DOCSLIB.ORG

Topaz Rhyolites-Distribution, Origin, and Significance for Exploration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Topaz Rhyolites-Distribution, Origin, and Significance for Exploration Economic Geology Vol. 77, 1982, pp. 1818-1836 Topaz Rhyolites-Distribution, Origin, and Significance for Exploration DONALD M. BURT, MICHAEL F. SHERIDAN, JAMES V. BIKUN~, AND ERIC H. CHRISTIANSEN~~ Department of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 Abstract Topaz rhyolites are fluorine.,.rich alkaline silicic lavas and shallow intrusives that are char­ acterized by the presence of topaz (AI2Si04F 2) in gas cavities, commonly associated with Mn­ Fe garnet, bixbyite, pseudobrookite, specularite, quartz, and other minerals. In the western United States, Cenozoic (O.5--50m.y. .old for dated examples) topaz rhyolites occur on both sides of the Colorado Plateau (in Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah~ and Nevada) and in Idaho and Montana. They also occur in a single linear belt in Mexico. Their enrichment in lithqphile (flu~rophile) elements (Li, Rb, Cs, U, Th, Nb, Ta, Sn, W,'Be, etc.) leads to the term rare metal rhyolites. SimilarF-rich rocks from Mongolia and the Soviet Union have been called ongonites. Topaz rhyolites appear to represent a special class of the bimodal or high silica rhyolites of the western United States. Their extensional tectonic setting and geochemical characteristics suggest that topaz rhyolites are the extrusive equivalents of anorogenic or residual (A- or R-type) granites. Their petro­ genesis presumably involves partial melting of Precalnbrian continental crust (they appear to be restricted to areas of such crust) in the presence of a high heat flow (which tends to enrich F in solids at the expense of H 20). Mafic magmas may provide the heat for melting. Further differentiation may depend on (1) zone refining during ascent, (2) extreme fractional crys­ tallization, (3) dehydration due to early pyroclastic volcanism, and (4) apical enrichment of near-surface magma chambers due to liquid state processes. Practical interest in topaz rhyolites results, in part, from the spatial and genetic association with volcanogenic deposits of Be, U, Sn, and F. Spor Mountain, Utah, provides thebest example of this type of mineralization. Topaz rhyolite lavas from. productive districts tend to be rel­ atively phenocryst rich, poor in miarolitic cavities, and granophyrically crystallized. Vitro­ phyres, where present, are exceptionally rich in F and fluorophile elements, and rare earth patterns are exceptionally flat (low La/Yb ratios) and have pronounced negative Eu anomalies. Near-surface country rocks penetrated by the volcanic vents were reactive (carbonate rocks) and water tables were presumably high. Most topaz rhyolite lavas are not associated wth volcanogenic mineralization. These non­ productive lavas are generally phenocryst poor, distinctly flow banded, lithophysa rich, and spherulitically-crystallized. Vitrophyres are less enrichedin F and fluorophile elements, coun­ try rocks are nonreactive, and water tables could have been low. Topaz rhyolites of both the productive and nonproductive type may be valuable indicators of subsurface mineralization. Their distribution coincides very closely with that of (1) fluorite and silver-base metal districts, (2) the central and eastern tungsten belts of Kerr (1946), and (3) topaz-rich porphyry Mo-W deposits of the Climax and Henderson type. Topaz rhyolite volcanic vent areas might then reflect the existence of large F -rich magma chambers below with (1) subvolcanic breccia, porphyry, and greisen vein deposits of Mo, W, Sn, and other· elements, (2) base and precious metal veins and fluorite-rich replacements, and (3) more deeply sea~ed rare metal pegmatites. Introduction occurrence in a lava flow near Nathrop, Colorado, and made a comparison with occurrences to topaz IN 1884 Whitman Cross described topaz, Al2Si04F 2, from a porphyritic rhyolite dome at Chalk Mountain, and garnet in samples of lithophysal rhyolite lava Colorado, less than 4 km west of what would 34 years from the Thomas Range, Utah, where topaz was first later becomethe Climax molybdenum mine (Wallace recognized in 1859. Exactly 100 years afterward, in et aI., 1968). In 1886 Cross reviewed this and a similar 1959, the Spor Mountain beryllium deposits were discovered in this same district- (Shawe, 1968). Since these early discoveries, Cenozoic rhyolite <:t Present address: Shell Oil Company, P.O. Box 2906, Houston, Texas 77001. domes and lava flows containing topaz have been <:t<:t Present address: Department of Geology, University of Iowa, described from more than 20 localities in the western Iowa City, Iowa 52242. United States (Christiansen, 1981). The topaz in the 0361-0128/82/103/1818-19$2.50 1818 TOPAZ RHYOLITES 1819 crystalline rhyolite presumably indicates fluorine en­ sidians) correlate well with the megascopic occur­ richment in the original magma. rence of topaz in cavities in associated crystalline la­ Available evidence increasingly suggests spatial vas. Topaz is unlikely if the vitrophyre contains less and genetic links between topaz rhyolite vent com­ than about 0.1 to 0.2 weight percent F; some vitro­ plexes and (1) Spor ryiountain-type volcanogenic de­ phyres, such as those from Spor Mountain, Utah, con­ posits of beryllium, lithium, uranium, and fluorine; tain more than 1.0 percent F (Bikun, 1980). Glassy (2) Climax-type subvolcanic breccia, porphyry, and portions of a topaz-bearing rhyolitic dike in I\1ongolia greisen deposits of molybdenum, tungsten, tin, and contain up to 3.2 percent F (Kovalenko et aI., 1971); possibly other lithophile elements; and (3) fluorite and the rock type has been called ongonite by the Soviets. manganese-rich, San Juan-type base and precious The value of 0.15 percent F isput as the lower limit metal veins in volcanic rocks, or fluorite-rich skarn for ongonite by Kovalenko and Kovalenko (1979, p. replacements in 'carbonate rocks. More tenuous 2~6). Soviet ongonites and U. S. topaz rhyolites there­ (mainly geochemical) links join topaz rhyolites tp fore appear to be equivalent rock types, although more deeply seated lithium and rare-metal granites three-fourths of the Mongolian and ?oviet occur­ and pegmatites. rences are intrusive and differ in some aspects of their This paper is, in part, derived from a more detailed geochemistry (Kovale~ko and Kovalenko, 1976; 1(10 ­ study of uranium deposits related to topaz ~hyolite valenko et aI., 1979; Antipin et aI. 1980). volcanism in the western United States (Burt et al., Volcanology 1980). Additional details on the petrology and geo­ chemistry of topaz ~hyolites are contained in a Ph.D. Small intrusive or extrusive domes and lava flows thesis by Christiansen (1981), which has been sub­ of rhyolite containing topaz do not appear very'dif­ mitted for publication as a Geological Society of ferent from those of other types of silicic magma. The American Special Paper. crystalline topaz rhyolite lavas range from distinctly gray or chalky, phenocryst-rich, massive, miarolitic Field Recognitioll types to pinkish-gray to tan, phenocryst-PQor, flow­ Numerous occurrences of topaz rhyolite lava 11n­ banded, lithophysal types. Both types of lava (and doubtedly remain to be discovered. In the field, their intermediate varieties) rpay develop a distinctive cav­ defining feature is the presence of topaz, which is ernous or honeycomb-like weathering pattern as in seen in miarolitic or lithophysal (concentrically lay­ the Honeycomb Hills, Utah (Linqsey, 1977). The ered) cavities in the lava. Topaz is most easily distin­ causes of this feature are complex, but silicified areas gllished frorn similarly appearing prismatic quartz by adjacent to fractures may be more resistant to weath­ its perfect basal cleavage and orthorhombic sym­ ering than the more friable fresh. rock, which weath- metry. Transparent crystals in freshly broken cavities ers to form cavities. are typically yellowish to pinkish brown; this color The effect of fluorine on rhyolitic magma is to gradually fades on exposure to sunlight. Where eu­ lower its solidus temperature anq visco'sity (cf. Wyllie, hedral quartz and topaz occur together~ the quartz 1979; Manning, 1981), as well ~s to expapd the field is normally present as small stubby crystals coating of stability of quartz. In this regard, fluorine has the I the walls of the cavity, whereas topaz is a large, single same qualitative effect as water; the difference is that crystal growing into its center. fluprine has a greater tendency to stay with the melt, Associated dark-colored minerals in the cavities can rather than escaping explosively, on release of pres­ q.lso be distinctive. The most commop are anhedral sure (see reviews by Bailey, 1977, and Burnham, to euhedral, red to black Mn-Fe garnet, black cubes 1979). This feature, in conjun~tionwith eruption tem­ of bixbyite, (Mn, Fe)20S, black acicular pseudobrook­ perature and water fugacity, permits some topaz rhy­ ite, Fe2TiOs, and black platy specular h'ematite (plus olite lavas (e.g., at Spar Mountain, Utah) to flow rather ilmenite?). Other common minerals are colorless far from their vent areas. crusts of sanidine, tabq.lar to prismatic, pink to red Fluorine-rich extrusions (domes or flows) typically hexagons of beryl, Golorless to purple fluorite, and have black basal vitrophres that grad~ upward into ruby red, stubby to platy cassiterite (Lufkin, 1976). thick devitrified zones. The lava bodies commonly Most of these are illustrated by Holfert (1978) and are underlain or bordered by various types of pyro­ Ream (1979). ~lastic deposits. These range from,near-vent explosion Topaz and associated minerals are not present in breccias and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kennedyite, a New Mineral of the Pseudobrookite Series
    676 Kennedyite, a new mineral of the pseudobrookite series. By O. VON KNORRING, Ph.D., and K. G. Cox, Ph.D. Research Institute of African Geology, University of Leeds. [Read 26 January 1961.] Summary. A new mineral with the approximate composition of F%MgTiaOxoand isostructural with pseudobrookite F%Ti2010has been observed in an olivine-augite- alkali-feldsparrock of the Karroo succession from the Mateke Hills area in south- eastern Southern Rhodesia. Chemical analysis and indexed X-ray powder data (a 9"77, b 9-95, c 3"73 ~.) of the mineral are given, and the name kennedyite is pro- posed. The name karrooite is proposed for the artificial product MgTi~O5. HE Mateke Hills area lies in the south-eastern part of Southern T Rhodesia and is characterized by several ring-complexes of late- Karroo age, which are emplaced in an extensive trough of Karroo vol- canics with generally thin basal sediments. The Karroo rocks rest un- conformably on the paragneisses of the Limpopo valley. The lower part of the Karroo volcanic succession consists mainly of olivine-rich rocks. These are in part extrusive and may be termed in general limburgites, and in part intrusive as sills, dykes, and plugs. The intrusive rocks are fine- to medium-grained and vary in composition from olivine-dolerites to pieritic and shonkinitic types. The specimens containing the new mineral were collected from what is believed to be an extensive sill at the base of the volcanic succession immediately overlying the Cave Sandstone. Petrographic description. Under the microscope the rock (table I, anal. 1) consists predominantly of broken and abraded olivine pheno- crysts from 1 to 5 mm.
    [Show full text]
  • Editorial for Special Issue “Ore Genesis and Metamorphism: Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Isotopes”
    minerals Editorial Editorial for Special Issue “Ore Genesis and Metamorphism: Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Isotopes” Pavel A. Serov Geological Institute of the Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, 184209 Apatity, Russia; [email protected] Magmatism, ore genesis and metamorphism are commonly associated processes that define fundamental features of the Earth’s crustal evolution from the earliest Precambrian to Phanerozoic. Basically, the need and importance of studying the role of metamorphic processes in formation and transformation of deposits is of great value when discussing the origin of deposits confined to varied geological settings. In synthesis, the signatures imprinted by metamorphic episodes during the evolution largely indicate complicated and multistage patterns of ore-forming processes, as well as the polygenic nature of the mineralization generated by magmatic, postmagmatic, and metamorphic processes. Rapid industrialization and expanding demand for various types of mineral raw ma- terials require increasing rates of mining operations. The current Special Issue is dedicated to the latest achievements in geochemistry, mineralogy, and geochronology of ore and metamorphic complexes, their interrelation, and the potential for further prospecting. The issue contains six practical and theoretical studies that provide for a better understanding of the age and nature of metamorphic and metasomatic transformations, as well as their contribution to mineralization in various geological complexes. The first article, by Jiang et al. [1], reports results of the first mineralogical–geochemical Citation: Serov, P.A. Editorial for studies of gem-quality nephrite from the major Yinggelike deposit (Xinjiang, NW China). Special Issue “Ore Genesis and The authors used a set of advanced analytical techniques, that is, electron probe microanaly- Metamorphism: Geochemistry, sis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mineralogy, and Isotopes”.
    [Show full text]
  • Fe2tio5) Based Thick films
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Serbian Academy of Science and Arts Digital Archive (DAIS) Accepted Manuscript Title: Humidity sensing properties of nanocrystalline pseudobrookite (Fe2TiO5) based thick films Authors: Maria Vesna Nikolic, Zorka Z. Vasiljevic, Miloljub D. Lukovic, Vera P. Pavlovic, Jelena Vujancevic, Milan Radovanovic, Jugoslav B. Krstic, Branislav Vlahovic, Vladimir B. Pavlovic PII: S0925-4005(18)31683-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.09.063 Reference: SNB 25369 To appear in: Sensors and Actuators B Received date: 15-5-2018 Revised date: 23-8-2018 Accepted date: 15-9-2018 Please cite this article as: Nikolic MV, Vasiljevic ZZ, Lukovic MD, Pavlovic VP, Vujancevic J, Radovanovic M, Krstic JB, Vlahovic B, Pavlovic VB, Humidity sensing properties of nanocrystalline pseudobrookite (Fe2TiO5) based thick films, Sensors and Actuators: B. Chemical (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.09.063 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Humidity sensing properties of nanocrystalline pseudobrookite (Fe2TiO5) based thick films Maria Vesna Nikolic1*, Zorka Z. Vasiljevic2, Miloljub D. Lukovic1, Vera P. Pavlovic3, Jelena Vujancevic2, Milan Radovanovic4, Jugoslav B. Krstic5, Branislav Vlahovic6, Vladimir B.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourmaline Announces Formation of Topaz Energy, Unlocking Value in Tourmaline's Significant Asset Base
    NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES OR DISSEMINATION OVER UNITED STATES NEWSWIRE SERVICES. NEWS RELEASE OCTOBER 10, 2019 TOURMALINE ANNOUNCES FORMATION OF TOPAZ ENERGY, UNLOCKING VALUE IN TOURMALINE'S SIGNIFICANT ASSET BASE Calgary, Alberta - Tourmaline Oil Corp. (TSX:TOU) ("Tourmaline") is pleased to announce the formation of Topaz Energy Corp. (“Topaz”), a new private royalty and infrastructure energy company. Tourmaline will sell to Topaz: a royalty interest on Tourmaline lands, a non-operated interest in two of Tourmaline‘s existing 19 natural gas processing plants, and a contracted interest in a portion of Tourmaline‘s current third-party revenue for total cash and share consideration of $775 million. Topaz will be a low-risk, high-distribution, hybrid royalty and infrastructure energy company with long-term growth plans. Topaz will be capitalized initially with a $150 to $200 million third-party equity private placement, with Tourmaline retaining a 75% to 81% equity ownership interest. Tourmaline intends to reduce a portion of its ownership as Topaz participates in future acquisition activities and an anticipated Topaz public liquidity event in 2020. The initial acquisition from Tourmaline is expected to generate approximately $90 million in revenue(1) in 2020, of which it is anticipated approximately 75% will be paid out in quarterly dividends ($0.80 per share annually, 8% yield). The assets to be acquired from Tourmaline will consist of three components: 1. A gross overriding royalty (“GORR”) on natural gas, oil, and condensate production on 100% of Tourmaline’s existing lands (approximately 2.2 million net acres). 2. A non-operated 45% working interest in two natural gas processing plants underpinned by long-term take- or-pay commitments from Tourmaline.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genetic Model of the Hohentauern/Sunk Sparry Magnesite Deposit (Eastern Alps/Austria)
    Dissertation Amir Morteza Azim Zadeh The genetic model of the Hohentauern/Sunk sparry magnesite deposit (Eastern Alps/Austria) Dissertation PhD Thesis submitted to obtain the degree of: Doktor der montanistischen Wissenschaften Amir Morteza Azim Zadeh BSc. & MSc. Supervisor: O. Univ.-Prof. Dr. phil. Fritz Ebner Department of Applied Geosciences and Geophysics Geology and Economic Geology University of Leoben, Austria 2009 Referees: O. Univ.-Prof. Dr. phil. Fritz Ebner Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ronald J. Bakker I declare in lieu of oath, that I wrote this thesis and performed the associated research myself, using only literature cited in this volume. Amir M. Azimzadeh Leoben, May 2009 „…und dicht neben meinem Wissen lagerte mein schwarzes Unwissen.“ Also sprach Zarathustra Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche Contents . Contents: Abstract I Zusammenfassung II Publications and conference presentations of A. M. Azim Zadeh related to this thesis IV Acknowledgment VI List of figures VIII List of tables XVI 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Aim 2 1.2 Applied methods 2 1.2.1 Field methods and sampling 3 1.2.2 Analytical techniques 3 1.2.2.1 Petrography 3 1.2.2.2 Cathodoluminescence microscopy 3 1.2.2.3 Electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) 3 1.2.2.4 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) 4 1.2.2.5 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 4 1.2.2.6 Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) 5 1.2.2.7 Fluid inclusion analysis 6 1.2.2.7.1 Ion chromatography (IC) 6 1.2.2.7.2 Microthermometry 7 1.2.2.8 Raman spectroscopy 8 1.2.2.9 Laser-ablation MC-ICP-MS isotope analysis 9 1.3 Magnesite as mineral and ore 9 1.4 Types and origin of magnesite 11 Contents .
    [Show full text]
  • Intergrown Emerald Specimen from Chivor Tity Was Confirmed by Raman Spectroscopy
    Editor Nathan Renfro Contributing Editors Elise A. Skalwold and John I. Koivula Intergrown Emerald Specimen from Chivor tity was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The inclusion exhibited a well-formed hexagonal prismatic shape with Colombia’s Chivor emerald mines are located in the east- pyramid-like termination (figure 2). Although intergrowth ern zone of the Eastern Cordillera range of the Andes emerald crystals have been described and documented in Mountains. Chivor translates to “green and rich land” in the literature several times (G. Grundmann and G. Giu- Chibcha, the language of the indigenous people who were liani, “Emeralds of the world,” in G. Giuliani et al., Eds., already mining emerald more than 500 years ago, before Emeralds of the World, extraLapis English, No. 2, 2002, pp. the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors (D. Fortaleché et al., “The Colombian emerald industry: Winds of change,” Fall 2017 G&G, pp. 332–358). Chivor emeralds exhibit a bright green color with a tint of blue; they have relatively Figure 1. An emerald crystal inclusion measuring high clarity and fewer inclusions than emeralds found in ~2.67 × 2.71 × 5.43 mm is found inside this large Colombia’s western belt. emerald specimen (18.35 × 10.69 × 9.79 mm) from Colombia’s Chivor mine. Photo by John Jairo Zamora. The authors recently examined a rough emerald crystal specimen (figure 1), measuring 18.35 × 10.69 × 9.79 mm, reportedly from Chivor. This crystal weighed 3.22 g (16.10 ct) and had a prismatic hexagonal crystal shape. Standard gemological examination confirmed the gemstone to be emerald, and ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy showed a classic Colombian emerald absorp- tion spectrum.
    [Show full text]
  • Stratigraphy and Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks in the Lava Mountains, California: Implications for the Miocene Development of the Garlock Fault
    Geological Society of America Memoir 195 2002 Stratigraphy and geochemistry of volcanic rocks in the Lava Mountains, California: Implications for the Miocene development of the Garlock fault Eugene I. Smith Alexander Sa´nchez Deborah L. Keenan Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4010, USA Francis C. Monastero Geothermal Program Office, Naval Air Weapons Station, China Lake, California 93555-6001, USA ABSTRACT Volcanism in the Lava Mountains occurred between 11.7 and 5.8 Ma and was contemporaneous with sinistral motion on the Garlock fault. Volcanic rocks, equiv- alent in age and chemistry to those in the Lava Mountains, crop out 40 km to the southwest in the El Paso Mountains across the Garlock fault. Three chemical groups of volcanic rocks erupted in the Lava Mountains over a period of 5 m.y. These are (1) andesite of Summit Diggings, Almond Mountain volcanic section, and Lava Moun- tains Andesite, (2) basalt of Teagle Wash, and (3) tuffs in the northeastern Lava Moun- tains and dacite in the Summit Range. Volcanic rocks of each group have distinctive chemical signatures useful for correlation of units across the Garlock fault. Our work demonstrated that tuffs in the Almond Mountain volcanic section may be equivalent to a tuff in member 5 of the Miocene Dove Spring Formation, El Paso Mountains. The basalt of Teagle Wash probably correlates with basalt flows in member 4, and tuffs in the northeast Lava Mountains may be equivalent to tuff of member 2. Cor- relation of these units across the Garlock fault implies that the Lava Mountains were situated south of the El Paso Mountains between 10.3 and 11.6 Ma and that 32–40 km of offset occurred on the Garlock fault in ϳ10.4 m.y., resulting in a displacement rate of 3.1 to 3.8 mm/yr.
    [Show full text]
  • Exceptional Works of Art 2017 PUSHKIN ANTIQUES – MAYFAIR –
    Exceptional works of art 2017 PUSHKIN ANTIQUES – MAYFAIR – At Pushkin Antiques we specialise in unique statement Each item is professionally selected and inspected pieces of antique silver as well as branded luxury items, to ensure we can give our customers a guarantee of stylish interior articles and objects d’art. authenticity and the required peace of mind when buying from us. Since the inception of our company, we’ve been at the forefront of online sales for high end, quality antiques. Our retail gallery is located on the lower floor of the world Our presence on most major platforms has allowed us famous Grays Antiques Centre in the heart of Mayfair. to consistently connect exquisite pieces with the most discerning collectors and interior decorators from all over the world with particular focus on the demands of the markets from the Far East, the Americas, Europe & Russia. www.pushkinantiques.com [email protected] We aim to provide the highest quality in every department: rare hand crafted articles, accurate item descriptions (+44) 02085 544 300 to include the history and provenance of each item, an (+44) 07595 595 079 extensive photography report, as well as a smooth buying process thus facilitating an efficient and pleasant online Shop 111, Lower Ground Floor, Grays Antiques Market. experience. 58 Davies St, London. W1K 5AB, UK. ALEX PUSHKIN OLGA PUSHKINA DUMITRU TIRA Founder & Director Managing Director Photographer Contents 6 ENGLISH SILVER 42 CHINESE SILVER 56 JAPANESE SILVER 66 INDIAN SILVER 78 BURMESE SILVER 86 CONTINENTAL SILVER 100 FRENCH SILVER 108 GERMAN SILVER 118 RUSSIAN SILVER 132 OBJECTS OF VERTU English Silver The style and technique in manufacturing silver during Hester Bateman (1708-1794) was one of the greatest this era (over 100 years) changed radically, reflecting silversmiths operating in this style, she is the most the variations in taste, society, costumes, economic and renowned and appreciated female silversmith of all time.
    [Show full text]
  • Acknowledgments
    DATING TECHNIQUES 3 Schultz's definition (1937, p.79) of the Coso should be clarified because the lava flows in the Coso Range have a wide age range. We believe that the lava flows referred to by Schultz are the rhyodacite flows on the Haiwee Ridge (fig. 1) described in the section on Pliocene rhyodacite lava flows. Parts of the Coso Formation have been described by Hopper (1947), Power (1959, 1961), Bacon and Duffield (1978), Duffield, Bacon, and Roquemore (1979), Duffield, Bacon, and Dalrymple (1980), and Giovannetti (1979a, b). Deposits mapped as the Coso (fig. 1) Occur in the Haiwee Reservoir (Stinson, 1977a), Keeler (Stinson, 1977b), and Darwin (Hall and MacKevett, 1962) 15-minute quadrangles and have been mapped in the Coso volcanic field (Duffield and Bacon, 1981). Potassium-argon dating of volcanic rocks intercalated with, and overlying, the Coso Formation has been used by Evernden, Savage, Curtis, and James (1964), Bacon, Giovannetti, Duffield, and Dalrymple (1979), and Duffield, Bacon, and Dalrymple (1980) to constrain the age of the Coso. In this report, we review these potassium-argon ages and present additional data that provide more accurate limits on the age of the Coso Formation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank C. A. Repenning for advice on paleontologic aspects of this study. G. R. Roquemore contributed valuable observations offieldrela- tions of pyroclastic rocks near Sugar Loaf. J. Metz painstakingly prepared and analyzed glass fractions of tuffs. C. E. Meyer and M. J. Woodward kindly determined fission-track ages of zircons. Part of this report is based on the second author's M. S.
    [Show full text]
  • F I N E C R a F T J E W E L R Y C O L L E C T I O N 2014
    F i n e C r a f t J e w e l r y C o l l e c t i o n 2014 www.MarthaSeelyDesign.com y jewelry is always a reflection of the art forms that have inspired me over the years: Fiber, fashion, and the grace of natural forms; The boldness of architectural concepts; The simplicity of cold connections, and the kinetic energy of objects in M motion. It expresses in precious metal and gemstones, the strongest influences in my life as a designer: clothing/costume design, art history (with a special fondness for the Art Nouveau /Art Deco movements) and the uniqueness and strength of individual style. Floral Nouveau was inspired by my love of the Art Nouveau (and Deco) movement of the late Curved lines nineteenth century. It is contemporary and feminine. The woven wire combines my love of fiber with the asymmetrical, sinuous vines used widely within Art Nouveau art and design. and vines, woven Floral Architecture is layered contemporary jewelry with simple construction techniques where together. stones seem to float in their floral frames. The floral shapes are simple, layered and riveted together, sometimes flat and sometimes hammered and sculptural. Hammered and Echo Structures are multi-layers of simple, architectural shapes. Rivets. Textures. Con- sometimes sculptural trasts. Brilliant colored stones. Modern and clean. flowers. Formed and Winged Secrets are edgy, formed, textured and riveted flying insects. Sometimes the wings riveted flying insects. move, sometimes not. They are made in silver and gold with large faceted gemstone heads. Everything is handmade, hand formed and one of a kind.
    [Show full text]
  • The World of Pink Diamonds and Identifying Them
    GEMOLOGY GEMOLOGY as to what dealers can do to spot them using standard, geologists from Ashton Joint Venture found certain indicator The World of Pink Diamonds inexpensive instruments. The commercial signifcance of minerals (such as ilmenite, chromite, chrome diopside, the various types will also be touched on. and pyrope garnet) in stream-gravel concentrates which indicated the presence of diamond-bearing host rocks. and Identifying Them Impact of Auction Sales Lamproites are special ultrapotassic magnesium-rich In the late 1980s, the public perception surrounding fancy- mantle-derived volcanic rocks with low CaO, Al2O3, Na2O colored diamonds began to change when the 0.95-carat and high K2O. Leucite, glass, K-richterite, K-feldspar and Cr- By Branko Deljanin, Dr Adolf Peretti, ‘Hancock Red’ from Brazil was sold for almost $1 million per spinel are unique to lamproites and are not associated with and Matthias Alessandri carat at a Christie’s auction. This stone was studied by one kimberlites. The diamonds in lamproites are considered to be of the authors (Dr. Adolf Peretti) at that time. Since then, xenocrysts and derived from parts of the lithospheric mantle Dr. Peretti has documented the extreme impact this one that lies above the regions of lamproite genesis. Kimberlites sale has had on subsequent prices and the corresponding are also magmatic rocks but have a different composition recognition of fancy diamonds as a desirable asset class. The and could contain non-Argyle origin pink diamonds. demand for rare colors increased and the media began to play a more active role in showcasing new and previously Impact of Mining Activities unknown such stones.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineralization Halos and Diagenesis in Water-Laid Tuff of the Thomas Range, Utah
    Mineralization Halos and Diagenesis in Water-Laid Tuff of the Thomas Range, Utah GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 818-B Mineralization Halos and Diagenesis in Water-Laid Tuff of the Thomas Range, Utah By DAVID A. LINDSEY BERYLLIUM-BEARING TUFFS IN WESTERN UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 818-B A statistical study of the petrogenesis of water-laid tuff adjacent to the Spar Mountain beryllium and fluorspar district UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1975 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lindsey, David A. Mineralization halos and diagenesis in water-laid tuff of the Thomas Range, Utah. (Beryllium-bearing tuffs in western Utah) (Geological Survey Professional Paper 818-B) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.16:818-B 1. Volcanic ash, tuff, etc.-Utah-Thomas Range. 2. Ore-deposits-Utah-Thomas Range. 3. Diagenesis-Utah-Thomas Range. I. Title. II. Series. III. Series: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 818-B. QE46l.L624 552'.2 75-619026 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 024-001-02706-2 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract ______________________________ _ B1 Petrogenesis ____ ------------------------ B12 Introduction ___________________________ _ 1 Problems in petrogenetic interpretation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 Geographic and geologic setting ________________ _ 3 A petrogenetic model -------------------- 12 Methods of study
    [Show full text]