Reflecting on Illyrian Helmets

RASTKO VASI] Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade

REFLECTING ON ILLYRIAN HELMETS

UDC: 904:623.445.2(497)"-05/-03" e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.2298/STA1060037V Received: May 19, 2010 Original research article Accepted: November 30, 2010

Abstract. – The so-called Illyrian helmets, with a rectangular opening for the face, are a frequent topic in archaeological literature for several reasons. They are distributed over a large territory – on the Balkan Peninsula and beyond, so many archaeologists from various countries were involved in their study. Then there is the great diversity of forms, where each type or subtype represents a theme in itself posing various questions, and finally new Illyrian helmets appear all the time, even in regions far from their main concentration areas, or with unfamiliar details, demanding new analyses and explanations. The author discusses their division into types and subtypes, chronology, variants, and comes to the conclusion that a proper study of this theme will be possible only when various aspects of their appearance, including ancient written sources as well as the material culture of this period in particular regions, are taken into consideration because of their complex and versatile role in ancient Balkan history.

Key words. – Illyrian helmets, Greece, Macedonia, Adriatic coast.

he so-called Illyrian helmets,1 with a rectangu- Many scholars have written about them. In the first lar opening for the face, triangular or elongated place Germans like, B. Schroeder,2 E. Kukahn,3 then in T cheek-pieces and a neck guard, as well as a particular E. Kunze, who excavated in Olympia where track consisting of two ridges on the top of the crown a large number of Illyrian helmets was found,4 and H. for the crest, are a frequent topic in archaeological literature for several reasons. They are distributed over a large territory – on the Balkan Peninsula and beyond, so 1 There are various names, which scholars have given to this that many archaeologists from various countries were type of helmet. The term »Illyrian« is most widespread and I think involved in their study. it is the most suitable. It is short, practical and there is no doubt Then there is a great diversity of forms, where each which shape is in question. On the other hand, all scholars more type or subtype represents a theme in itself posing var- acquainted with the problem know very well that the Greeks and not the Illyrians invented this helmet and that it was in use in Greece ious questions, and finally new Illyrian helmets appear as well as in Macedonia and in Illyrian lands. all the time, even in regions far from their main con- 2 Schroeder 1912, 39–44. centration areas, or with unfamiliar details, demanding 3 Kukahn 1936, 52–55. new analyses and explanations. 4 Kunze 1958; Kunze 1967.

* The article results from the project: Metal Ages in the Morava Basin (no 147007) funded by the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia

37 Rastko VASI], Reflecting on Illyrian helmets (37–55) STARINAR LX/2010

Pflug, who published the last synthetic study on this helmets in the northwest Balkans (Donja Dolina, Kaptol) theme.5 Balkan archaeologists like M. Gara{anin,6 D. suggests only that there was constant contact and trade Berciu,7 M. Nikolanci,8 V. Lahtov,9 H. Ceka,10 I. Maro- between Macedonia and the North Balkans during the vi},11 M. Guma,12 B. Ter`an,13 M. Ble~i},14 E. Teleaga,15 7th and 6th century BC.23 and many others16 also contributed to a large extent. Concerning helmets of the organisch-belebte form, In spite of their diversity, a relatively clear typolo- one should add that they are not identical; some have gical development of Illyrian helmets from the 8th to the more expressed paragnatides, some less expressed, as 3rd century was determined. There are three main phases two helmets from Donja Dolina show. This points to a of development – an early form with low crown and typological development, but does not necessarily indi- without neck guard, then the middle form, »organisch- cate chronological difference. They are decorated with belebte«, as named by Kunze,17 with triangular cheek- one or, less often, two horizontal ribs on the forehead.24 pieces, elongated back guard, horizontal ribs on the Most probably it represents just a variation of the deco- forehead, and a decorative border with a series of studs rative theme, but it is possible that two lines were a sign alongside the helmet edge, and finally the late form of higher military rank of the owner whatever this rank with elongated cheek-pieces and simplified decoration may have been, although this assumption should be running along the edge. However, there are many vari- considered with great reserve. ations which appear particularly in the transitional period The most widespread and most popular was the late between the middle and late form, a period of experi- form – Type III, which developed from Type II and ments and quest for new creations.18 They invent and dates from the second half of the 6th to the 4th century combine various elements, some borrow details from BC.25 Its division into Types IIIA with side gussets Corinthian or Chalcidian helmet types, and this tendency (»Seitenzwickeln«),26 and IIIB with a round opening to create variants continues in the late phase too. cut for the ears is generally accepted. Within Type IIIA The early form or Type I was found in limited num- three further subtypes can be distinguished: Type IIIA1, ber, mainly on the Peloponnese, while a single helmet where studs along the helmet edge closely imitate those comes from Borove in East Albania. The dating – end of the 8th to the late 7th century relates to the Greek finds, while the helmet from Albania could be somewhat 5 later.19 Pflug 1988. 6 The middle form or Type II, generally dated from Gara{anin 1957. 7 Berciu 1958. the late 7th century to the middle of the 6th century BC, 8 Nikolanci 1959; Nikolanci 1960. was found mainly in Greek Macedonia in the area 9 Lahtov 1965. between Thessaloniki and Kozani, apart from a consid- 10 Ceka 1972. 20 erable number of pieces which come from Olympia. 11 Marovi} 1972. Within the development of the middle form there is one 12 Guma 1991. earlier and one later stage. In its earlier phase it is visu- 13 Ter`an 1995, 87–88. ally the most distinguished and majestic form of Illyrian 14 Ble~i} 2007. helmets; the later helmets of Type II lack the former 15 Teleaga 2008, 232–233. solemn impression, there are deviations in details and 16 Lisi~ar 1951, 46–47; Mozsolics 1955; Lisi~ar 1973; Vasi} hints to the future Type III. The helmets from Olympia, 1982. 17 Kunze 1958, 134–138. Lindos, Kozani (Pl. I,4), Ano Kopanos (Pl. I, 3), Anarahi 18 Cf. Kunze 1967, 121. (Pl. I,2), Agia Paraskevi near Kozani (Pl. I,1), Archon- 19 Pfuhl 1988, 44 ff. tiko, Agia Paraskevi near Thessaloniki, the surrounding 20 Pfuhl 1988, 48 ff. of Thessaloniki, Donja Dolina (Pl. II, 1–3) and Kaptol 21 See the catalogue of helmets at the end. 21 (Pl. II,4) belong to this earlier phase. The remaining 22 Kilian-Dirlmeier 2002, 90–91. helmets, which were ascribed to Type II (Bukri, Trebe- 23 Cf. Vasi} 1974. Two Macedonian »jug-stoppers« of earlier nishte, Ungrej, Ioannina), belong according to their form, dating to the 7th century BC, were found recently in the sur- characteristics to the later stage. The fragment from rounding of Zemun, Najhold 2010, 46, Figs. 25, 26. 24 Helmets from Lindos, Anarahi and Agia Paraskevi near Philia formerly considered as Type II, belongs in fact to Kozani have two horizontal ribs. Also the helmet from the former 22 Type III. Their obvious concentration around Kozani Donald Young collection (internet data). and Thessaloniki shows clearly that the center of their 25 Pflug 1988, 45 Abb. 1. production was in this region. The appearance of three 26 Pflug 1988, 52.

38 Rastko VASI], Reflecting on Illyrian helmets (37–55) STARINAR LX/2010 of Type II (Nietrand), Type IIIA2, where this decorative from the former group.32 It may suggest that the basic motif is more freely followed (Punzborte), and Type form of Type II remained in use here also after the mid- IIIA3, without decoration but with smooth edges.27 dle of the 6th century and that the creative spirit, notice- Helmets with smooth edges without stud decoration able in workshops around Thessaloniki, did not involve were marked as Type IIIA3, which is not »ganz treffend«. this area. Namely, in character and appearance they differ visibly Corinthian Kalottenabsatz is also seen on two hel- from those of Types IIIA1 and IIIA2 and represent an mets with flat edges, one allegedly from North Greece33 independent form of Illyrian helmets in relation to the and the other from Sicily.34 They are close to the above basic development II–IIIA1–IIIA2. H. Pflug recognized mentioned group with incised lions, but here Absatzlines that difference, but tried to establish a missing link bet- on both sides of the forehead turn upwards and create a ween Type II and Type IIIA3, creating a Type IIB, with kind of plastic wing-like decoration. The manner of three helmets having varied details of edge decoration.28 execution reminds one, to a certain extent, of the plastic They are indeed variations which do not negate the in- eye-brows on Corinthian or Italian helmets of this period. dependent development of Type IIIA3. This was proba- This decoration occasionally appears on Illyrian helmets bly the result of the quest for new forms, where the need too, as a recently discovered helmet in Isthmia shows. for production speed possibly played a significant role. Many helmets of Type IIIA1 were specially decora- Most of the helmets were found in Sindos29 – »a Sindos ted and differ from a genuine IIIA1 form. Two of them variant« may be an appropriate term for them, – while the have cheek-pieces in the form of a ram’s head, a cre- rest also come mainly from Greek Macedonia. Thus, the ation which owes much to Chalcidian helmets – one was supposition that they emerged in Greek Macedonia is found in Olympia and the other in Gornja Porta in Ohrid.35 most probable. For practical reasons, however, to avoid Some helmets have golden and silver embossed rectan- misunderstanding, I will continue to use IIIA3 for this gular sheets around a square opening (Trebenishte, form of helmets. Archontiko, Sindos), others some floral motifs, while There are helmets with a smooth edge included in those with golden and silver sheet cuttings in the form this group (IIIA3) which have a series of stamped cir- of lions, boars and riders on the forehead and the cheek- cles, an imitation of studs, along the edge. This is again pieces are particularly interesting. Two of these were a variation, in fact a mixture of elements, which should found in Olympia,36 one in Trebenishte (Pl. IV,3.4)37 be considered separately. There are early examples, as and one on the Timiº bank in the north part of the com- the helmet from Archontiko and the helmet from Re~ica mune Gavojdia near Timiºoara in Rumania (Pl. V,3).38 show. They are certainly not later than the turn of the 6th I do not wish to discuss the meaning, status, symbols or to 5th century, but they appear also much later, as that other characteristics of these variously decorated helmets, from Belsh, dated to the 4th century, testifies.30 This which are certainly worth discussing in particular because variant probably also originated in Macedonia. A particular group of helmets with smooth edges includes those with accentuated calotte, an element bor- rowed from the Corinthian type. They are decorated on 27 Pflug 1988, 52–53. the forehead with two incised figures of juxtaposed lions 28 Pflug 1988, 52. Helmets from Olympia and Trebenishte. with turned heads. One of these helmets is in the Metro- The third example from the Canellopoulos collection again repre- politan museum, allegedly from Argolis, but the infor- sents a variation, having a smooth edge with a series of round holes along it. Amandry 1971, 589–597. It is earlier than the three earli- mation is not confirmed, the other comes from a site est helmets from Trebenishte (ibid, 589, n. 8) and belongs to the between Horigi and Vaphiochori near Kilkis, now in the middle phase of development of Illyrian helmets. Kilkis Museum (Pl. IV,2), and two others were found in 29 Sindos 1985, passim. the necropolis of Thermi near Thessaloniki (one in grave 30 Albanien 1988, 244–259, Nr. 111. 22). The question is was the form created in the work- 31 Moustaka 2002, 410. 32 shops around Thessaloniki or further south. This can not Unpublished. Mus. Kozani, no inv. 33 Ars antiqua, Luzern, 7. 12. 1962, 28 f. Nr. 119, T. 39. be answered with certainty, but it is probable that it was 34 31 Ter`an 1995,121; Sotheby, Catalogue of the sale, 14 produced in Macedonia also. november 1966, 73 No. 175. A helmet from the surrounding of Kozani also has 35 Kunze 1967, 130 ff. Taf. 69–71; Ble~i} 2007, 78 T. IV, 4. an accentuated calotte but in other details, e.g. studs 36 Kunze 1967, 127 ff. Taf. 66–67; Hockey et al., 1992. along the edge, no incised lions on the forehead, follows 37 Popovi} 1956, 47 T. XVIII. strictly Type II and was obviously made independently 38 Medeleþ, Cedica 2003.

39 Rastko VASI], Reflecting on Illyrian helmets (37–55) STARINAR LX/2010 they appear in different milieus,39 but mention them to decoration. On the helmet from Raàna (Pl. V,4) studs emphasis the diversity of Illyrian helmets. Also it seems are densely represented, though in some parts spacing is to me more appropriate to mark them again just as vari- noticeable. This helmet is marked as Type III A 2, ations of the main theme, than to give them a type num- although between it and that from Trstenik (Pl. VI,3) the ber, as Martina Ble~i} did, designating Illyrian helmets difference in decoration is much more noticeable than of Type IIIA1 with decorations as Type IIIA1b.40 between Raàna (Pl. V,4) on the one hand and Pe}ka Otherwise, if we take as probable that the examples banja (Pl. V,1.2) and Gavojdia (Pl. V,3) on the other. with a ram’s head and those with boars, lions and horse- A variant of Type IIIA2 with arrow motif incised men originated on Peloponnesus and that their appear- on the sides of the helmet, which was designated as ance around the Ohrid Lake was to be expected, while IIIA2–b, was spread mainly along the Adriatic coast and bearing in mind the enormous quantity of Greek ware in occasionally in the hinterland. Its appearance in Alba- Trebenishte, the helmet from the surrounding of Timi- nia, in Perlat dated to the third quarter of the 5th century, ºoara (Pl. V, 3) is intriguing. It poses questions of a dif- and in Budva speaks in favour of an assumption that ferent kind and offers several hypothetic assumptions. this variant was produced in the workshops in the south On the basis of its shape it is close to the helmets from Adriatic, Apollonia and Epidamnus,43 from where it Pe}ka banja (Pl. V, 1.2) and Raàna (Pl. V,4), so the spread to the Northwest. Some of these helmets with solution should possibly be sought in that direction.41 incised arrow, as those from Budva and Podstinje, Kise- Could it perhaps have been the helmet of an Illyrian ljak, have an exaggeratedly high crown, a particular »condottiere«, who crossed a river too far north? handwriting of an artisan or a workshop, which would The basic Type IIIA1 with Nietrand appeared in the indicate a later stage of development when the harmo- Peloponnesus and Macedonia, while in the West ny of form began to disappear. Balkans their number was limited. It is usually dated to Finally, Type IIIB with ear-shaped cutting, the last the second half of the 6th and the beginning of the 5th type in the series, was found in Greece, Albania and century BC. Type IIIA2 with Punzborte, dated from the occasionally further northwest, on the Adriatic coast first part of the 5th century to the end of the 4th century, and Italy. The form was probably invented in Greece. was also found in Greece and Macedonia, but the num- Kunze dates this type in Olympia immediately after the ber of finds in the West Balkans in comparison with middle of the 5th century,44 but Illyrian helmets in gene- IIIA1 increased considerably.42 When one speaks of ral were slowly going out of fashion, so it was not found Types IIIA1 and IIIA2, one could say that the difference in Greece any more in great number. between Nietrand and Punzborte is theoretically quite The influx of the Illyrian helmet on the East Adria- clear, but in practice it poses some problems. It is true tic coast and in its hinterland is amazing and not easy to that some helmets of Type IIIA can be relatively easily explain. How did these unknown groups or tribes be- ascribed either to one or other category, on the basis of come so keen to have Illyrian type helmets? Were there more or less expressed studs along the edge, but in many only particular groups in question or the inhabitants of cases that is not sufficiently transparent. One should a larger territory? Biba Teràn dealt with this problem keep in mind that the motif was transforming slowly, when she noted that Type IIIA2 b with an incised arrow step by step, that at that time various workshops were motif was spread mainly in Dalmatia, Type IIIB with involved in helmet production that they did not progress ear shaped cutting in Albania, and Type IIIA3 with evenly and simultaneously in stud transformation, that smooth edges in Macedonia.45 Here the division into there are many uncertain cases, especially when one has types and subtypes certainly plays an important role, the possibility to judge helmets only on the basis of but together with the edge forms, one should consider mediocre photographs. For example, two helmets from Pe}ka Banja (Pl. V,1/2) were ascribed to Type IIIA1, because the interspace between studs and their plasticity are quite noticeable, while on the other hand the helmet 39 Cf. Hockey et al. 1992, 286–287. from Trstenik (Pl. VI,3) belongs to Type IIIA2: it has no 40 Ble~i} 2007. studs in the proper sense of the word but a line of plas- 41 For other helmets, found in Rumania, Berciu 1958, 448–449. tic rectangles. Now, on the helmet from Timiºoara (Pl. 42 Pflug 1988, 52 ff. V,3) the density of studs is slightly more expressed than 43 Pflug 1988, 56–57. on the helmets from Pe}ka banja (Pl. V,1.2), so it can be 44 Kunze 1967, 133. ascribed to Type IIIA1, but also on account of figural 45 Teràn 1995, 87 f.

40 Rastko VASI], Reflecting on Illyrian helmets (37–55) STARINAR LX/2010 also the height of the crown, length of the cheek pieces, The transitional period, the last third of the 6th and the size of the neck guard and other details, which have beginning of the 5th century was characterised by a something to say about particular workshops and arti- great variety of forms that were still popular mainly in sans. In fact, altogether, this is a complex question, Macedonia. In their late phase, the 5th century, at the which needs a thorough study of various aspects, where peak of their production and popularity, they were fre- written sources and archaeological material should be quently found in Macedonia, but also in the West compared and analysed in detail. Here again a regional Balkans, where they appeared in great numbers also in division of the complete archaeological material in the the next and latest period of their development – the 4th West Balkans, and in Macedonia too, could possibly pro- century BC. vide some answers to this and other interesting questions, which Illyrian helmets, with their complex appearance, pose.46 In some way these helmets were unique. They ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS were worn by Greeks, Macedonians and Illyrians, so a detailed study of this theme could not only throw light I am very grateful to many colleagues who helped on the rise and fall in popularity of this piece of armour, me with this work in various ways – by allowing me to but also help in solving some questions in ancient visit the depots of their museums, providing me with Balkan history and prehistory. informations, photos and drawings of published and un- It is supposed that the workshops, which produced published helmets, helping me with the literature which these helmets for the West Balkans, were situated in the was not to hand – the late Dr Ioulia Vokotopulou, former South Adriatic, in Epidamnus and Apollonia in the first director of the Archaeological Museum in Thessaloniki, place.47 However, the question arises whether they Dr Georgia Karamitrou-Mentesidi, director of the were capable of satisfying a constant increase in Archaeological Museum in Kozani, the late Dr Borivoj demand for this defense weapon in the second half of ^ovi}, Centre for Balkanological Studies, Sarajevo, Dr the 5th and in the 4th century BC, or were some other Zeynep Kiziltan, Arch. Museum Istanbul, Mr. Melik workshops involved too? In this context Diodorus’s Ayaz, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Ankara, Mrs. story (XV, 13, 1–3) could perhaps be relevant. In 385 Vera Krsti}, National Mus. Belgrade, Mr Miloje Man- BC Dionysios, the tyrant of Syracuse sent 500 di}, Mus. U`ice, Dr Valentin Cedica, Mus. Banatului, panoplies to the Illyrians who helped him in the war Timiºoara, Mrs. Zvezdana Vu{ovi}-Lu~i}, Mus. Nik{i}, against Greek cities. What type of helmet was included Dr. Anita Büttner and Dr Walter Stolle, Mus. Darmstadt, in these sets? The first thought would be that it was not Mrs. Lilian Aheilara, Ephor of Prehistoric and Classical an Illyrian type because Illyrian helmets were rarely antiquities, Thessaloniki, Mr. Neboj{a Bori}, Archae- found in Italy. But which one then? Italy was flooded ological Institute, Belgrade, Mrs. Martina Ble~i}, with Corinthian helmets, a type which, on the other University Rijeka, Dr. Marion Uckelmann, PBF Project hand, was extremely rare in the West Balkans,48 so are Frankfurt, Mrs. Polyxeni Adam-Veleni, the director of not in question here. According to Diodorus (XIV,41. the Archaeological Museum in Thessaloniki, Prof. Dr. 42,2) several years earlier a large amount of armour, Ursula Putz, University Regensburg, Dr. Sophie Des- including helmets of various kind and type, were pro- camps, Musée du Louvre, Dr. Sean Hemingway, Metro- duced in Syracuse on the order of Dionysios, who was politan Museum of Art, Mr. Milenko Radivojac, preparing war against Carthage. The Illyrian type was Museum in Prijedor, Mr. Djoko Jovanovi}, Museum in probably produced too. Then it was very possible that Doboj, Dr. Pavlos and Dr. Christina Chrysostomou, some workshop in South Italy, in Syracuse in particular, Mus. Pella. purposely exported Illyrian helmets, simple in form and easy to manufacture, to a barbarian clientele on the other side of the Adriatic. H. Pflug suggested something in this sense, but wisely left it, as I do, for new evidence to confirm this.49 46 It is interesting e.g. that the princely graves in Aiani near Roughly, one can say that Illyrian helmets were Kozani, with rich goods, similar to that from Trebenishte, did not contain any Illyrian helmet, although in the Kozani area they were invented in Greece, probably on the Peloponnesus, in relatively frequently found. th the 8/7 century. In their second phase, the end of the 47 Pflug 1988, 56–57. th th 7 and greater part of the 6 century, they spread to 48 Pflug 1988a, 102–104, Abb. 48. Macedonia, where they were produced in great number. 49 Pfuhl 1988, 58.

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CATALOGUE to Internet data, some 30 helmets were found here. Cf. Milo{evi} 1999, 203–211 (helmets, p. 210, Fig. 4–5). The most complete list of Illyrian helmets up to now, with division into types, is that presented by Biba CRVENICA Teràn. Thus, we shall cite her list here, with additional Helmet of Type IIIA2. Teràn, 115. literature where it is necessary. We are aware that there are many Illyrian helmets, which are not included here. It CRES, RT JABLANAC is enough to look on the Internet under »Illyrian helmet« Helmet of Type IIIA1. Ble~i} 2007, 74 ff. to realize that this type is now in vogue and appears everywhere, genuine and false, usually with very vague ÂRAKOVO or no indications at all as to its origin,50 but we still hope Two helmets of Type IIIA2 were found in ârakovo, that this list will be of some help in further investiga- in 1948 and 1986. Teràn 1995, 121. tions of this subject. I did not add any map of the distribution of Illyrian DALMATIA? helmets as it appears in almost all cited articles and Helmet of Type III. Marovi} 1972, 297; possibly this because it would not have anything new to offer. Many is the helmet in the Knin museum; cf. Truhelka 1914, 118. helmets are not published as yet so it is not possible to identify precisely their types, to mention for example DELAGO@DA only several dozens in Archontico and Cetina. Helmet of Type IIIA3. Teràn 1995, 121; Bitrakova- Grozdanova 1992, 167 f., T. I. FORMER YUGOSLAVIA DONJA DOLINA (Pl. II, 1–3) BABINO Two helmets of Type II. Teràn 1995, 113. Helmet of Type III. Teràn 1995,121; Cf. Ble~i} 2007, 78. DRINOVCI Helmet of Type IIIA2. Teràn 1995, 121. BREZA Three helmets of type IIIA1 and A2. Teràn 1995, GORICA (Pl. III,1) 121; Ble~i} 2007, 78. Helmet of Type IIIA1. Teràn 1995, 115.

BUBLIN GRUDE (Pl. III,3) Two helmets of type IIIA1. Ter`an 1995, 115. Helmet of Type IIIA2. Ter`an 1995, 115.

BUDVA HERCEGOVINA Six helmets, probably all of Type IIIA2, found during Helmet of Type IIIA2. Teràn 1995, 115. excavations before and after World War II. The excava- tion in 1939 did not provide grave entities, while the IMOTSKI more recent excavations have unfortunately not been Helmet of Type IIIA2. Teràn 1995, 115. Possibly published. Teràn 1995, 119; Cf. ^. Markovi}, in: Mu- the helmet comes from Bublin, cf. Marovi} 1972, 297. zej grada Budve, nov. 2003, 16–18, Fig. 9. 6. KAÂNJ BUKRI Five helmets of Types IIIA1 and A2. Teràn 1995, Helmet of Type II. Teràn 1995, 113. 115.

CAVTAT KAPTOL (Pl. II,4) Helmet of Type IIIA2. Ter`an 1995, 115. Helmet of Type II. Ter`an 1995, 113.

CETINA, Trilj, Mali Drini}. Ter`an 1995, 113, 115 and 119 cites helmets of Types 50 Cf. on internet s.v. the Barakat Gallery. Emirates Palace, II, IIIA1 and IIIA2. They are still unpublished, so a de- Abu Dhabi, UAE – Illyrian Helmet of Type II, LA 511, from Medi- finite type identification is not yet possible. According terranean, and Illyrian Helmet of Type III, LO 657, from Illyria.

42 Rastko VASI], Reflecting on Illyrian helmets (37–55) STARINAR LX/2010

KLI^EVO (Pl. IV,1) RITE[I], village between Doboj and Modri~a Helmet of Type IIIA3. Ter`an 1995, 121. Helmet of Type IIIA2. Mus. Doboj, unpublished.

KORE[NICA, by Demir Kapija. RUSANOVI]I, GLASINAC (Pl. III,4, left) A rich grave with dozens of helmets, armour, bron- Fragment of a helmet of Type IIIA2 was found in ze crater, jewelry and pottery was devastated and finds Rusanovi}i, grave VIII,1/1895, together with 12 arched sold on the black market. See on Internet s. v. Kores- fibulae with elongated catch-plate (Fiala 1897, 14). nica. SISAK KUMANOVO, see Ano Kopanos, Greece Helmet of Type IIIA1. Teràn 1995, 121; Ble~i} 2007, 78. LABIN Helmet of Type IIIA2. Teràn 1995, 115. SREMSKA MITROVICA (Pl. VI,4) Fragmented helmet of Type IIIA2. Teràn 1995, NOVO MESTO, KAPITELJSKA NJIVA 116. Two helmets of Type IIIA2. Ble~i} 2007, 78. [IROKO, Suva Reka, Kosovo OHRID, GORNJA PORTA Illyrian helmet? Teràn 1995,121. During the Six helmets of which one has a cheek pieces in the World War I, according to unreliable data, an Austrian form of a ram’s head. Ble~i} 2007, 78. army, excavated a mound in the west part of the plain [iroko, southwest of Suva Reka in Kosovo, where a ske- O[ANICI letal grave with a helmet and other goods was found Helmet of Type IIIA2. Teràn 1995, 116. (Da{i} 1957, 249).

PE]KA BANJA (Pl. V,1.2) TALINE, GLASINAC (Pl. III,4, right) Three helmets of Type IIIA1. Teràn 1995, 115. Fragment of a helmet of Type III2 was found in the necropolis Sokolac-Taline I,1/1895, together with a PLANA spear and two fragmented Certosa fibulae (Fiala 1897, 4). Two helmets of Type IIIA2. Teràn 1995, 116. Teràn 1995, 116.

PODGORA, SU]URAJ TETOVO Helmet of Type IIIA2. Ter`an 1995, 119. Illyrian helmet? Ter`an 1995, 121.

PODSTINJE, KISELJAK TOPOLJE, KNIN Helmet of Type IIIA2. Ter`an 1995, 119. Helmet of Type IIIA2. Ter`an 1995, 116.

PUTIÊVO, TRAVNIK (Pl. III,2) TREBENISHTE (Pl. IV,3.4) Helmet of Type IIIA1. Teràn 1995, 115. Eight helmets of Types II, IIIA1 and IIIA3. Teràn 1995, 113, 115, 121. RADI[I], LJUBU[KI Helmet fragment of Type IIIA2. Teràn 1995, 121. TRILJ, SINJ Helmet of Type IIIA2. Teràn 1995,116. RAKITNO, Petrovi}i Decorated bronze sheet fragments most probably TRSTENIK (Pl. VI,3) did not belong to a helmet. Teràn 1995, 121. Helmet of Type IIIA2. Teràn 1995, 116. B. Schroeder, 1912, 342, Beil. 16,5, publishing the helmet, RA@ANA, Kosjeri} (Pl. V,4) did not cite any source, which means that he probably Helmet of Type IIIA. Teràn 1995, 115. received information directly from the Belgrade museum. However, he notes »Trotenik« instead of »Trstenik« as REÎCA, Ohrid the site of origin. Helmet of Type IIIA3. Teràn 1995, 121.

43 Rastko VASI], Reflecting on Illyrian helmets (37–55) STARINAR LX/2010

VALANDOVO, surrounding. AGIOS GEORGIOS, Grevena Helmet of Type IIIA. Rujak, Velkovski 2007. Parts Three helmets of Type IIIA, Arch. Mus. Thessalo- of a helmet of Type III were found allegedly around niki (inv. 5247, 5248, 5249). Valandovo. If this is so, the site could possibly be Zele- ni{te, a necropolis near Valandovo, with graves dating to AKRINIS, Ryaki, Kozani the end of the 6th and the beginning of the 5th century BC. A helmet of Type IIIA, Arch Mus. Kozani (inv. 23). A. Keramopoulos, Praktika Arh Et. 1934, 87 f. Fig. 8–9. STOLAC, surrounding of Helmet of Type IIIA2. Internet data. ANARAHI, Kozani (Pl. I,2) Two helmets of Type II, Arch. Mus. Kozani (inv. VIÂ LUKA, BRA^ 996a.b). Four helmets of Types IIIA2 and IIIB. Teràn 1995, 116, 119. ANO KOPANOS, former Kupanova, Naoussa (Pl. I,3) Several helmets, possibly all of type II. Teràn VRANJEVO SELO, Neum, VIDI]A GUVNO 1995, 113. ]. Truhelka mentioned in 1902 two helmets Two helmets of Type IIIA2. Ble~i} 2007, 78. from Kupanova, which he saw in a private collection in Thessaloniki (Truhelka 1902, 8). In 1898 Adolf Struck, ZAGVOZD architekt who worked for the Macedonian railway in Two helmets of Type IIIA2. Teràn 1995, 119. Thessaloniki, travelled to west Macedonia and near Niausta, today’s Naoussa, organised small excavations @UPANJA–ORA[JE in Kupanova, today’s Ano Kopanos (Struck 1898, Helmet of Type IIIA2. Teràn 1995, 116. 443–444) Here sometime earlier, near the ruins of St. Nicolas church, in a mixed layer of earth and gravel, RUMANIA pottery, arms and jewelry were found, together with two helmets of »Illyrian type«. Struck acquired one of hel- GAVOJDIA, Timiºoara (Pl. V,3) mets for him, which many years later, his grand daughter Helmet of Type IIIA1 with figural decoration. donated to the Darmstadt museum (A. Büttner, Leben- Medeleþ, Cedica 2004. diges Darmstadt 9/10, 1977). This helmet belongs to Type II. The Museum in Thessaloniki obtained a similar hel- GOSTAVAÞ met of Type II (inv. 208) in 1916 as a chance find from Helmet of Type IIIA2. Teràn 1995, 115. Ano Kopanos (G. Oikonomou, Arch. Deltion 2, 1916, Annex, p. 11, No. 12). According to this, five Illyrian JIDOVIN helmets were found in Ano Kopanos, or at least four, if Helmet of Type IIIA3. Teràn 1995, 121. the helmet in the Thessaloniki museum is the second of the two, which Struck saw in Naoussa in 1898. OCNA MURESULUI Helmet of Type IIIA2. Teràn 1995,115. »ARGOLIS« Helmet of Type IIIA3, with accentuated calotte. Bull. GREECE of the Metropolitan Mus. of Art 6, 30. 6. 1935, 111 f.

AGIA PARASKEVI, Thessaloniki ARCHONTIKO, Pela Helmet of Type II and five helmets of Type IIIA3. Ter- According to information from Pavlos and Chris- `an 1995, 113, 121; Sismanidis 1986, 796, Pl. 164, 1 right. tina Chrysostomou, at least 40 Illyrian helmets were excavated from the graves in this cemetery, while a large AGIA PARASKEVI, Kozani ( Pl. I,1) number was dug out clandestinely and sold on the black Two helmets of type II, Arch. Mus. Kozani (inv. market. The graves are dated from the middle of the 984. 985). first half of the 6th century to the advanced 5th century, so presumably the helmets were Types II and III. Cf. AGIOS ATANASIOS, west to Thessaloniki. also, National Geographic, August 2009, Vol. 216, No. Four helmets of Type IIIA, Arch. Mus. Thessaloniki 2, p. 22. The same helmet is displayed on the internet, (inv. 11324, 11325, 11384, 5136). together with a helmet from grave T74, with smooth

44 Rastko VASI], Reflecting on Illyrian helmets (37–55) STARINAR LX/2010 edges and a series of stamped circles represented along KAPUDJILAR, Thessaloniki the edge. Helmet probably of Type III. Teràn 1995, 121. Comp. Schroeder 1905, 342. ATHENS, Acropolis Helmet of Type IIIA. Teràn 1995, 115; Mus. Athens KOZANI (Pl. I,4) (6556). Two helmets of Type II. Teràn 1995, 113. Apart from the helmet of Type II from the necropolis in CHALIKIDIKI, Kozani (Mus. Kozani, inv. 596), another helmet of Type Helmet of Type IIIA. Teràn 1995, 115. II, with accentuated calotte, was found in the surrounding of Kozani (Mus. Kozani, no. inv No.). DODONA, LINDOS Fragment of a helmet of Type IIIB. Teràn 1995, Helmet of Type II. Teràn 1995, 113. 119. MAGULA–ERATIRA Lake DOIRAN, Helmet of Type IIIA3. Teràn 1995, 121. Helmet of Type III, Arch. Mus. Thessaloniki (inv. 52436). »MACEDONIA«: – Helmet of Type II, Arch. Mus. Thessaloniki (inv. EXOCHI, Kozani 10424/10923). Helmet of Type III, Arch. Muz. Kozani (inv. 1007). – Helmet of Type IIIA3, Stathatos collection, Mus. Athens. Teràn 1995, 121. GEPHYRA, west to Thessaloniki – Helmet of Type II, without studs along the edge, Two helmets of Type IIIA3, Arch. Mus. Thessalo- Kanellopoulos collection. Amandry 1971, 89–97. niki (inv. 11305. 11306). – Helmet of Type III3? Benaki Mus. (inv. 8061). – Helmet of Type IIIA2. Basel, Auktion 26, Kunst- HALMYROS, Volos werke der Antike, 5. 10. 1963, 10, No. 15. Helmet of Type III. Teràn 1995, 121. – Helmet of Type IIIA3, with accentuated calotte and wing-like decoration on the forehead, North Greece. HORIGI–VAPHIOHORI, Kilkis (Pl. IV,2) Ars antiqua, Luzern, 7. 12. 1962, 28 f. Nr. 119, T. 39. Helmet with accentuated calotte and incised lions – Helmet of Type IIIA3. Ashmolean mus., Arch. in the front, Mus. Kilkis (inv. 504). Th. Savvapoulou, Reports 1963/64, 13, Abb. 9. Arh. Deltion 44 (1984) Hronika 333 Fig. 182d, g. – Helmet of Type IIIA3 with stamped circles along the edge, Mus Mainz. Teràn 1995, 121. According to ISTHMIA information from J. Hundt, M. Gara{anin, 1957, 42, note Fragment of a helmet of Type IIIA1. Teràn 1995, 24a, states that the helmet was found in the surrounding of Lake Ohrid. Lahtov 1965, 54 and Marovi} 1972, 298 115. Recently an Illyrian helmet of Type IIIA1 was repeat this citation. found in the Sanctuary of Poseidon, North Terrace Deposits. Workmanship is less skilfull; there are plastic MIKRA KARABURUN, Thessaloniki eye-brows on the fore head, similar to some Corinthian Two helmets of Type IIIA3. Teràn 1995, 121. Illyri- helmets, Mus. Isthmia (University of Chicago Excava- an helmets were found in grave III (Musée du Louvre, tions at Isthmia, internet data). new inv. 4117) and in grave XVII. This second helmet has not been published, but judging by the grave goods, IOANNINA, Duruti very similar to those in grave III, it is probably the same Helmet of late Type II with incised boar figure on type of helmet. Rey 1928, 62, Fig. 49; Rey 1932, 70. the cheek-piece. Teràn 1995, 113. NEAPOLIS KALAPODI, Phokis Helmet of Type IIIA3. Teràn 1995, 121. Helmet of Type I. Teràn 1995, 113. OLYMPIA KALAVRYTA, Patras Many helmets of Types I, II, IIIA1, IIIA2, IIIA3, Helmet of Type I. Teràn 1995,113. IIIB. Teràn 1995, 113, 115, 119, 121.

45 Rastko VASI], Reflecting on Illyrian helmets (37–55) STARINAR LX/2010

PANGAION CINAMAK, Kukes Helmet of Type IIIA2. Teràn 1995, 121 (Mus. Helmet of type IIIA2. Teràn 1995, 115. Athens inv. 14802). DRAC PHILIA Helmet of type IIIA2. Teràn 1995, 115. Fragment of helmet of Type IIIA3. Teràn 1995, 113. Cf. Kilian Dirlmeier 2002, 90–91 No. 1420. DRAJ–REC south of Kukes Helmet of type IIIA2. Teràn 1995, 115. »PLATEA« Helmet of Type II. Teràn 1995, 113. DUSHK, Elbasan Helmet of type IIIB. Teràn 1995, 119. PTELEA NESTORIU, Kastoria Helmet of Type IIIA (Mus. Thessaloniki. inv. 7195). EPIDAMNUS Helmet of Type IIIA2. S. Anamali, Bul. Shken. PYDNA Shoq. 1/1956, 26 Fig. 8. Helmet of Type IIIA2. Bessios, Pappa 1996, 62/A. KRUEGJETE by Ragostina SINDOS Helmet of Type IIIB. Teràn 1995, 119 s. v. Dozens of helmets of Type IIIA3 and some of Type Apollonia. IIIA2. Teràn 1995, 121. KUKES, Mus. Tirana THERMI Helmet of Type IIIA2. Kilian 1975, 136. Teràn 1995,121. Helmet of type III was found in grave 1, together with a coin of Alexander I (480–476 LACI BC); there are also two helmets with accentuated calotte Helmet of Type IIIA1. Teràn 1995, 115. and lions engraved on the forehead, one of which in grave 22 (Moustaka 2002). MEMELESHT, Pogradec Helmet of Type IIIB. Teràn 1995, 119. THESSALONIKI, ZEITINLIK Helmets of Type IIIA1 and of IIIA3. Teràn 1995, 121. Helmets were found in Sarcophagus A – Type IIIA1, NAMAZGJA, Pogradec and in Sarcophagus C – Type IIIA3 (Rey 1927, 32; 36, Helmet of Type IIIB. Teràn 1995, 119. Figs. 6, 7, 9, 10). Helmet from Sarcophagus A – Type IIIA1 is now in the Louvre (new inv. 4116), while the PERLAT, Mati whereabouts of the other is unknown. Helmet of Type IIIB. Teràn 1995, 119; Shquiperia arkelogijke, Tirana 1971 no. 32. THESSALONIKI (Pl. VI,1.2) Helmet of Type IIIA2 (Arch. Mus. Istanbul, inv. PRETUSHA, Podgradec 1427M). Helmet of Type IIIB. Teràn 1995, 119.

TRILOPHON RAJCE, Libazhd Helmet of type IIIA3. Teràn 1995,121 (Mus. Helmet of Type IIIB. Teràn 1995, 121. Thessaloniki 1498). SKADAR, surrounding ALBANIA Helmet of Type IIIA. F. Prendi, Bul. Shken. Shoq. 12,2, 1958, 252, Fig. 3. BELSH, Elbasan Helmet of Type IIIA3 with stamped circles. Teràn TIRANA, Muz. Tirana 1995, 121. Helmet of Type IIIA. Kilian 1975, 136. UNGREJ BOROVE, Kolonje Helmet of Type II. Teràn 1995, 113. Helmet of Type I. Teràn 1995, 113.

46 Rastko VASI], Reflecting on Illyrian helmets (37–55) STARINAR LX/2010

ZGHERDESH, Mus, Tirana »SICILY«? Helmet of Type IIIA. Teràn 1995, 121. Helmet with accentuated calotte and wing-like decoration on the forehead. Teràn 1995, 121. ITALY UKRAINE ABRUZZI Helmet of Type IIIB. Teràn 1995, 119. KERTCH Helmet of type IIIA3, remodeled. Teràn 1995, 121.

47 Rastko VASI], Reflecting on Illyrian helmets (37–55) STARINAR LX/2010

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Albanien 1988 – Albanien. Schätze aus dem Land Lisi~ar 1951 – P. Lisi~ar, Crna Korkira i kolonije der Skipetaren, Hildesheim 1988. anti~kih Grka na Jadranu, Skopje 1951. Amandry 1971 – P. Amandry, Collection Paul Lisi~ar 1973 – P. Lisi~ar, Cenni sulla ceramica Canellopoulos I, BCH 95, 1971, 585–626. antica, Arch. Iugoslavica XIV, 1973, 3–27. Berciu D. 1958 – D. Berciu, Le casque gréco- Marovi} 1972 – I. Marovi}, L’elmo greco-ilirico, illyrien de Gostavaþ, Dacia n.s. II, 1958, 437–450. in: Jadranska obala u protoistoriji, 287–300. Bessios, Pappa 1997 – M. Bessios, M. Pappa, Medeleþ, Cedica 2004 – F. Medeleþ, V. Cedica, Pydna, Thessaloniki1997. Coiful greco-ilir de la Gavojdia (Jud. Timiº). Analele Bitrakova-Grozdanova 1992 – V. Bitrakova-Groz- Banatului, S.N. Arheologie-Istorie X–XI, 2002–2003, danova, La nécropole antique de Delago`da et sa chro- Timiºoara 2004, 97–100. nologie, Ancient Macedonia V, Thessaloniki 1992, Milo{evi} 1999 – A. Milo{evi}, Archäologische 167–176. Probenuntersuchungen im Flussbet der Cetina (Kroatien) Ble~i} 2007 – M. Blecic, Status, Symbols, Sacrifices, zwischen 1990 und 1994. Arch. Korrespondenzblatt 29, Offerings. The diverse Meanings of Illyrian Helmets, 1999, 203–211. Vjesn. Arh. Muz. Zagreb 3 s. 40, 2007, 73–116. Mozsolics 1955 – A. Mozsolics, Neuere hallstattische Ceka 1972 – H. Ceka, Questions de numismatique Helmfunde aus Ungarn, AAASH V, 1955, 49–50. illyrienne, in particular the chapter L’origine illyrienne Moustaka 2002 – A. Moustaka, Peloponnisos kai du bouclier et du casque sur les bronzes de Skodra et de Makedonia. Paratiriseis sta legomena krani illirikou typou, Lissus, Tirana 1972, 165–177. Myrtos. Festschrift I. Vokotopoulou, Thessaloniki 2002, Da{i} 1957 – Lj. Da{i}, Praistorisko naselje na 393–410. [irokom, Glasnik muz. Kos. Met. II, 1957, 249–254. Najhold 2010 – B. Najhold, Taurunum Skordiska, Fiala 1897 – F. Fiala, Die Ergebnisse der Unter- Zemun 2010. suchung prähistorischer Grabhügel auf dem Glasinac Nikolanci 1959 – M. Nikolanci, Nove gr~ke kacige im Jahre 1895, Wiss. Mitt. Bos. Herz. V, 1897, 3–28. i knemide u Dalmaciji, VAHD 61, 1959, 81–93. Gara{anin 1957 – M. Gara{anin, Ilirsko-gr~ki {lem Nikolanci 1960 – M. Nikolanci, Dodatak gr~ko- iz Ra`ane, Vesnik Vojnog muzeja 4, 1957, 37–51. ilirskim kacigama u Dalmaciji. VAHD 62, 1960, 31–35. Guma 1991 – M. Guma, Citeva precizari asupra Popovi} 1956 – Lj. Popovi}, Katalog nalaza iz unor tipuri de coifuri de la sfirºitul primei epoci a fierului nekropole kod Trebeni{ta, Beograd 1956. ºi inceputul celei de a doua descoperite in sud-vestul Pflug 1988 – H. Pflug, Illyrische Helme, in: Antike Romaniei, Thraco-Dacica XII, 1–2, 1991, 85–103. Helme, Mainz 1988, 42–64. Hockey et al. 1992 – M. Hockey, A. Johnston, S. La Pflug 1988a – H. Pflug, Korinthische Helme, in: Niece, A. Middleton, J. Swaddling, An Illyrian helmet Antike Helme, Mainz 1988, 65–106. in the British Museum, BSA 87, 1992, 281–291. Rey 1927 – L. Rey, Tombeaux macédoniens decou- Kilian 1975 – K. Kilian, Trachtzubehör der Eisen- verts à Zeitlinlik, près de Salonique, Albania II, 1927, zeit zwischen Ägais und Adria, Praehistorische Zeit- 28–47. schrift 50, 1975, 9–140. Rey 1928 – L. Rey, La nécropole de Mikra Karabu- Kilian-Dirlmeier 2002 – I. Kilian-Dirlmeier, run, près de Salonique, Albania III, 1928, 60–66. Kleinfunde aus dem Athena Itonia Heiligtum bei Philia Rey 1932 – L. Rey, La nécropole de Mikra Kara- (Thessalien), Mainz 2002. burun, près de Salonique (suite), Albania IV, 1932, Kukahn 1936 – E. Kukahn, Der griechische Helm, 67–76. Marburg/Lahn 1936. Rujak, Velkovski 2007 – Z. Rujak, Z. Velkovski, Kunze 1958 – E. Kunze, Der sogenannte illyrische Bronzen »gr~ko-ilirski« {lem vo arheolo{kata zbirka na Helm, VI Bericht aus Olympia, 1958, 125–155. NU zavod i muzej -Strumica, Zbornik na trudovi vo spo- Kunze 1967 – E. Kunze, Der sogenannte illyrische men na J. Ananiev, Strumica 2007, 39–48. Helm, VIII Bericht aus Olympia, 1967, 116–133. Schroeder 1912 – B. Schroeder, Thrakische Helme, Lahtov 1965 – Lahtov, Ilirskiot bore~ki grob od se- Jahr. d. Deutsch. Arch. Inst. 27, 1912, 317–342. loto Re~ica – Ohridsko i problemot na gr~ko-ilirskiot Sindos 1985 – Sindos, Catalogue of the exhibition, {lem, Situla 8, 1965, 47–78. Thessaloniki 1985.

48 Rastko VASI], Reflecting on Illyrian helmets (37–55) STARINAR LX/2010

Sismanidis 1986 – K. Sismanidis, To arhaiko ne- Handel, Tausch und Verkehr im bronze- und früheisen- krotafeio tis Agias Paraskevis, Amitos, Festschrift M. zeitlichen Südosteuropa, Berlin 1995, 81–159. Andronikos. Thessaloniki 1986, 787–803. Truhelka 1902 – ]. Truhelka, Zwei prähistorische Struck 1898 – A. Struck, Prähistorische Funde bei Funde aud Gorica, Wiss. Mitt. Bosn. Herz. VIII, 1902, 3–47. Kupanova in Makedonien, Verhandlungen der Berl. Ges. Truhelka 1914 – ]. Truhelka, Prehistori~ke bron- f Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, 19 No- cane kacige, Glasn. Zem. muz. Sarajevo 1914, 116–119. vember 1898, 539–546. Vasi} 1974 – R. Vasi}, Donja Dolina i Makedonija, Teleaga 2008 – E. Teleaga, Griechische Importe in Godi{njak. Centar za Balkanolo{ka ispitivanja XIV/12, den Nekropolen an der unteren Donau 6 Jhr – Anfang Sarajevo 1974, 81–94. 3. Jh v. Chr., Marburg 2008, 232–234. Vasi} 1982 – R. Vasi}, Prilog prou~avanju gr~kog Ter`an 1995 – B. Ter`an, Handel und soziale Ober- oru`ja u Jugoslaviji, Godi{njak. Centar za balkanolo{ka schichten im früheisenzeitlichen Südosteuropa, in: ispitivanja XX/18, Sarajevo 1982, 5–24.

Rezime: RASTKO VASI], Arheolo{ki institut, Beograd

RAZMI[QAWA O ILIRSKIM [LEMOVIMA

Kqu~ne re~i. – Ilirski {lemovi, Gr~ka, Makedonija, jadranska obala.

Takozvani ilirski {lemovi sa pravougaonim otvorom za broj varijanata, {lemovi se mahom javqaju u Gr~koj i Ma- lice ~esta su tema u arheolo{koj literaturi iz vi{e raz- kedoniji, ali delimi~no i na zapadnom Balkanu. U kasnoj loga. Jedno, ra{ireni su na {irokoj teritoriji, na Balkan- fazi, u 5. veku, koja predstavqa vrhunac wihove popular- skom poluostrvu i van wega, tako da su mnogi arheolozi iz nosti, oni su i daqe poznati u Makedoniji, a na zapadnom razli~itih zemaqa ukqu~eni u wihovo prou~avawe; zatim, Balkanu javqaju se u velikom broju i u tom, i u slede}em, 4. javqa se velika raznolikost formi, gde svaki tip ili pod- veku, u posledwoj fazi svog razvoja. tip predstavqa temu za sebe koja postavqa razli~ita pitawa, Autor raspravqa o podeli ilirskih {lemova u tipove i kona~no, novi {lemovi ovog oblika javqaju se sve vreme, i podtipove, hronologiju, varijante, i dolazi do zakqu~ka ~ak i u regijama koje su daleko od glavnih koncentracija na- da }e sveobuhvatno prou~avawe ove teme biti mogu}e tek laza, ili sa novim detaqima, koji zahtevaju nove analize i kada svi aspekti wihove pojave, ukqu~uju}i anti~ke pisa- obja{wewa. ne izvore i materijalnu kulturu ovog perioda u pojedinim Grubo, mo`e se re}i da su ilirski {lemovi nastali u regionima, budu obuhva}eni. Ovi {lemovi to zaslu`uju jer Gr~koj, verovatno na Peloponezu, u 8–7. veku pre n.e. U svo- su jedinstveni. Bili su u upotrebi punih pet vekova, nosi- joj drugoj fazi razvoja, na kraju 7. i najve}em delu 6. veka, li su ih Grci, Makedonci i Iliri, pa bi detaqna studija ti {lemovi su se ra{irili u Makedoniju, gde su proizve- o wima ne samo bacila svetlo na uspon i pad popularnosti deni u velikom broju. U prelaznom periodu, posledwoj tre- takvog komada odbrambenog oru`ja nego i pomogla da se re- }ini 6. veka i po~etkom 5. veka, koji karakteri{e veliki {e neka pitawa iz stare balkanske istorije i praistorije.

49 Rastko VASI], Reflecting on Illyrian helmets (37–55) STARINAR LX/2010

Plate I – 1) Agia Paraskevi near Kozani; 2) Anarahi; 3) Ano Kopanos; 4) Kozani Tabla I – 1) Agija Paraskevi kod Kozana; 2) Anarahi; 3) Ano Kopanos; 4) Kozani

50 Rastko VASI], Reflecting on Illyrian helmets (37–55) STARINAR LX/2010

Plate II – 1, 2) Donja Dolina, from settlement; 3) Donja Dolina, from necropolis; 4) Kaptol Tabla II – 1, 2) Dowa Dolina, iz naseqa; 3) Dowa Dolina, iz nekropole; 4) Kaptol

51 Rastko VASI], Reflecting on Illyrian helmets (37–55) STARINAR LX/2010

Plate III – 1) Gorica; 2) Puti~evo; 3) Grude; 4) Glasinac, Rusanovi}i and Taline Tabla III – 1) Gorica; 2) Puti~evo; 3) Grude; 4) Glasinac, Rusanovi}i i Taline

52 Rastko VASI], Reflecting on Illyrian helmets (37–55) STARINAR LX/2010

Plate IV – 1) Kli~evo; 2) Horigi, near Kilkis; 3, 4) Trebenishte Tabla IV – 1) Kli~evo; 2) Horigi, kod Kilkisa; 3, 4) Trebeni{te

53 Rastko VASI], Reflecting on Illyrian helmets (37–55) STARINAR LX/2010

Plate V – 1) Pe}ka banja 1; 2) Pe}ka banja 2; 3) Gavojdia; 4) Ra`ana Tabla V – 1) Pe}ka bawa 1; 2) Pe}ka bawa 2; 3) Gavojdia; 4) Ra`ana

54 Rastko VASI], Reflecting on Illyrian helmets (37–55) STARINAR LX/2010

Plate VI – 1, 2) Thessaloniki (Mus. Istanbul); 3) Trstenik; 4) Sremska Mitrovica Tabla VI – 1, 2) Solun (Muz. Istanbul); 3) Trstenik; 4) Sremska Mitrovica