CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF WOMEN IN SOCIETY

csws.uoregon.edu

2019 CSWS ANNUAL REVIEW

TRUE COURAGE Speaking truth in the face of evil JUDGE BARRIOS (INIIR I ORllll STUDY OF WOMEN IN SOCIETY csws.uoregon.edu 2019–20 CSWS Events FALL 2019 March 4 Lorwin Lecture Series October 3 “From Fact to Fiction: A Life in Letters.” Karla Race, Ethnicities, and Inequalities Colloquium Holloway, Duke University. 12–1:30 pm. Ford “The When and Where of Our Talk: The Lecture Hall, Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art. Shoals of Black and Native Feminisms.” Tiffany Lethabo King, Georgia State University. March 13 12–1:30 pm. Knight Library, Browsing Room. Tiffany L. King “Ethnographies of Karla Holloway U.S. Empire.” John October 25 Collins, Queens College & the CUNY Lorwin Lecture Series Graduate Center. 12–1:30 pm, Gerlinger “Screaming to Dream: Toni Morrison, Lounge. Emmett Till, and Black Maternal Grief.” Rhaisa Kameela Williams, Washington John Collins University in St. Louis. 11 am–12:30 pm. Gerlinger Lounge. SPRING 2020 Rhaisa Williams April 10 November 7 Lorwin Lecture Series Race, Ethnicities, and Inequalities Colloquium “Black. Still. Life.” Christina Sharpe, York “Across Oceans of Law.” Renisa Mawani, University (Toronto). 12:30–2:30 pm. Knight University of British Columbia. 12–1:30 pm. Law School, Room 110. EMU 230, Swindells Room. April 30 WINTER 2020 Renisa Mawani Acker-Morgen Lecture “Masculinity and Capitalism: A Brief History of the Rise February 6 and Fall of a Foundational Relationship.” Lorwin Lecture Series Raka Ray, University of California, Berkeley. “Finding ‘Light born in darkness:’ The 12:00–1:30 pm. Gerlinger Lounge. Urgency of Feminist Activism in These Raka Ray Times.” Sylvanna M. Falcón, University of May 6 California, Santa Cruz. 12–1:30 pm. Knight Queer Studies Lecture “Translocas: The Politics Library, Browsing Room. of Puerto Rican Drag and Trans Performance.” Sylvanna M. Falcón Lawrence La Fountain-Stokes, University of February 13 Michigan. 12–1:30 pm. Race, Ethnicities, and Inequalities Colloquium Gerlinger Lounge. “Witnessing Violence in These Migratory Times.” Annie Isabel Fukushima, University of L. La Fountain-Stokes Utah. 12–1:30 pm. Knight June 4 Library, Browsing Room. Lorwin Lecture Series “Gender, Power, and Grief.” Alicia Garza, Annie Fukushima February 17 Co-founder, Black Lives Matter movement. Lorwin Lecture Series 3:30–5:30 pm. Knight Law Center, Rm. 175. “The New Black Gaze.” Tina Campt, Brown Alicia Garza University. 12–1:30 pm. Ford Lecture Hall, Jordan FALL 2020 Schnitzer Museum of Art. Conference Peggy Pascoe: In Memorium & Celebration. Tina Campt Check csws.uoregon.edu for more CSWS events throughout the year. CONTENTS

Gender, Power, and Grief 2 by Michelle McKinley, Director, CSWS 2018-2019 Year in Review 3 Women at Work: Speaking Truth in the Face of Evil Spotlight on New Feminist Scholars 7 Reflections on My Year at CSWS 9 by V Varun Chaudhry, Instructor, Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program, Brandeis University Faculty Research After Work: Female Workers in in the Garment

Industry in Bangladesh 10 Chandan Reddy, associate professor at the University of Washington, delivered the CSWS Queer by Lamia Karim, Associate Professor, Department of Studies Lecture on May 9 / photo by Amiran White. Anthropology On the Backs of Women: Participatory Communication Political Economy of the Middle East : A Conversation for Livelihood Empowerment of Women under Ghana’s with Angela Joya 14 29 Interview by Michelle McKinley and Alice Evans ‘Planting for Food and Jobs’ Program by Elinam Amevor, PhD Student, Media Studies, School Studying Ways to Boost the Immune Health in Mothers of Journalism and Communication of Young Children 20 30 by Nicole Giuliani, Assistant Professor, School A Study of NGOs’ Strategies to End Fistula in Senegal by Layire Diop, PhD Candidate, Media Studies, School of Psychology Program, College of Education Journalism and Communication Decolonizing Knowledge: Caribbean Women Healers Seeking Understanding of the Experiences of Non-Cis Project 22 by Alaí Reyes-Santos, Associate Professor, Department Students: Developing an Affirmative Substance Use 32 of Indigenous, Race, & Ethnic Studies, and Ana-Maurine Preventive Intervention by Peter P. Ehlinger, Doctoral Student, Counseling Lara, Assistant Professor, Department of Women’s, Psychology, College of Education Gender, and Sexuality Studies Minor Genre, Major Revolution: Queer and Punk Unstable Fetishisms: Gender, Class, and Labor in Histories of the San Francisco Transgender Film Nineteenth-Century Fiction 24 33 by Mayra Bottaro, Assistant Professor, Department of Festival (1997-2017) by Andrew Robbins, Doctoral Candidate, Media Studies, Romance Languages School of Journalism and Communication Palenqueras and the Trap of Visibility 26 by Maria Fernanda Escallón, Assistant Professor, Highlights from the Academic Year Department of Anthropology News & Updates 34 Graduate Student Research Looking at Books 40 Closed Captioning: Reading Between the Lines 28 by Celeste Reeb, Jane Grant Fellow, Department of English

csws.uoregon.edu 1 Announcing Our 2019-2020 CSWS Theme GENDER, POWER, AND GRIEF I started as director of CSWS in the summer of 2016. Sadly for us, CSWS lost two of our found- ing mothers within months of each other in 2016. Joan Acker and Sandi Morgen, pathbreaking feminist titans, made the Center a focus of research and activism around women’s economic rights and security for over forty years. To honor their legacies, we launched a three-year theme of “Women and Work.” We hosted social justice activists organizing for fair labor conditions in the restaurant industry and scholars researching the impact of gender inequity in home and domestic labor, explored the impact of climate change on gender, and grappled with the unprec- edented misogyny, homophobia, and racism that accompanied the 2016 Trump election. While concerns of gender equity continue to drive our programming, we are launching a new Cover: Center for Latino/a and Latin American Studies theme, Gender, Power and Grief. On a daily basis, we bear witness to the state-sponsored violence brought Judge Yassmin Barrios to campus; CSWS was that renders the loss of certain lives and communities unworthy of grief. Immigrant communi- a cosponsor (see article p. 37) / photo by Jack Liu. ties are terrorized and families torn apart or imprisoned for exercising their basic human rights. CSWS ANNUAL REVIEW October 2019 On a more personal note, I experienced the loss of my 94-year-old father, whom I cared for in Center for the Study of Women in Society my home for nearly a decade. Although my father lived a long life and died at home surrounded 1201 University of Oregon by his children and grandchildren, his death invoked in me a profound sense of loss and grief. Eugene, OR 97403-1201 Anecdotal and scholarly evidence show that women are dropping out of the workforce to care (541) 346-5015 [email protected] for aging parents shouldering much of the responsibility for elder care that is de facto distributed csws.uoregon.edu along gendered lines. Throughout my father’s care I was conscious of my own subject position as daughter, mother, and immigrant who grew up with the cultural expectation that I would care for OUR MISSION Generating, supporting, and disseminating research on the my parents as they aged. This cultural obligation leeches into broader issues of gender and ethnic complexity of women’s lives and the intersecting nature of identity, as many involved in the home health care industry are underpaid, work long hours, and gender identities and inequalities. hail from economically and politically marginalized communities. Faculty and students affiliated with CSWS generate and Our coming roster of speakers and programming seeks both to honor the process of grief share research with other scholars and educators, the public, policymakers, and activists. CSWS researchers come from and the cultural practices of bereavement. They show us that in a time where much of the state a broad range of fields in arts and humanities, law and apparatus is structured to demean poor people—loving, honoring and grieving those bodies, policy, social sciences, physical and life sciences, and the and acknowledging what we have lost—is a radical emotional act. I encourage you to participate professional schools. in these conversations with us at the Center, as we hold space for ourselves to grieve, organize, DIRECTOR Michelle McKinley, Professor, School of Law celebrate, and acknowledge that together we are much stronger than we are apart. We have WOC PROJECT DIRECTOR Sangita Gopal, Associate Professor, always defied odds, broken barriers, and ignited the change we wish to see in this world. We Cinema Studies RESEARCH DISSEMINATION SPECIALIST Alice Evans have to because no one else will ever do it. And if we don’t act together to demand that change, BUSINESS MANAGER Angela Hopkins we leave no legacy, nor even an inhabitable planet for our children. ADVISORY BOARD —Michelle McKinley, Director Kemi Balogun, Assistant Professor, Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies INSIDE THIS ISSUE Faith Barter, Assistant Professor, English Rebecca C. Flynn, Codirector, Wayne Morse Center for Law This issue marks the final year for our three-year theme “Women and Work.” We are delighted & Politics to feature several articles that reflect this theme, including one by Lamia Karim (p. 10), associate Sangita Gopal, Associate Professor, Cinema Studies professor, Department of Anthropology, which focuses on the research for her current book Anya Kivarkis, Associate Professor of Art project about female garment workers in Bangladesh. Another, by the research team of Alaí Ernesto J. MartÍnez, Associate Professor, Indigenous, Race, & Reyes-Santos, associate professor in the recently renamed Department of Indigenous, Race, & Ethnic Studies Gabriela MartÍnez, Professor, School of Journalism and Ethnic Studies, and Ana-Maurine Lara, assistant professor, Department of Women’s, Gender, Communication and Sexuality Studies, is about women healers in the Caribbean (p. 22). Maria Fernanda Escallón, Dyana Mason, Assistant Professor, Planning, Public Policy & assistant professor, Department of Anthropology, reports on her CSWS-supported research (p. 26), Management describing the invisibility of women in Colombia who sell fruit and traditional sweets in an area Celeste Reeb, Jane Grant Dissertation Fellow, English Camisha Russell, Assistant Professor, Philosophy; Hypatia declared by UNESCO as Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Although one of the tourism industry’s coeditor most marketable characters in Cartagena’s historic city center, these Palenqueras earn little and Priscilla Yamin, Associate Professor, Political Science; Head, are often harassed by police. Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Michelle McKinley and I interviewed Angela Joya (p. 14), assistant professor, Department CSWS Annual Review is published yearly by the Center for of International Studies, about her research projects in the Middle East and North Africa in the the Study of Women in Society. While CSWS is responsible male-dominated field of political economy. And there are many more research articles by faculty for the content of the CSWS Annual Review, the viewpoints expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of members and graduate students whose research CSWS has supported through our research grant the organization. program, as well as news about upcoming events, previous events, honors, awards, and book MANAGING EDITOR Alice Evans publications. Enjoy! And thanks to all of you who contributed. The University of Oregon is an equal-opportunity, affirmative-action For me this is a final adieu as I head into retirement. Eleven years ago this month I drove institution committed to cultural diversity and compliance with the to campus to interview for the position of research dissemination specialist. In retrospect, I Americans with Disabilities Act. This publication will be made available particularly enjoyed my tenure as the coordinator of the Northwest Women Writers Symposium, in accessible formats upon request. which won the support of a host of writers and scholars and flourished for seven years. I also ©2019 University of Oregon enjoyed collaborating with staff, students, and scholars on this publication, and on CSWS’s many events and projects. I will miss being a part of the shared camaraderie. o I UNIVERSITY OF OREGON — Alice Evans, Managing Editor

2 October 2019 WOMEN at WORK ~!P[g~IK(OINJ@SPEAKING TRUTHif'~ (!J} if'IJ=O 6inlfD fthe DD~ IF~Cb[gFACE OF©IF {g\Y/0/LEVIL

Joane Nagel, University of Kansas, delivered a lecture on “Gender and Climate Change” / photo by Jack Liu. A YEAR IN REVIEW n late May, CSWS concluded its three- CSWS Annual Review to its final stages in year focus on “Women and Work” the summer of 2019, several of these young by joining with the recently renamed Congresswomen find themselves under bel- Department of Indigenous, Race, ligerant and dangerous verbal assault by the &I Ethnic Studies in a celebration of the leader of the free world. We’re living in a publication of a book that had its origins political era of stunning hatefulness, border- in Hendricks hallowed hallways. Shireen ing on evil. Roshanravan was doing post-doctorate work So then, let us marvel at the courage to in the Women and Gender Studies Program persevere, and let us look toward a future at UO during 2009-10 with the mentorship where women continue to gain leverage of Lynn Fujiwara—now an associate profes - in academia, world politics, and all arenas sor in the Department of Indigenous, Race, of the working world. Let us applaud and & Ethnic Studies at UO—when they began encourage the speaking of truth in the face of a collaborative relationship in their shared evil. Let us lift up those who are struggling to focus on Women of Color feminisms. As find voice, and those whose voices already Roshanravan moved on in the academic ring out strongly. world—she is currently an associate profes- sor in the Department of American Ethnic Among the many speakers sponsored or Studies at Kansas State University—they cosponsored by CSWS during AY 2018-19, coedited their collection across distance, no one stands out more as a speaker of truth writing and editing essays and refining the in the face of evil than Judge Yassmin Barrios. direction of their manuscript, which culmi- Lynn Fujiwara and Shireen Roshanravan celebrated CSWS cosponsored her visit last March. nated this academic year in the publication the publication of their new book / photo by Jack Liu. The Center for Latino/a and Latin American Studies, a sister unit which ten years ago was of Asian American Feminisms & Women ingly populist, anti-academic, celebratory incubated at CSWS, was the primary sponsor of Color Politics (University of Washington of white nationalism, hateful and punitive for Judge Barrios’s visit, with CLLAS direc- Press, Dec. 2018). The book is being lauded toward immigrant peoples of color, and dis- tor Gabriela Martínez serving a major role in as a groundbreaking collection and is already paraging to lesbian, gay, bixexual, and trans- bringing her to campus. Judge Barrios was finding its way into college syllabi. gender peoples and to women and men who the presiding judge in the prominent case It’s a good feeling to celebrate persever- do not conform to white patriarchal norms. against former dictator General Efraín Ríos ance and triumph in academia, when so often There are now more women, and especial- Montt, which concluded with his convic- we’re doing it against a backdrop of national ly more women of color, in the U.S. Congress tion for genocide against the indigenous Ixil and international politics that seems increas- than ever before; however, as we bring the Mayans of Guatemala, marking the first time

csws.uoregon.edu 3 A YEAR IN REVIEW

Left: Professor Paisley Currah and attorney Asaf Orr spoke at a panel focused on Trans* Law / photo by Jack Liu. Right: Audience members responded to Patricia Matthew at her talk on faculty diversity / photo by Oscar Palmquist. a former head of state was tried for genocide Nonprofit Clinic at the UO School of Law, the talk included the Division of Equity and in his home country. served as moderator. Cosponsors of the panel Inclusion, and the Office of the Provost. included The Tom and Carol Williams Fund Judge Barrios delivered a lecture titled In the final week of October, CSWS joined for Undergraduate Education, School of Law, “Justice and Reparation in Guatemala: the Department of Sociology and other UO Oregon Child Advocacy Project, and Lesbian, Challenges and Possibilities” to a sizeable units in welcoming Barbara Sutton, our 2002 Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Education and audience that included UO faculty, staff, and Jane Grant Dissertation Fellow, back to the Support Services (LGBTESS), Office of the students and also community members from university to give a talk about her new book, Dean of Students. surrounding areas You can read more about Surviving State Terror: Women’s Testimonies her work and her visit to campus on page 37. Two weeks later, Patricia Matthew explored of Repression and Resistance in Argentina issues of faculty diversity with an audience (New York University Press, 2018). Sutton, Early in the fall term, CSWS sponsored of faculty, administrators, and graduate stu a student of Joan Acker and Sandi Morgen investigative reporter Bernice Yeung, who - while at the UO, is now an associate profes was part of an Emmy-nominated reporting dents, in a lecture titled “Written/Unwritten: - team that had investigated the sexual assault On the Promise and Limits of Diversity and sor, Department of Women’s, Gender, and of immigrant farmworkers. Yeung’s topic Inclusion.” An associate professor of English Sexuality Studies, University at Albany, State was “The Invisible #MeToos: The Fight to at Montclair State University, Matthew is University of New York. While at UO, she End Sexual Violence against America’s Most often invited to speak about faculty diversity was co-founder and coordinator of the Social at universities throughout the country and Sciences Feminist Network and the Gender Vulnerable Workers.” She spoke to an atten- is the editor of in Latin America research interest groups. tive audience at the Knight Law School as the Written/Unwritten: Diversity (University lead-off lecturer for the Race, Ethnicities, and and the Hidden Truths of Tenure In late November, CSWS offered a grant of North Carolina Press, 2016). Cosponsors of Inequalities Colloquium directed by Michelle information workshop for graduate students McKinley. Cosponsors of the talk included Office of the Provost and Academic Affairs, School of Journalism & Communication, and the UO School of Law. On October 3, attorney Asaf Orr and Prof. Paisley Currah convened a panel on the topic of “Trans* Law: Opportunities and Futures.” Currah, a professor of political science and women’s & gender studies at Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, has written widely on the topics related to transgender rights, sex reclassification policies, and feminism. Orr, the Transgender Youth Project staff attor- ney of the National Center for Lesbian Rights (NCLR), one of the nation’s leading advocacy organizations for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people, has worked for almost a decade to advance the rights of the “t” Chandan Reddy deliverered the Queer Studies Lecture at the Knight Library Browsing Room to a mixed audience of faculty, staff, in LGBT. Beatrice Dohrn, director of the and students. Right: Chandan Reddy listens to a question from the audience / photos by Amiran White.

4 October 2019 Left: Patricia Matthew talked about faculty diversity. • Right: Michelle McKinley fielded questions alongside Patricia Matthew at the talk on faculty diversity / photos by Oscar Palmquist. and faculty to provide instruction on how up safely, appropriately, and constructively African and African Diaspora Studies and best to apply for CSWS research grants and when they hear or see something racist, sex- Anthropology at the University of Texas the Jane Grant Dissertation Fellowship. ist, xenophobic, anti-Semitic, Islamophobic, at Austin, examined the lingering, deadly homophobic, impact of police violence on black women in On November 30, Joane Nagel delivered transphobic, or otherwise dis- Brazil and the U.S. her talk on “Gender and Climate Change” to criminatory on campus or anywhere in our a large audience at the UO School of Law. community. Chandan Reddy delivered the Queer Nagel, who is the University Distinguished In March, Christen Smith continued Studies Lecture in May, speaking on the Professor of Sociology and chair of the the Race, Ethnicities, and Inequalities topic “Convergence, Dissymmetry, Duplicity: Anthropology Department at the University Colloquium at the UO School of Law with Enactments of Queer of Color Critique in the of Kansas, used a PowerPoint presentation her talk, “The Sequelae of Black Life in Era of Administrative Violence.” An associ- and case studies to illustrate her theme that Brazil and the US: Violence, Gender, Space ate professor in the Department of Gender, gender does matter in global climate change. and Time.” Smith, an associate professor of Women & Sexuality Studies at the University In her talk, Nagel illustrated that around the of Washington, Reddy discussed his research world, more women than men die in climate- project on divergent modes of queer of color related natural disasters. She also showed engagements with social movements, look- that the history of science and war inter- ing in one mode with Act Up, feminist anti- weave masculine occupations and preoccu- violence movements, and marriage equality pations, and that the climate change denial efforts, and in another mode at the strong machine is driven by conservative men and “queer” component in anti-rascist, indig- their interests. Nagel argued that males with enous, anti-prison, and anti-poverty politics. an ideology of perpetual economic growth His visit was cosponsored by the Oregon are the predominant climate policymakers, Humanities Center and the Departments of embracing big science approaches and solu- English, Ethnic Studies, and Cinema Studies. tions to climate change, with an agenda Also in May, CSWS joined with the that marginalizes the interests of women Department of Sociology to welcome and developing economies. Nagel’s talk was Miriam Abelson, the 2013 CSWS Jane cosponsored by the Environment and Natural Grant Dissertation Fellow, in a colloquium Resources Center at the UO School of Law focused on the book that emerged from her and the Department of Sociology. dissertation research, Men in Place: Trans In February, CSWS continued its recent Masculinity, Race, and Sexuality in America legacy of allyship trainings, this year facili- (University of Minnesota Press, 2019). tated by Dena Zaldúa, then CSWS’s opera- This strong series of presentations was tions manager. Two 101 Sessions and one topped off with the panel discussion of 201 Session were offered at the Many Nations Asian American Feminisms & Women of Longhouse, aimed to help participants exam- Color Politics, complete with a designer ine their own privilege, their implicit biases, cake celebrating Lynn Fujiwara’s and Shireen and how to develop dialogue and create safe Roshanvaran’s achievement. ■ spaces on campus and in our community. The sessions taught participants how to be —this article is a round-up based on CSWS staff reports an effective ally: how to intervene and stand and website entries

csws.uoregon.edu 5 Top row: Participants listen to presenters at the annual New Women Faculty Gathering in October, sponsored by CSWS and the Office of the Provost. • Middle Row, left: CSWS director Michelle McKinley and Women of Color project director Sangita Gopal welcome members of the gathering. • Middle row, right: Liz Bohls introduces Katherine Kelp-Stebbins, a new faculty member in the English department. • Bottom row, left: New faculty member Isabel Millán, Department of Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, chats with then vice provost Jayanth Banavar. • Bottom row, middle: New faculty member Emily Scott, art history and environmental studies, acknowledges audience applause following her introduction. • Bottom row, right: New faculty member Leah Lowthorp, anthropology, talks to then CAS dean Andrew Marcus / photos by Jack Liu.

6 October 2019 SPOTLIGHT ON NEW FEMINIST SCHOLARS CSWS welcomes six new tenure track faculty whose research focuses on women and gender.

Courtney M. Cox, Assistant Professor, Department of Indigenous, Race, & Ethnic Studies Dr. Courtney M. Cox is assistant professor of race and sport in the Department of Indigenous, Race, and Ethnic Studies. She is fascinated by the cultural, political, and economic effects of global sport. Her current research focuses on girls and women competing in and covering basketball across the United States, Russia, Senegal, and France. She’s also interested in the world of advanced analytics in sport, and the ways in which this quantitative aspect of the game can be studied qualitatively through both critical discourse analysis and ethnography. Dr. Cox earned her PhD at the University of Southern California and has previously worked for ESPN, NPR-affiliate KPCC, and the Los Angeles Sparks. ■

Claire Herbert, Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology Claire Herbert Heinz comes to the UO Department of Sociology from Drexel University, where she was an assistant professor of sociology. She completed her PhD in sociology at the University of Michigan where she was also a trainee in the Population Studies Center at the Institute for Social Research. Her dissertation project studied the illegal use of private property in Detroit, Michigan, by both longtime residents of the city and newcomers who squat houses, scrap metal from abandoned buildings, or farm on vacant lots. Detailing the informal normativity, grass-roots regulatory systems and varied practices surrounding illegal property use unveils dynamics that shape individual trajectories, neighborhood conditions, and mechanisms of gentrification and exclusion that are unique to declining cities. Her book Urban Decline and the Rise of Property Informality in Detroit is under contract with University of California Press. ■

Masami Kawai, Assistant Professor, Department of Cinema Studies Masami Kawai is a Los Angeles-born filmmaker, who divides her time between Oregon and LA. She received her BA from Hampshire College, where she focused on Visual Arts, Radical Pedagogy, and Post-Colonial Studies. After graduation, she devoted herself to community organizing before pursuing filmmaking again. In 2013, she received her MFA in directing from UCLA’s School of Theater, Film, and Television. She is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Cinema Studies at the University of Oregon. Kawai participated in Film Independent’s diversity program, Project Involve. She was a selected director in the Francis Ford Coppola One-Act play series. She also received a fellowship from LA’s Visual Communications, which supports emerging Asian American filmmakers. Her work has screened at various venues, including the Rotterdam Film Festival, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, LA Asian Pacific Film Festival, Portland International Film Festival, and the National Museum of Women in the Arts. ■

csws.uoregon.edu 7 SPOTLIGHT ON NEW FEMINIST SCHOLARS Krystale E. Littlejohn, Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology Krystale E. Littlejohn joins the faculty of the UO Department of Sociology as an assistant professor, coming from the Department of Sociology at Occidental College, a private liberal arts college in Los Angeles. Her research examines how everyday cultural constructions shape family processes, particularly at the nexus between embodiment and biomedical technologies. Her past work has focused on how women's embodied experiences of side effects to hormonal birth control shape their understandings of self and decisions to forego using the methods, despite desires to avoid pregnancy. Her current work, with Katrina Kimport, examines how clinicians construct knowledge about side effects during contraceptive counseling visits. As a whole, her research in reproduction explores the limits of biomedical frameworks in explaining and understanding unintended pregnancy as a public health phenomenon. She is currently working on her first book, Just Get on the Pill: Gender, Compulsory Birth Control, and Reproductive Injustice (under contract with University of California Press), which examines how taken-for-granted ideas about gender shape patterns of birth control use and inequality in relationships. ​Before earning her PhD from Stanford, she was a sociology and Spanish language & culture double-major at Occidental. ■ Jennifer O’Neal, Assistant Professor, Department of Indigenous, Race, & Ethnic Studies Jennifer O’Neal joins the faculty of the UO Department of Indigenous, Race, & Ethnic Studies as an assistant professor. Previously she served as the University Historian and Archivist within UO Libraries, while also serving as an instructor in the UO Departments of History, Ethnic Studies, and the Clark Honors College. She recently completed the Yale University Henry Roe Cloud Fellowship, awarded to Native American doctoral students focused on pressing issues related to the American Indian experience and Indigenous Studies. Her interdisciplinary research and teaching examine the social, political, and historical intersections of Native American, United States, and international relations in the twentieth century to the present, specializing in activist movements, human rights, and legal issues. Her research and teaching explore questions of sovereignty, self-determination, nationhood, traditional knowledge, cultural heritage, and international Indigenous rights across a variety of fields, mediums, and forms. Her work is grounded in Indigenous research methods, decolonizing methodologies, and community-engaged teaching and learning. Within the Honors College and Ethnic Studies, she has developed undergraduate courses engaging students in decolonizing pedagogy and community based-research with tribal community course partners to document Oregon’s Indigenous histories. She also led the development of the newly created UO Native American and Indigenous Studies Academic Residential Community. More broadly, she has led the development and implementation of best practices and protocols for Native American archives in non-tribal repositories in the United States, calling for the decolonizing of Indigenous archives. She is a member of The Confederated Tribes of Grande Ronde in Oregon. ■ Yvette J. Saavedra, Assistant Professor, Department of Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Yvette J. Saavedra is a historian specializing in nineteenth-century U.S. History, Borderlands History, History of the U.S. West, Chicana/o History, and Gender and Sexuality History. Her research interests include the intersection of race, power, identity, colonialism, nationalism, gender, and sexuality. Her recently released book Pasadena Before the Roses: Race, Identity, and Land Use in Southern California, 1771-1890 (University of Arizona, 2018) examines and details the social and cultural history of how Spanish, Mexican, American and Indigenous groups’ competing visions of land use affected the formation of racial and cultural identity in Pasadena, California, during this period. This work reconceptualizes how culturally subjective ideas about race, masculinity, and visions of optimal land use became tangible representations of political projects of conquest, expansion, and empire building. She has published on topics ranging from Chicana Feminism, Chicana/o History, LGBTQ History, U.S. History, and Borderlands History. Her current research agenda reflects work on several projects including her second full length book tentatively titled “Living la Mala Vida: Transgressive Femininities, Morality, and Nationalism in Mexican California, 1810-1850,” a study that (re)defines masculinity, femininity, gender, and sexuality within Mexican nationalism and concepts of political and social citizenship. Other research in progress includes: a study examining the influence of Chicana lesbian feminist theory and methodology on the writing of Chicana/o and U.S.-Mexico Borderlands history and studies, a tracing of the development of the Texas sodomy law and the policing of homosexuality during the nineteenth and early twentieth century, and a study of female masculinity in the nineteenth century U.S.-Mexico Borderlands. ■

8 October 2019 V Chaudhry poses a question to speaker Chandan Reddy / photo by Amiran White, May 2019. May White, Amiran by / photo V Chaudhry poses Reddy a question Chandan to speaker V VARUN CHAUDHRY: REFLECTIONS ON MY YEAR AT CSWS V Varun Chaudhry worked as a CSWS pro tem research assistant during AY 2018-19 while completing his dissertation through the Department of Anthropology at Northwestern University. He is now an instructor in the Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program at Brandeis University. V’s research focuses on the institutionalization of “transgender” in nonprofit and funding agencies through ethnographic research in Philadelphia, PA. His research has been supported by the Social Science Research Council, The Wenner-Gren Foundation, the Sexualities Project at Northwestern, and CSWS. The Center for the Study of Women scholars in my area of study as well as Washington. Professor Reddy read one of in Society provided me with a host of participate in a campus-wide dialogue my dissertation chapters, which focused opportunities that proved to be fruitful about transgender issues in the law. I on the use and the circulation of the for my research and career development. was also lucky to attend the lecture and language of “intersectionality” in nonprofit As soon as I arrived at the University of subsequent dinner with CSWS speaker, and funding agencies in the United States. Oregon, Michelle McKinley and the rest of Dr. Christen Smith, a black feminist Reddy’s feedback on my chapter and work the CSWS staff welcomed me with open anthropologist from the University of in general was tremendously helpful for arms: I received invitations to receptions, Texas–Austin. Dr. Smith helped me to the dissertation-cum-book-project as it talks, and other events as well as office conceptualize key components of my has continued to develop, and having the space to work on writing my dissertation. dissertation project, including the black opportunity to get to know him through I participated actively in CSWS’s feminist anthropological theoretical frame. his lecture and events around his visit “Trans* Law: Opportunities and Futures” Furthermore, I was privileged to attend was helpful for my professional as well as symposium, which featured a panel of and network with speakers from the CSWS- research development. scholars, advocates, and practitioners cosponsored New Directions in Black I’m deeply grateful to CSWS for the of transgender studies, which is a core Feminist Studies series. chance to meet so many scholars and research area for me. Meeting with Culminating my time at CSWS was the develop my research in new and exciting the visiting scholars—including Dr. exciting chance to work directly with Dr. ways. I am now able to move into my Paisley Currah from Brooklyn College, a Chandan Reddy, associate professor from faculty position at Brandeis University with foundational figure in the field—was a the Department of Women’s, Gender, a keen sense of my research direction and great way to discuss my research with and Sexuality Studies at the University of with a robust set of interlocutors. ■

csws.uoregon.edu 9 CSWS Faculty Research

After Work: Female Workers in the Garment Industry in Bangladesh An anthropological study of female workers in the global apparel industry in Bangladesh uncovers a zero-sum game. Aged out by 40 with worn-out bodies and younger workers ready to take their place, women often have little or no savings to sustain them. by Lamia Karim, Associate Professor Department of Anthropology

y book manuscript After Work is Once these workers exit out of factories ficiary of the Multi-Fiber Agreement (1974- an anthropological study of the due to ageism, no data is kept on their 1994) and the World Trade Organization’s incursion of capitalist moder- life circumstances by labor organizations. Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (1995- nity in Bangladesh through the These workers disappear either into the 2004) that gave preferential access to goods Mglobal apparel industry, and the forms of urban informal economy or they return manufactured in the least developed coun- life that the industry has generated for to their villages due to lack of work. They tries like Bangladesh. The garment industry its female work force. In Bangladesh, the have given the best years of their lives to is the largest source of foreign revenue garment industry labor force is primarily help grow a global apparel industry that for the government at $30 billion (2018 female and young. Workers enter around benefits consumers and retail giants in figures), and it remains a vital industry the average age of fifteen years and are the West, and the state and a newly emer- as the country climbs to a middle-income aged out by thirty-five to forty years when gent capitalist class in Bangladesh. Yet, status country by 2025. Following the 2008 they are no longer considered produc- they never received the benefit of a living financial crisis, Western manufacturers and tive by factory management. After Work wage, healthcare, or an adequate pension. retailers began to search for the lowest pric- seeks to bring out the human dimensions Monthly wages were held flat between es in the garment sector. This trend, dubbed of these workers’ lives. These women are 1994 to 2006 at $11 dollars, rising only as the race to the bottom, brought many workers, but they are also mothers, wives, to $22 in 2006, $30 in 2010, $67 in 2013, retailers to Bangladesh where wages were sisters, lovers, friends, and political agents. and finally to $90 in 2019. These are bod- held at $22 in 2008. Global retailers sought In each of these areas, their lives are pro- ies in bare existence with weakened eye- low wages, fast production turnaround, and foundly complex, meaningful, and instruc- sight, chronic upper-respiratory problems, a compliant labor force, all made possible tive in understanding the formation of a gastrointestinal and kidney ailments, all in Bangladesh with severe restrictions in global female workforce. My study seeks compounded by low wages, poor diet, and trade union activities. Factory fires were to illuminate the challenges and circum- precarious work conditions. frequent at these factories that violated stances of the aged-out workers’ lives in building and labor codes with unsafe work Bangladesh, and contribute toward a pub- BACKGROUND conditions––no fire escapes, water sprin- lic anthropology of working-class factory The garment industry in Bangladesh is only klers, and often with padlocked doors that women in the global supply chain. four decades old, beginning with a Korean- kept workers locked inside the factory dur- Bangladeshi venture in 1978. Today, it is ing the workday. The global garment industry in second to China in apparel production, hav- Bangladesh has grown on a steady supply ing overtaken both Vietnam and Sri Lanka. Immediately following the Rana Plaza of young rural workers. The workforce is Major retail brands like Walmart, Zara, and industrial accident in 2013 that killed over four million plus, of which 80 percent is H&M among others have their presence in 1,100 workers and injured another 2,500 female. By her late thirties, a worker is Bangladesh, and transnational capital from workers, global outcry forced EU nations, deemed less productive by factory manage- China, South Korea, and India have flooded global retailers, trade union leaders, fac- ment, and a younger worker replaces her. into the industry. The industry was a bene- After Work, continued on p. 12 10 October 2019 Garment workers at a labor rights training session.

“WHAT ELSE CAN I DO?” ohima Khatun is a twenty- he already had a wife and children daily lunch meal was rice, potato, would lose her job. Managers often eight-year-old garment in the village. When she asked him and some chili paste. On her way threaten the workers with firings worker in Mirpur, Dhaka. to divorce his first wife, he refused. from work, she picks up some over work disruptions. At work, She came to work at a So, Rohima left him. Unable to vegetables for her evening meal. If Rohima has heard that the clothes Rgarment factory when she was care for two young children in she is lucky, she has fish or eggs once they make are “worth more than fourteen years old with a fifth the city, Rohima sent them to her a week. On her day off, she watches them,” and if they make mistakes in grade education. She started as parents’ home in the village. Her soap operas about middle/upper- sewing, their wages will be docked. a helper at $11 a month. After son was enrolled in a madrassah class women on TV. This is her Still, she loves her sewing machine. six years of working as a helper, (religious school) because it was only source of entertainment. She It is her only friend in the factory. she became a sewing operator. free and she hoped that religious goes to bed between 11 p.m. and Every morning, she wipes it down, Currently, she makes about $100 education would keep him out of midnight. The long hours at work, and before leaving work, she wipes a month, including overtime. Her “mischief.” She believed that the and the crowded living quarters it again. It is the one thing that living expenses also come to $100 clergy would raise her son to be in the noisy slum make her feel keeps her earning some money to a month, leaving her in a zero-sum a good Muslim. Rohima herself constantly exhausted. She suffers pay for her children. situation. Her meagre wages force is pious but her work life rarely from frequent back pains and eye As for her future, Rohima her to work overtime even to save gives her time to pray daily. She problems, but she can only afford would like to return to her village. a small amount of money each plans to bring her nine-year-old to see a quack doctor in her slum. She does not want to give up her month. daughter to the city, so she could Rohima’s workday begins at 8 factory job. Instead, she wants When she was eighteen years have a better education. She does a.m. and ends between 6 and 8 to have a factory job near her old, Rohima met a young man, fell not want her daughter to work in p.m. She wakes up around 5 a.m. village, so she can cut down on in love, and married him. While her a garment factory, a sentiment to stand in line to use the shared her living expenses. As she said to family approved of their marriage, echoed by many garment workers. kitchen and toilet. Her supervisors me, “What else can I do?” In the they knew little of him beyond the Rohima shares a 10x12 foot often use abusive language when absence of alternative employment fact that he too had a factory job dorm room with four other speaking to workers. There is no opportunities, Rohima’s refrain and could provide for his new wife. garment women. After paying for union representative at her factory, “what else can I do?” is a sorrowful Together they had a son, and then her room and board, and sending but she has heard about workers phrase that pervades the lives of a year later, a daughter. But at money home to her parents, she fighting for higher wages in other all the garment workers I met and age twenty-two, after four years of has the equivalent of $10 a month factories. She would like to join in interviewed over a period of four living with him, she found out that to take care of any extra needs. Her such protests but fears that she years. ■

csws.uoregon.edu 11 of them invested in their children’s educa- tion over other expenses. Upward mobility through education was the cherished goal of these working-class mothers. In many instances, their sons and daughters went on to study beyond the tenth grade. For some, their adult children earned work as techni- cians, primary school teachers, retail sales clerks, and other more secure positions. The women I interviewed mostly believed that the payoffs from education were more secure than in starting a business, the entrepreneurial model. Their desire for the status and security of middle-class occupa- tions came through when they talked about going to “office” to work. They never used karkhana, the Bengali word for factory. Workers at a compliant factory that has met all safety checks after the 2013 industrial accident. Line When it was pointed out to them that they supervisor is on the far left. actually worked in assembly lines in a fac- tory, they laughed shyly but again reverted After Work, continued from p. 10 expectations around women's work has had back to their chosen word “office” to a major effect on the lives of working-class tory owners and the Bangladeshi state to describe their desire for upward mobility. women in Bangladesh, especially in the finally pass stricter factory oversight and areas of their private lives. upgrades through two measures known as 2) Consumerism the Accord and Alliance. But the industry My research showed many changes When we compare the older workers to the continues to be plagued by factory-level in their lives, but what struck me most new generation of workers, we find that the accidents and violations of workers’ rights. was this—a majority of the women said older workers eschewed consumerism; the Questions over low wages continue to be that despite sexual harassment and verbal younger generation not so. Older genera- an ongoing issue between workers and abuse by line managers, they were safer in tion saved their money in order to invest factory management with two large-scale the factory, compared with the high inci- in education, hence a better life, for their workers strikes in 2016 and again in 2018. dence of domestic violence they endured children. They ate very simple meals, and Although some gains were made by work- at home. The more I talked to the women, seldom bought clothes or trinkets for them- ers, increased technological surveillance the more they slowly began to reveal their selves. Many slept on the hard floor on through CCTVs have resulted in striking stories of sadness, loss, and desire. From a thin mattress over a costly thicker mat- workers being identified and fired from these investigations, four key areas of inter- tress or bed. While most workers, whether their jobs. It is under these precarious generational change between the older gen- young or old, sent money to their parents, work conditions that young women work eration and younger generation of female I found that the younger generation of every day for $90 a month in 2019, still the workers emerged, which I highlight below. workers also kept aside some money for world’s lowest apparel production wages. their personal purchases. In contrast to 1) Education the older workers, these younger workers WORK, WOMEN, AND CHANGE Almost all of the older women workers had between an eighth to twelfth grade Bangladesh is fed by the two mighty rivers were illiterate or had functional literacy. education, making education less of a goal. of the Gangetic Delta, the Brahmaputra and Functional literacy refers to a person’s abil- Many of these younger workers felt that Ganges. As the snow caps in the Himalayas ity to sign their names, to read and write they were upwardly mobile middle-class melt due to global warming, annual flood- at a very basic level. The government of subjects who would eventually move into ing and river erosion have led to landless- Bangladesh has made education free for line management jobs. all children up to grade eight. But due to ness, forcing rural families to send their These young workers also grew up in poverty, most of these women had between unmarried young daughters to the city in an era of rampant consumerism, televi- a third to fifth grade education after which search of employment, the only available sion advertisements selling commodities, they were forced to enter the labor force. At work for these women outside of domestic sparkling new malls in the city, restau- factories, they entered precarious work con- household help. These women come from rants, shops, and so on that all beckon the ditions—they often lacked proper employ- poor farming families that depend on sub- consumer. The younger workers have more ment documents, allowing management to sistence farming. It is important to note that disposable income compared to a gen- fire them on a pretext. Workers often signed they do not come from the traditional arti- eration ago. On Friday evenings, one can paperwork without realizing that they were sanal families of weavers, potters, and so see young workers in the shopping areas signing papers that claimed that they were on. In those families, women and men work around their slums purchasing clothes, voluntarily leaving their jobs. Their vulner- together on production, and family income vanity bags, trinkets, cosmetics, and abilities were increased by the absence of is based on collective work done by all its clothes for their children. They eat snacks trade union representatives at factories. members—father, mother, and children. at local food carts and walk the streets for a Sending women to work as migrant labor These older women realized that lack of few hours before heading home. The older in factories is a foundational change for a education had diminished their economic workers mentioned that in the early days of Muslim society where a woman’s role is in opportunities, and they wanted to educate factory work, such vibrant shopping areas the home, taking care of her husband, chil- their children so that the next generation had not grown up in their neighborhoods. dren and in-laws. This loosening of social would not have to do factory work. Most

12 October 2019 The incursion of capitalist modernity My research showed many for marriage and divorce in exchange for a is also reshaping social attitudes among small sum of money. According to her, this younger women, along with their living changes in their lives, but what particular Qazi had realized that marriages arrangements. Unmarried women often struck me most was this—a and divorces are on the upswing among live in makeshift dormitories, and while these working-class women. When a mar- living conditions are crowded and unsani- majority of the women said that riage is legally registered, it is difficult for a tary, these novel living arrangements have man to simply walk away from his marriage given them space to cultivate themselves despite sexual harassment and without any financial responsibilities; he as slightly more autonomous subjects. A verbal abuse by line managers, has to fulfill the terms of the marriage con- small but significant change is in the rise in tract and pay for the maintenance for his unmarried women and men living togeth- they were safer in the factory, wife and children should the woman take er, indicating a major shift in Bangladeshi compared with the high incidence him to family court. From the Qazi’s per- women’s sexuality. These arrangements spective, issuing false marriage documents occur because many landlords are unwill- of domestic violence they at a low price makes it easy for the couple— ing to rent to single women. Working-class endured at home. who are either madly in love, facing a sud- women and men then partner together to den pregnancy, in need of housing, or some find housing as a “married couple.” These about their marital status. Although some other social or economic necessity—to get are precarious arrangements because often of their husbands had taken a second wife married quickly. When they want to get the man already has a wife in the village. and had been absent for more than eight to divorced, and this occurs frequently, it is These changes have diverse and tragic out- twelve years, the women still retained the very easy for the Qazi to issue the divorce comes in these women’s lives that my book idea of being “a married woman.” Within because the marriage was never registered documents. their socio-economic class, men tend to with the state in the first place. abandon their wives rather than divorce Despite these shifts, the Bangladeshi 3) Lack of safety nets them, to avoid paying for maintenance Majority of the older women did not have woman and family structure still remain to their wives and children. In order to closely linked to kinship and rural ori- safety nets in old age. They did not have understand marriage and divorce patterns any savings because their abysmally low gins. Perhaps the most radical change among women, I spoke with two labor is that rural families now increasingly wages did not let them save. Many of them rights advocates with long-term experi- were tricked out of their pension plans by accept their daughters getting divorced. A ence on these issues. Interestingly, they divorced woman has more control over her factory management. Most of these women offered divergent opinions regarding mar- were either looking for work in the city or earnings, and from her family’s perspec- riage practices adopted by migrant female tive it is easier for them to make demands they returned to their village if they had workers in Dhaka city. some land. Dependence on their adult on her income since she has no husband children for support in old age was precari- Shahnaz, a labor rights advocate, told who can also make claims on her money. ous at best. Perhaps the most difficult gen- me that among the younger generation Women as wage labor are trapped in mul- erational change between the older workers of female workers marriages increasingly tiple levels of social pressure. What we are and their adult children is the question of occur through the office of the Qazi, the beginning to see is a gradual transforma- autonomy over one’s income and famil- government officer in charge of register- tion of existing family relations. ial duties. The younger generation made ing marriages and divorces. The Qazi’s After Work brings to life the complexi- choices for themselves, such as their mar- office registers the marriage and gives ties that inform these women’s lives—their riage partners, often against their mothers’ the woman a receipt with a number that dreams, their hopes, and their desires wishes. When these sons and daughters is her proof of the legality of the marital for a better life for their children. Yet started their own families, their loyalties contract between both parties. Shahnaz their humanity is diminished daily, not shifted from mother to spouse and to their said that if women do not get a proper only by the exploitation of the global children. This is not to suggest that they divorce, later they face humiliation, and apparel industry, but also by well-meaning did not take care of their aging mothers, also sexual and monetary demands from researchers who continuously reduce their but they now had to negotiate with their their ex-husbands, who threaten them with lives to statistics to offer us a generalized spouses and children’s demands in a nucle- exposure and scandal should they refuse understanding of women’s labor. Without ar family setting. Life had come full circle to comply. Therefore, a divorce certificate recognizing the innate humanity of these for these older workers who were again on guarantees these women control over their female workers, the world fails to see them their own, struggling to make ends meet. bodies, their financial resources, and the as full human subjects with the potential custody of their children. She then added to create meaningful lives. They are like 4) Changes in marriage that during the peak of micro-credit in the the flowers of Chernobyl in the shadows of Marriage, one of the foundational struc- 1990s and early 2000s, NGOs, especially capital in Bangladesh. ■ tures of family life, was undergoing severe BRAC, taught rural women how to prop- —Lamia Karim, associate professor, Department of stress due to the dislocation of women erly register marriages and divorces in Anthropology, is the author of Microfinance and from their rural households and wage order to better empower them over their Its Discontents: Women in Debt in Bangladesh employment. Most of the older women marital rights. Thus, there was a spread of (University of Minnesota Press, 2011). Her current interviewed said that they were married, general knowledge about the registration of project, After Work, has received supportive but in 70 percent of cases, they were marriages in rural society. funding from multiple entities, including CSWS, separated or had been abandoned by their However, another labor rights advocate Oregon Humanities Center, Office of the Vice husbands. Due to the social status given had a different story. She mentioned that in President of Research and Innovation, and the to married women in Bangladeshi society, her area, the local Qazi has opened his own Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological these older women were not forthcoming shop in the market to offer false documents Research.

csws.uoregon.edu 13 £.A CC@Conversation ffilW®lf~lillff@ffil wtthwith £.ffili®DlilAngela ]@JlilJoya

Political Economy of the Middle East: Making Headway in a Male-Dominated Field

Interviewed by Michelle McKinley, CSWS Director and Professor, School of Law, and Alice Evans, CSWS Managing Editor Angela Joya, CSWS End-of-Year Celebration 2019 / photo by Jack Liu. Jack by / photo 2019 Celebration End-of-Year CSWS Joya, Angela

With a new book forthcoming from security, and that meant property rights were redefinition in so many ways. Cambridge University Press, Angela Joya is also going through rapid change. CSWS: Under Mubarak? pressing forward with more projects focused I later decided to focus on struggles around Joya: Yes. on the Middle East and North Africa. An land and property rights in rural and urban assistant professor in the UO Department Egypt: the tenure reform, liberalization of rent CSWS: You would say that they were more of International Studies, Joya was born in control laws, and how that was redistributing empowered under Nasser and then became Afghanistan, lived for twelve years as a resources, especially land and land tenure as disenfranchised? refugee in Pakistan, and immigrated with her property to different layers of elite, and who was Joya: Yes. Nasser implemented a project of pop- family to Canada when she was sixteen. being dispossessed in the process. ulist statism right after the revolution in Egypt— post 1952. Part of establishing legitimacy of his :Tell us about your book project. Over the years, the book project has come out of a broader political concern of economic regime—which was a military regime—was to Joya: The title of the book is The Roots liberalization and its impact on different social also implement a set of populist reforms that Qof Revolt: A Political Economy of Egypt classes and different political groups in Egypt. extended rights to groups that had never expe- from Nasser to Mubarak. I started this project The book has been a dramatic transformation of rienced such rights before. For instance, women as part of my PhD in 2003 at York University my doctoral thesis; with a lot of new material. were granted generous maternity leave, gener- in Toronto. My intention was to understand the I updated it in light of the Arab uprisings. And ous benefits, but also free education, healthcare. kind of social change Egypt was going through so the word “revolt” in my title reflects that Workers received generous packages through in the 1990s. Egypt had signed a structural tracing: the various social change processes, their unions. Peasants, most of whom never adjustment package with the IMF [International the political change processes from Nasser to had any land before, received land through Monetary Fund] in the early 1990s, and I was Mubarak, but predominantly focusing on the a program of national land reform. This was interested in learning how that was going to period of Mubarak’s rule and how the economic unprecedented in the history of Egypt, where impact different social layers in Egyptian soci- policies that were implemented in that context a predominantly landowning class had held 99 ety. When I first arrived in Egypt in December shifted the balance of power in society, the percent of the land. It was the first time that land of 2005, the Egyptian housing question was nature of citizenship in Egypt, the way peasants was being taken away from the big landlords my entry point—as to how spatial organization and workers perceived their place in Egyptian and given to landless peasants. was happening—because the government was society, and the way they related to the state. All These changes were not unique to Egypt, reforming the housing laws, especially tenure of that went through a massive disruption and a though. In the context of decolonization, similar

14 October 2019 trends were happening around the global south. remained dominant in absorbing most of the place, about expanding tourist revenue in Luxor. Nasser was implementing his Egyptian brand labor market entrants. The private sector has In the process, space was being reorganized and of statism, which he called Arab socialism, and been very capital intensive, investing in energy remodeled to basically serve the interest of these that almost transformed Egyptian society in the or in real estate. It’s a complex relationship the others, mostly tourists and private investors, course of the next three decades in fundamental way private sector businesses established ties not the working class residents of Luxor. The ways. Peasants felt that this was their right, the with the informal sector, where they would people I met were quite angry. I asked if these land that they had received now. contract out part of their services. So officially, new projects for tourism would create local the official private sector in general has failed jobs. The young men responded that they would CSWS: After Nasser, did you include something to create well paid, decent and secure jobs; in not be hired by the tourism companies, which on Anwar Sadat? many ways, it has adopted the unsavory features preferred to bring people from Cairo who spoke Joya: I have a chapter on Nasser and Sadat. Some of the informal sectors, i.e. precarious jobs that English and were considered more cosmopoli- of the reforms, which Nasser had put in place, are not desirable by the educated youth of Egypt. tan, who knew about the world and could make were contested under Sadat. Sadat started open- CSWS: I presume that what you’re going to jokes about New York City. They told me, They ing the Egyptian economy briefly as he shifted talk about coming into Mubarak—I don’t know will not hire local people because they do not away from the Soviet Union, from a planned what your discipline would call it—but a kind think that we are cultured enough. economic model towards liberalizing the econo- of resentment in sedimentation and rank. CSWS: They were not going to hire them, and my. He was gearing toward Arab capital, hoping they were left with no place to live? they would receive more investment from Arab Joya: Absolutely. It’s clear that over the course of capital, which combined with Egyptian labor economic liberalization, there has been a build- Joya: That was the sentiment felt by many I and Western technology, would usher in the up of resentment among the youth, but in general spoke with in that gathering that particular day new model of development in Egypt. among workers, peasants, students, and many in Luxor. Some of the families were told they other marginalized groups. When I was doing would be moved to a different part of town. Sadat’s policies of Infitah, or economic liber- my fieldwork in 2007-2008, across Egypt in rural These residents were not too happy about that as alization, facilitated the establishing of a foothold areas but also in urban places—smaller towns, they had heard about the small size of the new for Arab capital in Egypt, but his policies did not bigger cities—people were already articulating apartments, which were unfit for the traditional fundamentally dismantle Nasserist reforms. The their disgust with the government; they were families of Luxor. tenure laws to a large extent remained in place; very angry at the government because these poli workers continued to enjoy the benefits they had - I visited some of those apartments, and they enjoyed. Sadat actually expanded the bureau- cies of dispossession were underway, happening were indeed tiny little boxes of apartments for cracy of the state, which allowed for mass hiring as I was moving from city to city and I could see Egyptian families in rural areas, and even in them, I could hear the stories from the people of people in the state. For instance, the policy of smaller cities or extended families, and it was who had experienced them, right there and then. hiring graduates—guaranteed jobs for graduates completely disrupting of the flow of the fam- in the state sector—was still in place. Despite Once, I found myself in Luxor in the midst ily life, of social life. People were quite upset adhering to a private sector-led economy, he of a government planned demolition of a hous- and angry. I remember a young man who told did not manage to dismantle social protection ing complex inhabited by many families. When me that Mubarak is worse than the Israeli measures and employment policies of the public I arrived at the complex, there was a gathering government. And I said, Well why would you sector. In fact, the only thing he attempted to of people and they looked very alarmed. I spoke say that? And he said, Because Mubarak is a liberalize was the price of bread in 1977, which with some of the people to find out what was Muslim president of a Muslim country, and was faced with massive riots forcing Sadat to happening. A young man explained that they the way he acts is worse than how the Zionists reverse it. I guess what’s mostly left of Sadat is were anticipating the arrival of bulldozers any- treat Palestinians. So we now feel worse than the peace deal he signed with Israel. That’s the time that day; he invited me to go and see their Palestinians, in this instance, as we would be trademark of his regime. apartments to demonstrate that they were not dispossessed by one of our own. The 1980s was the period when Egypt went dilapidated, unsafe housing—the excuse that CSWS: Before we get further along, I wanted to through a slower shift because of the economic the local government had offered to justify the know, just why did you select Egypt? order for their demolition—but that they were in crisis the country faced. The context of oil cri- great condition. After I went through some of the Joya: I actually wanted to research Egypt and sis basically slowed down the remittances that apartments, which all looked in perfect living Syria, and this is because I had deep interests Egyptians could send back home. That put strain condition, they asked me if I thought they were in learning about the post-colonial moment on the Egyptian state in generating revenue that considered a slum and deserved to be demol and what kind of alternative histories could would allow them to actually sustain the public - ished, the way the government had argued. have emerged from that context. And the fact sector and the jobs that they were promising for that Arab socialism was taken up by both Egypt the youth. So, it’s interesting that the government man- and Syria—and how that became a model that aged to use concepts such as slum upgrading, CSWS: People talk about how large the public inspired other countries in the region. That per- regularization of sector is. One in every three workers works for irregular housing, etc. that sonally interested me about this radical moment came from the UN, to try to dispossess people. the state, right? of potentially a different kind of society that The government had argued that this housing could have emerged, that they attempted build- Joya: Egypt did have a huge public sector in was not safe, but what I observed from inside ing, and why it did not last long enough. I was the 1980s. And it still does. Now it’s been these apartments contradicted the government’s mostly trying to learn about that and exploring revived, under the military rule. In the major account. cities, in Cairo and Alexandria and Port Said, it more. CSWS: But did they rebuild? predominantly the public sector is the main CSWS: How long do you think it lasted? employer. The private sector now, even after Joya: No, the Luxor governor had plans for Joya: I think it was probably pretty short, because three decades of private sector–led economy, building a massive mall, and a parking lot, in of the 1967 war. It drained all the resources from remains quite marginal, in terms of jobs offered. order to expand tourism in Luxor. This was a Nasser’s government and nothing much was left The informal sector and the public sector have new development model that they had put in

csws.uoregon.edu 15 Angela Joya Interview afterwards. The forces of the conservative right went to court with their deeds. The peasants were infested with mosquitoes due to the damp- wing that supported Sadat eventually became and small farmers who had customary land or ness of the structures. quite powerful and vocal in pressuring Nasser, had received land through land reform after the CSWS: Is it like a mausoleum? which then led to his heart attack and his sud- revolution were encouraged by local govern- den death. He personally felt responsible that ment representatives to actually go and register Joya: Yes, mausoleums. So then, the relatives they basically undermined everything. I guess it their land/property. of these dead people who were buried would could have lasted long, but these developments Upon arrival at the registration offices, often allow them, if they took care of the compound were not isolated from regional developments, they were told that since they had no deed or of the mausoleum, they could live there. These from broader global developments. The Suez title to the land, they had held the land illegally. grave sites had become the new shelter for these Canal nationalization by Nasser was never for- And in this manner, the officials would set up people. given by the former colonial powers and Israel. offices of land registration, which were from CSWS: This was 2007, 2008? So when the 1967 war happened, it was just like the point of view of people, the offices of dis- the signs were clear that this is the end of Arab possession. People would arrive there, and the Joya: Yes. Many of these people talked about socialism. officials would say, You don’t have a deed. Well, how they came from other places, other parts of the country, where they had basically lost In Cairo, I did some interviews in slums, where many people had livelihoods. This was the new reality they were living. A lot of people I spoke with were actu- moved because they were dispossessed. A significant number of new ally women, quite strong, powerful, amazingly articulate, not afraid to point out the mistakes arrivals from rural areas settled in the City of the Dead ... a massive of the government, talked about how often they old graveyard of the Ottoman period. would fill out forms, go and try to get electricity, or water, and how often they would have to fight for it. They would say, We are not afraid. Now we’re just stealing. Look over there, those wires. CSWS: Did you include Syria in this book? we know where you are. That land is not yours, you move off. And so, the very process of reg- We’re stealing and we’re not worried about Joya: No, my adviser advised me against it. He istration paved the way for a systematic way of Mubarak coming here and seeing this. We’ll just said two books are impossible. violently, actively, pushing people off the land. tell him how his government has failed to pro- vide the services we need despite our demands CSWS: What do you want people to know about CSWS: And then they’d go to the cities, or they and efforts. the book that you’re writing? In a way it’s a would stay in a small town? very Egyptian story, but it could be Tanzania It was an interesting moment. People, espe- under African socialism, it could be different Joya: That has definitely spiraled up the level cially foreigners were not allowed to go to the experiments. I’m struck by what you said about of rural urban migration toward Cairo and City of the Dead. There were a lot of security the alternative history and what it could have toward Alexandria, two of the major cities. checks and so on. We would get on the back of been. Do you want your readers to know about Predominately in Cairo. Around 2000, you these little vans and arrive there, with our heads this history? could see a lot more women, and children, covered, which made us pass as Egyptians. people on the periphery of Cairo just arriving That’s how I managed to get entry and get a Joya: Yes, absolutely. When I did more fieldwork from rural areas and doing odd sorts of jobs as chance to speak with these people. on the period under Mubarak, that’s when it hawkers selling things on the sides of the street struck me to interview with the peasants. They trying to make a living. That was becoming CSWS: You’ve been talking about women and were quite shocked when the land reforms of more and more a feature of the urban landscape. children arriving on the outskirts of Cairo. In the 1990s were happening, and they were being Egyptians in Cairo would refer to them as coun- your book, do you have a focus on women and told by the landlords or the security forces that try bumpkins and say that because of their rural children? this land is not yours and you move off. Those culture they didn’t mix with the urban dwellers Joya: No, I have not necessarily just looked at stories offer an opportunity to understand where very well. that. I’ve looked at families. I’ve included inter- peasants and small farmers saw their place, views in the chapters on peasants and the chap- how they were talking about Nasser, how they In Cairo, I did some interviews in slums, where many people had moved because they ter on workers, and those interviews are diverse. talked about themselves belonging to this coun- were dispossessed. A significant number of new There are men and there are women, and there try under Nasser. And now they no longer felt arrivals from rural areas settled in the City of the are different age groups. And it’s not necessarily they belonged there. They were being excluded. Dead, and other similar informal housing areas that I chose them. It’s because of who I came They were still in shock. They didn’t believe on the periphery of major cities. In the City of across when I was traveling around different that these laws were going to affect them, and the Dead, people created living spaces with the parts of Egypt. I would arrive in a village, and I that the tenure reform laws were real. And they dead. The City of the Dead, for instance, is a would knock on a door and see who is available thought, No, we have had this land, we have massive old graveyard of the Ottoman period. to talk. There were times that women were will- worked on this land, my father worked on this Each grave has a compound around it, and is ing to sit down and talk. Men, actually, a lot of land, Nasser gave it to us, no one is going to about the size of a small room. There would be a times were not comfortable sitting down to talk, come to take it back from us. grave there, and the dispossessed people would or would just tell me what they thought I wanted CSWS: They had no titles? set up a little place to cook, and a little place to hear. So the stories that are included in the interviews—the snippets here and there—repre- Joya: They didn’t have titles. That was the for a washroom, and the children would play. sent different segments of society. problem. And the old landlords had kept their Despite the residents’ efforts, hygiene condi- deeds. So the old landlords came back, and tions were lacking and most of the compounds CSWS: Could you talk about what you did

16 October 2019 when you were a Morse Fellow? and Morocco do not give official permits for research on these topics yet. I was doing Joya: At the time I received that fellowship at research to find out where I could meet and Wayne Morse, I had developed a new project speak to those who have arrived from Tunisia beyond the book on Egypt. The new project was and Morocco and North Africa in general. I mostly around migration and globalization and talked to some in Athens in a woman’s shelter part of it stemmed from looking at the changes called Melissa’s Network and some others in a that were happening in Egypt—and partly build- hotel called City Plaza that anarchists had taken ing on Tunisia. While that project doesn’t look over not far from this shelter. This hotel was at Egypt, it was inspired by Egypt. I was inter- populated and run by refugees from across the ested in what happens when these processes of Middle East and some international anarchists. dispossession affect people to the degree where I just learned that as of July 10, 2019, the hotel they’re dislocated. Sure, initially they arrive has been evacuated and all the refugees have in urban centers, but then, what happens after been placed in alternative residences. that. In the context of economic liberalization, most governments in the Middle East and North Greece has been in such a tough situation Africa have cut down so much on social servic- financially for years now. I don’t feel comfort- es, on providing jobs even for the existing popu- able criticizing Greeks because of what they lation. How are the new arrivals going to cope have to go through themselves. But it’s amazing in the urban centers? What kind of livelihoods to witness the sense of solidarity towards refu- will they seek? That’s where I was trying to draw gees and immigrants in Greece. This shelter for the links between global economic policies and women is run by a Greek woman, who doesn’t the forced dispossession and forced movement count on the government funding but goes after of people out of these countries and across the other organizations to get funding from them to Angela Joya, Panel Discussion, CSWS Northwest Mediterranean. keep the center running and provide a safe place Women Writers Symposium 2018 / photo by Jack Liu. Part of my interest was to learn the stories for women to come. They do art; they do various of these people prior to their departure from ways of therapy, because a lot of these women shops. It was like a place on another planet. You their place of origin. Specifically, I’m looking at have gone through massive trauma in their life, could see quarries, and then mining happening, Morocco and Tunisia. Some of these processes going through the Mediterranean in the middle and then the military. That’s all you could see. of the night. People who have never seen rivers, of dispossession that happened in Egypt, are South Sinai is quite a vibrant place other- for example, all of a sudden find themselves in a happening in different ways in Morocco and wise. I don’t know why that particular day there tiny boat and about to drown. The stories of how Tunisia. was nobody. And when I said to the military I much they are willing to support refugees and needed to go to one of the areas where there was In Tunisia, it’s more in the mining towns, migrants are so inspiring and will definitely be some activity, they said, We suggest you get in where the health of the workers and local com- part of the project as I write it this fall. munities is devastated because of the chemicals your taxi and go back and don’t turn around. CSWS: So this is the new project? that spread through the air, and the poisoning of And then I left. the soil. In Morocco, it’s some of the liberaliza- Joya: It is one of my new projects. I have two CSWS: Who told you that? tion policies that have just gotten underway in other projects. Broadly, they’re all projects of Joya: The military told me that. the last five to ten years, so they’re relatively how people on the one hand and how institu- recent. In different ways, in the past ten years or tions and states on the other hand are respond- CSWS: How far a drive is it? so, people are now being dispossessed, forced ing, to the failures of the neo-liberal develop- Joya: It was about three hours from Cairo to off their land, or left with no other ways of deal- ment model. South Sinai. So, in 2008 when I did fieldwork, ing with problems in the region, being pushed I was in Tunisia in early June to learn more I think I was too young and probably not calcu- off to search for some sense of dignity in the for a project on unemployment, youth, and lating enough. I didn’t have kids, and so I could kind of activity they will do to earn a living. migration. I plan to visit Morocco and Algeria take risks, and explore all parts of the country Increasingly it is the educated who are told in the fall of 2019 for a third project on anti- without any concerns despite some risks of that education is the solution. They are the ones extractivist movements that are proposing radi- being stopped by the police. For instance, once who are disillusioned, and they think that this cal alternative models of development. traveling between two governorates in the south was the big scandal sold to them because they of Egypt, a police man stopped our car and CSWS: Do you ever feel unsafe doing fieldwork? were told you need to be educated. Many have hopped in the front seat next to the driver. He multiple degrees, but no jobs. Or the jobs that Joya: Of course. I was probably quite naive in checked our passports and announced that are there are short-term and underpaid. There is 2014, when I was in the Sinai. I took a taxi because I was holding a Canadian passport, he high unemployment in the region, and this has from Cairo. The hotel where I was staying in was going to chaperone us until our destination fostered a sense of lack of dignity overall that downtown Cairo offered to take me there for a in the next governorate, a distance of possibly has disrupted the social progression of becom- fee. And I said, Okay, I want to go to the Sinai. three hours. That was the first time that I was ing independent, moving out of one’s parents’ And they said, Okay, be up early and we’ll take very concerned as I was sure no one would talk house and establishing a family. you there. I went, and it was eerie. Sinai, this to us if they saw police around us. That would was South Sinai, I could see the north but I have sabotaged the possibility of visiting the CSWS: This is a problem, the delayed ability couldn’t get there because the military had basi- villages or speaking with peasants or workers. to start a family. You were in Greece as well? cally blocked access to the north parts with their So we tried to dodge the police and come up You went to interview people who had already vehicles and would stop people. They wouldn’t with a strategy of what to do. I told the police relocated, or were being held? let visitors go there. But even in South Sinai I at one point that I needed to get some cigarettes Joya: I was in Greece and France because Tunisia could not see anyone. No people, no traffic, no from the shops and then I would come back. I

csws.uoregon.edu 17 Angela Joya Interview The Roots of Revolt was with an Egyptian girl from Cairo, who was A Political Economy of Egypt doing is great. And then eventually, towards the teaching me colloquial Arabic in Cairo. The two from Nasser to Mubarak end of our visit, he told us that he was the local of us just took off on the pretense of buying ciga- police chief. rettes. We just walked off and found a different CSWS: Why did he have all that food stock? path and went to some villages and talked to Because he could sell it? people. By the time we came back, the police- man who was chaperoning us wasn’t there Joya: No, I think because he could afford it. anymore. I think he got bored, and left. You just He had stocked it up for himself. And he said, have to think in that moment what you will do There is no poverty. What are you talking about? and be very quick. Food prices haven’t gone up. Rents are afford- able. In so many ways he was giving this other CSWS: Do you work with local researchers? story. When he told us towards the end that he How do you know where you will find people was the local police chief, we were taken by to talk to? surprise and not sure what else to ask. At this Joya: Yes since 2014, I have relied on local point, we were keen to get out of his house and researchers’ help. However, for my doctoral get back in the car and be far from him. But he research I tried to do it all on my own, which started asking us questions, inquiring why two was crazy. I will never do that again. But I girls were out without their fiances or husbands had the time. I had three years of figuring out, or brothers, talking to strangers. At this point, talking to people, getting some ideas, and then Angela Joya’s book is forthcoming from we quickly thanked him and left his house with- going on my own and exploring, which made Cambridge University Press. out looking back. We walked out of that village it fascinating, because I did not go and talk to across the fields as fast as our feet could carry us wanted to visit as many governorates as I could people who had been interviewed before. Fresh without raising any suspicion, and we found the to examine the scope and scale of the effects of perspectives. First time they had spoken to car and got out of there. the land tenure reforms across the country. I also somebody who was doing research. Often times, carried out in-depth interviews once I learned CSWS: The person you were with? other scholars would go talk to an organization where the law had taken effect and where it had and ask them the same questions over and over. Joya: This was the Egyptian girl who came with been resisted and where the state had resorted They would get generic answers. There was that me… and so she had her head covered, and all to violence. So the plus side of doing this type advantage. that. of fieldwork was that I got firsthand experi- For my current projects, I have established ence about how people’s lives were shaped and CSWS: Did you cover your hair? contacts with researchers in Morocco, Algeria, transformed because of the land reforms that Joya: I did. It made it easier to travel around in and Tunisia. I find this collaboration and con- were part of the neoliberal shift in the country. villages without sticking out, raising suspicion, versation very fruitful and important, as a way I learned about a wide range of struggles they and making people uncomfortable. of exchanging knowledge and in the process were facing. The stories were genuine and very CSWS: You just described three other projects coming up with ideas that are the product of a fresh. I wouldn’t have gotten that if I had actu- you’re working on… do you see any of those as collaborative and deliberative process. I am also ally talked to my peers and said, Hey, where your next book project? considering co-authoring with possibly one or did you go and do your research, and then said, two local researchers in North Africa on one of Well I should go there. Joya: Yes, definitely. It will be a comparative my projects. study of three cases across three countries in And it also meant a lot of uncertainty. For North Africa—Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. CSWS: This almost sounds like ethnography. instance, once I arrived in a house in one vil- I will carry out a first leg of fieldwork for this lage in the Delta. I knocked on the door. A male Joya: Yes, more like that. project in the fall of 2019. voice said, Come on in. I saw some dogs, and I CSWS: What is your core discipline? said to myself, These dogs look vicious. Dogs in This project is about grassroots respons- Joya: Political science. the Middle East are not just there to be friends, es against neo-liberalism, where I’m seeing they are there to protect property. I didn’t know the emergence of something resembling the CSWS: This doesn’t sound like political science the man. He was wearing a galabia, a local outfit alter-globalization movement. I am interested at all. that men in rural, and sometimes urban, areas in learning move about anti-extractivist move- Joya: I did quite a lot of archival work before wear. He asked us, And so, you do research? ments in these countries that have emerged in going into the field. I had a sense of where things You are students? the recent decades. Their discourses of resis- had happened, which governorates had experi - My Egyptian friend had previously advised tance draw on anti-colonial discourses as a way enced a rise in protest or violence by the state, of mobilizing the support for their movements. that it would be safe to say that we were stu- which The activists and local community members talk laws the Egyptian govenrment had imple- dents from Cairo, just doing some research mented and how the people had responded to about their struggle mostly as a struggle against on this land law reform the government had these laws. I this continuum from coloniality or colonial had looked into local organizations passed. We asked if the land reform had affected domination, to post-coloniality, where they see that advocated for peasants and workers rights him and his family. And he told us, Mubarak is the same elite doing the same sort of develop and had read their accounts of these processes great. You want to see my grain silos? Come in - of social change from their early stages in the the back, I’m going to show you. He had stocks ment projects that are extractivist in nature, that early 1990s up to the 2000s.But I did the field- of everything. All kinds of food. And he said, are subordinating people, and that are margin- work without any blueprint of where I was See? The laws are great. Everything Mubarak is alizing local communities. That knowledge is going to go and who I was going to speak with. I generated not to help people; that knowledge is

18 October 2019 Production of knowledge, in the field of international political economy, or political economy, in itself the characteristics of it are very male-oriented, where if women studied it they too would reproduce the same way that males conducted research or did the research, very much state-centric, very much elite centric, and not necessarily breaking the mould, and trying to actually expand, broaden the horizons, and bring other voices into it. That’s part of my training as a critical Marxist, where I thought I needed to bring in these other stories from bottom up. That’s how I understand political economy. It’s always the struggles, waged by different groups, and it’s the intersection of these struggles that fascinates me. Angela Joya, 2019 CSWS End-of-Year Celebration/ photo by Jack Liu. Jack by photo Celebration/ End-of-Year CSWS 2019 Joya, Angela generated basically to subordinate them. cally disastrous, and allowed for the continu- the part that I’m quite happy and proud of, and ation of an authoritarian model of rule, which that I pulled off in a field that is still predomi- In Algeria I am looking at fracking. In the they see as a legacy of colonialism. Now, they nately male-dominated. south of Algeria there is a movement around are demanding genuine grassroots led democ- that that has emerged over the last five years or CSWS: Did you have women who mentored you racy, but also they want to play an active role so. That had a big role in this recent uprising when you were coming up? in the production of knowledge that will meet in Algeria. the needs of local populations in the context of Joya: No, I didn’t, and I often reflect on that. In Tunisia there is phosphate mining where climate change, crisis, and various overlapping I think it’s because I wanted to do political a lot of momentum has been built by local com- concerns that have emerged. That is the project economy. And at the time there were no women munities. It is mostly local community driven, that really excites me because it has so much teaching political economy. Especially political and activists are bringing Frantz Fanon’s work hope and potential. economy of the Middle East. And so political back to the conversation and using anti-colonial economy has been so much a men’s field, even I’m writing a preliminary book chapter for rhetoric in very interesting and creative ways. at York University [Joya's alma mater], which Center for International and Regional Studies They are mobilizing people so that they could has a very progressive, critical department, (CIRS) at Georgetown University in Qatar. They take sovereignty and charge of development there were no women doing political economy invited me to do the opening talk for their con- in these places. And they are rejecting the as such, except for a couple of scholars who ference in February 2018, which involved the extractivist model which they see as part of the did feminist political economy focused on the establishment of a working group focused on colonial, post-colonial, and neoliberal models of global north. Political Economy of the Contemporary Middle development. East. They wanted somebody, a female, who did CSWS: The only person I knew who did politi- Similarly in Morocco there is a silver mine, critical political economy. My talk was titled cal economy of the Middle East was Deborah the second largest in Africa, that has actually “Neoliberal Policies in the Post-2011 Middle Gerner, and she died. been shut down for the last eight or ten years. East.” Joya: There’s one woman on the East Coast, I They have established shacks around the mine This brings up another point I wanted to think in Smith College, one of the universities where they live and people regularly take turns make sure I mentioned. Much of my project there, and she’s post-retirement now. She was to stop the flow of water, which they think is was personal, but there was also the intellectual in the U.S. That was kind of out of my reach hugely wasted by the silver mine. They have desire to make a break in this male-dominated back then. But in the Middle East, in Europe, in shut it down for years now successfully. field of political economy that has been treated Canada, there was nobody that I knew of then. It’s amazing that this momentum has built, in a very top-down manner—for example in the CSWS: Very male-dominated, now that you and these activists are all linking across the way the questions are addressed, and in the way mention it. Maybe in France it might not be. I’m region and building this kind of transnational the research is done. I wanted to open it up, and trying to think who are the big names in that movement, which I find quite inspiring in con- do it differently. Like you said, there’s an eth- field, and they are men. text of the Arab uprisings. It’s a shift away from nographic component to it. And there are other a model of development that they found did not stories to be told, grassroots stories. I think that’s Joya: And the other part of it was, that I think serve the interests of the region, was ecologi- Angela Joya Interview, cont. on p. 21 csws.uoregon.edu 19 CSWS Faculty Research

Studying Ways to Boost the Immune Health in Mothers of Young Children

by Nicole Giuliani, Assistant Professor, School Psychology Program Nicole Giuliani Nicole t is common knowledge that parenting a young child can be stressful. Much of Ithe stresses and labors of family life fall disproportionately to mothers, which may be especially challenging in families with few economic resources. What impact does this have on mothers of young children, espe- cially with regard to their health? And how might individual mothers protect against these effects? In this study, my students, col- laborator Dr. Michelle Byrne, and I are inves- tigating how different environmental and individual factors may exacerbate or alleviate the effects of parenting stress on mothers. Increasing levels of maternal employment over the last fifty years have not resulted in more equitable gender distribution of household work and childcare time. Unlike fathers, mothers sacrifice their own personal care, leisure, and sleep to preserve childcare time even as their number of paid work hours Nicole Giuliani with members of her research team, Fall 2017. go up. These stressors may be exacerbated as family income and parental education. inflammation has never been tested, and among mothers lower in socioeconomic sta- As such, the existing health risks experi- there is a lack of work examining how these tus (SES), who have fewer economic resourc- enced by low-SES individuals may then multiple facets of identity interact to prevent es, less earning power, and lower educa- be compounded by increases in parenting mothers in particular from achieving optimal tion than their higher-SES counterparts. For stress experienced by some of these mothers. health. example, recent work found that less-educat- This, then, may be reflected in high levels of Thanks in part to funding from the CSWS ed parents share housework less equally and inflammation. Faculty Research Grant, we brought 88 moth- have less progressive gender attitudes than While the magnitude of the association er-child dyads into the lab at UO’s Prevention highly-educated parents. between SES and inflammation may be mul- Science Institute in order to address these A large literature has documented the tiplied by parenting stress, it may also be gaps in the literature. To qualify for the link between low SES and increased health buffered by mothers’ coping abilities. Self- study, children had to be between ages 3 risks, including coronary heart disease and regulation (SR) is the process by which and 6 (mean age = 4.05 years), and their immune-related disorders. This is thought to people control their own actions as they biological mothers had to have custody of occur when the chronic psychosocial stress move toward or away from various goals, the child at least half-time. We recruited our of the daily strains of poverty gets “under and is positively associated with more active, sample from the community in the Eugene/ the skin” via increased circulating stress adaptive coping. Therefore, it may be that a Springfield area, and our mothers reported a hormones, which impair immune function. mother’s SR ability moderates the association family income ranging from $0-260,000 per High levels of inflammation occur when between SES, parenting stress, and inflam- year (mean = $69,329) and years of education the immune system is activated, either in mation by providing her with a means of ranging from 8 through 22 (mean = 15.15 response to biological or psychosocial stress- managing the stress. While much work has years; a bachelor’s degree corresponds to ors over which an individual perceives they focused on the effects of these multiple risk 16 years). As part of a much larger study on have little or no control. Parenting stress factors on children growing up in low-SES parenting and self-regulation, these mothers occurs when the demands of the parenting households, very little has addressed how completed a wide array of surveys about their role exceed the availability of resources to this affects parents. Indeed, the association levels of parenting stress and related con- meet them, often regarding contexts such between parent SR, parenting stress, and structs including depression and fatigue, and

20 October 2019 performed several different SR tasks. They Cont. from p. 19 also provided us with a saliva sample, from Angela Joya Interview / which we assayed four markers of immune functioning: c-reactive protein (CRP), inter- production of knowledge, in the field of interna- straightened out to that degree. And so I wanted leukin-1 beta (IL1b), secretory immuno- tional political economy, or political economy, to study a country far away, but also that fasci- globulin A (SigA), and interleukin-6 (IL6). in itself the characteristics of it are very male-ori- nated me and intrigued my political imagina- ented, where if women studied it they too would tion, which was why I picked Egypt. Our first question was how parenting reproduce the same way that males conducted As for Pakistan, the experience of refugee stress was associated with inflammation research or did the research, very much state- in this sample of mothers. In our analyses, life, is something I was dreading, and I wanted centric, very much elite centric, and not neces- to leave. We felt that we were in a state of limbo; one marker of maternal stress seemed to sarily breaking the mould, and trying to actually rise above the rest: fatigue. We found that I felt that, as a young teenager, every day. My expand, broaden the horizons, and bring other early childhood formation was in Pakistan. self-reported fatigue among these mothers voices into it. That’s part of my training as a criti- was significantly positively correlated with I learned all the Pakistani history, national cal Marxist, where I thought I needed to bring in anthems, songs, novels, and it became another levels of IL1b. In other words, mothers these other stories from bottom up. That’s how of preschoolers who reported being more part of my identity, which is so deeply still part I understand political economy, it’s always the of my identity, I can never give that up. My first exhausted had higher levels of this inflam- struggles, waged by different groups, and it’s the matory marker. boyfriend, who I fell in love with, he was in intersection of these struggles that fascinates me. Pakistan. Those are things that stay with you. Our second question was whether this CSWS: When you were trying to build up a lit- But, I wanted to escape it because I felt that this association was moderated by SES—was erature review, did you have a huge emphasis was something we didn’t want to do. the magnitude of this effect greater in low- on men who were the authors that you cite? versus high-SES mothers? We found that We were stuck there. We had no identity the association between maternal fatigue Joya: Yes, yes. Especially I think the first his- cards. We had nothing that would give us the and a different marker, CRP, was signif- torical chapters that I did, almost everything was right to go study. I could not qualify to go to a icantly affected by maternal education. written by men. Even the economic histories college or university. There was only one spot Mothers who had not earned their bach- predominantly are written by men. Either men for an Afghan student per year in a Pakistani elor’s degree showed a significant positive from outside the Middle East, or men in the university. And that was often bought by one of correlation between fatigue and CRP, which Middle East. the warlords, one of the rich people. Every day it was a struggle to think, How can I get out of was not seen in the more highly-educated CSWS: Do you mention this in the book? mothers. In other words, education seems this place, and go where I can study? I sincerely to buffer these mothers from the effect of Joya: I have not actually thought about it in those wanted to go and study, forever. terms, to mention it, but maybe I will mention it. fatigue on inflammation. I didn’t want to go get married, which was Our last question was whether this asso- CSWS: It’s really important to focus, write the only other option. If I stayed I knew I was ciation was moderated by laboratory-mea- about why you’re doing the kind of modeling of going to end up getting married. People were sured levels of maternal self-regulation. We political economy that you’re doing, and how already knocking on our door, since I was four- found trend-level support for this effect— you didn’t have many women to cite. You want teen, asking for my hand. I thought to myself that mothers who showed poorer SR in the lab other people to cite you, so that you can be not this was awful; it would be a nightmare scenario had a strong positive correlation between just doing a model of political economy that you if this happened. My life, the way I imagined it, fatigue and inflammation, which did not would like to read, but that you would like to would come to an end. see reflected in the field. exist among the mothers who performed CSWS: But then, your parents got visas to better on our SR tasks. In other words, SR Joya: Exactly. Canada. may be an effective buffer against the det- CSWS: In a different direction, would you tell rimental effects of fatigue on inflammation Joya: An old friend of my father sponsored us us a little about your background? You were among mothers of young children. with the help of a church in Montreal, so it was born in Afghanistan, and you left as a baby? mainly the church that supported him, because These results provide preliminary evi- Joya: No, I was four. Kind of a baby, I guess. But his job and income were not sufficient to spon- dence that fatigue may be a particularly in Afghanistan you grew up so fast. sor us. He got the church to put up the funds, detrimental aspect of parenting on immune mobilize support, and get us sponsored. It took health among mothers of young children, CSWS: And then you were in Pakistan for three long years for the sponsorship process and the effects of which may be buffered both twelve years. But you haven’t focused on those after that we arrived in Montreal, Canada. by education and self-regulation skills. countries at all in your research. I wondered In future work, we hope to identify what about that. CSWS: How old were you at that time? aspects of self-regulation may be most Joya: Afghanistan was too close, too personal, Joya: Sixteen. protective to inform interventions, as well and there was a lot of trauma involved in that. CSWS: And you went to high school? as how these skills are passed from mother We lost family members. They were leftists, but to child. were arrested by the Communist government Joya: In Montreal, the adults in the family were and executed. Close family members. My uncles placed in a full-time French language program, —Nicole R. Giuliani, PhD, is Evergreen Assistant were jailed, and one of my uncles who was very My younger siblings went to regular school. We Professor, Special Education and Clinical Sciences, close to me was executed. He was twenty-five all became fluent, but my Mom and Dad didn’t. Prevention Science Graduate Programs, College of or twenty-six at that time. I never wanted to do They decided after ten months in Montreal that Education, Prevention Science Institute at UO. any research or anything to do with Afghanistan we had to leave, go to Toronto. Then we went to for that reason. It was too messy in my head, high school. I did grades 11, 12, 13 in Toronto, ■ also. I don’t think I would have gotten things as and then started university from there.

csws.uoregon.edu 21 CSWS Faculty Research @&

e write from the Dominican Republic, where we are completing the content for the website that will include Winterviews with Caribbean women healers in the islands and the diaspora, an ethnobotanical survey of their gardens, and a syllabus and annotated bibliography for those interested in learn- ing more, pursuing more research, or creating a course based on the site. We sit now with so much material, including all the experi- ences of doing interviews in a variety of settings: living rooms, outside patios, in the midst of healing sessions, while hiking through a coastal dry forest. Hard choices must be made. Very likely some of these interviews will not make it onto the website. We share one here with you. Last year, in 2018, as we were preparing for fieldwork in the Dominican Republic, we found information online about a sanctuary—El Santuario a Nuestra Señora de las Aguas—in Boyá, Dominican Republic. The sanctuary dates back to 1540, a time when the Spanish were at war with Arawak, Lucayo, Ciguayo, Elena Perez, one of the women leaders of the Cacao Cooperative in the community. Ciboney, Taino, and other First Nations on the island. According to oral traditions shared with us during our time in Boyá, the wondered if the sanctuary was established there as a way to syn- town was the first Native reservation in the Americas—the first cretize indigenous ceremonial practices and Catholicism. We do place where native peoples were corralled into a government des- know that Nuestra Señora de las Aguas, a virgin only found here, ignated area. In the midst of a peace treaty between the Spanish continues to be the patron saint of the town. and local tribal authorities, various indigenous communities from across the island were relocated there. It is said that the bones of We visited Boyá just as the fiestas patronales (feast days) were the cacique Enriquillo—who led multiple insurrections against about to start. Music stages were set up. Special flower arrange- the Spanish in the 1500s—are found in the catacombs of the ments were created specifically for the festivities and they were sanctuary. There we also saw tombs of Mayan women married processed through the town. People awaited rain. They said that to Spaniards. As several people shared with us, Mayan peoples it is common to have rain as the flowers are gathered for the cel- were relocated by Spanish colonists to the Dominican Republic ebration. The bueyes—herds of cattle that community members in the eighteenth century to both curb their rebellions on the have herded for generations—were expected to arrive the next day mainland and to direct their encomendado labor into the project in the hundreds. They would be coming from nearby towns as a of hatos (cattle ranches). The sanctuary is in the former site of a thank you for the blessings of cattle to the region. It was such a Taino batey—a sacred ceremonial space. At one end of the batey fortuitous time to be there. there is a well; the sanctuary is built right next to the well. Today When we arrived, we stopped at a small colmado (grocery one can get water from underground sources through a pipe right store) in the center of town, across from the batey. In the colmado behind the sanctuary, outside of its recently constructed gate. We we asked about the sanctuary. We were sent to a local missionary

22 October 2019 This visit transformed our project and inspired us to include each healer’s garden as much as possible. Their gardens are an expression of how Caribbean women carve space for medicine—whether in urban areas, backyards, or forests to connect with natural resources in ways that suit their traditional ecological knowledge.

A plant known as “camaron,” which the healer is sharing with the authors.

school where the keeper of the key works. could not enter. We danced a bit at the (bottles of herbs prepared with prayers) She gave us a warm welcome, opening the rhythm of the palos along with our host- to cure syphilis, infertility, pneumonia, door to the sanctuary and telling us about esses. They expressed their sense of joy chronic pain, fever, and azucar (diabetes) its statues and history. She was so proud of at receiving us, and openly recognized us among other ailments. After we were done the sanctuary, and of her work in maintain- during mass, offering us juice at the end as she also walked us to her garden in the ing the space. When we told her that we a form of thank you. back of her house. And there she showed were interviewing women healers and reli- During that afternoon we had walked us how she grows her healing and edible gious leaders, she immediately invited us the town again with a young man who plants. We left with bunches of leaves and for a walk through town. We walked with heard of our interest and likes to serve as roots in our hands. her through small streets whose designs an informal regional historic tour guide. As fieldwork goes, we could not have have been laid out since the beginnings of He introduced us to a woman who leads found a richer site. And it was all possible the Spanish colonial period. We passed by a local cacao cooperative developed to because we followed our research intu- rows of small homes built in the wake of financially empower women in the com- ition, a hunch, an intangible guide toward economic restructuring in the 1980s. She munity. He also introduced us to an elder deeper knowledge. introduced us to the coordinator of church who shared with us how her family traces This visit transformed our project and activities. Then alongside another neigh- back their heritage to indigenous commu- bor they shared local church and spiritual inspired us to include each healer’s garden nities that settled there in the 1500s; and as much as possible. Their gardens are an songs with us and talked about the chal- how they kept that secret even from her lenge of maintaining the sanctuary open expression of how Caribbean women carve for a long time. We ran into a Dominican space for medicine—whether in urban without resources, without an assigned anthropologist on the street who shared priest, and considering that many young areas, backyards, or forests to connect with with us the story of the Maya relocations natural resources in ways that suit their people were leaving town looking for bet- and the names of the families that trace ter economic opportunities. traditional ecological knowledge. We can’t back their heritage to First Nations families wait to share these with you. ■ They invited us to the Eucharist cel- and, in other cases, Fon families. Finally, ebration that evening; the opening cer- as we were saying goodbye to the anthro- — Alaí Reyes-Santos is an associate professor emony for the fiestas patronales. And we pologist, our guide shared with us that his in the Department of Indigenous, Race, and saw what they meant. There were around aunt was a healer that cured others with Ethnic Studies who also teaches at the UO Law twenty people in the sanctuary; most of herbs. He explained to us that this was a School Conflict Resolution Program. She is the them elderly, but all very enthusiastic. secret, because if the priest found out, he author of Our Caribbean Kin: Race and Nation At the end of mass—led by the visiting would deny her communion at Church. in the Neoliberal Antilles (Rutgers University priest—a palo group played their drums He offered to take us to visit with her. Press, 2015). Ana-Maurine Lara is an assistant and danced at the entrance of the church as We found a place to stay the night and professor in the Department of Women’s, Gender, they have done for centuries. As explained returned the next morning for an interview. and Sexuality Studies. They share the ongoing to us by our hostess, this practice speaks That morning we felt so grateful. She research project titled Decolonizing Knowledge: to longstanding treaties among Congo and was amazing. Over the course of three AfroIndigenous Caribbean Women Healers, that Fon Afro-descendant communities on the hours, she shared with us around ten dif- will showcase healers and their ethnobotanical island and Church authorities. They could ferent plants that she combines in botellas resources through an open-access digital archive. play at the door to the sanctuary, but they

csws.uoregon.edu 23 CSWS Faculty Research UNSTABLE FETISHISMS: Gender, Class, and Labor in Nineteenth-Century Fiction Mayra Bottaro Mayra by Mayra Bottaro, Assistant Professor, Department of Romance Languages

ineteenth century Latin American literary canon has trope of the “Angel of the House,” that always been predominantly masculine. Taught from an claimed that a woman’s virtue was mea- Nearly age culture was codified within the confines of that sured by her dedication to domestic life, canon, Latin American academics grow up reading foundational self-sacrifice, and servitude to her family. narratives produced by male authors and adopting patriarchal On one hand, Rosas de Rivera’s politi- interpretative frames to decipher them. It wasn’t until the 1980s cal sympathies and family affiliations have and 1990s that a number of female scholars emerged to success- complicated the reception and preserva- fully question this constitutive logic along with the epistemo- tion of her work. She was the sister of logical biases attached to the male interpretative gaze. While infamous Argentine dictator in the Platine producing new readings of the canon, this body of feminist crit- Area, Juan Manuel de Rosas (1793-1877), ics also took on the work of recovering, preserving, promoting, a wealthy populist caudillo who ruled and studying previously forgotten—if not altogether neglected— through the cult of personality and con- nineteenth-century Latin American cultural production written Mercedes Ortiz de Rozas y trolled all aspects of society through a by women. A generous Faculty Research Grant from the CSWS López de Osornio de Rivera / photo by Carlos F. Bunge. totalitarian regime that lasted from 1835 to helped me advance the goal of contributing with these ongo- 1852. After his downfall and subsequent ing efforts by funding a trip to Argentina to complete research exile in England, liberal intellectuals took over the Argentine for my critical edition of the virtually unknown 1863 novel by government in what became known as the period of National Argentine writer Mercedes Rosas de Rivera, Emma ó la hija de Organization and a concerted effort of erasing practices, cus- un proscripto (Emma, or the daughter of a political exile). toms, and figures associated with the previous “federal” govern- Before arriving at the UO, I had published in collaboration ment was deployed. So if throughout the nineteenth century, with Dr. Beatriz Curia (CONICET/UBA) the first critical and fac- women writers in general were often scorned by their male similar edition of Rosas de Rivera’s first novel, María de Montiel: counterparts for preferring a writer’s desk to the hearth within novela contemporánea, published in 1861 under a pseudonym a male-dominated culture, Rosas de Rivera’s non-liberal affili- (M. Sasor). A few years later, while undertaking research for an ation posed an additional challenge to establishing herself as a unrelated project in the Chilean National Library in Santiago writer. Not only was she publicly scorned in social gatherings, de Chile, I came across an obscure novel, Emma ó la hija de un but her writing was also relentlessly mocked and dismissed in proscripto (1863), which I identified as the only known copy of foundational liberal landmark novels, like Amalia (1851-1852) Rosas de Rivera’s second novel. It is unclear how or why a copy by José Mármol, where her style is characterized as flowery and of this novel got to be housed in the Chilean National Library, uneducated, fed by “instinct, feelings and nerves.” while I have been unable to identify any remaining copies in On the other hand, Rosas de Rivera’s first novel has been read Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is not surprising, however, that these as reinforcing the ideals of Republican motherhood through two novels and their author have been almost erased from the the use of a fundamental trope at work in nation building nar- annals of post-independence female literary writers and over- ratives of the first half of the nineteenth century: the “Angel of looked by even those scholars who have devoted their work to the House.” This trope shaped the role of women as spouses the vindication of female production in nineteenth-century Latin and mothers of the future citizens of the nation and traditionally America. portrayed the perfect woman as the Christian, chaste, maternal This neglect is as much a result of how Rosas de Rivera was guardian of the happiness and success of her family, negating regarded in life by foundational liberal male writers, as it is a the real presence of woman as individual (as autonomous social, product of a tradition of misreading her figure and work as the economic, and moral being). At the same time, this trope helped embodiment of patriarchal values which reinforced oppressive provide a perfectly relaxing and safe haven for the men who domestic feminine ideals and representations, like the common had to deal with the day-to-day challenges of an unpredictable

24 October 2019 … while undertaking research for an unrelated project in the Chilean National Library in Santiago de Chile, I came across an obscure novel, Emma ó La hija de un proscripto (1863), which I identified as the only known copy of Rosas de Rivera’s second novel. It is unclear how or why a copy of this novel got to be housed in the Chilean National Library, while I have been unable to identify any remaining copies in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Biblioteca Nacional de Chile environment in a newly formed nation in flux and conserve the to a new family dynamics and the transformation of the house- bourgeois family space as an exclusively white one. hold space and schedule to serve the needs of production. In The purpose of my critical edition is twofold: first, I am this sense, the novel posits the problem of the materiality of the interested in the preservation of Rosas de Rivera’s second novel; living who do not have a State, within a context in which to be second, my project proposes a re-evaluation of this author’s a citizen and to inhabit a nation are conceived as paramount for work from a feminist perspective that takes into account a more the production of subjectivity. It also marks a transition towards complex and nuanced understanding of the workings of gender, a reconfiguration of female citizenship through labor, which class, and labor in her novels. My claim is that in her second is not the one articulated in the model of republican mother- novel, Rosas de Rivera takes apart and reappropriates the “Angel hood (labor as childbirth), but actual wage labor. Challenging of the House” trope to reconfigure women’s role in the domestic deterministic views on gender and the construction of class as economy, in which they had been cast as idle and unproductive an inalterable essence, women not only become a productive consumers. By doing this, she offers a critique to the increasing source in the economies of exchange that figure in the novel, as interest in feminine style, which did not help women gain noto- is the case with the protagonists, but their choices—whatever riety as writers and artists, but instead codified femininity as a they may be—are construed as personal freedom (as is the case of mode of carefree exhibitionism and consumerism that severely Hortensia, a character who chooses to remain unmarried). limited women’s participation in meaningful debate and cultural Finally, my project also addresses the critiques of flowery and production. I consider gender and class as fundamental markers uneducated style leveraged against Rosas de Rivera’s writing as in the definition of multiple unstable fetishisms that subtend part of the rhetorical system that created the conditions for this Rosas de Rivera’s criticism of the female role within systems of author’s exclusion from literary historiography, based on the economic exchange that range from the functioning of women faulty binary opposition between masculinity, rationality, and as both a sign (representation) and a value (object) for these public sphere, and femininity, the private-domestic, and the systems, to their role as producers/consumers that stimulate an emotional. Produced outside national systems of prestige and economy that sustains the survival of the post-independence authority, excluded from romantic or realist literary networks, family unit. this novel embraces a conversational, dialogic tone, that desta- bilizes the primacy of writing within the constitution of male Emma ó la hija de un proscripto is the story of an aristocratic family forced to go into exile when their properties are confis- foundational narratives. The technical linguistic, graphic, and cated as a result of the father’s support in favor of the Jacobite graphological choices made in this novel invoke local, contin- cause and Bonnie Prince Charlie’s claim to the English throne. gent, historical knowledges that offer traces of a complex rela- Her family’s exile thwarts Emma Thorton’s chances to marry tionship between post-colonial subjectivity, gendered modes of Eduardo Monrrose, the son of a political rival. When her father engagement, and written Spanish as a body of norms. Through Carlos flees into exile, mother and daughter are left to fend for Rosas de Rivera’s use of oral register, I propose to reconstruct themselves, borrowing money from friends, until insinuations of creole female body as materially and locally signified. sexual favors are brought up. Once all their material possessions To conclude, CSWS’s support has allowed me to rethink the had been sold, the Thorton family finally reunite in Marseille, scope of this critical edition and the study of this novel will now where they have to resort to manual labor in order to earn a liv- become a part of a larger project on labor, credit, and women ing. In this new social context, dispossessed men become useless writing in nineteenth-century Latin American narrative. and it is only through mother and daughter’s capacity to earn a —Mayra Bottaro is an assistant professor of Spanish in the Department living wage that the family can modestly survive. Formerly con- of Romance Languages. She received a 2016 CSWS Faculty Research Grant sidered idle household crafts, Emma and her mother’s education in support of this project. in embroidery and painting become central to the survival of the newly transformed family unit. The novel traces the adjustment

csws.uoregon.edu 25 CSWS Faculty Research ffe)~[L{gPALENQUERAS INJ~(VJ lg~~~ ~AND /NJ /g) THEif[}={] lg TRAPif~~ ffe) OF©IP VISIBILITYWIU~U m30 lLUifW One of the most marketable characters of Colombia’s tourism industry, Palenqueras struggle to make a living.

By Maria Fernanda Escallón, Assistant Professor Department of Anthropology Palenquera vending fruit in Cartagena / photo by Maria Fernanda Escallón. Fernanda Maria by / photo in Cartagena vending fruit Palenquera

n any day I shops, Palenqueras have shifted to selling fruit to tourists. Today, can meet roy- some Palenqueras walk the streets with heavy poncheras—or big “Oalty, the most bowls—filled with tropical fruit on their heads, while others set powerful presidents of up on street corners with small make-shift stands. As more and the world, but I can’t have more tourists travel to Cartagena—over two million visitors per proper health insurance,” year—besides selling fruit, many Palenqueras are sought after by fumed Maria, a fruit ven- travelers for photographs and occasionally receive a small tip in dor from San Basilio de return. Palenque now working in For decades, and particularly after Palenque’s UNESCO dec- Cartagena’s historic city laration in 2005, Palenqueras have become one of the most center. This Palenquera, as marketable characters of Colombia’s tourism industry. Local and these vendors are known in national governments use images of them to promote travel to Colombia, was angry, frus- Colombia and Cartagena, wealthy elites hire them as entertainers trated, fed up. For all the for private events, and politicians pose with them during election years she had been away Maria Fernanda Escallón campaigns. Cartagena’s restaurants and hotels are filled with por- from her family, working traits, magnets, sculptures, and postcards depicting Palenqueras. long hours in an exclusive Yet, despite being a commodified symbol, the actual wellbeing touristic area, she expected more support from the government. of Palenqueras is systematically ignored. These women have no “Palenque’s culture was declared by UNESCO as Intangible rights over the use of their images, never mind the profits from Heritage of Humanity more than ten years ago. We are heritage, I them. Police officers frequently harass Palenqueras working at am heritage, and yet they barely let us work,” she complained, and fruit stands, noting it is an unauthorized use of public space. continued, “What heritage are they protecting?” Maria was not While the city keeps granting exclusive use of plazas and roads alone in her frustration; many Palenqueras explained to me how to wealthy private restaurants and entrepreneurs, Palenqueras are local and national governments profited from their image, while not allowed to sell on public property. “I thought we were safe, they struggled to make a living. being heritage and all,” a Palenquera lamented, “but I guess they According to these women, Palenqueras have been selling fruit just use us and dispose of us like old rags.” and traditional sweets in Cartagena for well over a century. The In 2018 a faculty grant from CSWS allowed me to travel to first women from Palenque who took on fruit selling as their pri- Cartagena to interview Palenqueras and understand the discon- mary occupation catered mostly to families living in the city’s cen- nect that exists between their public image and their lived expe- ter who bought fresh fruit from them daily. Over time, as el centro rience. I wanted to trace how Palenqueras’ characterization as histórico has become a touristic area with boutique hotels and Afro-descendant living heritage became both an opportunity for

26 October 2019 From left: Shop display featuring a small statuette of a Palenquera. Although celebrated in Cartagena’s restaurants and hotels in portaits, magnets, sculptures and postcards, Palenqueras receive no profits from the use of their images. Meanwhile, they live on tiny tips, an example of which can be seen in the middle image above. In the final image, showing a Palenquera’s stand, the sign reads in English: “Welcome Tourest: Please for take a pic with us to collaborate with te purchase a fruit or giving him a tip, thank you...” But tips are often skipped, and when granted, they are often meagre.

and an obstacle to their socio-economic mobility. I found that, Black social movements in pushing forward legislation for Afro- as the image of the Palenqueras is being consolidated as an icon Colombians, my book examines how the quest to establish equali- of Colombia’s tourism industry and ethno-racial diversity, it also ty through cultural heritage declarations entrenches stereotypical, entrenches stereotypes and racist ideas about Afro-descendant racialized, and gendered roles for women. Importantly, this trend women. Additionally, as their popularity expands, Palenqueras’ is not unique to Colombia but replicated across Latin America appearance and demeanor are increasingly policed regarding their in other heritage sites where Black bodies are dissociated from behavior, dress code, and services. Tighter control over their work their socio-economic context and managed as touristic products, and use of public space has pitted Palenqueras not just against the the images of which are consumed away from contact with their local government but also against each other, in a fight to protect impoverished realities. their work, heritage, and livelihoods. After I left Cartagena in August 2018, police officers continued to harass Palenqueras, preventing them from setting up fruit stands and monitoring their Police officers frequently harass Palenqueras working at fruit interactions with tourists. Tensions mounted stands, noting it is an unauthorized use of public space. While the between long-established Palenqueras and recent migrants from Venezuela who, invok- city keeps granting exclusive use of plazas and roads to wealthy ing their Palenquero ancestry, hoped to make private restaurants and entrepreneurs, Palenqueras are not allowed a living also as fruit vendors. As Venezuela’s situation continued to deteriorate, and the to sell on public property. “I thought we were safe, being heritage number of fruit vendors multiplied, increased and all,” a Palenquera lamented, “but I guess they just use us and surveillance intensified the fear and anxi- ety of Palenqueras, who grew angrier and dispose of us like old rags.” angrier with the local government. In March 2019, a police officer confiscated an elderly Today, the image of the Palenquera appears to be aimed at Palenquera’s fruit stand, and city-wide protest erupted in support pleasing tourists and entertaining white elites, and it ignores of Palenqueras and other informal street vendors. In the main the reality of Black women’s lives in Colombia, where they are square, the women demanded to hear from Cartagena’s mayor subject to institutional racism and sexism, and are disproportion- and cease police attacks against them. Holding “we are heritage” ally affected by underemployment. Ironically, then, the more posters and claiming their right to work, they chanted, “We are visible that Palenqueras become, the more invisible are their Palenqueras, not criminals!” struggles. Put simply, the public’s fascination with the image of As I return to Cartagena again during summer 2019 and resume the Palenquera—evoking an exotic, diverse, and tourist-friendly my work with Palenqueras, I continue to witness their struggle Caribbean paradise—ends up reinforcing the racial and gender to survive in a tourist-oriented city, where living heritage has no systematic inequalities currently at work in Colombia. place in the real world. ■ This research is part of my broader work and forthcoming book, Excluded: Black Cultural Heritage and the Politics of Diversity Note: All Palenqueras’ names have been changed to protect their identity. in Colombia, in which I examine how declarations of Afro- —Maria Fernanda Escallón, assistant professor in the Department of descendant cultural heritage have not benefited Blacks equally, Anthropology, earned her PhD from Stanford University. She is a socio- instead creating new sources of inequality and hierarchy at a local cultural anthropologist and archaeologist interested in cultural heritage, level. Broader issues of poverty, access to public services, and gen- race, diversity politics, ethnicity, and inequality in Latin America. Her work der inequality have been obscured by such heritage declarations, examines the consequences of cultural heritage declarations and draws which tend to focus on celebrating culture and ethnic diversity. attention to the political and economic marginalization of minority groups Departing from previous scholarship focused on the successes of that occurs as a result of recognition.

csws.uoregon.edu 27 Jane Grant Fellowship CLOSED CAPTIONING: Reading Between the Lines The 2019-20 Jane Grant Fellow brings together multiple fields, such as disability studies, ethnomusicology, queer theory, sound studies, and media studies to unpack the ideological work influencing closed captioning.

Celeste Reeb, 2019 Jane Grant Fellow Grant Jane 2019 Celeste Reeb, by Celeste Reeb, Doctoral Candidate, Department of English [gentle harpsichord jingle] [music reminiscent of the Jaws a white accent, such as in Dave Chappelle’s standup specials. theme playing] [exotic percussive music] Marking these vocal changes is important for both the intended nyone who watches the majority of their media with closed humorous impact, but also because this accent is often used to captioning (CC) turned on is aware that captions can often mark the different lived experiences of whites and people of color. Currently, I have been creating a database of mis-captions found get creative with their phrasing. This creativity can be A in shows starring predominantly actors of color to show how humorous, can evoke the same campiness of B-movies (as seen in the examples above), but can create frustrating experiences for frequently actors of color are mis-captioned when compared to those who rely upon captions to communicate sonic elements. white actors. Online conversations of captioning focus on odd phrasings or Scenes of sex are also a place where attempts to control bodies terminology, comedic mis-captioning, or demanding better cap- through language become apparent. By going through hundreds tioning practices. Academic conversations of captioning focus on of television sex scenes and about 400 pornography videos on federal requirements, captioning to help educational or language Pornhub (under their newly created Closed Caption category), learning, scientific studies, or are more geared towards issues of I have found that the captioning reinforces hetero-normativity/ subtitling. There are some scholars such as Sean Zdenek whose able-bodiedness. This is done by marking queer sex in ways het- work on captioning has helped create a framework of viewing erosexual sex is not. For example, in Queer as Folk and Orange is captioning as a series of rhetorical choices. I hope to bring the the New Black, the captions include terms such as [men moaning] better captioning demands together with a critical analysis of the and [women moaning] for queer sex, whereas in representations of rhetorical choices in captioning to argue that it is not a neutral heterosexual sex it is just simply, [both moaning]. process, but rather, an ideologically influenced one. Captions often mark difference or deviation from the norm Rhetoric and our perceptions of sound are influenced by through word choice. In September 2019, my article “[This Closed discourses surrounding race, gender, sexuality, age, and ability. Captioning is brought to you by Compulsive Heterosexuality/Able- Closed captioning, frequently coded as disabled, becomes a space bodiedness]” will be appearing in Disability Studies Quarterly. where the tensions surrounding language, bodies, and sound One question I have yet to unpack but will eventually attempt to emerge. These tensions reveal how language and sound are used to in this dissertation is: How can CC create the same bodily respons- maintain structures of power. For instance, I am currently working es as those that are caused by comedy and those caused by horror on a chapter focusing on race and captioning, which has shown films? Both of these genres are heavily discussed regarding sound: that people of color are mis-captioned at higher rates than white either horror’s use of music to create tension (think eerie string actors. These mis-captions take the form of writing out the wrong music) or comedy’s use of timing and vocal intonation. As a lover phrases, such as in Season 2 Episode 1 of Living Single, when a of horror but as someone who is also what is technically referred character refers to a friend as “shorty,” but the captioner changed to as a giant fraidy cat, I look forward to unpacking the relationship this to “him.” These mis-captions can often take the form of trying between sound, the horror genre, and how audiences interact with to correct language variations like African American Vernacular these images when utilizing CC. In the end, I am hoping that this English (AAVE) to American Standard English, or what Geneva dissertation begins conversations about what logics influence word Smitherman calls Standard White English. These mis-captions choice, how CC reveals many of our anxieties, and how we all can remove important narrative information and characterization, and work for a better system of closed captioning. ■ act to reinforce white dominance through controlling actors of color through rhetorical representation in CC. —Celeste Reeb, a doctoral candidate in the UO Department of This past spring at Society for Cinema and Media Studies, I was English, was awarded the 2019-20 CSWS Jane Grant Dissertation able to discuss the refusal to mark when actors of color perform Fellowship.

28 October 2019 Graduate Student Research

On the Backs of Women: Participatory Communication for Livelihood Empowerment of Women under Ghana’s ‘Planting for Food and Jobs’ Program

by Elinam Amevor, PhD Student School of Journalism and Communication Planting for food and jobs in Ghana. food Planting for

he nineteenth century colonial legacy of the British in the and Jobs” program has no component for women farmers in rural Gold Coast—now Ghana—which ensured that men produce Ghana. The exclusion of a women’s component in the design and Tcash crops for export to keep the engines of the Industrial implementation of a policy initiative like the “Planting for Food Revolution running, while women engage in food-crop production and Jobs” program in a critical economic sector such as agriculture to feed the home, continues to determine the gendered nature of in Ghana, which survives on the backs of women, has informed Ghana’s agricultural sector in the twenty-first century. the reason for this research. Given women’s historical marginal- Nothing much has changed regarding the androcentric nature ization vis-à-vis their contribution, my research project—based of agriculture in Ghana after sixty-two years of the country’s inde- on the concepts of participatory communication and empower- pendence from British rule. The patriarchal injustices that charac- ment—seeks to examine the role of participatory communication terize the disproportionate distribution of agricultural resources, for women’s livelihood empowerment under this initiative. in the form of inputs and benefits from government-assisted initia- The study seeks to examine how the challenges in Ghana’s tives to men and women in Ghana, are pervasive. agricultural sector impact the livelihood of women; investigate Agriculture is considered the backbone of Ghana’s economy, women’s involvement in the design and implementation of the accounting for about 40 percent of the country’s gross domestic “Planting for Food and Jobs” program; and assess the prospects of product, employing 60–70 percent of the labor force, 80 percent this initiative on the livelihood of women in rural Ghana. of which are women. While women contribute about 70 percent Preliminary findings from focus groups with women farmers in to Ghana’s food stock, they are still marginalized with regard to selected districts in rural Ghana, interviews with officials of the access to land, inputs, and credits (Doss et al., 2015). ministries of agriculture and gender, as well as analysis of com- The marginalization of women farmers by banking and micro- munication campaigns of the program reveal a consistent trend finance institutions regarding access to credit facilities, coupled that points to less engagement with women and the absence of with deep-rooted customary practices that deny women the right a concrete objective within the program to address the specific to inherit land, continue to worsen the economic condition of needs of women farmers in rural Ghana, moving forward. women. Conclusion of analysis of data collected and the findings there- Recently, the government of Ghana, in collaboration with the of, will determine what recommendations to offer to women’s Canadian government, instituted a “Planting for Food and Jobs” rights advocates to demand active involvement of women in the program, which seeks to help address the declining growth of future modification of the program, and the need for participatory Ghana’s agricultural sector. This flagship initiative appeared to communication in the implementation of the “Planting for Food be a beacon of hope for the livelihood empowerment of women and Jobs” program. ■ along the agricultural value chain in Ghana. Two years after its —Elinam Amevor is a PhD student in Media Studies, School of Journalism implementation, however, assessment of the “Planting for Food and Communication. He received a 2018-19 CSWS Graduate Student and Jobs” program revealed practical weaknesses, resulting in Research Grant in support of this research. policy experts’ description of the policy as a piecemeal initiative that is political in implementation and lacks the potential to make REFERENCE desired impact on smallholder farmers. Doss, C., Kovarik, A., Peterman, A., Quisumbing, A., & Bold, van den M. While many have proposed policy recommendations for the (2015). Gender inequalities in ownership and control of land in Africa: structural modification of the program, there virtually are no ques- Myth and reality. Journal of the International Association of Agricultural tions as to why the policy document of the “Planting for Food Economics, 46(3) 403-434.

csws.uoregon.edu 29 Graduate Student Research A Study of NGOs’ Strategies To End Fistula in Senegal A common injury during childbirth causes many women to live as pariahs in their communities

by Layire Diop, PhD Candidate, Media Studies

Layire Diop Layire School of Journalism and Communication

he figures released by the World As a development communicator, I was interested in how the two Health Organization (WHO) are NGOs implement communication campaigns designed to reach Tstaggering. Even though fistula was eliminated in developed countries out to fistula patients and mobilize the communities for a fight a century ago, it still affects two million women around the world (WHO, 2018). against the debilitating injury. My interest in this topic was based Each year, 50,000 to 100,000 new on the premise that fistula patients often suffer in silence because women experience obstetric fistula, which consists of an abnormal opening between of the stigma and scorn associated with the condition. a woman’s genital tract and her urinary tract or rectum. Obstetric fistula is the Sustainable Endogenous Development), consider gender relations in Senegal? result of prolonged and obstructed labor, which are entitled to convince fistula 3) How and to what extent do the a condition which often leads to fetal patients to get free surgery. Tostan campaigns prioritize local forms of and maternal death (Ruder, Cheyney, & International is active in the regions of communication versus mass media? Emasu, 2018). According to the World Ziguinchor, Sedhiou, Kolda, Kedougou, Health Organization, obstructed labor is and Tambacounda, whereas FODDE The CSWS grant has allowed me to responsible for up to 6 percent of all intervenes in the regions of Kolda and successfully carry out the study. My maternal death (WHO, 2018). If obstetric Sedhiou. research draws from interviews with key fistula goes untreated, a woman may As a development communicator, I informants working for Tostan International experience constant leakage of urine and/ was interested in how the two NGOs and FODDE. or feces (Khisa et al., 2019). In Sub-Saharan implement communication campaigns Africa, the lifetime prevalence of obstetric designed to reach out to fistula patients The findings reveal that media fistula is as high as 3 cases/1000 women of and mobilize the communities for a fight campaigns developed by NGOs are highly reproductive age, and the figure exceeds against the debilitating injury. My interest participatory. They are based on a respect 5 cases/1000 women in many countries, in this topic was based on the premise of ethical norms and the dignity of fistula including Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, and that fistula patients often suffer in silence patients. The communication campaigns Tanzania (Gebremedhin & Asefa, 2019). because of the stigma and scorn associated also pay particular attention to gender roles in the different areas. In Senegal, the official figures estimate with the condition. that 400 new cases are diagnosed annually I was interested in evaluating the The teams of social mobilization agents (UNFPA, 2017). Every year the United strategies and communication campaigns of entitled for detecting fistula patients are Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), in the two different NGOs and in analyzing the made up of an equal number of women and collaboration with the Ministry of Health achievements, constraints, and challenges men. This approach aims at involving men and different NGOs, carries out a campaign of each organization. My research therefore in the fight against the condition. to raise awareness about the condition. The addressed three questions: UN agency organizes every year fistula In each rural area where the campaigns camps throughout the country and offers 1) How and to what extent do the are implemented, imams and the heads free surgery to fistula patients. It works campaigns reveal Western top-down of villages are closely associated to the with partners such as the NGOs Tostan approaches to development? activities. These resource-persons who International and FODDE (Forum for 2) To what extent do the campaigns represent the points of entry to each village

30 October 2019 International and FODDE have signed contracts with community radios for the broadcast of programs related to obstetric fistula. The challenges for both organizations are related to the availability of funding. UNFPA does not support the economic reinsertion of fistula patients who have undergone surgery. Neither does it provide funds for the subsistence of family members who accompany the patient who needs access to surgical repair. Tostan International and FODDE have called for additional donors, which would spur the fight against fistula. Additional funding would allow these NGOs to lend a helping hand to more women injured in childbirth, who otherwise may continue to be treated as pariahs in their communities. ■ Patients at the Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital in Ethiopia are all treated free of charge: copyright: WHO/P. Virot /2012. —Layire Diop earned bachelor’s and master’s are the first to be informed about the goals their husbands and other members of their degrees from Cheikh Anta Diop University- and motivations of the communication family. The objective is to be able to have Senegal and an MS from Drexel University, where campaigns. They actively participate in access to the patients when fistula camps he attended on a Fulbright Scholarship. A PhD the organization of village meetings, which are organized near the places where they candidate in Media Studies, School of Journalism gather all members of the community, and live. and Communication, he has extensive experience during which NGOs’ social mobilization as a journalist, news anchor, and editor at the This communication strategy, based on Senegalese National Broadcasting. Diop received a agents provide information about the ethics and discretion, has allowed the condition, the methods of treatment, and 2018-19 CSWS Graduate Student Research Grant women and villagers to overcome the in support of this research. the existence of repair camps organized by taboos that existed about this condition. UNFPA. In many areas, fistula was seen as a REFERENCES Social mobilization agents also ask the result of infidelity. It happened that in Gebremedhin, S. & Asefa, A. (2019). Treatment villagers if they know women showing many villages, the population denied the seeking for vaginal fistula in Sub-Sharan Africa. signs of fistula. In case someone knows existence of women with signs of fistula, Biorxiv, doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/623520 and fistula patients even felt shunned, a woman with those signs, the name of Khisa, A. M.; Nyamongo, I. K. ; Omoni, G. M. and shied away from NGO staff. Today, the patient is not revealed in public. It & Spitzer, R. F. (2019). A grounded theory of the tendency is for women with fistula to is only at the end of the public meeting regaining normalcy and reintegration of women understand that their situation does not that the villagers come to the NGO staff in with obstetric fistula in Kenya. Reproductive have to lead to fatality. In certain cases, order to give the name of the patients and Health, 16(29), doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/ fistula patients who have been living with the village where they live. The onus is s12978-019-0692-y then on the social mobilization agents to the condition for over twenty years have Ruder, B.; Cheyney, M.; Emasu, A. A. (2018). reach out to the patients and their families finally been offered surgery. Too long to wait: Obstetric fistula and the to inform them about the possibility of The NGOs supplement this interpersonal sociopolitical dynamics of the fourth delay in surgery. communication through the use of mass Soroti, Uganda. Qualitative Health Research, media. Information about the condition is 28(5), pp. 721-732. The NGOs generally hold the village translated into different local languages. meetings in the evening, and social Brochures written in local languages are UNFPA (2017). A new start for women who mobilization agents often spend the night used as vehicles for messages related to have undergone fistula surgery. Retrieved in the village. It is frequent that in the the symptoms, causes, and consequences from https://senegal.unfpa.org/fr/news/ darkness of the night, fistula patients come of obstetric fistula, but also the possibility nouveau-départ-pour-des-femmes-opérées-de- to them to reveal their situation and ask for of cure. Sketches are also performed in la-fistule0. discretion. The social mobilization agents local languages. The study also shows that WHO (2018) https://www.who.int/features/ then take note of their names and phone radio programs rank among the most used factfiles/obstetric_fistula/en/ numbers as well as the phone number of tools for message dissemination. Tostan

csws.uoregon.edu 31 Graduate Student Research

- Seeking Understanding of the Experiences of Non-Cis Students: Developing an . Affirmative Substance Use Preventive Intervention

by Peter P. Ehlinger, PhD Student

Doctoral student Peter P. Ehlinger presented initial themes Ehlinger from Doctoral P. student Peter Perspectives Collaborative con on Addiction the 2019 at his work Rhode Island in Providence, ference Counseling Psychology, College of Education

“They’re tired of waiting for things that aren’t osity to the lives of the non-cis students I and varying use of substances to numb going to come.” — Non-cisgender student recruited. Knowing that community-based pain and to cope with these traumatic research necessitates a team, I assembled experiences. Participants have described “I drank a lot as a young teenager…I think a a panel of community stakeholders span- seeking community; there is a desire for lot of that came from a strong sense of lack ning the continental United States who are more inclusive spaces that emphasize of belonging and social anxiety.” — Non- experts on non-cis health, including repre- the individual humanity of each person cisgender student sentatives from Oregon State University, a and that help educate on existing posi- local Eugene trans health advocacy group, tive, strengths-based coping skills, yet the tudents of psychology dream of and a Boston-based LGBTQIA+ com- desired composition and exact intention of being privy to the nuances of oth- munity health center. Approaching this this space varies. Many participants seek ers’ lives, the experiences that shape research, I have been consistently aware of a non-cis-only space with older non-cis their emotions, and the manner in my identities as a white, cisgender, queer mentors in which to recharge. Yet others whichS people cope with adversity. One man and seeking consultation has been as desire a more open space in which there group of people who experience extraor- informative in some cases as the research can be education and further integration dinary levels of discrimination, violence, itself. Using an inductive thematic analy- of non-cis identities into the mainstream and marginalization are trans and non-cis- sis approach (c.f., Braun & Clarke, 2006), I on campus. Understanding these nuances gender people, whose gender identity does have conducted two focus groups and four is yet another step in the work, and I look not match their sex assigned at birth (here- individual interviews with non-cis under- forward to continued collaboration and after referred to as non-cis). Those who graduate students and data collection is discussions with the community on the identify as non-cis are a diverse group with ongoing. As my current work is sorting best ways forward. an equally diverse set of life experiences. through and analyzing the interviews to Yet, despite well-documented chronic sys- This research has the potential to inform best understand the perspectives of my future inclusive and affirmative interven- temic and interpersonal violence against participants, I have noticed a multitude of non-cis people, the fields of Counseling tion efforts to lessen the disproportionate experiences that highlight the challenges negative impact of substance use within and Clinical Psychology have not uni- that non-cis people face within higher formly taken necessary steps to understand non-cis communities. Through continued education and in the United States more community collaboration with stakehold- the experiences of non-cis people, includ- generally. ing substance use, a common sequela of ers and students in the design of a future stress stemming from discrimination. I What my research seeks to highlight intervention, I hope to challenge the status was frustrated with current approaches are emerging themes of being and feeling quo in psychological and substance use to substance use research with non-cis “othered” by society, peers, and univer- research to be more representative of non- people that used cissexist language, treated sity systems, as well as complex dynamics cis identities and learn from communities non-cis people as a monolithic group, and related to the intersection of race and gen- that already have a long history of strength did not involve the community directly der. These interrelated identities impact and resilience to adversity. I hope this in the research process. Further, without the individual experiences of each of my research will prove to be one small, impor- direct input from the non-cis community, participants and contribute, in some cases, tant step in this long journey. research runs the risk of further pathologiz- to further marginalization through trans- —Peter P. Ehlinger is a PhD student and graduate ing non-cis identities. phobia within the non-cis community. teaching fellow in the Department of Counseling Additional stressors commonly reported This project started with the intention Psychology and Human Services, College of by participants I interviewed include con- Education. He received a 2018-19 CSWS Graduate to approach research with the ear of a sistent misgendering, threats and inci- therapist: to listen with presence and curi- Student Research Grant in support of his dences of physical and sexual assault, research.

32 October 2019 Graduate Student Research

MINOR~U~@~ GENRE,@~~~~v MAJOR~~]@~ REVOLUTION~~\Y/@lllUJirU@~ Queer & Punk Histories of the San Francisco Transgender Film Festival (1997-2017)

by Andrew Robbins, PhD Candidate, Media Studies, School of Journalism and Communication

ith funding from a CSWS Graduate Student Research organizers. The overwhelming sense of being there and being with Grant, I was able to travel to the GLBT Historical this ephemeral event in multiple temporal dimensions awakened Society Archive in San Francisco in November 2018 me to a range of the festival’s affects: outrage, opposition, grief, to explore the unsorted collection of “Tranny Fest,” sensuality, and ultimately, trans and non-binary people’s will to theW original name of what is now known as the San Francisco survive, to create another world of possibility within dominant Transgender Film Festival. The collection was donated by the cultural formations that seek to erase, invalidate, and vilify those festival’s original co-founders, media lawyer Alex Austin and late cast as gender outlaws. filmmaker Christopher Lee, who started the festival in 1997. Viewing contemporary and historical films in the archive and This festival is the primary case study of my dissertation and at the festival revealed the radical roots and political practice is the first and longest-running of a growing international niche this festival has espoused for over twenty years as an event that of transgender film festivals that center cultural production by, does not allocate awards or accolades but exudes a punk ethos for, and about trans and non-binary people. In writing a social of Do-It-Yourself (DIY) to inspire audiences to seize the means of history of this festival in which I emphasize the influence it production and become their own content creators. Similar to the has impressed on local and international trans and non-binary 1976 issue of the punk-zine, Sideburns, that depicted tablature for communities, my aim is to write an alternative history. That is, I guitar chords A, E, G with the captioning: “This is a chord. This intend to show how active both trans and non-binary people have is another. This is a third. Now form a band,” the artistic director been in producing and exhibiting film and video for decades, of the San Francisco Transgender Film Festival, Shawna Virago, despite most scholarly research to date focusing predominantly on encourages audiences to get a camcorder, recruit their friends, and gay, lesbian, and queer film festivals. Centering this festival as a make a movie. This spirit of seizing the material means of produc- case study, this research speaks to broader issues about sexual and tion extends to a mandate for different representation. At the festi- gender subcultural formations, spatialized histories of colonialism val and in the archive, I watched trans and non-binary characters and gentrification, and coalitional activism between racial, ethnic, with intersecting experiences of race, ethnicity, class, gender, abil- and sexual minorities, sex workers, immigrants, and anti-capital- ity, and geographic location get to grow up, reflect existentially, ist artists, as well as the pervasive influence of neoliberalism and laugh, have affirming sex, and perhaps most importantly, to be nonprofitization on LGBT artistic endeavors and spaces. given screen and spectatorial space to BASH BACK against forms of state, institutional, and social violence. During my trip to San Francisco, I immersed myself in the archive during the day and attended the twenty-first annual It is in this spirit of DIY media production that I have been festival at night. This served as a metronome to my experience, inspired to not only produce a dissertation but to create a short a walking back and forth on Market Street to touch the past, fol- experimental documentary that will preserve memories of this lowed by sinking into a plushy chair at the Roxie Theater on the festival and reach a broader audience of people that may not corner of 16th and Valencia Street in the present. What stitched have exposure to anything other than the tyranny of mainstream this temporal movement together was the ongoing encounter media. It is also my hope that by preserving video, photographs, with the punk sensibilities and subcultural roots that animated and stories taken from interviews with filmmakers, musicians, the inception and early years of the festival in the late 1990s and poets, activists, and audiences, I will contribute to centering a these persistent affects in real time. In the archive, I spent hours vital moment in one slice of trans history in which a wealth of watching low-production-value, experimental, multi-genre VHS international trans and non-binary filmmakers actively move submissions, thumbed through festival ephemera, photographs past spectacularized narratives of transition, we’re-just-like-you of audiences, volunteers, and well known trans activists such as rhetoric, and tropes of tragedy, farce, and vilification. ■ Susan Stryker and Miss Major, read hand-written meeting notes —Andrew Robbins is a PhD candidate in Media Studies in the School of and printed emails between filmmakers, academics, and festival Journalism and Communication.

csws.uoregon.edu 33 HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE ACADEMIC YEAR

Presidential Fellows in Humanistic Studies al and societal challenges such as equity and inclusion, sexual and other CSWS faculty affiliates Erin Beck, associate professor, political science; forms of harassment, threats to academic and civic freedoms, and discrimi- Sharon Luk, associate professor, indigenous, race, and ethnic studies; and nation against immigrant populations. During her presidency, LASA issued Kate Mondloch, professor, art history, are among the first ten recipients of at least eighteen statements addressing many of those challenges and has the UO’s Presidential Fellows in Humanistic Studies awards. Each recipi- deepened its commitment to defending human rights in the Americas. ent will receive $13,000 to support research and creative projects. One of the most important initiatives that Dr. Stephen successfully implemented during her presidency was the establishment, for the first time in LASA history, of an anti-harassment policy and set of guidelines. The goal was to make sure that LASA offers a safe and welcoming environ- ment for all participants, free from harassment based on age, race, ethnic- ity, national origin, religion, language, sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression, disability, health conditions, socioeconomic status, marital status, domestic status, or parental status. Erin Beck Kate Mondloch Sharon Luk Ernesto Martínez wins prestigious Imagen Award for his short film Ernesto Javier Martínez, an associate professor in the Department of Sharon Luk honored with two book prizes for “The Life of Paper” Indigenous, Race, & Ethnic Studies and a CSWS advisory board member, Sharon Luk, assistant professor in the UO Department won a prestigious Imagen Award for a short film of Indigenous, Race, & Ethnic Studies, won two pres- he wrote, “La Serenata.” “La Serenata,” directed by tigious book awards for The Life of Paper: Letters and The Life of Paper Adelina Anthony, is based on Martínez’s children’s Poetics of Living Beyond Captivity (2017, University ktttnu,da Pod:kso/tirin, book called “Cuando Amamos Cantamos,” or of California Press). In November 2018, the American ~c.pcl"ft'f “When We Love Someone We Sing to Them.” It’s a Studies Association (ASA) presented Luk with the bilingual book about a boy who loves another boy Lora Romero First Book Prize, which comes with and about the importance of the Mexican serenata a lifetime ASA membership. In January 2019, the Ernesto Martínez tradition. The Imagen Awards have been called the Modern Language Association (MLA) presented Luk with the “Latino Golden Globes.” Matei Calinescu Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in 20th/21st Century Earlier this year, Martínez was awarded a $5,000 NFA Artist Grant from Literature and Thought. CSWS supported Professor Luk’s research for this the National Association of Latino Arts and Cultures (NALAC). He was one book with a 2015-16 Faculty Research Grant. of 43 grantees from among 400 applicants to be selected for the 13th cycle Gina Herrmann a Norman H. Brown Faculty Fellow of the NALAC Fund for the Arts grant program. According to the grant pro- Associate professor of Spanish Gina Herrmann was awarded a CAS gram manager, “These 43 recipients are recognized for their artistic excel- Norman H. Brown Faculty Fellowship Fund in the Liberal Arts for 2019- lence in pursuit of social justice through the arts and were selected from 2021. The Norman H. Brown Faculty Fellows are chosen on the basis of a pool of over 400 applications by a national peer panel process involving their demonstrated excellence in teaching and their capacity for superior 45 arts experts representing diverse disciplines, regions and ethnicities.” scholarship. Martínez received the grant “to support the continuation of the Femeniños Lynn Stephen completes her tenure as LASA President (2018-2019) project, a children’s book and short film series highlighting the experiences CLLAS founding director and UO professor of queer Latino/x boys and the families who bear witness to their lives.” of anthropology Lynn Stephen recently com- Caroline Forell honored for service pleted her tenure as president of the Latin Caroline Forell, professor emerita, School of Law, American Studies Association (LASA), the received the 2019 UO Law School Meritorious largest organization in the world of scholars Service Award at law school graduation. The working on Latin America. Her election by highest award given by the law school, it goes thousands of LASA members represented a each year to a person, or persons, who has made well-deserved recognition of her long and extraordinary contributions to legal education or distinguished trajectory as a scholar, public to the legal profession. intellectual, activist, and institution-builder. Lynn Stephen Forell joined the faculty in 1978 and spent her Dr. Stephen led a team that, among other things, organized the 2019 entire professional career serving the UO School Caroline Forell annual congress in Boston. Under the theme "Justice and Inclusion," it of Law. As an advocate for domestic abuse survi- brought together more than 5,000 participants during four days of panels, vors, Professor Forell played an instrumental role in the existence of the workshops, lectures, film screenings, and other activities. In addition, Dr. Domestic Violence Clinic at UO. Stephen oversaw the organization of ten presidential sessions at the LASA In nominating Professor Forell, a colleague wrote, “Caroline’s work Congress, the formation of numerous prize committees, the work of several focusing on legal issues affecting women and, more recently, animals, task forces, and the LASA responses to numerous and pressing institution- demonstrates her dedication to creating a system of justice that works for

34 October 2019 2019-20 CSWS RESEARCH GRANT AWARD WINNERS commented that Reeb’s dissertation “will Violence and the Right to Safety among Low- revolutionize her primary field as well as a few Income Women in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.” secondary ones.” • Holly Moulton, Department of Environmental The Jane Grant Dissertation Fellowship comes Studies, “Complicating Vulnerability: Gendered with a stipend of $18,000. The award also includes Disaster Narratives, Ice Loss, and Resilience in a tuition remission grant from the Dean of the the Peruvian Cordillera Blanca.” Graduate School, and a health insurance stipend • Jane Nam, Department of Philosophy, “Radical from CSWS. It is named for activist and journalist Korean Feminism.” Jane Grant, a co-founder of The New Yorker and • Carmel Ohman, Department of English, wife of CSWS benefactor William Harris. CSWS has “Beyond Binary Consent: Sex, Power, and awarded it annually since 1984. Embodied Performance in U.S. Black Feminist CSWS also awarded nine graduate student Novels and T.V., 1975-2018.” research grants for a total of almost $25,000, and Faculty Grant Awards seven faculty research grants for a total of more than $40,000. In all, CSWS awarded more than • Diana Garvin, Assistant Professor, Department $77,000 for the 2019-20 round of research support of Romance Languages (Mediterranean for scholarship on women and gender. Studies), “Feeding Fascism: Tabletop Politics in Italy, 1922-1945.” Recipients of the 2019-20 CSWS Graduate • Akiko Hatakeyama, Assistant Professor of Student Research Grants and Faculty Research Music Technology, School of Music & Dance, Grants are as follows: “Don’t Call Me a Female Composer—Gender Jane Grant Dissertation Fellowship Imbalance in Electronic/Electroacoustic Music.” • Celeste Reeb, Department of English, “Closed • Lamia Karim, Associate Professor, Department Captioning: Reading Between the Lines.” Celeste Reeb, Jane Grant Dissertation Fellow. of Anthropology, “Raising Cain? Factory Graduate Student Grant Awards Workers and Socialization of Sons in the Garment Industry in Bangladesh.” A committee of feminist faculty members • Marc Carpenter, Department of History, • Wendy Machalicek, Associate Professor, unanimously selected Celeste Reeb as the recipient “‘Worthy of All Honors Accorded to the Brave’: Special Education and Clinical Sciences, of the 2019-20 Jane Grant Dissertation Fellowship, Women’s Rights and the Sanctification of Race “Meaning Making in Autism: A Single-Case awarded annually by the UO Center for the Study War in Oregon, 1890 – 1919.” [Mazie Giustina Evaluation of a Psychoeducational Curriculum of Women in Society to support a PhD candidate Fund for Women in the Northwest.] for Mothers of Children with Autism.” [Mazie already advanced to candidacy in writing their • Michelle Dreiling, School of Journalism and Giustina Fund for Women in the Northwest.] dissertation on women and gender. Communication, “Non-binary Gender and the • Senyo Ofori-Parku, Assistant Professor, School Reeb’s work on her dissertation topic — “Closed Driver’s License: A Documentary Exploration of of Journalism and Communication, “Women’s Captioning: Reading Between the Lines” — was State Identification.” [Mazie Giustina Fund for Leadership in Inter-Faith Dialogue for described by Priscilla Peña Ovalle, a member of her Women in the Northwest.] Peacebuilding in Patriarchal Ghanaian Society: dissertation committee and head of the Department • Daizi Hazarika, Department of Anthropology, A Mixed-Methods Approach.” of Cinema Studies, as “a fascinating scholarly “Witchcraft, Gender and Colonial Law in • Xiaobo Su, Associate Professor, Department of project that has real-world implications on the d/ Assam, India: An Archival Analysis.” Geography, “No Place to Call Home: Burmese Deaf and Hard of Hearing audiences it serves.” • Amna Javed, Department of Economics, “An Wives and the Biopolitics of Cross-Border English professor Elizabeth Wheeler, another Exploratory Analysis of Honor Killings in Marriage in Yunnan, China.” member of Reeb’s dissertation committee and the Pakistan.” • Kristin Yarris, Associate Professor, Department director of the Disability Studies minor, describes • Stephanie Mastrostefano, Department of of International Studies, “Mid-Century Reeb’s work as “brilliant” and “groundbreaking.” English, “Manufacturing Race at 24 Frames per American Psychiatry and State Formation: A Second: Creative Voice at the Intersection of Reeb previously received the English Post-Colonial Analysis of Morningside Hospital Disney Animation and Audience.” department’s 2019 Rudolf Ernst Award, a fellowship and the Alaska Mental Health Act.” [Mazie • Emily Masucci, Department of Anthropology, given annually to a single PhD candidate. Wheeler Giustina Fund for Women in the Northwest.] ■ “The Politics of Seeking Shelter: Gender-based all, including the most vulnerable amongst us.” CSWS faculty affiliates—Krista Chronister, Division 17 John Holland Award for Outstanding Ellen Hawley McWhirter, and Linda Forrest— Achievement in Career and Personality Research A 2019 Thomas F. Herman Award goes to Michelle have each been recognized by the American with advisor recognition for McWhirter, Ann McKinley Psychological Association for their work. Swindells professor in counseling psychology. In recognition of her work creating collaborative Chronister’s work specializes in addressing the and inclusive learning environments across cam- Forrest, UO professor emerita and former impact of partner violence on the career devel- pus, McKinley is a 2019 recipient of the Thomas associate director for faculty outreach at the UO’s opment of women. McWhirter’s research exam- F. Herman Award for Specialized Pedagogy in Center on Diversity and Community, received ines factors that influence Latino/a adolescents’ Undergraduate Legal Studies. McKinley is the the ethics committee’s ethics educator award at school engagement and plans for after high Bernard B. Kliks Professor of Law, School of the 2019 APA convention. Forrest’s work looks at school. Law. She is also the director of the Center for the ethics, diversity, and professional training issues Study of Women in Society. in psychology. Marie Vitulli continues to distinguish herself Chronister, UO professor in the counsel- Marie Vitulli, professor emerita of mathemat- Psychology faculty members earn national awards ing psychology department, won the APA ics, was honored as a Fellow of the Association Three psychology professors who are also

csws.uoregon.edu 35 HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE ACADEMIC YEAR for Women in Mathematics, during the Joint Fellowship include UO assistant professor Ana- Art + Design. The prestigious fellowship fosters Mathematics Meetings in Baltimore in January. Maurine Lara in the category of fiction. Oregon artists based in the Pacific Northwest. The The AWM Fellows Program was established “to Literary Arts said their out-of-state judges spent fellowship comes with a “no-strings-attached” recognize individuals who have demonstrated several months evaluating the 400+ applications $10,000 award. The Bonnie Bronson Fund a sustained commitment to the support and they received, and selected thirteen writers and also purchases an artwork from each fellow to advancement of women in the mathematical two publishers to receive grants of $3,500 each. add to its collection at Reed College. Farsi—a sciences, consistent with the AWM mission: multimedia artist who works in sculpture, Priscilla Peña Ovalle ‘to encourage women and girls to study and photography, drawing, printmaking, and digital now heads SCMS to have active careers in the mathematical sci- media—has taught at the College of Design since Priscilla Peña Ovalle, ences, and to promote equal opportunity and 2008. Fluorescent lights, text, and photography associate profes- the equal treatment of women and girls in appear frequently in her work. Farsi moved to sor and head of the the mathematical sciences.’”Also in January, the U.S. from Tehran in 1985 during the Iran-Iraq UO Department of Vitulli delivered a Distinguished Speaker Series war. She was a Hallie Ford fellow in 2014. Cinema Studies, is Lecture at Clemson University titled “Algebra the 2019 President- Marjorie Celona working on her third novel and Geometry Throughout History: A Symbiotic Elect for the Society Marjorie Celona, assistant professor in creative Relationship.” The School of Mathematical and Priscilla Ovalle for Cinema and writing, was awarded a CAS Creative Arts Computer Sciences and the Clemson Chapter of Media Studies, the Fellowship in support of her third novel, which the Association for Women in Mathematics host- leading scholarly organization in the United investigates the intersections of queerness, moth- ed her visit. While at Clemson, Vitulli facilitated States dedicated to promoting a broad under- erhood, intellectualism, and feminism. Celona’s a Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon to train people to edit standing of film, television, and related media second novel is due out in March 2020. and write wikipedia pages to help increase the through research and teaching grounded in the representation of women and underrepresented Jennifer Freyd selected for award contemporary humanities tradition. groups in Wikipedia. Psychology professor Jennifer Freyd received Tannaz Farsi Named Bonnie Bronson Fellow the Award for Media Contributions to the Field Ana-Maurine Lara awarded a 2019 Oregon The Bonnie Bronson Fund named Tannaz Farsi of Trauma Psychology, Division 56, American Literary Fellowship in fiction as the 28th annual Bonnie Bronson Fellow. Farsi Psychological Association, 2018. Freyd was also Recipients of the 2019 Oregon Literary is an associate professor of art in the School of selected as an Advisory Committee Member, Action Collaborative on Preventing Sexual CSWS Providing Office Harassment in Higher Education, National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Space to Hypatia Journal Medicine, 2019-2023. A new editorial team for the 2019 OVPRI Faculty Research Awards journal Hypatia was selected Six feminist scholars are among twenty-four after an extensive national search and is now headquar- faculty members receiving Office of the Vice tered at the University of President for Research and Innovation 2019 Oregon. The coeditors dur- Faculty Research Awards. Designed to stimulate ing 2018-19 were Bonnie J. promising research and scholarly activity, the Mann, Erin McKenna, Camisha Russell, and Rocío Zambrana, Rocío Zambrana, Bonnie J. Mann, Camisha Russell, Erin McKenna, and awards support scholarship, creative projects all of the University of Oregon. Sarah LaChance Adams. and quantitative or qualitative research from all Sarah LaChance Adams from be an important resource for thought. In spring 2018 the disciplinary backgrounds. The scholars are: the University of Wisconsin – feminist thinking that is philo- University of Oregon had eigh- • Sangita Gopal, associate professor, Superior has the role of man- sophical, interdisciplinary, and teen PhD students working in aging editor. Their five-year intersectional. This is the sec- feminist philosophy as a cen- Department of Cinema Studies, “Mixed tenure began in January 2018. ond time Hypatia has found tral focus; seven of these were Media: A History of Women’s Filmmaking The editorial team is a home at the University of international students. in India.” diverse both philosophically Oregon. The new team is supported • Deborah Green, associate professor, and demographically. They The UO Department of by the University of Oregon’s Department of Religious Studies, “A Rose stated, “Our first priority as Philosophy is recognized as philosophy department and an editorial team will be to one of the foremost PhD- the Center for the Study of among the Brambles; Fruit of the Wild Vine: build on Hypatia’s already granting programs nationally Women in Society. CSWS pro- Gardens in Ancient Jewish Interpretation.” strong reputation by increas- and internationally to feature vides office space and meeting • Jocelyn Hollander, professor, Department of ing both the philosophical and feminist philosophy as a key room for Hypatia. The Hypatia the demographic pluralism of area of research. Its faculty team is also being supported Sociology, “The Impact of Empowerment the journal.” Under their edi- includes recognized experts by the University of Wisconsin Self-Defense Training in a Diverse torship Hypatia is expected to in a broad range of feminist – Superior. ■ Community Population.”

36 October 2019 Justice and Reparation in Guatemala CSWS and the Américas RIG cosponsored the lecture with Judge Yassmin Barrios he Center for Latino/a and Latin American Studies (CLLAS) Thosted Guatemalan Judge Yassmin Barrios on March 5 for its Inaugural Lecture in Latinx and Latin American Studies, which it aims to make an annual event that seeks to bring to campus prominent scholars, artists, public intellectuals, and activists whose work exemplifies the values and mission of CLLAS. CSWS and its Américas Research Interest Group were among the cosponsors of Judge Barrios’s visit. Judge Barrios is a strong advocate for justice and human rights in Guatemala. Currently the president of one of Guatemala’s two High Risk Crime Tribunals, she was the presiding judge in the prominent case against former dictator General Efraín Ríos Montt that concluded with his conviction for genocide against

the indigenous Ixil Mayans of Guatemala. It was the first time a Liu. Jack by / photo Barrios speaks UO at Yassmin Judge former head of state was tried for genocide in his home country. in both cases, highlighting the testimony of victims and Judge Barrios has been the recipient of numerous national experts. She emphasized in particular the courage showed by and international awards, including the 2014 US Department of Indigenous women, who overcame fear, trauma, and threats State’s International Women of Courage Award that recognized to offer their personal accounts of the atrocities committed to “emerging women leaders worldwide for championing human them, their families, and their communities. Judge Barrios then rights, women’s equality, and social progress” and the New elaborated on the legal rationale behind the convictions issued York-based Train Foundation’s 16th annual Civil Courage Prize in both cases, and concluded by underlining the importance of that recognized her, in 2016, for her “steadfast resistance to evil bringing together victims, relatives, attorneys, prosecutors, and at great personal risk.” judges to make sure that impunity does not prevail and justice Yvette M. Alex-Assensoh, Vice President for Equity and and reparation are delivered to the people of Guatemala who Inclusion, offered brief remarks about the importance of both suffered from massive human rights violations. CLLAS’s mission and the lecture series, and welcomed our A lively Q&A session ensued, after which CLLAS presented distinguished speaker. CLLAS Director Gabriela Martínez Judge Barrios a plaque as a testimony of our gratitude and introduced Judge Barrios and highlighted her extraordinary admiration for her work. Close to 150 people attended this trajectory in defense of human rights in Guatemala. event, including faculty, undergraduate and graduate students, In her presentation, entitled “Justice and Reparation in and community members from Eugene, Springfield, Cottage Guatemala: Challenges and Possibilities,” Judge Barrios offered Grove, and other surrounding areas. an account of two of the most conspicuous cases that the High This was, by all accounts, an extraordinary visit. Judge Risk Crime Tribunal she presides has heard over the last few Barrios’s presentations helped foster several of the University of years: the trial of former dictator Efraín Ríos Montt for crimes Oregon’s priority goals, including the promotion of an excellent of genocide against the Ixil peoples of Guatemala, and the trial educational experience, supporting diversity, and fostering of several army members for sexual abuse and slavery inflicted awareness about international issues. ■ upon indigenous women at the Sepur Zarco military base. —reported by Carlos Aguirre, Professor of History and 2018-19 Interim Judge Barrios offered a summary of the evidence presented Director, Center for Latino/a and Latin American Studies.

• Lamia Karim, associate professor, Collaborative Ethnographic Pilot Study.” and Sexuality Studies; Jessica Vasquez-Tokos, Department of Anthropology, “Raising Cain: professor, Department of Sociology; and Joanna Tenure & Promotion Female Factory Workers and Socialization Goode, professor, Department of Education Congratulations to all faculty, and especially of Sons in the Garment Industry in Studies. to our CSWS faculty affiliates and WOC affili- Bangladesh.” ates who received promotions: Yvonne Braun, CSWS Staff Changes • Judith Raiskin, associate professor, professor, Department of International Studies; CSWS Operations Manager Dena Zaldúa left her Department of Women’s, Gender and Sharon Luk, associate professor, Department CSWS post in March to take the job of develop- Sexuality Studies, “The Eugene Lesbian of Indigenous, Race, and Ethnic Studies; Kari ment director for the MRG Foundation, which Oral History Project.” Norgaard, professor, Departments of Sociology makes grants to radical, cutting edge, and grass- • Lesley Jo Weaver, assistant professor, and Environmental Studies; Stephanie Teves, roots social justice groups across Oregon. Angie Department of International Studies, associate professor, Departments of Indigenous, Hopkins was promoted to the post of CSWS “Women’s Mental Health in South India: A Race, and Ethnic Studies and Women’s, Gender, business manager. Alice Evans officially retired

csws.uoregon.edu 37 HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE ACADEMIC YEAR after ten+ years at CSWS and CLLAS as research As part of the RIG’s US-based activities, mem- race, ethnicity, culture, nationhood projects, dissemination specialist. She is continuing in a bers developed a partnership with Immigration State policies, colonialism, and globalization. post-retirement position through December. Counseling Services (ICS) in Portland, OR. Members hope to promote collaborative work On August 6, 2018, Lynn Stephen, Gabriela and a stronger awareness and understanding of RESEARCH INTEREST GROUP REPORTS Martínez, and Erin Beck hosted a meeting with these themes within the university community. Américas RIG— Activities AY 2018-2019 fifteen to eighteen ICS staff and lawyers to share Intersectional Gender Justice the preliminary results of their research and Inclusive Pedagogies RIG expands focus During 2018-19, the Inclusive Pedagogies The Américas RIG maintained a high level of discuss possible partnerships in the future. As a Research Interest Group (IPRIG) expanded its activity during the 2018-2019 academic year and follow-up event, on November 9, 2018, Gabriela research focus into literacy narratives, writing succeeded in securing additional funding—most Martinez and Erin Beck presented to ICS staff across the curriculum, and queer pedagogy. This significantly from the Office of the Vice President on culturally-competent and trauma-informed adds to the work the group has sustained over for Research and Innovations’ Incubating interviewing. They hope to host more events the last two years on anti-racist pedagogy and Interdisciplinary Initiatives (I3) award ($50,000) in the 2019-2020 year with ICS and a few other labor-based contract grading, which led to an for collaborative research done in Guatemala law firms and nonprofits with whom they have English department pilot program this year. and the United States by Erin Beck and Lynn established contacts through their work serving Stephen. This award allowed RIG members to as expert witnesses in asylum cases. They also The group’s expansion was aided by the continue their research in Guatemala that came helped to organize an on-campus event in March Center for the Study of Women in Society. out of the Américas RIG on the advances and 2019 featuring Yassmin Barrios, a judge in the Co-facilitator Jenée Wilde led the effort to extend barriers to specialized justice for victims of vio- High Risk Courts in Guatemala who oversaw the the reach of the composition-based interest lence against women (VAW), and to extend that Rios Montt genocide trial, the Sepur Zarco sexu- group by obtaining Research Interest Group research into the United States with an explora- al slavery trial, and many other precedent setting funding and support from CSWS. With the help tion of Guatemalan women’s experiences seek- human rights trials. Judge Barrios’s talk was well of CSWS resources, the IPRIG has worked this ing asylum on the basis of VAW. attended, and while she was on campus, spon- year to increase membership across campus sors held productive smaller get-togethers with including faculty and graduate students from the Professors Beck and Stephen hired research her and members of the Américas RIG. earth sciences, PPPM, linguistics, romance lan- assistants to transcribe over seventy-five inter- guages, and history. Meeting twice per term, the views completed for this project. Professors Beck In July, Lynn Stephen and Erin Beck returned IPRIG continued to work with partners in Jacqua, and Stephen have started to conduct interviews to Guatemala to conduct follow-up interviews TAEC, AEI, TEP, and CMAE to read and discuss with immigration lawyers in the United States. and courtroom ethnographies. They addition- current research in inclusive writing pedagogy. They also collected case files from Guatemala’s ally undertook preliminary focus groups with specialized courts and conducted over thirty indigenous women to explore what women Co-facilitator Jenée Wilde selected and led hours of observations in courtrooms during know about the legislation and institutions that the book discussion while founder and co- trials related to VAW in Guatemala. They are were created to protect them and what barriers facilitator Emily Simnitt selected and led the seeking to continue this research in the United they face to reporting and escaping violence. article discussions. The IPRIG met twice a term States by working with lawyers and nonprofits This research will be leveraged into an applica- to read and discuss current composition theo- to gain access to asylum case files and immigra- tion for the Harry Frank Guggenheim award, ry and research in support of student writers tion courts. which focuses on the causes and consequences from diverse backgrounds. Group members read of conflict and violence. The Américas RIG seed together for thirty minutes, then discuss recent During summer 2018 RIG members research money provided by CSWS continues to be criti- research in fields of composition and the inter- trip to Guatemala, they used Américas RIG cal to the continued support of the RIG’s research sections of gender, race, sexuality, ability, and funding to support the travel costs of Erin and programmatic activities and to achieving other aspects of identity. Beck and Gabriela Martínez, professor, School prestigious new sources of funding. of Journalism and Communication. Professor IPRIG Goals Martínez began filming for a documentary proj- Objectives of the Américas RIG IPRIG goals are to develop a shared language ect that has its roots in this Americás RIG-funded The purpose of this RIG is to strengthen the work for writing and assessment as they relate to research about the formation and operation of of, and foster contact among, scholars interested diversity, equity, and inclusion concerns for specialized courts. She edited her footage this in women in the Americas (that is, women in teaching UO’s diverse student body; and to build past year, and recently completed a trailer that Latin America and Latinas in the United States a community who help each other reflect upon Lynn Stephen and Erin Beck took to Guatemala and Canada) on issues of gender, sexuality, and and refine inclusive teaching practices. Reading to share with research subjects. Martínez is in feminism. The mission is to explore those topics together gives RIG members a shared language the midst of looking for a research assistant to from an interdisciplinary perspective and look at for reflecting on their work. Members use the help her edit further, and to contribute graphics how they intersect with key political processes, space of the reading group to discuss not only to the documentary over the summer, which will power structures, and cultural narratives. RIG assessment of students but their own praxis, and be supported through Américas RIG funding. members are interested in diverse women’s to share what they’ve learned through nation- lives as shaped by the influence of gender, class, al conference papers, invited talks, and other

38 October 2019 Sohaila Abdulali: A cosponsored lecture on responding to rape SWS joined with other campus units • There is no correct response to handle to bring journalist Sohaila Abdulali Sohaila rape, but as a community, there must be Cto Eugene in mid-April. Organized more freedom to discuss it. by Lamia Karim, associate professor of Abdulali • Respect rape victims and survivors by let- anthropology, the visit from the author of ting them take the autonomy over their What We Talk About When We Talk About Rape situation, and treat them the same as drew audiences to both the UO campus and before. the downtown Eugene Public Library. Abdulali also visited with the Sexual Assault At UO’s Straub Hall on Thursday, April 18, Support Services (SASS). Abdulali spoke to about 150 students for two Additionally, she spoke to an audience hours. Prof. Karim described them as “very of fifty community members the previous engaged, asking very smart but emotionally evening at the downtown Eugene Public wrought questions.” Library, and signed books afterwards with Karim provided a summary of their tabling provided by Tsunami Books. CSWS responses: acknowledges the power of cooperation, as we • Students found the talk touching, light- joined with the Departments of Anthropology hearted, yet serious and personally relat- and Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, able. The talk offered new ideas on how social and legal. Responses in each field the CAS Deans, Office of Institutional Equity rape is talked about nationally and inter- may look different or have different con- and Diversity, CSWS Women of Color Project, nationally. sequences, but it doesn’t lessen the seri- and the Office of the Dean of Students along • Many liked the idea of separating ousness of the crime. with the Eugene Public Library to bring this response to rape on two different levels: author to our community. ■ research-based products. For more information At both the institutional and individual levels, and to join the IPRIG mailing list, please contact these dissonant discourses work to construct ctions in Black Jenée Wilde at [email protected]. who is at risk of committing or experiencing sexual violence, and (the researchers main focus Studies: Social Sciences Feminist Network RIG here) who is responsible for preventing and Mireille Miller-Young The SSFN-RIG's research paper based on the responding to it. In conclusion, they discuss pos- UC Santa Barbara Sexual Violence Research Project launched in sible implications for these dissonant discourses 2014-15 was accepted for publication in the on the future of campus sexual violence preven- Journal of Women, Politics, and Policy. CSWS tion and university response. Emily A. Owens helped to fund this graduate student project dur- Brown University Thursd•y. Dec. 6, 2018 ing the 2014-2015 and 2015-16 academic years. MORE COSPONSORED EVENTS _...,._EMU 145- Cral@r Lake South, 12 p.m. RIG member Nicole Francisco, PhD candidate, New Directions in Black Feminist Studies Department of Political Science, described the Erica R. Edwards Organized by Shoniqua Roach—assistant profes- Rutgers CSWS funding as crucial to the execution of this Thu ,S

csws.uoregon.edu 39 FOR MORE BOOKS BY CURRENT AND FORMER AFFILIATES, LOOKING AT BOOKS GO TO CSWS.UOREGON.EDU/RESEARCH/BOOKS-FILM Men in Place: Trans Masculinity, Race, and Sexuality Motivating Students on a Time Budget: Pedagogical in America, by Miriam J. Abelson (University of Frames and Lesson Plans for In-Person and Online Minnesota Press, 2019, 264 pages). “Specifically Information Literacy Instruction, edited by Sarah designed for use on a range of undergraduate Steiner and Miriam Rigby (Association of College and graduate courses, [this book] offers an up-to- & Research Libraries, 2019, 332 pages). This book date overview of a wide variety of media forms. “begins with a section of research-based, broad-level It uses more than 40 particular case studies as a considerations of student motivation as it relates way into examining the broader themes in Japanese to short-term information literacy instruction, both culture and provides a thorough analysis of the Motivating Students in person and online. It then moves into activities historical and contemporary trends that have shaped on aTime Budget and lesson plans that highlight specific motivational artistic production, as well as, politics, society, and strategies and pedagogies: Each encourages the spirit Pedlfllicallnmes and lemn nans economics. As a result, more than being a time forlnPerSMIID41nhne of play, autonomy, and active learning in a grade-free capsule of influential trends, this book teaches f1rm11i11 Lit1mu llllmlill environment. Activities and plans cover everything enduring lessons about how popular culture reflects from game-based learning to escape rooms to role the societies that produce and consume it.”—from the publisher. Note: Miriam playing to poetry, and are thoroughly explained to be easily incorporated at your Abelson earned her PhD in sociology at UO and was the 2013 CSWS Jane Grant campus.”—from the publisher Fellow. She is now an assistant professor at Portland State University. Producers, Parasites, Patriots: Race and the New Asian American Feminisms and Women of Color Right-Wing Politics of Precarity, by Daniel Martinez A SI A N Politics, by Lynn Fujiwara and Shireen Roshanravan HoSang and Joseph E. Lowndes (University of (University of Washington Press, 2018, 320 pages). Minnesota Press, 2019, 208 pages). The authors This book “brings together groundbreaking essays that “show that while racial subordination is an enduring speak to the relationship between Asian American feature of U.S. political history, it continually changes feminisms, feminist of color work, and transnational in response to shifting economic and political condi- feminist scholarship. This collection, featuring work tions, interests, and structures. From the militia move- by both senior and rising scholars, considers topics ment to the Alt-Right to the mainstream Republican including the politics of visibility, histories of Asian Party, Producers, Parasites, Patriots brings to light the American participation in women of color political changing role of race in right-wing politics.”—from the R formations, accountability for Asian American ‘settler .,.... ._...... _Jl ■ U¥.._. complicities’ and cross-racial solidarities, and Asian publisher POLITICS American community-based strategies against state violence as shaped by and tied to women of color Fair Trade Rebels: Coffee Production and Struggles feminisms. Asian American Feminisms and Women for Autonomy in Chiapas, by Lindsay Naylor of Color Politics provides a deep conceptual intervention into the theoretical (University of Minnesota Press, 2019, 240 pages). underpinnings of Asian American studies; ethnic studies; women’s, gender, and “Naylor discusses the racialized and historical back- sexual studies; as well as cultural studies in general.”—from the publisher fAIRlRADE drop of coffee production and rebel autonomy in the HandiLand: The Crippest Place on Earth, by REBELS highlands, underscores the divergence of movements Elizabeth A. Wheeler (University of Michigan for fairer trade and the so-called alternative certified Press, 2019, 274 pages). “HandiLand looks at young &Dff E[ PRODUCTION market, traces the network of such movements from adult novels, fantasy series, graphic memoirs, and A STRUOGLESftt the highlands and into the United States, and evalu- picture books of the last 25 years in which characters mo MYIN CHIA as ates existing food sovereignty and diverse economic with disabilities take center stage for the first time. exchanges. Putting decolonial thinking in conversa- … Wheeler invokes the fantasy of HandiLand, an ideal tion with diverse economies theory, Fair Trade Rebels society ready for young people with disabilities before evaluates fair trade not by the measure of its success they get there, as a yardstick to measure how far or failure but through a unique, place-based approach we’ve come and how far we still need to go toward that expands our understanding of the relationship the goal of total inclusion. The book moves through between fair trade, autonomy, and economic development.”—from the publisher. the public spaces young people with disabilities have Note: Lindsay Naylor is an assistant professor, Dept. of Geography & Spatial entered, including schools, nature, and online com- Sciences, Univ. of Delaware. As a PhD student at UO, she wrote about her munities. As a disabled person and parent of children research for the 2012 CSWS Annual Review. with disabilities, Wheeler offers an inside look into families who collude with their kids in shaping a better world. Moving, funny, and Reviving the Social Compact: Inclusive Citizenship in beautifully written, HandiLand: The Crippest Place on Earth is the definitive study of an Age of Extreme Politics, by Naomi Zack (Rowman disability in contemporary literature for young readers.”—from the publisher & LIttlefield, 2018, 208 pages). This book “addresses current political and social upheaval and distress with La Serenata, a film written by Ernesto Javier new concepts for the relationship between citizens Martínez; directed by Adelina Anthony (Aderisa and government. Politics has become turbo-charged Productions & Rebozo Boy Productions, 2019). as a form of agonistic contest where candidates and Two parents struggle with their beloved Mexican the public become more focused on winning than on musical tradition when their son requests a love governing or holding the government accountable for song for another boy. A related book, When We the benefit of the people. This failure of the government Love Someone We Sing To Them/Cuando Amamos to fulfill its part of the social contract calls for a new Cantamos, was published in 2018 by Reflection social compact wherein citizens as a collective whole Press. Martínez’s work has been supported by make long-term resolutions outside of government several CSWS Faculty Research Grants, as well as a institutions.”—from the publisher ■ Special Projects Grant.

40 October 2019 2018 – 19: A Review of CSWS Events Noon Talks, Workshops, Forums, Book Celebrations

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The 2019-2020 series of the Lorwin Lectureship on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties • October 25, 2019 “Screaming to Dream: Toni Morrison, Emmett Till, and Black Maternal Grief.” Rhaisa Williams, Assistant Professor, Washington University in St. Louis. • February 6, 2020 “Finding ‘Light born in darkness:’ The Urgency of Feminist Activism in These Times.” Sylvanna M. Falcón, Associate Professor, University of California, Santa Cruz. • February 17, 2020 “The New Black Gaze.” Tina Campt, Professor of Humanities and Modern Culture and Media, Brown University. • March 4, 2020 “From Fact to Fiction: A Colored Life in Letters.” Karla Holloway, Professor Emerita, Duke University. • April 10, 2020 “Black. Still. Life.” Christina Sharpe, Professor, York University, Toronto. • June 4, 2020 “Gender, Power, and Grief.” Alicia Garza, Co-founder, Black Lives Matter Movement. v-wtl\ LECTURESHIP ON CIVIL RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES csws.uoregon.edu