BUFFER ZONES AT WORLD HERITAGE SITES: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING BASED ON THE FRENCH EXPERIENCE By CHARLOTTE L. LAKE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2015 © 2015 Charlotte L. Lake ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to offer my sincere thanks to my committee chair, Dr. Christopher Silver. Throughout my journey he has been a consistent and thoughtful mentor, guiding me in both the process and content of my research, and always ready with a resource or contact for any topic I was wrestling with. I deeply appreciate the work of my committee members, Professor Marty Hylton, III; Professor William Tilson; and Dr. William Calin, in guiding my research. My committee’s questions and suggestions have been invaluable in steering my work, leading me to new ideas I would not otherwise have considered, and inspiring me to fully explore my research topic. I am grateful to US/ICOMOS, who sponsored my internship at the ICOMOS Secretariat in Paris, which strongly shaped the course of my research. I am also indebted to the entire staff of the ICOMOS Secretariat for welcoming me; in particular, I would like to thank Regina Durighello for patiently answering my many questions about World Heritage and for suggesting research on buffer zones, Gwenaëlle Bourdin for teaching me to use the typological framework and conduct a comparative analysis, and Jose Garcia Vicente, Lucille Smirnov, and Volker Zimmermann for their aid in helping me gather the many documents I needed. I am also grateful to the UF Center for European Studies, whose funding has proven crucial to my learning French and thus ability to work with necessary French documents, and also enabled most of my field visits to French World Heritage sites and research at the ICOMOS Documentation Centre. I would also like to thank the UF Department of Languages, Literatures and Cultures, in particular Dr. Theresa Antes, both for furthering my learning of French and for the opportunity to teach French. 3 I offer my deep appreciation to Professor Pete Prugh, who first taught me what historic preservation is and started my path toward its study in earnest, as well as to Professor Roy Eugene Graham, who first introduced me to the UNESCO World Heritage program. I would also like to thank Dr. Dawn Jourdan, who was a great help in exploring policy evaluation methodology; Dr. Kristin Larsen, who mentored me in teaching my first course in historic preservation; and Dr. Janet Matthews, who guided me in studying World Heritage policy in the US. I also offer my sincere gratitude to the staff members of the College of Design, Construction and Planning, who have never failed to be helpful and understanding, and in particular to Theresa Jones, who has always been able to help me solve the trickiest problems. I would also like to thank the staff of the Documentation Centre of the Pôle International de la Préhistoire and Roland Eymard of DRAC Acquitaine, who so kindly assisted me in tracking down the elusive but necessary nomination file for the Vézère Valley, as well as Dr. Audrey Viguier, who was not only key in helping me to learn French, but in assisting me with my efforts in document translation and correspondence with French agencies. I offer warm appreciation to Shayne Nelson and Stefano Romei, who helped me investigate Provins, and to Roger Decater, who always made sure I had a spot to work on my dissertation while in Paris. I am indebted to my parents for their support and encouragement, and to my brother for devoting much of his vacation in France to visiting World Heritage sites with me. Finally, my deepest thanks to my husband, who has been my copy editor, brainstorm partner, and staunch supporter in completing this research. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 3 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 11 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 15 The 1972 World Heritage Convention and the UNESCO World Heritage List ........ 15 Research Questions and Relevance ...................................................................... 18 2 OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE IN WORLD HERITAGE: THE CONCEPT .. 20 Outstanding Universal Value and Cultural Criteria for Inscription ........................... 20 Authenticity and Integrity as World Heritage Concepts ........................................... 22 Evolution of the Concept of Authenticity in Heritage Conservation ......................... 23 Nineteenth Century Approaches ............................................................................. 23 Conservation Charters ............................................................................................ 25 Authenticity, Integrity, and Significance in the Late Twentieth Century to the Present ................................................................................................................ 29 Authenticity, Integrity, and Significance at Different Types of Sites ........................ 34 Findings .................................................................................................................. 36 3 BUFFER ZONES IN WORLD HERITAGE: THE PRACTICE .................................. 38 Buffer Zones in UNESCO Documents .................................................................... 38 International Interest in Buffer Zones at World Heritage Sites ................................ 41 Origin of Buffer Zones at Cultural World Heritage Sites ................................... 42 Buffer Zones: Definition and Purpose ............................................................... 43 Buffer Zones: Implementation and Legislation ................................................. 44 Case studies involving heritage legislation used to establish buffer zones ...................................................................................................... 47 Case studies involving spatial planning regulations used to create buffer zones ...................................................................................................... 48 Case studies involving environmental or national park legislation used to create buffer zones ............................................................................. 50 Buffer Zones: Issues and Concerns ................................................................. 50 Buffer Zones: Possibilities and Opportunities ................................................... 55 Findings .................................................................................................................. 58 5 4 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 60 Criteria for Selection and Analysis of French World Heritage Sites for Study ......... 60 Selection of Case Studies ................................................................................ 60 Cultural World Heritage sites ..................................................................... 60 French World Heritage sites ....................................................................... 61 Typology of sites ........................................................................................ 61 Buffer zone status ...................................................................................... 62 Analysis of Case Studies .................................................................................. 63 General site description ............................................................................. 63 Site OUV, authenticity and integrity, and inscription criteria ....................... 63 Site chronology .......................................................................................... 63 Inscribed site and setting boundaries and characteristics .......................... 63 Legal protection of the site and surroundings ............................................ 64 Management plan and monitoring activity .................................................. 64 Issues and actions taken ........................................................................... 64 Data Collection: Content Analysis, Document Validity and Availability, Site Visits . 64 Content Analysis .............................................................................................. 65 Document Validity ............................................................................................ 69 Determining and Describing Site Values and OUV .......................................... 71 Document Availability ....................................................................................... 73 Site Visits .......................................................................................................... 73 5 HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND WORLD HERITAGE IN FRANCE: THE BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................... 75 World Heritage in France ........................................................................................ 75 French Administrative Units ...................................................................................