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Ports and Fortifications in the Muslim World Coastal Military Architecture from the Arab Conquest to the Ottoman Period

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Ports and Fortifications in the Muslim World Coastal Military Architecture from the Arab Conquest to the Ottoman Period Stéphane Pradines (ed.) Ports and Fortifications in the Muslim World Coastal Military Architecture from the Arab Conquest to the Ottoman Period Institut français d’archéologie orientale Fouilles de l’Ifao 85 – 2020 Contents Foreword and Greetings ............................................................................................................................... IX Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Keys to the Strait. Fortifications in the Strait of Gibraltar from Abū Ya ‘qūb Yūsuf to Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī (Martin Malcolm Elbl) ........................................................................................... 7 1.1. The Strait of Gibraltar “Keyworld” ........................................................................................................ 10 1.2. Ksar es-Seghir and Tangier: Voids and Re-Interpretations ................................................................... 13 1.3. The Atlantic “Key-Blade” ........................................................................................................................ 24 1.4. The Junction between “Key-Blades”: The Strait ..................................................................................... 28 1.5. The Other Side: The Alboran Sea ............................................................................................................ 32 1.6. Final Observations ................................................................................................................................... 34 2. Coastal Fortifications in 9th Century Tunisia and Egypt (Stéphane Pradines) .......................... 53 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 53 2.2. The Ifriqyian Ribāṭs ................................................................................................................................. 53 2.3. Did the Tunisian Ribāṭs Exist? ............................................................................................................... 56 2.4. Fustat, Capital of the River Nile ............................................................................................................. 57 2.5. The Nile Delta, from Alexandria to Farama ........................................................................................... 58 2.6. North African Byzantine or Mesopotamian Eastern influences? .......................................................... 62 2.7. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 64 VI ports and fortifications in the muslim world 3. Towards a Characterisation of Islamic Ports. Aylah as a Case-Study for Emporia-Building and Maritime Infrastructures in the Early Islamic Red Sea (650-1100 CE) (Kristoffer Damgaard) ..... 79 3.1. Aylah as a Case-Study .............................................................................................................................. 80 3.2. The Urban Landscape: Morphology, Infrastructure and Architecture ................................................. 81 3.3. The Artefact Horizon: Archaeological Markers of Trade and Identity ................................................. 86 3.4. Connectivity to Productive Hinterlands ................................................................................................ 88 3.5. “Core Characteristics” of Early Islamic Ports ........................................................................................ 91 4. The Mamluk Defence of the Levantine Coast (Mathias Piana) ..................................................... 103 4.1. Overview of the Sources .......................................................................................................................... 104 4.2. The Mamluk Conquest of the Coast ....................................................................................................... 106 4.3. The Places on the Levantine Coast during the Mamluk Period ............................................................ 107 4.4. The Mamluk Defence of the Levantine Coast ........................................................................................ 109 4.5. Fortifications in the Hinterland of the Coast ......................................................................................... 115 4.6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 117 5. Fortifications of Banbhore (Sind, Pakistan) (Nicolas Morelle) ....................................................... 131 5.1. Urban History of Banbhore ...................................................................................................................... 131 5.2. Fortification .............................................................................................................................................. 137 5.3. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 145 6. False Cannons on Bharuch Barbican. A Fortified Custom House in an Active Port Town of Gujarat (16th Century Onwards) (Sara Keller) ........................................ 159 6.1. An Imposing Fort on a Hill ..................................................................................................................... 160 6.2. Furza, the Entry Point of the City .......................................................................................................... 162 6.3. A Muzaffarid Fort .................................................................................................................................... 164 6.4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 165 7. Warfare in the Indian Ocean. The Walled Cities of the Swahili (Stéphane Pradines) ............... 173 7.1. The First Swahili Fortifications: Caravanserai and Fortified Entrepôts ................................................ 173 7. 2. Swahili City Walls, the Corpus from the 13th to the 19th Century ..................................................... 177 7.3. Definition of Swahili Fortification .......................................................................................................... 186 7.4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 190 8. The Defences of the Ottoman Port of Algiers (1530–1830) (Safia Benselama-Messikh) ............ 201 8.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 201 8.2. The Port’s Defences .................................................................................................................................. 203 8.3. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 207 contents VII 9. Trans-Imperial Encounter on the Ionian Sea. A French Engineer’s Account of Constructing Ottoman Fortifications (Emily Neumeier) ................................................................. 217 9.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 217 9.2. Preveza before Ali Pasha .......................................................................................................................... 219 9.3. Guillaume de Vaudoncourt’s Engineering Reports at the Gennadius Library ..................................... 221 9.4. Building the Agios Georgios Fort in Preveza ......................................................................................... 223 9.5. Analysis and Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 225 Abstracts .......................................................................................................................................................... 237 List of Authors ................................................................................................................................................. 241.
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