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HANDBOOK OF THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY This page intentionally left blank HANDBOOK OF THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY Edited by RAYMOND F. PALOUTZIAN CRYSTAL L. PARK THE GUILFORD PRESS NEW YORK LONDON ©2005 The Guilford Press A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc. 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012 www.guilford.com All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher. Printed in the United States of America This book is printed on acid-free paper. Last digit is print:987654321 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality / edited by Raymond F. Paloutzian, Crystal L. Park. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57230-922-9 (hard cover : alk. paper) 1. Psychology, Religious. 2. Spirituality—Psychology. I. Paloutzian, Raymond F., 1945– II. Park, Crystal L. BL53.H288 2005 200′.1′9—dc22 2005015576 About the Editors Raymond F. Paloutzian, PhD, is Professor of Experimental and Social Psychology at Westmont College in Santa Barbara, California. Previously, he taught at the University of Idaho and was a visiting professor at Stanford University and a guest professor in the Faculty of Psychology at Katholieke Universiteit in Leuven, Belgium. A Fellow of the American Psychological Association, the American Psychological Society, and the West- ern Psychological Association, Dr. Paloutzian is a past president of Division 36 of the American Psychological Association (Psychology of Religion). He is the author of Invita- tion to the Psychology of Religion, Second Edition, and the editor of The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. Crystal L. Park, PhD, is Associate Professor of Psychology at the University of Connecti- cut. Her research focuses on the roles of religious beliefs and religious coping in response to stressful life events, the phenomenon of stress-related growth, and people’s attempts to find meaning in negative life events. She is associate editor of Psychology and Health and is on the editorial boards of the Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology and The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. A past president of Division 36 of the American Psychological Association, Dr. Park is also Principal Investigator on re- search projects funded by the Lance Armstrong Foundation (examining positive life changes in cancer survivors) and the Fetzer Foundation (examining changes in spirituality and well-being in patients with terminal heart failure). v This page intentionally left blank Contributors Carolyn M. Aldwin, PhD, is Professor and Chair, Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Bob Altemeyer, PhD, is Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Gene G. Ano, MA, is a doctoral student in clinical psychology, Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio. Roy F. Baumeister, PhD, is Eppes Eminent Professor, Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida. Jacob A. Belzen, PhD, is Full Professor of Psychology of Religion, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. He is coeditor of the Archiv für Religionpsychologie. Giacomo Bono, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow, Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. Chris J. Boyatzis, PhD, is Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. Jozef Corveleyn, PhD, is Professor and Dean, Faculty of Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium, and Part-time Professor of Clinical Psychology of Religion, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Michelle D’Mello, MA, is a graduate student, Department of Human and Community Development, University of California, Davis, Davis, California. Michael J. Donahue, PhD, is Associate Professor, Institute for the Psychological Sciences, Arlington, Virginia. Robert A. Emmons, PhD, is Professor, Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California. Julie Juola Exline, PhD, is Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Louis W. Fry, PhD, is in the Department of Management, Tarleton State University– Central Texas, Killeen, Texas. vii viii Contributors Anne L. Geyer, MA, is a graduate student, Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida. Robert A. Giacalone, PhD, is Professor, Department of Human Resource Management, Fox School of Business and Management, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Peter C. Hill, PhD, is Professor, Rosemead School of Psychology, Biola University, La Mirada, California. He is editor of the Journal of Psychology and Christianity. Ralph W. Hood, Jr., PhD, is Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee. He is coeditor of the Archiv für Religionpsychologie. Bruce Hunsberger, PhD, was Professor, Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, until his death in October 2003. Carole L. Jurkiewicz, PhD, is John W. Dupuy Endowed Professor and Women’s Hospital Distinguished Professor of Healthcare Management, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Brien S. Kelley, MA, is a doctoral student in clinical psychology, Department of Psychology and Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York. Lee A. Kirkpatrick, PhD, is Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Studies, Department of Psychology, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia. Michael R. Levenson, PhD, is Associate Professor, Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Patrick Luyten, PhD, is Postdoctoral Fellow of the Fund for Scientific Research– Flanders (FWO) (Belgium), Department of Psychology, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium. Annette Mahoney, PhD, is Professor, Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio. Michael E. McCullough, PhD, is Associate Professor, Departments of Psychology and Religious Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. Susan H. McFadden, PhD, is Professor and Chair, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Lisa Miller, PhD, is Associate Professor, Department of Psychology and Education, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York. Andrew B. Newberg, MD, is Assistant Professor, Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Stephanie K. Newberg, MEd, MSW, is Assistant Director, Council for Relationships, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Michael E. Nielsen, PhD, is Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia. Doug Oman, PhD, is Adjunct Assistant Professor, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California. Elizabeth Weiss Ozorak, PhD, is Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, and Coordinator of the Values, Ethics and Social Action Program, Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania. Contributors ix Raymond F. Paloutzian, PhD, is Professor, Department of Psychology, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California. Kenneth I. Pargament, PhD, is Professor, Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, and Adjunct Professor, School of Theology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts. He is coeditor of Mental Health, Religion, and Culture. Crystal L. Park, PhD, is Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, and Editor, The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. Ralph L. Piedmont, PhD, is Director of Research for the Graduate Programs in Pastoral Counseling, Loyola College, Baltimore, Maryland. He is coeditor of Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion. Lindsey M. Root, BA, is a graduate student, Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. Ephraim Rose, BA, is a doctoral student in clinical psychology, Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Edward P. Shafranske, PhD, is Professor of Psychology and Director of the PsyD Program in Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Education and Psychology, Pepperdine University, Irvine, California. Israela Silberman, PhD, is Associate Research Scientist, Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York. Bernard Spilka, PhD, is Professor Emeritus, Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado. Nalini Tarakeshwar, PhD, is Associate Research Scientist, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Carl E. Thoresen PhD, is Professor Emeritus, School of Education and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry/Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Amy B. Wachholtz, MDiv, is a doctoral student in clinical psychology, Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio. Brian J. Zinnbauer, PhD, is Staff Psychologist, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and in private practice in Cincinnati, Ohio. This page intentionally left