Monchegorsk Layered Intrusion, Fennoscandian Shield)
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Editorial for Special Issue “Ore Genesis and Metamorphism: Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Isotopes”
minerals Editorial Editorial for Special Issue “Ore Genesis and Metamorphism: Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Isotopes” Pavel A. Serov Geological Institute of the Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, 184209 Apatity, Russia; [email protected] Magmatism, ore genesis and metamorphism are commonly associated processes that define fundamental features of the Earth’s crustal evolution from the earliest Precambrian to Phanerozoic. Basically, the need and importance of studying the role of metamorphic processes in formation and transformation of deposits is of great value when discussing the origin of deposits confined to varied geological settings. In synthesis, the signatures imprinted by metamorphic episodes during the evolution largely indicate complicated and multistage patterns of ore-forming processes, as well as the polygenic nature of the mineralization generated by magmatic, postmagmatic, and metamorphic processes. Rapid industrialization and expanding demand for various types of mineral raw ma- terials require increasing rates of mining operations. The current Special Issue is dedicated to the latest achievements in geochemistry, mineralogy, and geochronology of ore and metamorphic complexes, their interrelation, and the potential for further prospecting. The issue contains six practical and theoretical studies that provide for a better understanding of the age and nature of metamorphic and metasomatic transformations, as well as their contribution to mineralization in various geological complexes. The first article, by Jiang et al. [1], reports results of the first mineralogical–geochemical Citation: Serov, P.A. Editorial for studies of gem-quality nephrite from the major Yinggelike deposit (Xinjiang, NW China). Special Issue “Ore Genesis and The authors used a set of advanced analytical techniques, that is, electron probe microanaly- Metamorphism: Geochemistry, sis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mineralogy, and Isotopes”. -
The Genetic Model of the Hohentauern/Sunk Sparry Magnesite Deposit (Eastern Alps/Austria)
Dissertation Amir Morteza Azim Zadeh The genetic model of the Hohentauern/Sunk sparry magnesite deposit (Eastern Alps/Austria) Dissertation PhD Thesis submitted to obtain the degree of: Doktor der montanistischen Wissenschaften Amir Morteza Azim Zadeh BSc. & MSc. Supervisor: O. Univ.-Prof. Dr. phil. Fritz Ebner Department of Applied Geosciences and Geophysics Geology and Economic Geology University of Leoben, Austria 2009 Referees: O. Univ.-Prof. Dr. phil. Fritz Ebner Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ronald J. Bakker I declare in lieu of oath, that I wrote this thesis and performed the associated research myself, using only literature cited in this volume. Amir M. Azimzadeh Leoben, May 2009 „…und dicht neben meinem Wissen lagerte mein schwarzes Unwissen.“ Also sprach Zarathustra Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche Contents . Contents: Abstract I Zusammenfassung II Publications and conference presentations of A. M. Azim Zadeh related to this thesis IV Acknowledgment VI List of figures VIII List of tables XVI 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Aim 2 1.2 Applied methods 2 1.2.1 Field methods and sampling 3 1.2.2 Analytical techniques 3 1.2.2.1 Petrography 3 1.2.2.2 Cathodoluminescence microscopy 3 1.2.2.3 Electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) 3 1.2.2.4 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) 4 1.2.2.5 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 4 1.2.2.6 Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) 5 1.2.2.7 Fluid inclusion analysis 6 1.2.2.7.1 Ion chromatography (IC) 6 1.2.2.7.2 Microthermometry 7 1.2.2.8 Raman spectroscopy 8 1.2.2.9 Laser-ablation MC-ICP-MS isotope analysis 9 1.3 Magnesite as mineral and ore 9 1.4 Types and origin of magnesite 11 Contents . -
Chapter 7. Cities of the Russian North in the Context of Climate Change
? chapter seven Cities of the Russian North in the Context of Climate Change Oleg Anisimov and Vasily Kokorev Introduction In addressing Arctic urban sustainability, one has to deal with the com- plex interplay of multiple factors, such as governance and economic development, demography and migration, environmental changes and land use, changes in the ecosystems and their services, and climate change.1 While climate change can be seen as a factor that exacerbates existing vulnerabilities to other stressors, changes in temperatures, precipitation, snow accumulation, river and lake ice, and hydrological conditions also have direct implications for Northern cities. Climate change leads to a reduction in the demand for heating energy, on one hand, and heightens concerns about the fate of the infrastruc- ture built upon thawing permafrost, on the other. Changes in snowfall are particularly important and have direct implications for the urban economy, because, together with heating costs, expenses for snow removal from streets, airport runways, roofs, and ventilation spaces underneath buildings standing on pile foundations built upon perma- frost constitute the bulk of a city’s maintenance budget during the long cold period of the year. Many cities are located in river valleys and are prone to fl oods that lead to enormous economic losses, inju- ries, and in some cases human deaths. The severity of the northern climate has a direct impact on the regional migration of labor. Climate could thus potentially be viewed as an inexhaustible public resource that creates opportunities for sustainable urban development (Simp- 142 | Oleg Anisimov and Vasily Kokorev son 2009). Long-term trends show that climate as a resource is, in fact, becoming more readily available in the Russian North, notwith- standing the general perception that globally climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity in the twenty-fi rst century. -
Recent Advances in BIF-Related Iron Ore Models and Exploration Strategies
Ore Deposits and Exploration Technology _________________________________________________________________________________________ Paper 54 Recent Advances in BIF-related Iron Ore Models and Exploration Strategies Hagemann, S. [1], Dalstra, H. I. [2], Hodkiewicz, P. [3], Flis, M. [4], Thorne, W. [1] McCuaig, C. [1] _________________________ 1. University of Western Australia, CET-Centre for Exploration Targeting, Crawley, Australia 2. Rio Tinto Exploration Pty, Ltd, Belmont WA, Australia 3. SRK Consulting, West Perth, Australia 4. Rio Tinto Iron Ore, Perth, Australia ABSTRACT Recent research on BIF-related high-grade iron ore mineralization has resulted in new genetic models that emphasize the structurally controlled hypogene alteration and upgrade of BIF to high-grade (>65% Fe) iron ore. Conventional structural and stratigraphic mapping and reconstructions of the tectonic history of iron districts, in combination with high-tech geochemical analyses such as laser ICP-MS analyses of in situ oxides and fluid inclusions, stable (C-O-H) and radiogenic (Sr) isotopes, provide the iron explorationists with an invaluable set of tools to discover concealed iron ore bodies, deposits and districts. Two case studies from Western Australia illustrate: (1) the power of a tectonic reconstruction of the Paraburdoo Ranges and its significance for the location of high-grade hematite mineralization, and (2) the interpretation of structural controls on iron mineralization in the C deposit and its implications for resource estimation. INTRODUCTION RECENT ADVANCES IN GENETIC MODELS The past 15 years has seen significant new research conducted on BIF-related iron ore mineralization leading to new genetic In the mid-1990’s Hamersley Iron established a task force to models that emphasize the role of hypogene alteration and investigate the potential of exploring for concealed iron ore structurally controlled hydrothermal fluid flow in the upgrade of bodies in the Hamersley Province of Western Australia. -
The Industrial North.Pdf
RISK AND SAFETY INDUSTRIAL NORTH NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES AND ENVIRONMENT Risk and Safety Industrial North Nuclear Technologies and Environment Moscow 2004 The Industrial North. Nuclear Technologies and Environment. — Moscow, «Komtechprint» Publishing House, 2004, 40 p. ISBN 5-89107-053-7 The edition addresses specialists of the legislative /executive authorities and those of local government of the north-west region; activists of public environmental movements; and teachers and students of higher educa- tion institutes as well as all those who are interested in the problems of stable development of the Russian North. This document is prepared by the Nuclear Safety Institute (IBRAE RAS) under work sponsored by the United States Department of Energy. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof including the U.S. Department of Energy and any and all employees of the U.S. Government, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or use- fulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe upon privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific entity, product, process, or service by name, trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not neces- sarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. ISBN 5-89107-053-7 Ó IBRAE RAS, 2004 Ó«Komtechprint», 2004 (Design) INTRODUCTION Industrialization of the majority of Russian regions took part of the brochure is dedicated to the forecast, preven- place during an era when environmental safety was not tion and mitigation of nuclear/radiological emergencies. -
Attributes of Skaergaard-Type PGE Reefs
Attributes of Skaergaard-Type PGE Reefs James D. Miller, Jr.1 and Jens C. Ø. Andersen2 1Minnesota Geological Survey, c/o NRRI, University of Minnesota-Duluth, 5013 Miller Trunk Hwy., Duluth, MN, 55811 , USA 2Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Redruth, Cornwall, TR15 3SE UK e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Stratiform, platinum group element (PGE) peridotite, pyroxenite, and dunite are usually deposits have long been known to occur in quantitatively minor. When well-differentiated, ultramafic-mafic intrusive complexes such as such intrusions display a simplified cumulus Bushveld and Stillwater (Naldrett, 1989b). stratigraphy following the scheme: Ol or Pl only-> Commonly known as PGE reefs, such deposits are Ol + Pl -> Pl + Cpx + FeOx ± Ol -> Pl + Cpx + typically found near the transition from ultramafic FeOx + Ol + Ap. They have a strong cryptic to mafic cumulates where they occur as 1-3 meter layering towards iron-enrichment indicative of thick intervals enriched in PGEs (1-20 ppm) and Fenner-type differentiation. They differ from trace to moderate amounts of sulfide (0.5-5 wt %). classic PGE reef-bearing intrusions by lacking a However, relatively recent discoveries have significant ultramafic component (early olivine- demonstrated that potentially economic stratiform only crystallization is minor to absent in most PGE mineralization may also occur in tholeiitic tholeiitic intrusions) and by being poor in mafic layered intrusions. Au- and PGE-bearing orthopyroxene (inverted pigeonite is rarely a layers -
Fluctuating Asymmetry of Leaves of Betula Pubescens Ehrh
BRDEM-2019 International applied research conference «Biological Resources Development and Environmental Management» Volume 2020 Conference Paper Fluctuating Asymmetry of Leaves of Betula pubescens Ehrh. for Assessment of Pollution of the Urban Environment of the Kola North Natalya Saltan1,2, Ekaterina Svyatkovskaya1, and Nadezhda Trostenyuk1 1Polar Alpine Botanical Garden and Institute, Kola Science Centre of Russian Academia of Sciences, Kirovsk-6, Russia 2Murmansk State Technical University, Murmansk, Russia Abstract The results of determining the fluctuating asymmetry (FA) index of Betula pubescens leaves as well as the state of birches in general, as an aboriginal species in the Murmansk region to assess the pollution of urban ecosystems of the Kola North (Murmansk, Apatity, Olenegorsk, Polyarnye Zori, Kandalaksha) in the zone of influence of railway transport have been presented in the article. It has been shown that the most weakened birches grow in Kandalaksha and Olenegorsk, while in Kandalaksha area, there are more than 10% of dead trees. It has been revealed that the highest FA index Corresponding Author: Natalya Saltan which characterizes the critical state of plants and the high level of environmental [email protected] pollution is observed in Olenegorsk. The increased level of FA has also been in Kandalaksha and Polyarnye Zori. The comparative analysis of the state of plants Received: 24 December 2019 and FA index showed existence of functional interrelation only in Kandalaksha and Accepted: 9 January 2020 Olenegorsk when with a significant proportion of weakened trees the indicator of FA Published: 15 January 2020 is the highest. Due to the fact that the increase in the level of FA is influenced by Publishing services provided by stress factors caused not only by pollution, the method of assessing the quality of the Knowledge E environment by the fluctuating asymmetry should be used in complex with other studies. -
Why Magnesite, Talc, and MVT Ore Deposits Are Associated with Burial Dolostones: Serpentinization Provides the Magnesium
Why magnesite, talc, and MVT ore deposits are associated with burial dolostones: Serpentinization provides the magnesium Enrique Merino Dept of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington IN 47405, USA. [email protected] Àngels Canals Dept of Mineralogy, Petrology and Applied Geology, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. [email protected] Abstract. Magnesite, talc, and MVT ore deposits are dolomite and may also replace quartz in quartzites hosted in burial dolomites in several districts because (Tornos and Spiro 2000). they all form from the same deep hot Mg-rich brines that However, saying that Mg is needed to make first drive replacement of limestone by dolomite. Then magnesite and talc does not make it clear which are the talc and magnesite replace the dolomite. These mineral reactions involved, or what are their driving replacements are Mg-driven and happen by forces, or how to account for the fact that all the ores precipitation/pressure-dissolution, which is why mineral and the dolomite that hosts them occur as volume is preserved, which warrants adjusting replacements, or where the necessary magnesium replacement mass balances on volume. The dolomite- comes from. Our approach below is to adjust for-calcite replacement is self-accelerating via the Ca2+ replacement mass balances on volume (as required by released and affects huge volumes of limestone. the conservation of volume shown in Figures 1-3), and Continued infiltration of the dolostone by the Mg-rich to take account of the new replacement physics (Merino brine causes its replacement by magnesite and talc. The and Dewers 1998; Merino and Canals 2011), by which talc, magnesite, and MVT ores, and dedolomitization replacement forms not by dissolution-precipitation as too, are part and parcel of the dolomitization process. -
Garnet U-Pb and O Isotopic Determinations Reveal a Shear-Zone
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Garnet U-Pb and O isotopic determinations reveal a shear-zone induced hydrothermal system Received: 22 March 2019 Zhongjiang Zang3, Leilei Dong1,2,4, Wei Liu1,2, Han Zhao1,2, Xinshui Wang5, Keda Cai6 & Accepted: 5 July 2019 Bo Wan 1,2 Published: xx xx xxxx The absolute crystallization ages of minerals from hydrothermal fuids measured in situ can unravel the timing of key events leading to the formation of, for instance, ore deposits and hydrothermally derived geological terrains. In this study, a skarn iron deposit from northwest (NW) China is shown to have U-Pb garnet and U-Pb zircon ages of 254.2 ± 1.7 Ma and 255.5 ± 1.0 Ma, respectively, which are both signifcantly younger than magmatism and metamorphism of the region. This skarn age instead correlates with the occurrence of strike-slip and thrust faulting in the region. The water/rock mass ratio of 0.065~0.115 suggests the δ18O garnet composition is ~1‰ at temperatures ranging from 250–450 °C. The low oxygen isotopic composition indicates the role of meteoric water in the garnet formation. These measurements can be interpreted as the shear along faults circulating meteoric water ~10 km below the hanging wall of meta-volcanic sedimentary rock. Meteoric water in this hydrothermal system would leach cations from the meta-volcano-sedimentary rocks necessary for mineralization. Silica-rich hydrothermal fuid reacts with calcic-rich materials in the meta-volcano-sedimentary rocks, depositing the garnet and magnetite. Our work suggests that the shear zone is rich in ores, rendering this deposit for NW China a prospective source for future mineral resource exploration. -
Paleozoic–Mesozoic Porphyry Cu(Mo) and Mo(Cu) Deposits Within the Southern Margin of the Siberian Craton: Geochemistry, Geochronology, and Petrogenesis (A Review)
minerals Review Paleozoic–Mesozoic Porphyry Cu(Mo) and Mo(Cu) Deposits within the Southern Margin of the Siberian Craton: Geochemistry, Geochronology, and Petrogenesis (a Review) Anita N. Berzina *, Adel P. Berzina and Victor O. Gimon V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the RAS, Koptyug Ave. 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; [email protected] (A.P.B.); [email protected] (V.O.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-383-333-2304 Academic Editor: Maria Economou-Eliopoulos Received: 31 July 2016; Accepted: 21 November 2016; Published: 29 November 2016 Abstract: The southern margin of the Siberian craton hosts numerous Cu(Mo) and Mo(Cu) porphyry deposits. This review provides the first comprehensive set of geological characteristics, geochronological data, petrochemistry, and Sr–Nd isotopic data of representative porphyry Cu(Mo) and Mo(Cu) deposits within the southern margin of the Siberian craton and discusses the igneous processes that controlled the evolution of these magmatic systems related to mineralization. Geochronological data show that these porphyry deposits have an eastward-younging trend evolving from the Early Paleozoic to Middle Mesozoic. The western part of the area (Altay-Sayan segment) hosts porphyry Cu and Mo–Cu deposits that generally formed in the Early Paleozoic time, whereas porphyry Cu–Mo deposits in the central part (Northern Mongolia) formed in the Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic. The geodynamic setting of the region during these mineralizing events is consistent with Early Paleozoic subduction of Paleo-Asian Ocean plate with the continuous accretion of oceanic components to the Siberian continent and Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic subduction of the west gulf of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean under the Siberian continent. -
Geology 222 Laboratory Project Layered Mafic Intrusions
Geology 222 Laboratory Project Layered Mafic Intrusions Layered mafic intrusions present an unusual record of a natural crystallization experiment. In an ideal case, a magma chamber is filled with a mafic liquid of relatively low viscosity. Crystals of sufficient density that grow from this liquid settle to the bottom of the magma chamber as they grow. Layers of crystals are formed yielding a “magmatic sedimentary rock”. The first-formed crystals are on the bottom of the magma chamber and later-formed crystals are stratigraphically above earlier-formed crystals. If one looks at the compositions of the crystals in the layers, changes that occur during the solidification of the magma can be discovered. Actual layered mafic intrusions are rarely as simple as the idealized model. Plagioclase commonly sinks, rather than floats as its density suggests it would do. Crystal settling can be rhythmic rather than continuous. Density currents can develop and lead to cross-bedding. Some (intercumulus) liquid can be trapped as a pore fluid among the settled crystals and may possibly be squeezed out as the crystal layers are compressed. Additional batches of magma can be added to the magma chamber over time, changing the composition of the evolving liquid. The lab assignment is to look carefully at rocks from one layered mafic intrusions for which we have thin sections (Bushveld, Kiglapait, and Stillwater). You should describe fully three thin sections from the intrusion of your choice. Chose thin sections that are not similar to one another. Identify the minerals. Give a mode. Include in your report photomicrographs or sketches of textures that you see. -
Resources in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa
Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, Volume 150(1), 2016 15 Fe-Ti-V-(P) RESOURCES IN THE UPPER ZONE OF THE BUSHVELD COMPLEX, SOUTH AFRICA by L.A. Fischer and Q. Yuan (with four text-figures and two plates) Fischer, L.A. & Yuan, Q. 2016 (31:viii): Fe-Ti-V-(P) resources in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 150(1): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.150.1.15 ISSN 0080-4703. Institut für Mineralogie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany, and School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia (LAF*); Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China, and Department of Geology, University of Liege, 4000 Sart Tilman, Belgium (QY). *Author for correspondence. Email: [email protected] The Bushveld Complex in South Africa is the largest layered intrusion on Earth. Its upper part is known for huge resources of iron, tita- nium, vanadium and phosphorus. Associated with the layered character of the rocks, these resources are enriched at certain levels of the intrusion, which makes it important to understand the formation processes of those layers. In this paper we give an introduction and overview of recent debates and challenges. Key Words: layered intrusion, Bushveld, resources. INTRODUCTION Fe, Ti, V and P never or only rarely occur as native elements in nature. Minerals, rich in one or more of these Iron (Fe), titanium (Ti) and vanadium (V) are important elements are mined and their components are extracted.