessels of, 215; army supplied by, 666; arrival of British fleet at, 273; arrival of Jay family in, 1; artillery of, 167n3; Assembly, 78, 113, 118, 194n2, 200n4, 402, 403, 407–8, 413nn1–2, 426, 433, 434n1 (from Peter W. Yates, 5 June 1777), 444n1, 481, 486, 487, 509, 524–25, 542, 544–45, 545–46n2, 546n3, 546n6, 582, 583, 583n2, 589, 590, 603, 604n3, 619n4, 639, 640, 662n3, 666n3; —, dissolution of, 195n1 (January 1776); —, elections for, 195n1 (January 1776), 204nn3–4; —, proroqued, 168; attorney general, 405 (see also Benson, Egbert); Banishing Act of, 319; boundary dispute with Massachusetts, 80n1; boundary dispute with New Hampshire, 63; boundary dispute with New Jersey, 77–80, 731n3; British attack on, expected, xxvii; British occupation of, 253, 254, 348, 364–65, 388n2, 391, 423n1; British troops in, 629n1; cedes western lands, 554; census, 408; chancellor, 402, 405, 410, 443, 445n1, 525, 538, 540n8, 545, 546nn3–4, 554, 583, 583n4 (see also Livingston, Robert R. [1746–1813]: as chancellor); chief justice, 554 (see also Jay, John: as state chief justice; Morris, Richard: as state chief justice); civil-military relations in, 266; clergy barred from officeholding in, 379; college at (see King’s College); colonial currency of, 488, 490n6; Commission for Detecting Conspiracies, 347, 371–72, 386, 466n4; commission of oyer and terminer, 508, 509n3; committee of, 130n2; conditions in prisons of, 415; confiscation of Loyalist property in, 582, 583, 603, 607n2, 619, 620n5, 639, 705, 706n4; conflict with New England, 688; Congress at, xxxv; congressional delegates, xxvii, 93, 119, 127n1, 142, 147n2 (26 October 1775), 165n6, 168n8, 173, 178, 186, 186n2, 187, 189nn2–3, 190, 193n3, 210n3, 213n3, 236, 262n1 (29 June 1776), 262n3, 294n1, 398, 422n1, 438n3, 440, 492n1, 492n4, 514n3, 536, 540n8, 540nn10–11, 543, 544n2, 545, 546n5, 550, 554, 560, 590, 603, 604n3, 619, 620n6, 660, 661, 662n3, 699, 705, 708–9, 733n1, 733n6; constitution of (see Constitution, New York [1777]); Council of Appointment, 402–3, 404, 409–10, 413nn1–2, 443, 444, 444n1, 511–12n4, 525, 527n3, 546n3, 657–58n5, 679; Council of Revision, 402, 444n1, 508, 512n4, 520, 544, 545–46n2, 546n3, 583n4, 595, 603, 620n5, 639; Council of Safety, 288, 355n5, 405, 416, 419n1 (16 May 1777), 423, 424n2, 425, 426, 428n1, 433nn1–2, 440, 442, 443nn2–3, 445n2, 446, 450, 450nn1–2, 452, 453, 453n3, 455n5, 455nn1–2, 458–59, 466, 466n1, 466n4, 469n3, 491, 493n3, 497nn1–2, 502, 544, 545n2, 546n3; —, letter from,

453–55; counterfeiting in, 252, 254, 520; counties of, 113; county committees, 219; county treasurers, 85; court of admiralty of, 445n3; courts, 402, 403–4; courts of oyer and terminer in, 515n2, 520–21, 522, 523; crime in, 520–21, 522–23, 523nn2–3; criticism of, 217, 218; currency of, 219, 219n4, 590; and Deane-Lee affair, 557–58, 583; death penalty in, 416, 417n1, 521, 522; debating society in, 51; defeat in, 321; defense of, 119, 208n1, 273, 596; depredations in, 388, 390n7, 393; disaffection in, 251, 252–53, 257n7, 454; economic regulations in, 645; elections in, 91, 93, 237, 419, 425, 426, 427–28, 427n6, 433, 433n1, 434, 435–37, 640, 646, 662n3, 705; electoral system of, 407–8, 413nn1–2; embargoes in, 546n3, 645; embarkation of troops from, 707; establishment of state government in, xxviii, 237, 389, 403, 421, 587; estates confiscated in, 361, 362, 362n2, 362n4; evacuation of, 387; exchange in, 113; exports to Bermuda, 155n1; factions in, 34, 82, 84, 91, 92, 112, 113, 400, 426, 427–28, 433, 434, 435–37, 514; frame of government for, 265, 389; freeholder requirements, 427, 427n6; freeholders of, 402; freemen of, 402; and French fleet, 705, 706n5; and frontier defense, 595; Germans in, 321; governor of, xliv, 402, 403, 409, 410, 413nn1–2, 419–20, 443, 444n1, 583, 583n4 (see also Clinton, George: as governor; Jay, John: as governor; Moore, Henry; Tryon, William [governor of New York]); grand juries in, 477–81; and Hickey Plot, 252, 256–57n5; history of, 347–49; impressments in, 273, 390n4, 502, 503–4, 583n2, 590; and independence, 237; Indian affairs in, 590; instructions to delegates of, 558; intelligence operations in, 254, 347–49, 614n1 (21 March 1779); invasion of, 119, 265; Jay family in, 3; JJ’s residence at, xxxv; JJ’s return to, xxxiv; judges, 443, 444, 444n1, 445nn1–3, 525, 537, 538, 540n8, 554, 583n4; judiciary, 407–13, 414, 435, 435n1; land claims of, 538, 540n5, 540n9, 719, 719n1; land for officers and soldiers in, 584, 585nn1–2; land speculation in, 67; lawyers of, 318; legal practice in, 14, 24n2, 28–29, 55, 60–61, 66–67; liberty pole of, 113; lieutenant governor, 402, 425, 426, 433, 583; local committees, 85, 91–02, 254, 255, 427, 433; lottery tickets in, 369; Loyalist regiments of, 362nn1–2; Loyalists, 118, 120, 168, 195, 202n2, 215, 371–72, 502; —, exiled from, 318, 319, 362, 362n2, 362n4, 371–72, 386–87; —, return to, 318, 319; loyalty investigations in, 255, 318–19, 361, 363–64, 365n1, 415; manufacturing in, 496; Mayor’s Court, 14n1, 44, 46n3, 55; meetings in, 113, 114; merchants, 433; military affairs in, 217, 370n1, 370n3, 422n2, 514n4; military appointments in, 365n1, 391, 392; military operations in, 119, 251, 254, 273–74, 331, 348, 391, 392–95, 418–19, 438, 438n3, 439, 444, 447–49, 454–55, 458–59, 460– 61, 464n1, 468, 469–70, 469n2, 470n1, 470n3, 471, 472, 472n7, 473–75, 474n1, 492–93, 529, 533, 535n1, 554, 600, 601n2, 653, 657, 657n4, 697; militia, 172, 179n2, 248n1, 252, 273, 283n1 (3 August 1776), 289, 370n3, 379, 388n2, 392–95, 392n1, 444, 448, 455n5, 460, 464, 473–74, 513n1 (28 April 1778), 614n1 (21 March 1779) (see also Militia); mills in, 361; mob action in, 251; moderates in, xxiii, xxv; munitions in, 252; negotiations in, xxxv; and oaths of allegiance, 217, 255, 319, 363, 365, 367, 369, 373, 375, 376, 383, 386–88, 404, 412– 13, 413n3, 415, 435n1, 466n4; occupation of, 95, 131n2, 748; paper money of, 627, 628n3; passes to, banned, 529; petitions of, 118, 120, 168; pluralism of, 373; politics of, xliv, 517, 524–25, 582–83, 587, 602–3, 606, 618–19, 619n4, 639–40, 681, 682n2, 706; powder supply

of, 215; prices in, 391; prisoners in, 254, 577, 577n1, 597, 745n1; prisoners sent from, 577; privateers from, 595; protections accepted in, 453; provincial congress, 126n1, 127n1, 139, 140, 142n1 (15 September 1775), 147n2 (17 October 1775), 151n1, 151n5, 157n3, 165n6, 168, 170n2, 178, 180n6, 180nn2–4, 181, 181n6, 184nn2–3, 184nn6–8, 187, 187nn2–3, 189, 193nn2–3, 197n1, 201, 208n2, 213n4, 213n6, 214n2, 216n5, 219n2, 219n4, 227nn1–2, 229n1, 231nn3–4, 232n3, 233, 234, 235n1, 237, 240n2, 241n6, 242, 243n1, 244n1, 246n3, 248n2, 251, 252, 253, 262nn1–3 (1 July 1776), 265, 265n2, 272nn1–2, 283n1 (3 August 1776), 361, 399, 400, 401; —, letters from, 125–26, 141–42; provincial council, 168; —, and boundary commission, 78; publications in, 320–47; ratification of Articles of Confederation, 499n4; ratifying convention, xl, 131n2; regiments and battalions of, 131n5, 193n7, 202n1, 213n2, 213nn5–6, 214, 214n2, 217, 218n4, 219n1, 235n1, 236n2, 263n1, 272n4, 272n6, 312, 312n1, 312n6, 313n8, 360n4; and religious toleration, 644; representation in Congress, 358–59; reputation of, 398, 661–62; resolutions, 590; restrictions on Catholicism in, 373–75, 376; riot in, xxxix; rivalry with New England, 439–42, 449–50; rumors in, 253; salaries of officials in, 517, 519n1 (29 April 1778), 525; Senate, 402, 403, 404, 407–8, 413nn1–2, 445n2, 481, 486, 524, 524n3, 525, 583, 589, 590, 603, 604n3, 619n5, 639; slavery in, 405, 413n4; social life in, 51, 60–61, 70–71, 74–75, 82–83; speaker of, 409, 413nn1–2, 487; specie from, 597, 599; spies in, 254, 256n5, 347–49, 362, 362n1, 547n1; supply of enemy by, 216, 217; support for Philip Schuyler in, 612; supreme court of, xxiv; taxation in, 219, 509, 517, 582, 590, 591n3, 704–5, 706n4; Tea Act opposed in, 84; teaching of French in, 589; tea imported by, 139, 141; test acts in, 373; and trade restrictions, 139, 140, 495, 497, 545n3; trade with, 587, 588n2; trade with enemy in, 494– 95; treasurers, 525, 590; troops depart from, 686; troops in, 686, 687n3; and Vermont controversy, xxx, 398, 399, 511, 512n5, 526, 537, 538, 540n5, 540n9, 542, 554, 567n2, 590, 627n1, 640, 641n3, 644–45, 657, 657n3, 660, 662nn1–2, 665–66, 678, 679n1, 687–96, 703–4, 708; visits to, denied, 319; voting procedures in, 403; voting qualifications in, 402, 426– 27; writings about, 347 —committees: Committee for Detecting Conspiracies, 254–55, 266, 318, 347, 349, 352n3, 356n1, 361, 363, 365n1, 375, 386, 415, 421; Committee for Preparing Form of Government, 389, 398; Committee of Accounts, 165n1; Committee of Arrangement, 391; Committee of Correspondence, 84–87, 93, 109, 430n1; Committee of Fifty-one, xxiii, xxiv, 84, 85–87, 91, 92n4, 93, 112; Committee of Mechanics, 109n2, 227n1; —, and elections, 91, 93; —, letter to, 109; —, proposals of, 91; Committee of One Hundred, 63n9, 95, 131n1, 157n5, 200n6; Committee of Safety, 130n2, 174n9, 180n3, 182, 187n2, 190, 193n2, 211, 213n3, 217, 219n3, 227n1, 230, 231n2, 235n1, 236, 236n2, 237n1, 266, 276n7, 279, 285n1, 289, 293nn1–2, 356n1, 357nn4–5, 392, 425; —, letter to, 236–37; Committee of Sixty, 112, 113, 115n3; —, letter from, 114; Committee on Disaffected Persons, 251; secret committee, 250n1, 252–53, 259; —, letter to, 260; —, letters from, 258–59, 259; —, warrant of, 259–60; secret committee for Hudson River defense, 253, 266, 273, 274, 276, 278, 281, 282, 284, 303n8, 406; —, letter from, 276–77; —, letter to, 284

—Convention, xxiv, xxviii, xxix, 113, 172, 173, 175, 179n4, 186, 186nn1–2, 187, 210n3, 215, 217, 240n2, 263, 265–66, 274, 280, 280n1, 281, 288, 289, 293n12, 302nn1–3, 313n8, 324, 348, 351n2, 357n4, 365, 368n1, 370n3, 371–72, 389, 392n2, 394, 395n5, 398, 399, 400, 401, 403, 414, 417, 417n1, 418–19, 419n1 (16 May 1777), 421, 423, 438, 445n2, 538, 540n8, 545–46n2; address of, 325–47; committee of, 286; debates in, 372–75, 376–86, 407–8; JJ in, 408, 413nn1–4; letter from, 268; letter to, 289; Loyalist appeals to, 415; and religious toleration, 480 —legislature, 376, 382, 383, 385, 402, 405, 407–8, 413nn1–2, 414, 419–20, 425, 436–37, 436n1, 444n1, 445n2, 454, 455, 466, 493n3, 497, 497n1, 498, 499, 509, 511, 524–25, 538, 540n8, 543, 544–45, 544n4, 545n2, 550, 557, 570, 582, 586–87, 590, 607n1, 619, 620n6, 639, 640, 645, 646, 662n2, 666, 666n1, 704–5; acts of, 502, 504; resolutions, 689, 692; letters from, 107, 109, 125, 231, 584–85, 596–97; letters to, 125, 141–42 New York City: Loyalists sent to, 371–72, 415, 423n1, 466n4 New York County, 299, 545, 546n6; votes on amendments to draft constitution, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 383, 384, 385 New-York Gazette, and the Weekly Mercury, 30n3, 44n1 (26 April 1766), 157n4, 184n2, 256, 256n5, 325n6, 390n8, 457n7, 461n4 New York harbor, 193, 649n1 New-York Historical Society, xlvi–xlvii, xlviii, xlix, 257n5 New York Journal, 170n6 New York Journal, or, the General Advertiser: writings in, 116n1, 457n7, 461n4, 521, 521n3, 523nn2–3, 543n3, 584n5 New-York Mercury, 30n3, 33 New York-New Jersey Boundary Commission, 77–80 New York State Library: Jay papers at, l Niagara, xlii Nicholson, James, 437 Nicoll, Benjamin: identified, 202n1 Nicoll, Edward (Ned), 201, 202, 214, 547, 548n1; identified, 202n1; letters to, 201–2 Nicoll, Henry: identified, 202n1 Nicoll, Isaac, 179n2 Nicoll, Matthias: identified, 202n1 Nicoll, Samuel: identified, 202n1, 547, 548n1 Nixon, John, 441 Nonconsumption, 94 Nonexportation, 94, 107, 140, 615n1 Nonimportation, 91, 94, 107, 112, 138 Normandy, France, 635, 635n5

North, Frederick, 169, 170n4, 181, 181n6, 182; bills sponsored by, 519nn1–2 (3 May 1778); conciliatory proposals of, 119, 146n5, 168, 181, 181n6, 514, 516–17n1; peace overtures of, 526, 530n2 North, the: peace objectives of, xxxv; and westward expansion, xxxvii North America, 81n2 (6 February 1773), 193n5, 249n5, 672 North Carolina, 100, 123, 132, 147n2 (26 October 1775), 188; courts of, 697; delegates of, 663nn1–2; exports to Bermuda, 616n1; militia, 608 North Castle, N.Y., 351 Northern Department, 131n7, 308n2, 439–42; command of, 398, 399, 422n2, 427, 428n2, 513n1 (28 April 1778), 516; conditions in, 508; Indian affairs in, 475–76, 476n1, 481, 482n1, 499n2; military affairs, 482–83, 515n6 Norton, Lot, 282, 286; identified, 283n1 (22–24 July 1776) Norwalk, Conn., 317n8, 495 Norwich, Conn., 137n1 Norwich Packet, 484n1 Nova Scotia, 44n1 (25 April 1766), 712, 718n3 Oaths of Allegiance: imposed by the military, 217; to the king, 365n1, 386–88; to the states and Congress, 363, 367, 369n1 (4 March 1777), 466n4 O’Bryen, Christopher, 196, 197n3 Odell (Odill), James, 275; identified, 276n9 Officeholding: oaths for, 404; restrictions on, 373, 375 Officers, military: barred from sitting in legislature, 215, 216n5 Ogden, Hannah Dayton: identified, 731n3 Ogden, Matthias, 728, 731n3 Ogden, Phebe Hatfield, 728; identified, 731n3 Ogden, Robert, 731n3; identified, 731n3 Ogilvie, John, 50; identified, 50n7 Ohio, xxxv, 245n5 Ohio River, 584, 598, 719 Ohio Valley: U.S. desire for, xxxiv Olive Branch Petition, 118–25, 137n1, 146, 147n3, 170, 173, 176, 178n8 Oneida Lake, 474 Oneidas, 470n3, 471, 474, 476, 477nn2–3, 573, 605, 606n4 Onondagas, 471, 605, 606n4, 623, 624n2 “Oppressed Inhabitants of Canada”: letter to, 116–18 Orange County, N.Y., 55, 63n6, 89n4, 427, 603; votes on constitutional amendments, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 383, 384, 385 Ordnance Department, 596–97 Oriskany: battle of, 455n3, 455n5, 477n2 Orvilliers, Louis Guillouet, comte d’, 548, 549n3

Ostracism, 500 Oswego, N.Y., xlii Ovid, 38; quoted, 39, 39n2 Oxford University, 10n8, 15, 17, 50 Oyster Bay, N.Y., 131n2 Oysters, 499 Paca, William, 643n4, 679n1; identified, 679n1 Packsaddles, 684 Paine, Robert Treat, 161, 317n8; identified, 161n1, 163n11 Paine, Thomas, 390n2; and Deane-Lee affair, 551, 569, 592n1; French aid revealed by, 563, 564, 565, 569; identified, 758; JJ’s relationship with, 171, 569n1; JJ’s writing compared to, 320–21, 322–24; letter from, 564–66; quoted, xxviii; as secretary to Committee for Foreign Affairs, 551, 565, 569; writings of, 173–74, 320–25, 324n1, 551, 564, 564n1, 566nn1–2 (8 January 1779), 569n1, 592n1 Paints: taxation of, 102 Palmer, Solomon, 13–14, 13n1; identified, 12n1 Palmer, Thomas, 184n7, 301, 303n7 Paramaibo, Surinam, 60n3, 73 Paris, France, 80, 301, 302, 303n11, 310, 317n4, 318, 432, 484, 499, 532n1; dispatches from, 499; James Jay at, 501; JJ at, 319; Jefferson in, xxxv; Lafayette at, 634; peace negotiations at, xxxiii Parker, Peter, 277; identified, 278n4 Parliament, British, 85, 107, 127n2, 143, 145n2, 181n6, 249n5, 291, 293n5, 296; acts of, xxiii, xxvi, 96, 102, 103, 104–5, 118, 120, 133, 227n3, 328; authority of, xxvi; bills of, 516– 17n1; debates in, 601; and freedom of religion, 117; and “Intolerable Acts,” 84; and peace overtures, 700–702; petitions to, 118, 121, 168; rights of, 101, 104, 121, 328, 387; supremacy of, xxvi; taxation by, 121, 328, 339; tyranny of, 340, 668 Parnell, Thomas, 457n7 Parr Bulkley & Co., 301, 303n13 Parsippany (Persippiney), N.J., 487, 488, 548, 560, 561, 593, 628 Parsons, Samuel Holden, 291, 502; identified, 293n6 Parties, political, xxv, xliii–xliv, 645, 707–8. See also Congress, Continental: factions in; New York: factions in Partisanship, xliii–xliv Paschal, Dorothy Iselin, l Passaic River, N.J., 77n2 Passy, France, 499, 629 Paterson, William: identified, 576n4 Paulding, William, 273, 279, 281 Paulus Hook, N.Y.: victory at, 555

Pawlet, N.Y., 65n1 Payne, Benjamin, 33; identified, 34n8 Peace: desire for, 618, 630; negotiations over terms of, 619n3; overtures for, 514, 516– 17n1, 519n1 (3 May 1778); prospects for, 518, 585, 588, 617, 708 Peale, Charles Willson: portrait by (illus.), 609 Pearson (Pearsons), Edward, 24, 25 Pecks (Peck) Slip, NYC, 210 Peekskill, N.Y., 311, 312n1, 350, 357n4, 370, 391, 394n1, 528; depredations at, 390n4, 418n1; headquarters at, 613; military operations at, 370, 392–93, 446; troops assembled at, 390n4 Peekskill Bay, 392–93 Pell, Samuel Treadwell, 263, 271; identified, 263n1 Pellew, George, xlviii Peloquin, David, 15, 22; identified, 11n1; letter from, 24–25; letters to, 10–12, 23–24, 27– 28, 31–32 Peloquin, Frances / Françoise (1707–64): identified, 11n1 Peloquin, Françoise Jay, 4n7; identified, 1, 11n1; marriage of, 4n7 Peloquin, John: identified, 11n1 Peloquin, Marianne: identified, 11n1 Peloquin, Nancy: identified, 11n1 Peloquin, Stephen, 4n7, 11n1; identified, 1 Peloquin family: as relatives of Jay family, 3 Pendleton, Edmund, 97, 137n1, 662, 663; identified, 687n1; letter to, 686–87; letters from, 697, 707–8 Penn, John (of North Carolina), 687n2; identified, 663n1; letter from, 662–63 Penn, Richard, 122 Penn family, 687n4 Pennsylvania, 100, 123, 132, 164n2, 184n7, 187, 212, 214, 214n2, 216n2, 225n5, 230, 231, 232n4, 240, 240n2, 243n3, 248n3, 250n4, 280n1, 317n12, 353, 354n3, 355n5, 488, 490nn6–7, 697; admiralty court of, 553; artillery, 214n2; Assembly, 241n1, 242, 243n3, 397–99, 420– 21; board of war of, 397, 399; colonial currency of, 488, 490n6; constitution of (see Constitution, Pennsylvania); convention, 354n4; county committees of, 243n3; criticism of, 397–98, 505, 510, 661; delegates of, 398–99, 612, 613n2; exports to Bermuda, 616n1; extralegal committees in, 687n4; and frontier defense, 595; Germans in, 321; and independence, 173; and judicial review, 553–54; land speculation in, 552; loan to, 645; Loyalism in, 420; military operations in, 488, 490nn7–8, 554; militia of, 488, 490n7; mob violence in, 687n4; moderates in, xxiii, xxv; navy board of, 399; paper money in, 420–21; partisan politics in, 645; politics of, 595; powder supply of, 215; preaching in, 527n7; price regulation in, 687n4; publications in, 137n1; removal of Congress from, 645; representation in Congress, 358–59; Supreme Executive Council of, 397–98, 399, 596n5,

652, 653; —, president of, 397–99, 595 (see also Reed, Joseph); and taxation, 421; unpopularity of Philip Schuyler in, 612; and Vermont controversy, 689 Pennsylvania Evening Gazette, 570n1 Pennsylvania Evening Post, 137n1, 325n6, 457n7, 490n6, 530n2, 572n2, 657n2, 659n8 Pennsylvania Gazette, 517n5, 530n2, 572n2 Pennsylvania Journal, 321, 324n1 Pennsylvania Ledger, 137n1, 490n6 Pennsylvania Mercury, and Universal Advertiser, 137n1 Pennsylvania Packet: announcements in, 174n12; publications in, 116n1, 137n1, 256n5, 390n2, 461n4, 530n2, 550, 551, 564n1, 569n1, 659n8 Pensacola (Pesecala), Fla., 712, 732 Perry, Mervin, 65 Perry grant, 66n1 Persia, 367 Peru, 345, 673 Peters, Richard, 238; identified, 239n9 Pettit, Charles: as assistant quartermaster general, 642, 643, 643n1, 643n4; identified, 643n2 Phelps, Charles, 678, 679n1, 692, 708; identified, 666n1; and Vermont controversy, 665, 666, 695n6 Philadelphia, Pa., 44, 72n8, 94, 126, 129, 130, 131, 132, 148, 159, 165n1, 165n6, 174n12, 177, 178n2, 182, 184n7, 186n2, 189, 189n2, 198, 200n5, 203, 204, 207n2, 207n4, 213n6, 214, 221n2, 229, 234, 239n9, 245, 246nn1–2, 262, 279, 280n1, 293, 294n1, 296, 297, 298, 302, 304, 307, 317n8, 352, 354n2, 355n5, 358, 359, 360, 369, 369n1 (8 March 1777), 395–96, 431, 433, 433n2, 455, 468, 469, 473, 481, 530, 531, 532n1, 537, 541, 545, 546n7, 548, 549, 562, 563, 564, 567, 568, 569, 571, 572, 574, 575, 576, 579, 591, 596, 597, 600, 601, 604, 606, 607n1, 612, 613, 614, 624, 626, 628, 630, 635, 653, 656, 658, 660, 663, 678, 679, 680, 682n7, 687, 696, 697, 698, 702, 703, 706, 708, 709, 717, 724, 729, 733, 743; Arnold’s command in, 596n5; attack on, 321, 322, 367, 370n1, 391, 396, 398–99, 429, 469; British occupation of, 488, 490nn6–7; capture of, 332–33, 343; college at, 570; Committee of Inspection, 243n3; Committee of Safety, 151n1; Congress at, xxxiv, 93, 396, 420; Congress returns to, 360, 369; council of, 585n1; executive committee at, 321; extralegal committees in, 686, 687n4, 707–8; James Jay at, 541n4; JJ’s departure from, 237; Loyalists in, 488, 490nn6–8; memorial of inhabitants of, 649n1; merchants of, 490n6; munitions arrive at, 395, 395n2; newspapers in, 557; occupation of, 505; partisan politics in, 707–8; prices at, 360; publications in, 96, 324, 325, 677n1, 678n1; secrecy of, 618; seizure of Tories in, 438n2; Spanish agents in, 711; and trade policy, 139; trade with enemy in, 505; travel to, 43 Philadelphia County, 242, 686n3 Philippines: Spanish acquisition of, 710 Philipsburg (Philipsborough or Philipse) Manor, 3, 90, 90n1, 293n2, 362n4

Philipse, Frederick, 90n1, 361, 362n4, 368; identified, 362 Philipse, Maria Eliza: identified, 90n1; letters from, 89–90 Philipse, Mary, 362n4 Philipse, Susanna, 368 Phillips, William: identified, 577n1; letter to, 576–77 Phoenix (ship), 191, 273, 275n1, 279 Pickering, Timothy: letter from, 654–56 Pierrepont, Adelaide Scott, lii Pierrepont, Anna, xlix Pierrepont, Julia J., xlix Piguenit, Samuel, 24, 25, 28; identified, 24n5 Pikes, 209n1, 215 Pine Street, NYC, 73 Pitcairn, Thomas: letter from, 628–29 Pitt, William, the Elder, 101, 107n2 Pittsburgh, Pa., 186 Pittsford, Vt., 63 Pitts Town, N.J., 360 Plains of Abraham, Quebec, 162n7 Plater, George, 732; identified, 733n6 Platt, Jeremiah, 455n1 Platt, Zephaniah, 319, 349, 396, 397n4, 449, 469n1, 566, 567n3; on Committee for Detecting Conspiracies, 255; on Council of Appointment, 545, 546n6; identified, 428n1; letter from, 427–28; and religious toleration, 378, 379, 380, 381; and state constitution, 409, 413n2 Pluckemin, N.J., 593, 594n2 Plymouth, England, 649n1 Point Levis (Levi), Quebec, 160, 162n7 Poland: king of, 598; officers from, 612n4 Pompton (Pumpton), N.J., 428 Pompton (Pumpton) Plains, N.J., 445 Pontiac’s War, 25 Poor, Enoch, 431n3 Poor: conditions of, 610; and flour shortages, 578 Pope, the: and absolution of sins, 376; allegiance or subjection to, opposed, 373, 376, 383, 385, 412–13; interdicts of, 101; oaths dissolved by, 373, 376; renunciation of allegiance to, 376 Pope, Alexander, 457n7, 527n8

Population: apportionment of taxes in accordance with, 498, 499n3; growth of, 556; taxation based on, 626n1 (circular letter to the governors, 22 May 1779); voting proportionate to, 94 Population, U.S.: rate of growth of, 671; size of, 671–72 Pork, 495 Porter, Joshua, 276n6, 286, 287, 288; identified, 276n6 Port Royal, Martinique, 742, 744, 745–46, 747 Portsmouth, Md., 395n1 Portsmouth, N.H., 301, 303n7, 395 Portugal, 359n2, 658, 724n3 Possession: as legal term, 646 Posterity: duties to, 335–36, 346 Potsdam, Germany, 311 Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 157n4, 275, 280, 281, 282, 284, 286, 288n2, 435n3, 506, 510, 512, 516, 527, 529, 544, 583, 586, 589, 602, 639, 644, 704, 706n2; legislature at, 437n3, 502; naval construction at, 273; publications in, 678n1; ratifying convention at, xl; ship-building at, 276; state government at, 585n1 Powell, Jeremiah, 695n1 Prendergast, Mehitable, 46n1 Prendergast, William, 46n1 Prentis, Edmund A.: and Jay papers, l Presbyterians: and King’s College, 4 Prescott, Richard, 167, 291, 293n7; identified, 167n5 President, U.S.: appointments of, xl; powers of, 552; role of, xxxix–xl Price, James, 231, 232; identified, 233n5 Price, Michael, 156; identified, 157n5 Prices: of hay, 506; of meals, 506; of meat, 495; of oats, 506; regulation of, 645, 687n4, 707; rise of, 397, 437; —, and currency depreciation, 669–70; of rum, 506; of salt, 495; of tobacco, 663n3; of wine, 506 Princeton, N.J., xxix, xxxiv, 65, 66n1, 360, 391, 428 Printers: subsidy of, 325 Prisoners: assistance to, 745n1; escape of, 650n4; exchanged, 358–59, 360, 391, 392, 578, 599, 650n1; expenses of, 592; funds for support of, 578; location of, 391; Loyalist, 358–59, 360; treatment of, 391, 415–16, 576–77, 577n1, 597, 628–29, 649, 649n1 Privateering, 633; in Bermuda, 615n1; cases involving, 586; congressional authorization of, 215; during French and Indian War, 218; initiation of, 218 Privateers: and British trade, 332, 343; commissioning of, 172; enlistment on, 578; operations of, 595, 649n1; property seized by, 343–44 Privy Council, 68n2, 78 Proctor, Thomas: regiment of, 655

Propaganda: Whig, 95 Property: assessment of value of, 498, 499n3; rights to, 96, 100, 101 Protection: British offers of, 325 Protestantism: toleration of, 373; Whig views on, 375 “Protestants”: term for N.Y. conservatives, 112 Providence, R.I., 137n1 Providence, Divine: references to, 477–79 Providence Gazette, 530n2 Providence Plantations, 100, 132, 697 Provisions: impressment of, 629–30 Prudden, Nathaniel: identified, 616n2 Prussia, 314, 633, 658, 664 “Publius” (pseudonym, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay): and Federalist papers, xxxix Pulaski, Casimir: identified, 612n4 Pulaski’s Legion (Pulaski’s Corps), 611 Punderson, Ebenezer, 13, 30, 30n2, 31; identified, 12n2 Purdy, Joseph, 305 Putnam, Col. (Rufus?), 596 Putnam, Israel, 278, 292, 442, 443, 443n1, 446, 450, 452, 499, 500n2, 501n1 (2 January 1778), 502, 511, 512n6, 517n7, 518, 529, 529n5, 542, 542n1; identified, 293n9 Putnam County, N.Y., 347, 361 Quackenbos (Quackenboss), John, 150; identified, 151n8 Quakers: criticism of, 488, 490n7; pacifism of, 581–82 Quartermaster general. See Greene, Nathanael Quartermasters: and impressment, 503, 504–5; taxation on, 642 Quartermaster’s Department: committee to supervise, 632n3; complaints against, 654– 55, 683, 684, 685; and impressment, 504; investigation of, 644n4; management of, 526; payments by, 579; problems of, 505, 646–48; and Sullivan expedition, 650, 651, 654–55; supervision of, 580, 580n1 Quasi-War with France, xxx, xliv Quebec (Quebeck), Canada, 160, 162nn6–7, 166, 167, 183, 191, 193n8, 208n1, 212, 214, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225nn1–2, 225nn11–12, 264, 312n6, 418, 439n3, 563, 563n1 Quebec Act, 95n2, 96, 105, 223, 373 Queens County, N.Y., 55, 131n2, 172, 189, 190, 191, 193n3, 197n1, 201, 285, 293n12 Queen’s Head Tavern, 70, 71n2 Queen’s Rangers, 351n1 Quit rents: debate on, 51 Ramage, John: portrait by (illus.), 154 Randall, Robert Richard, 74–75; identified, 75n3; letters to, 75–77

Randall, Thomas, 75n3 Randolph, Edmund, 662; identified, 663n2 Rapalje, Garret, 68n1 Rapalje (Rapalye, Rapelje), Stephen, 71, 142n1 (15 September 1775); identified, 72n20; letter to, 142 Rape: allegations of, 329, 340; prosecution of, 520 Rattle, James, 310n3 Rattle Snake: symbol on flag, 216 Rayneval, Joseph-Matthias Gérard de, xxxiii Reade, John, 71, 75; identified, 75n1 Reading, Pa., 164n2, 628 “Real Farmer, A” (pseudonym), 583, 584n5, 595 Red Bank (Redbank), N.J., 491, 622 Redding, David, 538, 540n7; identified, 540n7 Red Hook, N.Y., 290 Reed, Joseph, 272n7, 532n1, 595, 652, 653; identified, 596n5 Reedy Island, Pa., 718, 719 Religion: establishment of, 101, 105–6, 644; and military service, 396; and oaths of allegiance, 376; toleration of, 372–75, 375, 377, 378, 380, 382, 604, 644 Remuy, Captain, 734, 735–36, 737 Rendell, Kenneth, lii Rensselaer manor: tenants on, 666 Republican Party: and election of 1800, xliv; and Jay’s Treaty, xliii–xliv; opposition of, xxv; victory of, xxx Republics: views on, 681–82 Reputation: importance of, 612–13 Restraining Acts: adoption of, 139–40; terms of, 140–41n2 Revenge (cutter), 649, 649n1 Revolution, American: benefits of, 479–80; history of, 97–99, 122, 347–49; impact of, 616– 17; role of moderates in, xxv–xxvi Rheumatism (rheumatoid arthritis), xxxix, 388 Rhinebeck, N.Y., 157n2, 364, 543 Rhode Island, 100, 123, 132, 151n7, 239n3, 600, 601n2, 697; and French fleet, 706n5; military operations in, 533, 535n1; naval affairs at, 748; prisoners sent from, 577 Rice: demand for, 424 Richelieu Rapids, Quebec, 223 Richelieu (Sorel) River, Quebec, 151n9, 225n10 Richmond (County), N.Y. See Staten Island, N.Y. Rights of Englishmen: American claims to, 96, 100, 101, 102 Riker, Abraham, 393; identified, 394n4

Riots, 46n1, 48. See also Mobs Risberg, Gustavus: identified, 625n1 (10 May 1779); letter from, 624–25 Rittenhouse, David: identified, 317n8 Ritzema, Rudolphus, 62, 63n8, 191; identified, 193n7 Rivington, James, 157, 159, 164, 179; identified, 159n1 Rivington’s New-York Gazetteer, 159n1; writings in, 116n1 Robertson (Robeson), William, 664, 665n5 Robertsons and Trumbull, 137n1 Robin (servant), 285 Robinson, Beverly: and Arnold plot, 362; correspondence of, 386–87; exile of, 371–72; identified, 361; investigation of, 363–64; letter from, 367–69; as Loyalist, 255, 361–62, 372n1, 386–87; Loyalist regiment of, 362, 362n1, 372n2; military operations of, 394 Robinson, Beverly, Jr.: as Loyalist, 361, 362n1, 363–64, 372n2 Robinson, Beverly (descendent): papers of, xlix Robinson, Robert, 156; identified, 157n5 Robinson, Susanna Philipse (Mrs. Beverly), 361; letter to, 386–88 Roche, Chevalier, 734, 735, 736–37 Rochefort, France, 632, 634 Roderigue Hortalez & Cie., 550 Rogers, Benjamin, 522, 523n3 Rogers, Nicholas, 315; identified, 317n9; letter from, 431–32 Rogers, Robert, 350; identified, 351n1 Rogers, William, 522, 523, 523n2 Rogers’ Rangers, 351n1 Romans, Bernard (Capt. Momain), 214; identified, 214n2 Rome: history of, 52–55, 326, 331, 337, 338, 342 Roomes (Romer, Rooma), Lawrence, 9n6 Root, Jesse, 641n3; identified, 641n3 Rose (Rosa, Roosa, Rosse), Jacobus, 417n1, 422–23; identified, 417n1 Rose (ship), 273, 275n1, 279, 291 Roundout Creek, N.Y., 415 Royal Highland Emigrants, battalion of, 162n6 Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England, 25 Rulers: right to choose, 331 Rupert, N.Y., 65n1 Rush, Benjamin, 555, 559n1; identified, 555 Russell, Ebenezer, 545, 546n6; identified, 546n6 Russia, 143, 619n3, 633, 658 Russians: as soldiers, 607–8 Rutherford, Walter, 66n1

Rutland, Vt., 63 Rutland County, Vt., 66n1 Rutledge, Edward (Ned), 239n4, 244, 294, 294n2, 295, 300, 309n4; and conciliatory measures, xxvii; identified, 758; and independence, 237; letters from, 249–50, 260–62, 277–78, 307–9, 558–60; letters to, 263–65, 304; urges JJ to return to Congress, xxviii Rutledge, John, 304, 304n1; and conciliatory measures, xxvii, 119; as governor, 664, 665n2; identified, 665n2, 758–59 Rye, N.Y.: Jay homestead at, xlix, 3, 10, 13, 15, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 36, 41, 60, 83, 202n2, 289; Jay homestead at (illus.), 2; Jay’s education at, 4; minister at, 12, 13n1 Sackett, Nathaniel, 255, 349, 350, 363; identified, 759 Sackville, George (Lord Germain), 456; identified, 457n6 Saguntum (Sagunto), 526, 527n5 Sailor’s Snug Harbor, 75n3 St. Aubin, S., 678n1 St. Augustine, Fla., 11, 707 St. Clair, Arthur, 450, 450n2; court-martial of, 468, 469n4, 511, 512n6, 518, 525, 534; defense of Philip Schuyler, 439; and evacuation of Fort Ticonderoga, 439–42, 445, 446, 446n2, 447–48, 451, 458, 459, 459n3, 461n4; identified, 441n4; investigation of, 518; letter from, 460–61; letter to, 466–67 St. Eustatius, 183, 184n10, 303n17, 629, 741 St. George’s Chapel, 32 St. Helena (St. Helen’s), 425 St. Jean d’Angoly, 632 St. John, Virgin Islands, 598 St. Johns, Quebec, 149, 150, 151n9, 154, 162n10, 163n10, 164n2, 165n2, 167n1, 179, 180n1, 183, 312n6, 439n3 St. John’s, Ga., 123 St. Lawrence River, 151n9, 160, 162n5, 162n7, 222, 225n10, 308n2, 418 St. Leger, Barry, 236n2, 375, 439n3, 455n3; identified, 439n3; retreat of, 474n1 St. Lucia (island), 595, 742 St. Malo, France, 1 St. Martin (island), 303n17 St. Mary’s, Ga., 72n8 St. Ours (Parish of St. Ours), Quebec, 224 St. Patrick, 309 St. Paul’s Chapel, NYC, 49, 50n2 St. Philip’s Church, N.Y., 361 St. Pierre, Martinique, 585, 592, 729, 733, 742, 745, 747, 748 St. Vincent (island), 314

Salisbury, Conn., 274, 276n6, 280, 281, 282, 283n1 (22–24 July 1776), 287; ironworks at, 274, 277, 286 Sally (ship), 395n2 Salt: imported, 139, 616n1, 717; supply of, 333, 344, 437, 495, 666; and trade with enemy, 495–96 Saltpeter (salt petre), 219 Salt Tortuga, 715n11, 717 Sands, Comfort, 557, 606, 607n1; identified, 558 Sandy Hook, N.J., 115n3, 151n7, 533 Saratoga, N.Y., 443n4, 474, 475, 486–87, 487n3, 487n6, 493, 509, 576n2; battle of, 274, 482– 83, 488, 489, 540n1, 577n1; British defeat at, 535n3, 559n1; impact of victory at, xxxi; military operations at, 471, 474, 475; Philip Schuyler’s house at, 487n6, 493 Saratoga Campaign, 162n2 Savannah, Ga., 667, 667n1, 732, 733n4 Savannah River, 667n2 Schenk, John, 428 Schieffelin, William Jay, l Schools: tyranny in, 504 Schuykill River (Pa.), 489n3, 499 Schuyler, Arent: identified, 77n2 Schuyler, Harmanus, 46n1 Schuyler, Johannes Justus (Hon Yost), 473; identified, 474n1 Schuyler, John, 77n2 Schuyler, John Bradstreet, 606n3 Schuyler, Louis Lee, l Schuyler, Peter P., 235n1 Schuyler, Philip, 163, 184, 187n4, 199, 200n5, 204n5, 234, 235, 236n2, 421, 450n2, 483; acquittal of, 441; and Canadian campaign, 131n7, 149, 151n3, 161n1, 162n4, 164n2, 168n6, 439, 441, 442; as candidate for governor, 419, 425, 426, 427, 433, 434, 436–37, 438, 439, 439n2; as candidate for president of Congress, 550; and cession of western lands, 554; as congressional delegate, 398, 399, 514–15, 536, 537, 540n3, 545, 546n5, 550, 619, 620n5, 662, 706n2; court-martial of, 439, 441, 441n5, 446, 447, 450–53, 457–64, 511, 512n6, 525–26, 534, 536–37, 540n3, 549, 549n1, 575–76; criticism of, 439, 440, 442, 442n9, 443, 443n2, 443n4, 446, 450–53, 457–59, 459n3, 460–63, 461n4; and evacuation of Fort Ticonderoga, 438, 440, 442, 443, 443n2, 443n4, 446, 450–52, 458–59, 459n1, 459n3, 460–63, 461n4, 466–67; friendship with JJ, 439, 451, 452, 457, 459, 461; identified, 759; and Indian affairs, 439, 441, 476n1, 482n1, 605, 606n4, 623; investigation of conduct of, 398, 399, 439, 486, 487n5, 518; JJ’s correspondence with, 405; letters from, 73, 432–33, 438–39, 446–47, 457–60, 464, 469–72, 485–87, 506–7, 575–76, 604–6, 623–24; letters to, 436–37, 442–43, 450– 53, 461–64, 481–82, 492–93, 508–10, 549, 573–74, 612–13; Loyalists disarmed by, 375; and

military procurement problems, 151n1, 231, 232, 288, 503; New England opposition to, 439, 440, 468, 469, 469n3; and northern command, 308n2, 398, 399, 422n2, 427, 428n2, 433n2, 438, 439, 440, 442–43, 446, 450–53, 457n3, 458–59, 460, 461–63, 461n4, 468, 469, 469n3, 469n5; papers of, l; political attacks on, 307, 308n2, 559; portrait of (illus.), 442; and public record, xlvi; resignation of, 308n2, 309n2, 573, 574, 575, 576n2, 604–5, 606n4, 612–13, 613n2, 623; rivalry with Gates, 439, 540n4; in Social Club, 70, 71; as state senator, 525; treatment of Burgoyne’s army, 534; trial of, 471, 472nn3–4, 575–76 “Schuyler” (pseudonym): and N.Y. Constitution, 400 Schuyler (ship), 208n2, 231n1 Schuyler family: related to Jay family, 1 Scipio (Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor), 39n3 Scotland, 671 Scots: anti-Americanism of, 532n1 Scott, Alexander, 278n4 Scott, John Morin, 58, 60n4, 68n2, 128nn3–4, 246n3, 248, 249n6, 283n1 (3 August 1776), 293n1, 433n1, 436, 439n2, 459, 460, 460n5, 705n2; as brigadier general of militia, 545; as candidate for Congress, 93; as candidate for governor, 425, 426, 428, 428n3, 436, 438, 439n2; as candidate for state chief justice, 405; on committee for organizing state government, 403; and confiscation bill, 620n5; as congressional delegate, 662, 705n2, 708; on Council of Appointment, 525; identified, 759; letter from, 289–93; letter to, 92–93; member, the Moot, 62, 63n5; member of “triumvirate,” 82; as New York secretary of state, 525, 527n3; politics of, 582–83; positions sought by, 545; in provincial congress, 181, 181n6; as radical leader, 91; and salaries for public officials, 525; and state constitution, 403, 406 Scott, Mary, 60; identified, 60n4 “Scriblerus, Martinus” (pseudonym), 456, 457n7 Scriblerus Club, 457n7 Scudder, Nathaniel, 632n3; identified, 632n3 Seagrove, James, 71; identified, 72n8 Seamen, American: impressment of, 328, 339 Sears, Isaac, 157, 194, 210n3, 211, 218n6; identified, 159n1 Sears expedition, 179n4, 186, 194 Secker, Thomas, 12; identified, 12n1 Second River, N.J., 77n2 Sectionalism: impact on union, xxxvi Sedgwick, Susan Anne Ridley: and Jay and Livingston papers, xlix Seine (ship), 569 Senate, U.S.: leaks by members of, xliii; and ratification of treaties, xliii; role of, xxxix–xl Senegal: capture of, 633 Separation of church and state, 479–80

Separation of powers: and N.Y. constitution, 401; support for, xxxviii, xxxix, 479 Serapis (ship), 665n3 Sergeant, Jonathan Dickinson: identified, 576n4 Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War), 11, 11n9, 12n9, 225n11, 293n5, 303n10, 351n1; American status at end of, 107; changes in British administration after, 120, 132; command of vessels in, 724; conclusion of, 116; cost of, 507; Havana expedition, 11, 11n9; Louisiana ceded to Spain, xxxi; participants in, 441; troops, 28; victory in, 101 Shakespeare, William: allusions to, 402, 505–6, 506n5; quoted, 47, 49n3 Shaver, Daniel, 522 Sheriff, Cornelius (deputy quartermaster general), 683; identified, 686n7 Sheriffs: appointment of, 410; and elections, 425 Sherman, Roger, 250n3, 398, 518, 538, 540n9; identified, 250n3 Shippen, William, Jr., 555, 636, 636n2 Ships: American, barred from colonial ports, xxxv; American, seized, xlii, xliii–xliv, 172, 328, 339; burnt, 396; construction of, 273, 424; French, 394, 395; prisons on, 415–16 Shoes, 503, 504, 654 “Sign of the Sportsman, The” (shop, NYC), 260n1 (29 June 1776) Skene, Philip, 448; identified, 449n5 Skenesborough (Skenesboro), N.Y., 448n3, 449, 471, 472, 472n7, 474, 483 Skinner, Abraham, 284; identified, 285n2 Slavery: British policies compared to, 95–96, 100, 104, 106, 116, 117, 322, 329, 330, 331, 339, 340, 342, 346, 387, 478, 668, 670; proposed clause on, in state constitution, 405, 413n4; writings on, 582n1 Slaves, 465; battalions of, proposed, 607–9, 609n1 Slave trade: opposition to, 582n1; renunciation of, 712 Sleght, Henry L., 424, 464; identified, 466n1 Sleght, John, 464; identified, 466n1 Smallpox: inoculation against, 225n12, 487, 489n1, 692; persons afflicted with, 3, 225n12 Smart, George, 275; identified, 276n9 Smibert, John: portrait by (illus.), 5 Smith, Joseph, 377 Smith, Melancton, xl, 363, 372n1, 428; identified, 128n2 Smith, Meriwether, 677n1; identified, 677n1, 679n1 Smith, Sarah, 745n1 Smith, Thomas, 62, 63n5, 180, 181, 181n6, 185, 311; identified, 63n7 Smith, William (Suffolk County), 406 Smith, William, Jr., 34, 63n7, 180n6, 267n1, 466n3; identified, 63n5; as Loyalist, 465; member, the Moot, 60, 62; member of “triumvirate,” 82; and N.Y. Constitution, 400; proposals of, 168; and reconciliation, 121 Smith, William, Sr., 63n5, 63n7 Smith’s Clove, N.Y., 642

Smollett, Tobias, 200n2 Smythe, Lionel, 90n1 Socialborough, Vt.: land grant for, 63 Social Club, NYC, 70–71, 73, 74 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 12n1, 13n1, 202n2 Soldiers: voting by, 426, 427n6 Somerset (ship), 577, 622 Somerset County, N.J., 594 Sons of Liberty, 159, 167n3 Sorel (Richelieu) River, Quebec, 160, 162n5 South, the: interests of, xxxv; and loyalty of western settlers, xxxvi; military operations in, 607–9, 609n1, 658, 667, 682n5, 697, 707; shortages of bread in, 595; support for Philip Schuyler in, 612; and Vermont controversy, 688; and westward expansion, xxxvii South Amboy, N.J., 351, 352n4, 529 South America, 316; Spanish colonies in, 711 South Carolina, 100, 123, 132, 207n4, 218n1, 239n8, 293n8, 312n1, 598, 600, 697; and African American battalions, 608, 609n1; agent of, 663–64; delegates of, 559, 664; information on, 595; Augustus Jay at, 1; loans sought by, 664; military operations in, xxxi, 608–9; militia in, 608–9; naval operations in, 664; navy of, 664, 665n1; rangers, 278n5; and Restraining Acts, 141n2 Southern campaign, 214, 214n2 Southern Department, 72n8 Southerners: bravery of, 333 Southold, N.Y., 706n2 Sovereignty: national, 553; popular, 552; state, 552–53, 673 Spain, 156, 314, 316, 424, 708; alliance with, 710, 713; alliances with France, xxxii, 600, 601n3; and American independence, xxix, 712; attitude of, toward U.S., xxxii, xxxiii; bills of exchange drawn on, 678n1; colonies of, xxxii, 710, 715n4; court of, 315; declares war against Britain, 710, 713; entrance into war, 635n3, 671; finances of, 484–85; foreign policy of, 710–11, 715n4, 715n6, 715n8, 715n13; information on, 633; JJ as minister to, 553, 698–99, 705, 709; JJ’s attitude toward, 714; landing in, 738; loans and aids from, xxxii, 333, 334, 343, 344, 359n2, 373, 550, 710, 713, 717, 718nn3–5; mediation by, xxxii, 585, 658, 711; minister of, to U.S., 715n13; national debt of, 484–85; naval operations of, 712; and navigation of Mississippi River, xxxii–xxxiii, xxxv, 710, 716; negotiations with, xxxv; provisions and naval stores for, 718n3; readiness of, 671; recognition of U.S. by, 713; treaties with, xxxv–xxxvi, 710, 716, 717, 717nn1–2, 718nn3–5; U.S. expansionism feared by, xxxii; war objectives of, 711, 712, 717n1, 718n5; war preparations of, 484–85; war with Britain, 630, 708, 716; war with Holland, 334 Spanish: study of, 721 Sparks, Jared: as critic of JJ, xlviii; and JJ’s papers, xlvi, xlvii, liin3

Specie: payments in, 605; required in Canada, 629; shortage of, 490n6; for support of prisoners, 378 “Spectator, The”: quoted, 543n5 Speculation: opposition to, 556 Spencer (Spincer), Joseph, 292, 312, 312n4; identified, 293n10 Spencer, Oliver: identified, 656n2; regiment of, 654 Spencer, Thomas, 476, 477n1; identified, 477n1 Split Rock, N.Y., 431, 431n3 Spuyten Duyvil, N.Y., 292 Spy, The: sources for, 347–48 Staatsburg (Staatsborough), N.Y., 351 Stamp Act: impact of, 102; repeal of, 43, 44, 44n1 (26 April 1766) Stamp Act Congress: voting by states in, 94 Stanhope, Charles (Lord Petersham), 488; identified, 490n10 Stark, John, 506, 507n2, 516, 537; identified, 507n1 State House (Pa.): as location for Congress, 93 Staten Island, N.Y., 89n4, 189, 190, 193n3, 197n1, 215, 216n4, 292, 294n2, 299, 362n2, 388, 388n2, 489, 490n13, 628n1 States: addresses to, 667–78; admiralty courts of, 553; and apportionment of taxes, 498, 499n3; assemblies, and peace overtures, 328, 338, 339; assemblies, petitions of, 327, 338; conflicts between, 690–91, 693, 694–95 (see also Vermont: controversy over); constitutions of, xxiv, xxviii; Continental interests neglected in, 646–47; disaffection in, 420–21; and enforcement of treaties, xli; equality of, 498, 499n3; establishment of governments in, xxiv, xxviii, 172, 420–21; and judicial review, 553–54; land claims of, 552; letters to governors of, 566n1 (10 January 1779), 625; militias of, 373; noninterference in affairs of, 688; privateers of, 577; provisioning of army by, 674; public property in, 646–47, 648, 648n2; quotas of, 498, 499n3, 526, 669; ratification of Articles of Confederation by, 498, 499n4, 552; ratification of Constitution by, xl; ratification of constitutional amendments by, xxxvi; requisitions on, 625–26n1, 637, 669; role of, xxxvii; sovereignty of, 673; taxation by, 172, 556 States, Eastern. See New England (Eastern States) Steiner and Cist, 324n1 Stephen, Gregory, 723, 724 Stevens, B. F.: papers assembled by, xlviii Stevens, John, 71; identified, 72n9 Stevenson, John, 319; identified, 320n2 Stewart, Captain, 541n4 Stewart, Charles (commissary general of issues), 515n6, 624, 625; identified, 625n2 Stewart, John, 654n1 Stewart, Walter, 732, 733; identified, 733n6 Stillwater, N.Y., 443, 469, 470, 482

Stocker, Hugh, 395n2; identified, 395n2 Stony Point, N.Y.: battle at, 653, 654n1, 657, 657n4, 681; victory at, 555, 659n8 Storer, Ebenezer, 723, 724 Stouppe, Peter: school of, 4, 5, 5n2 Strang, John, 148, 468; identified, 149 Stuart, Gilbert: portrait by (illus.), 641 Stuart, John, Earl of Bute, 101, 107n3 Stuyvesant, Peter, 1 Suffolk County, N.Y., 142n1 (1 September 1775), 182, 191, 285, 293n12 Sullivan, John, 289, 291, 293n7, 293n9, 294n2, 360n4, 369–70, 428, 449; complaints of, 654–55, 685; identified, 293n4, information from, 659n8; letter from, 650–53; and prisoners, 577; quoted, 370n1 Sullivan expedition, 533, 535n1, 554–55, 718; preparations for, 654–55, 656n5, 683–86; supply problems of, 650–53 Sunbury, Pa.: and Sullivan expedition, 651, 652 Supreme Court, New York: chief justice of, 433, 433n1, 445n1, 520–22; civil cases, 520; and clerical appointments, 407, 408–10, 413n2, 414; clerk of, 444, 444n1, 445n2, 516n1; and common law, 411; courts of oyer and terminer, 522, 523n2, 523n4; criminal cases, 520–21; judges of, 405, 433n1, 444, 444n1, 445nn1–2, 520–22; legal practice in, 55; and licensing of attorneys, 410–12; minutes of, 521, 521nn3–4; notes on case of, 61; and oaths of allegiance, 376, 383; and peace overtures, 516, 516n1; retention of, 402; rulings of, 14n1; sessions of, 435, 435n1, 520–21, 521, 521nn3–4 Supreme Court, U.S.: and circuit courts, xli; and due process, 96; JJ declines second appointment to, xliv; JJ’s resignation from, xliv; members of, xxvi; political role of, xli; procedures of, xli; role of chief justice of, xli Surinam, 74, 152 Susquehanna River: and Sullivan expedition, 650, 651, 654–55, 656n5, 683, 685 Swartwout (Swarthout), Abraham, Capt., 393; identified, 394n3 Swartwout (Swartout), Abraham, Col., 363 Swartwout, Jacobus, 372n1 Swift, Jonathan, 457n7 Switzerland: history of, 335, 345; independence of, 674 Tanner, John, 723, 724 Tappen, Christopher, 273, 274, 281, 282, 377; identified, 428n1; letters from, 276–77, 427– 28 Taverns, 51, 61, 62n1, 71, 71n2, 113 Taxation: amount of, 668; calls for, 505–6; in commodities, 656, 657n1; controversies over, 498, 705; and credit of paper money, 420; difficulty in collecting, 678n1; internal, 120; JJ’s advocacy of, 172, 219, 526; need for, 669, 676, 677; opposition to, 640; of staff

officers, 642, 643n1, 643n4; support for, 645, 657n3; without representation, 101, 120, 133; writings on, 584n5 Tea: dumping of, 96; duties on, 103; payment for, xxvii; regulations on, 139–40, 141, 142. See also Boston Tea Party Tea Act, 84, 103 Temple, the: study of law at, 1, 23n5, 24 Tenants: riots by, 46n1, 48 Ten Broeck, Abraham, 321, 336n1, 346, 426, 436, 523; identified, 523n4 Ten Broeck, Cornelis, 46n1 Ten Broeck, Dirck Wessels, 545; identified, 546n6 Ten Broeck, John, 426, 435, 436n1; identified, 436n1; letter to, 435–36 Ten Eyck’s Wharf, NYC, 210 Tennessee, xxxv Term limits, 407–8 Test Act, British, 373 Têtard, John Peter, 619, 620n7; identified, 620n7 Texel, Holland, 650n4 Thomas, John: identified, 225n2 Thompson, William, 277; identified, 278n5 Thomson, Charles: and Deane-Lee affair, 532–33n1; identified, 562, 759; as secretary of Congress, 93, 561, 566n1 (8 January 1779), 569, 573, 580, 602n1, 602n5, 697, 717 “Thoughts on Government”: influence of, 401 Three Rivers (Trois Rivieres), Quebec, 221, 225n1 Thurman, John, 113 Ticonderoga. See Fort Ticonderoga, N.Y. Tilghman, Matthew, 532n1 Tioga, Pa., 653n1, 653n3 Tobacco: demand for, 424; as remittance, 573; shipments of, 472, 592, 663n3 Tobias, Thomas, 351, 352n3 Tolty, Captain, 597, 598 Tombs: plundering of, 329 Torbay, England, 701 Toulon, France, 301, 535n2 Townsend, Samuel, 289, 289n1, 406 Townshend Act, 84 Treason: penalty for, 254 Treasury, Continental: state of, 669. See also Congress, Continental: Board of Treasury Treasury Department, xl, 493 Treaties: alliance (1778), xxx–xxxi, 517n4; commerce, xxxv; enforcement of, xli; peace (1783), xxix, xxx, xxxiv, xli; ratification of, xxxvi, xliii. See also Jay’s Treaty

Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, 659n3 Treaty of Paris (1763): terms of, 710, 711, 715n6, 717 Treaty of Paris (1783), xxiv, xxix, xxx, xli, xlii Treaty of Utrecht (1713), 710 Treaty Rights: transfer of, 715n8 Trent, William, 679n2 Trenton, N.J., 352n4, 355n6, 594n2; assembly at, 360; Congress at, xxxv; military operations at, 391, 622; victory at, xxix, 321 Trial, fair: rights to, 96, 103, 104, 105 Trial by jury: absence of, in Canada, 105; denial of, 133; rights to, 96, 103, 104, 105; and state constitution, 379 Trinity Church, NYC, 33n2, 37n1, 43n1, 50; Jay family involvement in, 1, 3, 5 Trist, Elizabeth House, 315; identified, 317n11 Trist, Nicholas: identified, 317n11 Troup, Eleanor, 392n3 Troup, Elizabeth, 392n3 Troup, John, 627; identified, 628n1 Troup, Robert, 201; identified, 148, 759–60; letters from, 148–49, 391–95, 417–19, 430–31, 455–57, 473–75, 482–84, 528–29, 533–35, 547–49, 588–89, 627–28; letters to, 548–49 Troy, N.Y., 434 “True Patriot, A” (pseudonym), 584n5 Trumbull, John, 324, 760; portrait by (illus.), 442 Trumbull, Jonathan (governor of Conn.), 155n2, 179, 282, 286, 288, 561–62, 562n4, 629, 696; identified, 180n2, 760; letter from, 637–39 Trumbull, Jonathan, Jr., 760 Trumbull, Joseph (commissary general), 218n6, 231, 232n2, 232n4, 357n4, 760; identified, 232n2 Tryon, William (governor of N.Y.), 82n2, 88, 89n4, 169n4, 170n3, 180, 181, 181n6, 184n2, 185, 194n2, 199, 200, 200n4, 204, 204nn3–4, 211, 236, 262, 264, 271, 299, 304, 310n3, 317n8; and boundary commission, 78, 79; flees to ship, 168; identified, 64n6, 760; intelligence given to, 203, 204n3; and land grants, 64n8; and oaths of allegiance, 174n9, 388; public letter of, 168; recruitment by, 252 Tryon County, N.Y.: committee of, letter to, 453–55; military affairs in, 449, 450n1, 453– 55; votes for JJ, 426; votes on amendments to draft constitution, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 384, 385 Tudor, Samuel, 273, 280, 281, 397, 515; identified, 515n7 Tufts (Tuffts), Mr. (of Charlestown, Mass.), 648, 648n2 Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, Baron de l’Aune, 303n10, 303n15 Turkey, 633 Turks (Muslims): toleration of, 373

Turner, Alexander, 64, 65, 66n1 Tuscany: commissioner to, 665n6; grand duke of, 314 Tuscaroras, 470n3, 471, 474 Tuthill, Barnabus, 236n2 Tyler, John, 50, 50n7; identified, 50n7 Ulster County, N.Y.: committees of, 275n1, 415, 427; delegates from, 356n1; elections in, 425–26; flour purchased in, 357n4; grand jury of, 405, 477–81; legal practice in, 55, 89n4; Loyalists in, 415, 417n1; militia, 275n1, 276n8; politics of, 603; votes on amendments to draft constitution, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 384, 385 Underhill, Nathaniel (mayor of Westchester), 66 Union: advantages of, xxxix; dissolution of, 673; establishment of, 674; factors supporting, 674–75; purposes of, 690, 693; threats to, xxxvi United Provinces (Holland, Netherlands), 244n4; John Adams in, xxxiii; attitude toward England, 633; business with, 629; commerce with, 139, 561–62, 633; foreign affairs of, 658; information from, 630; loans in, 634n4, 696, 696n2; religious ties to, 381; voyage to, 741; war with Spain, 334, 345 United States: boundaries of, xxxiii, xxxiv, xlii–xliii; expansionism of, xxxv–xxxvi, xxxviii; foreign policy of, xxxv–xxxvi, 315, 316; and separate peace, 572n2 Vallette, Marie Jay, 11, 11n8; identified, 3 Vallette, Pierre (Peter): identified, 3 Valley Forge, Pa., 505–6n1, 518 Van Alen, Captain, 48 Van Alstyne, Abraham, 522; identified, 523n1 Van Cortlandt, Augustus, 13, 285n1, 286n2; identified, 14n7; letter from, 284–86 Van Cortlandt, Eve Philipse, 3 Van Cortlandt, Françoise Jay: identified, 3 Van Cortlandt, Frederick: identified, 3 Van Cortlandt, Jacobus, 3 Van Cortlandt, James, 285n1 Van Cortlandt, Philip, 212, 263n1, 271, 273n8, 393, 394n4; identified, 213n6 Van Cortlandt, Pierre, 357n4, 426, 443, 445n2, 450n2, 507n3; identified, 443n3 Van Cortlandt family: papers of, lii; related to Jay family, 1 Van Cortlandt Park, 285n1 Vandalia Company, 678, 679n Vandenburgh, Henry, 269 Vanderbilt, Mr., 541n4 Van Deusen, James, 275, 276n9 Van Deusen, Jan (Johannes, John), 465; identified, 466n4 Van Dyck, Henry, 33; identified, 34n7 Van Dyke, Nicholas, 614n1 (22 March 1779)

Van Horn, James: identified, 34n8 Van Horne, Ann French, 489, 490n13, 728, 731n4; identified, 490n13 Van Horne, Catherine (Kitty), 90 Van Horne, Cornelius: identified, 3 Van Horne, David: identified, 490n13 Van Horne, David, Jr., 490n14 Van Horne, Judith Jay: identified, 3 Vanhorne’s Lessee v. Dorrance: and due process, 99 Van Kleeck, house of, 281 Van Ness, Abraham, 522; identified, 523n1 Van Ness, John: identified, 523n1 Van Rensselaer, Jeremiah, 481 Van Rensselaer, John, 81n2 (25 March 1773) Van Rensselaer family: related to Jay family, 1; tenants, riots, 46n1 Van Schaack, David, 319; identified, 320n1 Van Schaack, Elizabeth Cruger (Betsey), 42, 319, 513, 513n2 (18 April 1778); identified, 43n3 Van Schaack, Peter, 42, 319; clubs and professional organizations, 51n1, 52n2, 55n1 (1768), 62, 71; identified, 43n3, 760; investigation of, 255, 318, 319; letters to, 512–13, 527– 28; on N.Y. Committee of Correspondence, 85 Van Schaick, Goose: identified, 218n4; raid of, 624, 624n2; regiment of, 217 Van Schaick’s Island (N.Y.), 470, 473, 475n3, 482 Van Weissenfels, Frederick, 213n6 Van Wyck, Dr., 447 Van Wyck, Theodorus, 58 Van Zandt, Jacobus, 280, 281, 303n17, 376, 383; identified, 273 Van Zandt, James, 302; identified, 303n17 Vardill, John: correspondence of, 85, 113, 171; in Debating Society, 51n1; identified, 89; letters to, 87–89, 94–95 Vatican: and intrigue, 556 Vaughan, John (major general), 487n2 Vaughan, Thomas, 723, 724, 739 Vaux, Noel de Jourda, comte de, 635, 635n5; identified, 635n5 Vergennes, Charles Gravier, comte de: and congressional instructions, xxxiv; as French foreign minister, 301, 634, 635n5; identified, 317n7; instructions of, 711; and peace negotiations, xxxiii–xxxiv; policies of, xxxi, 715n6, 715n8, 715n16; supports JJ’s appointment as minister to Spain, 715n16 Verlettenbergh Hill (Exchange Place), NYC, 9n6 Vermont, 160, 471, 472n6, 472n8, 537–38; boundary dispute on, 63; congressional committee on, 640, 641n3, 644–45; controversy over, xxx, 511, 512n5, 513–14n2, 518, 526,

537–38, 540n5, 540n9, 542, 543n4, 566n2 (10 January 1778), 582, 583, 590, 618, 626–27n1, 640, 641n3, 644–45, 657, 657n3, 660, 665–66, 678, 679n1, 687–96, 699, 704n1, 708–9; disputes in, 702–3; draft act on, 703–4; information from, 578; land speculation in, 63–64, 67, 439; and land titles, 590, 666, 666n1; law of, 689; and Loyalism, 537; militia, 225n7, 645; New York’s claims to, xxx; petition to Earl of Dunmore, 64; as separate state, 398, 399, 554, 590 Vernon, Col., 259n1 (21 June 1776) Verplanck (Ver Planck), Gulian, 71, 77; identified, 71n5, 77n3 Verplanck (Ver Planck), Samuel, 77; identified, 77n3 Versailles, France, 634, 635, 721 Viper (ship), 150, 151n7 Virgil: references to, 518, 519n5 Virginia, 100, 123, 132, 191, 208, 214, 216n2, 226, 229n1, 239n4, 250, 361, 527n7, 584, 697; convention, 241n4; delegates, 97, 98, 99, 421, 422n4; exports to Bermuda, 616n1; land claims of, 678, 679n2, 719, 719n2; land for officers and soldiers in, 584, 585n2; legislation of, 656, 657n1; military operations in, 707; militia, 241n4, 608; naval operations in, 664; plantation in, 599n5; prisoners at, 628n1; prisoners of war in, 577n1; and ratification of Articles of Confederation, 552; and ratification of the Constitution, xl; and Restraining Acts, 141n2; tobacco shipped from, 662 Virginia (frigate), 437 Virginius: debate on, 52–55 Voting rights: restrictions on, 373 Wadsworth, Jeremiah: as commissary general, 666, 666n3, 680, 680n2; identified, 631n1; letter from, 630–32; letter to, 656 Wagons: damaged, 647 Wales, 24 Walker, Thomas, 167; identified, 168n5 Wallace, Hugh, 364–65; identified, 365n1 Walpole, Thomas, 679n2 Walton, George, 353, 358; identified, 354n3 Walton, Jacob, 58 War: preparations for, in Europe, 484–85; provocation of, 425n2; views on, 581, 582n1 Warner, Seth, 222; identified, 225n7 War Office, 654 Washington, George: administration of, xxv; appointments of, 304n2; authority of, 595, 596; and Bermuda trade, 616n1; cabinet of, xl; and Canadian expedition, 507n2, 563, 563n1, 610–11; and charges against Charles Lee, 535n4; and civil-military relations, 266; conferences with, 252, 455n2, 573; as congressional delegate, 119; and Conway cabal, 543n4, 548n2, 555, 558–60; correspondence forwarded by, 302; correspondence of, l, 351, 352n4, 556, 702n4; —, inspected, 452; —, intercepted, 306, 307n1; and courts-martial, 253,

637n2; and currency depreciation, 555; defamation of, 256n5; and evacuation of Fort Ticonderoga, 443n4, 446, 459; friendships of, 362n4; and frontier defense, 595; and Hickey Plot, 252, 253, 254, 256–57n5, 258n1; and Hudson River defense, 273; and illicit trade, 588n2; and impressment, 503; information from, 519, 519n1 (3 May 1778); information sent to, 578, 623, 633; and inoculation of troops, 225n12; intelligence operations of, 614n1 (21 March 1779), 658; and invisible ink, 547, 547n1; JJ’s resignation submitted to, xliv; and Jay’s Treaty, xliii; letters from, 260, 599–600, 622–23, 707; letters to, 220–21, 258–59, 276–77, 547, 600–602, 616–18, 620–21, 653–54, 658–60, 709; and loyalty and security issues, 364–65; medal for, 220, 220n1, 221n2; and military operations in Massachusetts, 162n8; and military operations in New Jersey, xxix, 308n1, 312n1, 457n4, 475, 488, 489n5; and military operations in New York, 179, 232n2, 248n1, 249n4, 262n2 (1 July 1776), 267, 268n1, 272n1, 273, 274, 277n1, 278, 279, 369–70, 453, 454, 455n2; nationalism of, xxxvii; and naval affairs, 621n3; and northern command, 440, 468, 469n5, 470, 472n3, 482, 575; orders of, 283, 311, 312n2, 390n4; plans of, 667n1; as president, xxx, xl; quoted, 253, 254, 313n7, 611–12n3, 616n1; and recruitment, 555; relationship with Gates, 611n3, 616–17, 617n1; request for letter to, 364, 365n1; retaliation by, 438n2; romance of, 362n4; and Sullivan expedition, 650, 652, 653n1, 653n6, 654–55, 683, 686n2; and supply of army, 666n3; support for Philip Schuyler, 612; writings promoted by, 320–21, 324n1 Washington, Martha Dandridge Custis, 600, 602 Waterbury, David, 167; identified, 167n4 Watkins, John Watkyn, Jr., 594, 628; identified, 594n3 Watkins, Judith Livingston (sister of Sarah Livingston Jay), 594; identified, 594n3 Watts, James, 71 Watts, John, Jr., 42n2, 62, 62n2, 71, 77n3; identified, 72n11 Watts, Stephen, 160; identified, 162n6 Wayne, Anthony: correspondence of, 659n8, 681, 682n3; and court-martial of Philip Schuyler, 441; criticism of, 534, 535n5; identified, 535n5; and Stony Point victory, 654n1, 658 Weare, Meshech, 695n1 Webster, Pelatiah: identified, 657n2; writings of, 656, 657n, 657n2 Weiss, Lewis: translator, 325n6 Welch, Lt. Col., 306 Welles, Laura Jay, xlix Wentworth, Benning, 63, 64n1 Wentworth, Paul, 532n1 West, William, Jr.: exchange of, 358, 359n5, 360; identified, 359n5 West, the: loyalty of settlers in, xxxvi; peace objectives of, xxxv Westchester County, N.Y.: aid to, 178n2, 180n2, 183; assemblymen of, 542; committee of, 266; Committee of Safety in, 293n2; court, 87; depredations in, 388; desolation of, 299;

elections in, 66, 426; insurrection in, 180n2, 182–83; itinerant judge for, 89n4; law cases in, 131, 138; legal practice in, 55; Loyalists in, 501n1 (2 January 1778); military operations in, 289n1, 292, 305n1, 308n1, 347, 348, 351, 352n5; protections accepted in, 453; records transferred to, 285n1; spies in, 348; votes for JJ, 426; votes on amendments to draft constitution, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 384, 386 West Indies: access to markets in, xxv, xxxiii; British naval superiority in, 746; compensation for seizures in, xlii; expeditions in, 117; impact of Revolution on, 334, 344; information from, 584; information on, 595; mapping of, 80; munitions imported from, 140, 141n11, 147n2 (26 October 1775), 151n5; naval operations in, 193, 549n4, 658, 667n1, 686; nonexportation to, 107, 133; provisions exported to, 140, 141n11; and Restraining Acts, 141n2; scarcity of provisions in, 295, 300; trade with, xlii, 1, 724n2; travel by way of, 432, 723, 724n1, 736, 738, 740 Westminster Abbey, 138n3 West Point, N.Y., 151n2, 273, 361, 654n1, 666n3, 683, 699, 707 Wetmore, James, 6, 6n6, 12n2; identified, 12n1 Weyman, William, 30 Wharton, Carpenter, 231; identified, 232–33n4 Wharton, Thomas: identified, 399 Wheat: crop of, 666; impressment of, 583n2, 590, 591n5 Wheeler, Dr. Lemuel, 282; identified, 283n1 (22–24 July 1776) Wherry, Evans, 269; identified, 272n4 Whig Club, 373 Whipple, William, 621n3, 632n3, 649n1; identified, 632n3 Whitcomb, Benjamin, 225n10, 417, 419n2 Whitcomb, Elisha, 225n10 White Eyes, 244; identified, 245n5 Whitehall Street, NYC, 62 White Plains, N.Y., 277n1, 543n3; convention at, 266, 273, 289, 348; defeat at, 321; and Hudson River defense, 278; JJ at, 59, 541, 542; military operations at, 529, 533; provincial congress at, 262, 262n1 (1 July 1776), 265, 266, 267n1, 272n1 Whitestone, Queens County, N.Y., 438n2, 639n2 Whiting, William B., 640 Wickham, Mrs., 728, 731n3 Wickham, William, 62, 728, 731n3; identified, 63n6 Wiesenfels, Frederick, 236n2 Wilkes, John (Lord Mayor of London), 143 Wilkinson, James, 542, 543nn2–3, 548n2; identified, 543n2 Willett (Willet), Marinus: as army officer, 218, 219, 236n2; identified, 219n1; and Indian affairs, 624, 624n4; letter from, 234–35, 475–77, 494–97; letter to, 235–36; military operations of, 393, 394n2; praised, 473

William of Orange, 335, 345 Williams, William, 307n2; identified, 307n2 Williamsburg, Va., 241n4, 707 Williamson, Hugh, 315, 318; identified, 317n12 William Street, NYC, 157n5 Willing Morris & Co., 303n12 Wilson, James: on congressional committees, 137n1, 237n1; identified, 216n2; and independence, 250, 250n4; as Indian commissioner, 187n5; mob violence against, 687n4; as moderate, xxvi Windham, Conn., 164n2 Windsor Castle: Jay papers at, xlvii Wine: price of, 546n3; taxation of, 102 Winsor, Justin, xlvii Wirt, William, 97, 98, 99, 99n8 Wisner, Henry, 261, 262n1 (29 July 1776), 377, 400, 406 Witherspoon, John, 358, 359, 359n3, 601, 624n1, 641n3, 689; identified, 359n3 Wogoman, Eleanor Iselin, l Wolcott, Oliver, 476n1, 623; identified, 476n1 Wolfe, James, 193n8 Wollaston, John, the Younger: portrait by (illus.), 389 Women: assist prisoners, 745n1; and Hickey Plot, 256n5; impact of financial measures on, 677; impact of war on, 329, 330, 332, 340, 362n4, 535–36, 540n1, 677; as Loyalists, 386– 87, 438n2, 513; passes requested by, 529; patriotism of, 391, 498–99, 535–36; petitions of, 648–49; praised by JJ, 205–7; seized by British, 437, 438n2 Woodhull, Nathaniel, 165n3, 292, 293n12; identified, 142n1 (1 September 1775), 760; letter from, 284; letter to, 155 Wooster (Woster), David, 149, 161, 221, 223, 225n2, 264, 312, 312n5; identified, 151n3 Wynehamer v. N.Y.: and due process, 99 Wynkoop, Cornelius, 213n6 Wyoming, Pa., 650, 684 Wythe, George, 173, 229n1, 237n1; identified, 173, 216n2 Y., Israel. See Young, Israel Yale College, 5, 6, 27, 50, 63n6 Yates, Abraham, Jr.: as candidate for lieutenant governor, 507n3, 508; confers with Philip Schuyler, 462, 463n12; identified, 760; letter to, 419–20; and loan office, 508; and N.Y. Constitution, 400, 401, 403, 406, 419–20; as state senator, 525; on voting by ballot, 400, 406 Yates, Peter W., 426; identified, 434n1 (from Peter W. Yates, 5 June 1777); letter from, 434

Yates, Robert: correspondence of, 267n1, 469n7; and Hudson River defense, 273, 274, 276n10, 281, 282, 284, 288; identified, 273, 760–61; as judge, 432, 433n1, 445n1, 487, 520, 523, 523n4, 584n4; letters from, 276–77, 280–81; letters to, 284, 397–99; and naturalization, 383; and N.Y. Constitution, 400, 406; and Vermont controversy, 582, 583n1 Yates, William, Jr., 523; identified, 523n4 Yonkers, N.Y., 89, 284, 285n1 York (York Town), Pa., 164n2, 491, 506, 513, 517, 519 York County, Pa., 686n7 Yorktown, Va.: battle of, 682n5, 682n7 Young, Israel, 258 Young, John, 484; identified, 485n1 Young, Thomas, 398, 399; identified, 399 Zedwitz, Herman, 213n6