LGBTQA By Mrfanrainbow Contents

1 History 1 1.1 LGBT history ...... 1 1.1.1 Ancient history ...... 1 1.1.2 The Middle Ages ...... 5 1.1.3 The Renaissance ...... 6 1.1.4 Europe ...... 7 1.1.5 United States of America ...... 8 1.1.6 Historical study of homosexuality ...... 14 1.1.7 See also ...... 14 1.1.8 Notes ...... 15 1.1.9 References ...... 17 1.1.10 Further reading ...... 18 1.1.11 External links ...... 18 1.2 LGBT community ...... 18 1.2.1 Symbols ...... 19 1.2.2 Human and legal rights ...... 19 1.2.3 Media ...... 20 1.2.4 Buying power ...... 20 1.2.5 Health ...... 22 1.2.6 LGBT multiculturalism ...... 22 1.2.7 See also ...... 24 1.2.8 References ...... 24 1.2.9 Further reading ...... 25

2 Your Sexuality 26 2.1 Coming out ...... 26 2.1.1 History ...... 26 2.1.2 Sociolinguistic origin ...... 27 2.1.3 Closeted ...... 27 2.1.4 Identity issues ...... 27 2.1.5 Legal issues ...... 28 2.1.6 Effects ...... 29 2.1.7 In/out metaphors ...... 29

i ii CONTENTS

2.1.8 National Coming Out Day ...... 29 2.1.9 Media ...... 30 2.1.10 Extended use in LGBT media, publishing and activism ...... 31 2.1.11 Non-LGBT applications ...... 31 2.1.12 See also ...... 31 2.1.13 References ...... 32 2.1.14 Further reading ...... 34 2.2 Gay pride ...... 34 2.2.1 Historical background ...... 34 2.2.2 Opposition ...... 37 2.2.3 See also ...... 38 2.2.4 Notes ...... 38 2.2.5 References ...... 39 2.2.6 External links ...... 39 2.3 LGBT symbols ...... 40 2.3.1 Triangles used for persecution during the Nazi regime ...... 40 2.3.2 Labrys ...... 40 2.3.3 Lambda ...... 40 2.3.4 Purple hand ...... 41 2.3.5 Pride flag and colors ...... 41 2.3.6 Bisexuality ...... 42 2.3.7 Pansexuality ...... 42 2.3.8 Gender symbols ...... 42 2.3.9 Intersex ...... 44 2.3.10 Bear culture ...... 44 2.3.11 Butch and femme ...... 45 2.3.12 Asexuality ...... 45 2.3.13 Other symbols ...... 45 2.3.14 Flag gallery ...... 46 2.3.15 See also ...... 46 2.3.16 References ...... 46 2.3.17 External links ...... 48 2.4 LGBT rights by country or territory ...... 48 2.4.1 History of LGBT-related laws ...... 49 2.4.2 Global LGBT Rights Maps ...... 51 2.4.3 LGBT-related laws by country or territory ...... 51 2.4.4 See also ...... 51 2.4.5 Notes ...... 51 2.4.6 References ...... 51 2.4.7 External links ...... 64

3 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 65 CONTENTS iii

3.1 Text ...... 65 3.2 Images ...... 68 3.3 Content license ...... 82 Chapter 1

History

1.1 LGBT history male Azande warriors (in the northern Congo) routinely took on boy-wives between the ages of twelve and twenty, LGBT history dates back to the first recorded in- who helped with household tasks and participated in stances of same-sex love and sexuality of ancient intercrural sex with their older husbands. The prac- civilizations, involving the history of lesbian, gay, tice had died out by the early 20th century, after Euro- bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) peoples and cultures peans had gained control of African countries, but was around the world. What survives after many centuries recounted to Evans-Pritchard by the elders with whom [5] of persecution—resulting in shame, suppression, and he spoke. secrecy—has only in more recent decades been pursued and interwoven into more mainstream historical narra- Ancient Egypt Main article: Homosexuality in ancient tives. Egypt In 1994 the annual observance of LGBT History Month Ostraca dating from the Ramesside Period have been began in the US, and it has since been picked up in other countries. This observance involves highlighting the his- tory of the people, LGBT rights and related civil rights movements. It is observed during October in the United States, to include National Coming Out Day on October 11.[1] In the United Kingdom, it is observed during Febru- ary, to coincide with a major celebration of the 2005 abolition of Section 28, which had prohibited schools from discussing LGBT issues or counseling LGBT or questioning youth.[2][3]

1.1.1 Ancient history

See also: Timeline of LGBT history A Rammeside period ostraca, depicting a pederastic couple (a boy and man) having sex together Among historical figures, some were recorded as having relations with others of their own sex — exclusively or found which depict hastily drawn images of homosex- together with opposite-sex relations — while others were ual as well as heterosexual sex. The duo Khnumhotep recorded as only having relations with the opposite sex. and Niankhkhnum, manicurists in the Palace of King However, there are instances of same-sex love and sexu- Niuserre during the Fifth Dynasty of Egyptian pharaohs, ality within almost all ancient civilizations. Additionally, circa 2400 BC.[6] are speculated to have been gay based Transgender and third gender people have been recorded on a representation of them embracing nose-to-nose in in almost all cultures across human history. their shared tomb. King Neferkare and General Sasenet, a Middle Kingdom story, has an intriguing plot revolving around a king’s clandestine gay affair with one of his gen- Africa erals. It may reference the actual Pharaoh Pepi II, who was likely gay.[7][8] Anthropologists Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe re- ported that women in Lesotho engaged in socially sanctioned “long term, erotic relationships,” named Early modern Egypt The Siwa Oasis was of special motsoalle.[4] E. E. Evans-Pritchard also recorded that interest to anthropologists and sociologists because of its

1 2 CHAPTER 1. HISTORY historical acceptance of male homosexuality. The prac- spiritual and social duties fulfilled by these special people tice probably arose because from ancient times unmar- in the community.[13] ried men and adolescent boys were required to live and work together outside the town of Shali, secluded for sev- eral years from any access to available women. In 1900, Ancient Assyria the German egyptologist George Steindorff reported that, “the feast of marrying a boy was celebrated with great In the ancient Assyrian society, if a man were to have pomp, and the money paid for a boy sometimes amounted sex with another man of equal status or a cult prostitute, to fifteen pound, while the money paid for a woman was a it was thought that trouble will leave him and he will [16] little over one pound.”[9] The archaeologist Count Byron have good fortune. Some ancient religious Assyrian de Prorok reported in 1937 that “an enthusiasm could not texts contain prayers for divine blessings on homosex- [17][18] have been approached even in Sodom... Homosexuality ual relationships. Freely pictured art of anal in- was not merely rampant, it was raging...Every dancer had tercourse, practiced as part of a religious ritual, dated [19] his boyfriend...[and] chiefs had harems of boys.[10] from the 3rd millennium BC and onwards. Homo- sexuality was an integral part of temple life in parts of Walter Cline noted that, “all normal Siwan men and boys Mesopotamia, and no blame appears to have attached practice sodomy...the natives are not ashamed of this; to its practice outside of worship.[18][20] Some kings they talk about it as openly as they talk about love of had male lovers — both Zimri-lin (king of Mari) and women, and many if not most of their fights arise from ho- Hammurabi (king of Babylon) slept with men.[18] Some mosexual competition....Prominent men lend their sons Assyrian priests were gay men who cross-dressed.[21] to each other. All Siwans know the matings which There were homosexual and transgender cult prostitutes, have taken place among their sheiks and their sheiks’ who took part in public processions; singing, dancing, sons....Most of the boys used in sodomy are between wearing costumes, sometimes wearing women’s clothes [11] twelve and eighteen years of age.” In the late 1940s, and carrying female symbols, even at times pretending to a Siwan merchant told the visiting British novelist Robin give birth.[22] Maugham that the Siwan men “will kill each other for boy. Never for a woman”.[12] Ancient China

Americas Main article: Homosexuality in China Homosexuality has been acknowledged in China since

Dance to the Berdache Sac and Fox Nation ceremonial dance to celebrate the two-spirit person. George Catlin (1796–1872); Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC

Among Indigenous peoples of the Americas prior to A woman spying on a pair of male lovers. China, Qing Dynasty. European colonization, a number of nations had re- spected roles for homosexual, bisexual, and gender- ancient times. Scholar Pan Guangdan () came to the conclusion that nearly every emperor in the Han Dynasty nonconforming individuals; in many indigenous commu- [23] nities, these social and spiritual roles are still observed.[13] had one or more male sex partners. Homosexuality in While each indigenous culture has its own names for these China, known as the passions of the cut peach and various individuals,[14] a modern, pan-Indian term that has been other euphemisms has been recorded since approximately adopted by consensus is "Two-Spirit".[15] Typically this 600 BCE. Homosexuality was mentioned in many famous individual is recognized early in life, and raised in the ap- works of Chinese literature. propriate manner, learning from the Elders the customs, The instances of same-sex affection and sexual interac- 1.1. LGBT HISTORY 3 tions described in the classical novel Dream of the Red be found references to what Leupp has called “problems Chamber seem as familiar to observers in the present as of gender identity”, such as the story of a youth’s falling do equivalent stories of romances between heterosexual in love with a girl who is actually a cross-dressing male. people during the same period. Confucianism, being pri- Japanese shunga are erotic pictures which include same- marily a social and political philosophy, focused little on sex and opposite-sex love. sexuality, whether homosexual or heterosexual. There are also descriptions of lesbians in some history books. It is believed homosexuality was popular in the Song, Ming Ancient Persia and Qing dynasties.[24][25] Further information: LGBT in Islam In pre-modern Islam there was a “widespread convic- Ancient India

Main article: Homosexuality in India

Throughout Hindu and Vedic texts there are many de- scriptions of saints, demigods, and even the Supreme Lord transcending gender norms and manifesting multi- ple combinations of sex and gender. There are several instances in ancient Indian epic poetry of same sex depic- tions and unions by gods and goddesses. There are several stories of depicting love between same sexes especially among kings and queens. Kamasutra, the ancient Indian treatise on love talks about feelings for same sexes. There are several depictions of same-sex sexual acts in temples like Khajuraho. Several Mughal noblemen and emperors and other Islamic rulers of South Asia are known to have had homosexual inclinations. In South Asia the Hijra are a caste of third-gender, or transgender group who live a Dance of a bacchá (dancing boy) feminine role. Hijra may be born male or intersex, and Samarkand, (ca 1905–1915), photo Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii. Library of Congress, Washington, DC. some may have been born female.[26] tion that beardless youths possessed a temptation to adult Ancient Israel men as a whole, and not merely to a small minority of deviants.”[28] Muslim—often Sufi—poets in medieval The ancient Law of Moses (the Torah) forbids men Arab lands and in Persia wrote odes to the beautiful from lying with men (i.e., from having intercourse) in wine boys who served them in the taverns. In many ar- Leviticus 18 and gives a story of attempted homosex- eas the practice survived into modern times, as docu- ual rape in Genesis, in the story of Sodom and Gomor- mented by Richard Francis Burton, André Gide, and oth- rah, after which the cities were soon destroyed and the ers. Homoerotic themes were present in poetry and other death penalty was prescribed to its inhabitants and to ob- literature written by some Muslims from the medieval pe- servers who turned back to watch the cities’ destruction. riod onwards and which celebrated love between men. In fact these were more common than expressions of attrac- In Deuteronomy 22:5, cross-dressing is condemned as [29] “abominable”. tion to women. Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BC states: “If a Persian poets, such as Sa'di (d. 1291), Hafiz (d. 1389), man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall and Jami (d. 1492), wrote poems replete with homoerotic turn him into a eunuch. allusions. The two most commonly documented forms were commercial sex with transgender young women or males enacting transgender roles exemplified by the Ancient Japan köçeks and the bacchás, and Sufi spiritual practices in which the practitioner admired the form of a beautiful Main article: Homosexuality in Japan boy in order to enter ecstatic states and glimpse the beauty of god. In Japan, several Heian diaries which contain references to homosexual acts exist as well. Some of these also con- Classical antiquity in Europe tain references to emperors involved in homosexual re- lationships and to “handsome boys retained for sexual Ancient Celts According to Aristotle, although most purposes” by emperors.[27] In other literary works can “belligerent nations” were strongly influenced by their 4 CHAPTER 1. HISTORY

women, the Celts were unusual because their men with women and relationships with youths were the essen- openly preferred male lovers (Politics II 1269b).[30] H. tial foundation of a normal man’s love life. Same-sex re- D. Rankin in Celts and the Classical World notes that lationships were a social institution variously constructed “Athenaeus echoes this comment (603a) and so does over time and from one city to another. The formal prac- Ammianus (30.9). It seems to be the general opinion of tice, an erotic yet often restrained relationship between a antiquity.”[31] In book XIII of his Deipnosophists, the Ro- free adult male and a free adolescent was valued for its man Greek rhetorician and grammarian Athenaeus, re- pedagogic benefits and as a means of population control, peating assertions made by Diodorus Siculus in the 1st though occasionally was blamed for causing disorder. century BC (Bibliotheca historica 5:32), wrote that Celtic Plato praised its benefits in his early writings [e.g., Phae- women were beautiful but that the men preferred to sleep drus in the Symposium (385-370 BC)] but in his late together. Diodorus went further, stating that “the young works proposed its prohibition [e.g., in Laws (636D & men will offer themselves to strangers and are insulted 835E)[33]). In the Symposium (182B-D), Plato equates if the offer is refused”. Rankin argues that the ulti- acceptance of homosexuality with democracy and its sup- mate source of these assertions is likely to be Poseidonius pression with despotism, and wrote that homosexuality and speculates that these authors may be recording male [32] “is shameful to barbarians because of their despotic gov- “bonding rituals”. ernments, just as philosophy and athletics are, since it is apparently not in best interests of such rulers to have great Ancient Greece Main article: Homosexuality in an- ideas engendered in their subjects, or powerful friend- cient Greece ships or physical unions, all of which love is particularly The earliest documents concerning same-sex relation- apt to produce”.[34] Aristotle, in the Politics, dismissed Plato’s ideas about abolishing homosexuality; he explains that barbarians like the Celts accorded it a special honor, while the Cretans used it to regulate the population.[34]

Female youths are depicted surrounding Sappho in this painting Male couple (erastes and eromenos) kissing (Attic red-figured of Lafond “Sappho sings for Homer”, 1824. cup, ca. 480 BC) The ideal held that both partners would be inspired by ships come from ancient Greece. Such relationships did love symbolized by Eros, the erastes unselfishly pro- not replace marriage between man and woman, but oc- viding education, guidance, and appropriate gifts to his curred before and beside it. A mature man would not eromenos, who became his devoted pupil and assistant, usually have a mature male mate (with exceptions such while the sexuality theoretically remained short of pen- as Alexander the Great and the same-aged Hephaestion) etrative acts and supposedly would consist primarily of but the older man would usually be the erastes (lover) to the act of frottage or intercrural sex. Although this was a young eromenos (loved one). Men could also seek ado- the ideal, realistically speaking, it is probable that in lescent boys as partners as shown by some of the earli- many such relationships fellatio and penetrative anal in- est documents concerning same-sex pederastic relation- tercourse did occur. The hoped-for result was the mutual ships, which come from ancient Greece. Often they were improvement of both erastes and eromenos, each doing favored over women. One ancient saying claimed that his best to excel in order to be worthy of the other. If “Women are for business, boys are for pleasure.” Though one was open about one’s homosexuality then they were slave boys could be bought, free boys had to be courted, exiled or in some cases executed because it was regarded and ancient materials suggest that the father also had to as a duty to one’s ethnic group to reproduce. consent to the relationship. Kenneth J. Dover, followed by Michel Foucault and Such documents depict a world in which relationships Halperin, assumed that it was considered improper for 1.1. LGBT HISTORY 5

the eromenos to feel desire, as that would not be mas- Hadrian is renowned for his relationship with Antinous. culine. However, Dover’s claim has been questioned in In Roman patriarchal society, it was socially acceptable light of evidence of love poetry which suggests a more for an adult male citizen to take the penetrative role in emotional connection than earlier researchers liked to ac- same-sex relations. Freeborn male minors were strictly knowledge. Some research has shown that ancient Greeks protected from sexual predators (see Lex Scantinia), and believed semen, more specifically sperm, to be the source men who willingly played the “passive” role in homosex- of knowledge, and that these relationships served to pass ual relations were disparaged. No law or moral censure wisdom on from the erastes to the eromenos within was directed against homosexual behaviors as such, as society.[35] long as the citizen took the dominant role with a part- Sappho, born on the island of Lesbos, was included by ner of lower status such as a slave, prostitute, or someone later Greeks in the canonical list of nine lyric poets. The considered infamis, of no social standing. adjectives deriving from her name and place of birth The Roman emperor Elagabalus is depicted as (Sapphic and Lesbian) came to be applied to female ho- [36][37] transgender by some modern writers. Elagabalus mosexuality beginning in the 19th century. Sap- was said to be “delighted to be called the mistress, pho’s poetry centers on passion and love for various per- the wife, the queen of Hierocles.” Supposedly, great sonages and both genders. The narrators of many of wealth was offered to any surgeon who was able to give her poems speak of infatuations and love (sometimes re- Elagabalus female genitalia. quited, sometimes not) for various females, but descrip- tions of physical acts between women are few and subject During the Renaissance, wealthy cities in northern Italy— to debate.[38][39] Florence and Venice in particular—were renowned for their widespread practice of same-sex love, engaged in by a considerable part of the male population Ancient Rome Main article: Homosexuality in ancient and constructed along the classical pattern of Greece Rome and Rome.[44][45] Attitudes toward homosexual behavior In Ancient Greece and Phrygia, and later in the Roman changed when the Empire fell under Christian rule; see for instance legislation of Justinian I.

South Pacific

In many societies of Melanesia, especially in Papua New Guinea, same-sex relationships were, until the middle of the last century, an integral part of the culture. The Etoro and Marind-anim, for example, viewed heterosexuality as sinful and celebrated homosexuality instead. In many traditional Melanesian cultures a pre-pubertal boy would be paired with an older adolescent who would become his mentor and who would “inseminate” him (orally, anally, or topically, depending on the tribe) over a number of years in order for the younger to also reach puberty.[46]

1.1.2 The Middle Ages

Main article: Homosexuality in medieval Europe

Sappho reading to her companions on an Attic vase of c. 435 BC. Same-sex scholarly 'empires of the mind' were common in medieval Middle Eastern cultures, as seen in their po- Republic, the Goddess Cybele was worshiped by a cult etry on same-sex love. of people who castrated themselves, and thereafter took [40][41] According to John Boswell, author of Christianity, So- female dress and referred to themselves as female. cial Tolerance and Homosexuality,[47] there were same- These early transsexual figures have also been referred by [42][43] sex Christian monastic communities and other religious several authors as early gay role models. orders in which homosexuality thrived. According to In Ancient Rome the young male body remained a focus Chauncey et al. (1989), the book “offered a revolutionary of male sexual attention, but relationships were between interpretation of the Western tradition, arguing that the older free men, and slaves or freed youths who took the Roman Catholic Church had not condemned gay people receptive role in sex. All the emperors, with the exception throughout its history, but rather, at least until the twelfth of Claudius, took male lovers. The Hellenophile emperor century, had alternately evinced no special concern about 6 CHAPTER 1. HISTORY

homosexuality or actually celebrated love between men.” 1.1.3 The Renaissance Boswell was also the author of Same-Sex Unions in Pre- Modern Europe (New York: Villard, 1994) in which he The Renaissance saw intense oppression of homosexual argues that the adelphopoiia liturgy was evidence that relationships by the Roman Catholic Church. Homosex- attitude of the Christian church towards homosexuality ual activity radically passes from being completely le- has changed over time, and that early Christians did on gal in the most of Europe to incurring the death penalty occasion accept same-sex relationships.[48] Some critics, in most European states.[53] In France, first-offending notably R. W. Southern, dispute Boswell’s findings and sodomites lost their testicles, second offenders lost their scholarly rigor. His work attracted great controversy, as penis, and third offenders were burned. Women caught in it was seen by many as merely an attempt for Boswell to same-sex acts could be mutilated and executed as well.[54] justify his homosexuality and Roman Catholic faith. For Thomas Aquinas argues that sodomy is second only to instance, R. W. Southern points out that homosexuality murder in the ranking of sins.[54] The church used every had been condemned extensively by religious leaders and means at its disposal to fight what it considered to be the medieval scholars well before the 12th century; he also “corruption of sodomy". Men were fined or jailed; boys points to the penitentials which were common in early were flogged. The harshest punishments, such as burning medieval society, and many of which include homosexu- at the stake, were usually reserved for crimes commit- ality as among the serious sins.[49] ted against the very young, or by violence. The Spanish Bennett and Froide, in “Singlewomen in the European Inquisition begins in 1480, sodomites were stoned, cas- trated, and burned. Between 1540 and 1700, more than Past”, note: “Other single women found emotional com- [54] fort and sexual pleasure with women. The history of 1,600 people were prosecuted for sodomy. In 1532 the Holy Roman Empire made sodomy punishable by same-sex relations between women in medieval and early [54] modern Europe is exceedingly difficult to study, but there death. The following year King Henry VIII passed the Buggery Act 1533 making all male-male sexual activity can be no doubt of its existence. Church leaders wor- [55] ried about lesbian sex; women expressed, practiced, and punishable by death. were sometimes imprisoned or even executed for same- sex love; and some women cross-dressed in order to Florentine homosexuality live with other women as married couples.” They go on to note that even the seemingly modern word “lesbian” Florence had a widespread homosexual culture, which in- has been traced back as far as 1732, and discuss les- cluded age-structured relationships.[56] In 1432 the city bian subcultures, but add, “Nevertheless, we certainly established Gli Ufficiali di Notte (The Officers of the should not equate the single state with lesbian practices.” Night) to root out the practice of sodomy. From that While same-sex relationships among men were highly year until 1502, the number of men charged with sodomy documented and condemned, “Moral theologians did not numbered more than 17,000, of whom 3,000 were con- pay much attention to the question of what we would victed. This number also included heterosexual sodomy. today call lesbian sex, perhaps because anything that This also gave rise to a number of proverbs illuminating did not involve a phallus did not fall within the bounds the views of the common people towards the practice; of their understanding of the sexual. Some legislation among them: “If you crave joys, tumble some boys.”[57] against lesbian relations can be adduced for the period, mainly involving the use of “instruments,” in other words, [50] dildoes.” Association of homosexuality with foreignness The Persecutions against homosexuality rose during the High reputation of Florence is also reflected in the fact that Middle Ages, reaching their height during the Medieval the Germans adopted the word Florenzer to refer to a Inquisitions, when the sects of Cathars and Waldensians “sodomite”.[58][59] The association of foreignness with were accused of fornication and sodomy, alongside ac- homosexuality gradually became a cornerstone of homo- cusations of satanism. In 1307, accusations of sodomy phobic rhetoric throughout Europe, and it was used in a and homosexuality were major charges leveled during the calumnious perspective. For example, the French would Trial of the Knights Templar.[51] The theologian Thomas call “homosexuality” the “Italian vice” in the 16th and Aquinas was influential in linking condemnations of ho- 17th centuries, the “English vice” in the 18th century, the mosexuality with the idea of natural law, arguing that mœurs orientales (oriental mores) in the 19th century, and “special sins are against nature, as, for instance, those that the “German vice” starting from 1870 and into the 20th run counter to the intercourse of male and female natu- century.[60] ral to animals, and so are peculiarly qualified as unnatural vices.”[52] Literature

The Church could not repress all expressions of homo- erotic desire. One of the most famous examples is a tongue-in-cheek philosophic defense of the practice pro- 1.1. LGBT HISTORY 7 vided by Antonio Rocco, in his infamous L'Alcibiade, 1980s when female homosexuals began to identify them- fanciullo a scola (Alcibiades the Schoolboy, in English) selves as lesbians instead of gay. This led to references of a dialogue in which a teacher seeks to use philosophy to “gay and lesbian” every time homosexuals were discussed convince a male student to have sex with him. However, in the media. Non-heterosexuals such as bisexual peo- given the tongue-in-cheek nature of the writing, it seems ple and those who are transgender have also been classed unclear whether it is meant to be satire or genuine under alongside gay people and lesbians, resulting in the popu- the pretense of a joke. lar LGBT acronym (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender). However, the acronym is not set in stone; it has some- times appeared as LGBTQ (to include queer) or even as 1.1.4 Europe LGBTQA+ (to include queer, asexuality, and others that fall under the umbrella term of queer). See also: Timeline of LGBT history in Turkey

Homosexuality in eighteenth-century Great Britain

Psychology and terminology shifts Main article: Timeline of LGBT history in Britain

The developing field of psychology was the first way ho- mosexuality could be directly addressed aside from Bib- Molly houses appeared in 18th century London and other lical condemnation. In Europe, homosexuality had been large cities. A Molly house is an archaic 18th century En- part of case studies since the 1790s with Johann Valentin glish term for a tavern or private room where homosexual Müller’s work.[61] The studies of this era tended to be and cross-dressing men could meet each other and possi- rigorous examination of “criminals,” looking to confirm ble sexual partners. Patrons of the Molly house would guilt and establish patterns for future prosecutions. Am- sometimes enact mock weddings, sometimes with the broise Tardieu in France believed he could identify “ped- bride giving birth. Margaret Clap (?—circa 1726), bet- erasts” affirming that the sex organs are altered by ho- ter known as Mother Clap, ran such a Molly house from mosexuality in his 1857 publishing.[62] François Charles’s 1724 to 1726 in Holborn, London. She was also heav- exposé, Les Deux Prostitutions: études du pathologie ily involved in the ensuing legal battles after her premise sociale, (The Two Prostitutions: Study of the Social was raided and shut down. Molly houses were perhaps Pathology) developed methods for police to persecute the first precursors to the modern gay bar. through meticulous documentation of homosexuality.[62] Others include Johann Caspar and Otto Westphal, Karl Decriminalization of homosexuality in France Ulrichs. Krafft-Ebing’s 1886 publication, Psychopathia Sexualis,was the most widely translated work of this In 1791, Revolutionary France (and Andorra) adopted a [62] kind. He and Ulrichs believed that homosexuality was new penal code which no longer criminalized sodomy. congenitally based, but Krafft-Ebing differed; in that, he France thus became the first West European country asserted that homosexuality was a symptom of other psy- to decriminalize homosexual acts between consenting chopathic behavior that he viewed to be an inherited dis- adults.[63] position to degeneracy.[62] Degeneracy became a widely acknowledged theory for The emancipation movement in Germany, 1890s– homosexuality during the 1870s and 80s.[62] It spoke to 1934 the eugenic and social Darwin theories of the late 19th Century. Benedict Augustin Morel is considered the fa- Prior to the Third Reich, Berlin was a liberal city, with ther of degeneracy theory.[62] His theories posit that phys- many gay bars, nightclubs and cabarets. There were even ical, intellectual, and moral abnormalities come from dis- many drag bars where tourists straight and gay would en- ease, urban over-population, malnutrition, alcohol, and [62] joy female impersonation acts. Hitler decried cultural other failures of his contemporary society. degeneration, prostitution and syphilis in his book Mein An important shift in the terminology of homosexual- Kampf, blaming at least some of the phenomena on Jews. ity was brought about by the development of psychol- Berlin also had the most active LGBT rights movements ogy’s inquisition into homosexuality. “Contrary sexual [62] in the world at the time. Jewish doctor Magnus Hirschfeld feeling,” as Westphal’s phrased, and the word “homo- had co-founded the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee sexual” itself made their way into the Western lexicons. (Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee, WhK) in Berlin Homosexuality had a name aside from the ambiguous in 1897 to campaign against the notorious "Paragraph term “sodomy” and the elusive “abomination.” As Michel 175" of the Penal Code that made sex between men ille- Foucault phrases, “the sodomite had been a temporary [62] gal. It also sought social recognition of homosexual and aberration; the homosexual was now a species.” transgender men and women. It was the first public gay An addendum to the terminology of homosexuality is the rights organization. The Committee had branches in sev- seemingly ever-changing acronym, with its roots in the eral other countries, thereby being the first international 8 CHAPTER 1. HISTORY

History of gay men in the United States, History of les- bianism in the United States, and History of transgender people in the United States

18th and 19th century

Before the American Civil War and the massive popula- tion growth of the Post-Civil War America, the majority of the American population was rural. Homosexuality remained an unseen and taboo concept in society, and the word “homosexuality” was not coined until 1868 by German-Hungarian Karoly Maria Kertbeny (who advo- cated decriminalization).[66] During this era, homosex- Vita homosexualis, a 1902 collection of August Fleischmann’s uality fell under the umbrella term “sodomy” that com- popular pamphlets on the third sex and against §175 - a copy prised all forms of nonproductive sexuality (masturbation from the library of the Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee, and oral sex were sometimes excluded). Without urban confiscated on 6 May 1933, annotated on the endpaper: “Des- sub-cultures or a name for self-definition, group identifi- tined for destruction in accordance with the Reichspresident’s cation and self-consciousness was unlikely.[67] decree of 28 February 1933!" and hidden from the public (label “Secr.”) as Nazi plunder at the Prussian State Library. Mainstream interpretation of Leviticus 20:13, Romans 1:26-7 and the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah were the justification for the severe penalties facing those ac- GLBT organization, although on a small scale. In 1919, cused of “sodomy.”[67] Most of the laws around homo- Hirschfeld had also co-founded the Institut für Sexualwis- sexuality in the colonies were derived from the English senschaft (Institute for Sex Research), a private sexology laws of “buggery,” and the punishment in all Amer- research institute. It had a research library and a large ican colonies was death. The penalty for attempted archive, and included a marriage and sex counseling of- sodomy (both homosexuality and bestiality) was prison, fice. In addition, the institute was a pioneer worldwide in whipping, banishment, or fines. Thomas Jefferson sug- the call for civil rights and social acceptance for homo- gested castration as the punishment for sodomy, rape, and sexual and transgender people. polygamy in a proposed revision of the Virginia criminal See also: Friedrich Radszuweit, Adolf Brand, Selli code near the end of the 18th century.[67] Engler, Anna Rüling, Mädchen in Uniform (1931 film), Pennsylvania was the first state to repeal the death penalty Die Freundin, and Institut für Sexualwissenschaft for “sodomy” in 1786 and within a generation all the other colonies followed suit (except North and South Carolina that repealed after the Civil War).[67] Along with the removal of the death penalty during this gener- Oscar Wilde ation, legal language shifted away from that of damna- tion to more dispassionate terms like “unmentionable” Oscar Wilde, the Irish author and playwright, played an or “abominable” acts.[67] Aside from sodomy and “at- important role in bringing homosexuality into the public tempted sodomy” court cases and a few public scandals, eye. The scandal in British society and subsequent court homosexuality was seen as peripheral in mainstream so- case from 1895–6 was highly discussed not only in Eu- ciety. Lesbianism had no legal definition largely given rope, but also in America, although newspapers like the Victorian notions of female sexuality.[67] New York Times concentrated on the question of black- mail, only alluding to the homosexual aspects as hav- A survey of sodomy law enforcement during the nine- ing “a curious meaning,” in the first publication on April teenth century suggests that a significant minority of 4, 1895.[64] After Wilde’s arrest, the April 6 New York cases did not specify the gender of the “victim” or ac- Times discussed Wilde’s case as a question of “immoral- cused. Most cases were argued as non-consensual or ity” and did not specifically address homosexuality, dis- rape.[68] The first prosecution for consensual sex between cussing the men “some as young as 18” that were brought people of the same gender was not until 1880.[68] In re- up as witnesses.[65] sponse to increasing visibility of alternative genders, gen- der bending, and homosexuality, a host of laws against vagrancy, public indecency, disorderly conduct, and in- 1.1.5 United States of America decent exposure was introduced across the United States. “Sodomy” laws also shifted in many states over the be- Main article: LGBT history in the United States ginning of the twentieth century to address homosexual- See also: History of bisexuals in the United States, ity specifically (many states during the twentieth century 1.1. LGBT HISTORY 9 made heterosexual anal intercourse legal).[68] In some ship of his works and historians debate whether he a prac- states, these laws would last until they were repealed ticing homosexual, bisexual, etc.[67] But this denounce- by the federal governmentin 2004 with the Lawrence ment shows that homosexuality had become a public decision.[68] question by the end of the 19th Century.[67] Twenty years after Whitman came to New York, Hora- tio Alger continued the theme of manly love in his sto- Male ideal and the 19th century ries of the young Victorian self-made man.[67] He came to New York fleeing from a public scandal with a young Homosexual identity found its first social foothold in the man in Cape Cod that forced him to leave the ministry, 19th Century not in sexuality or homoerotica, but in in 1866.[67] idealized conception of the wholesome and loving male friendship during the 19th Century. Or as contempo- rary author Theodore Winthrop in Cecil Dreeme writes, Late 19th century “a friendship I deemed more precious than the love of women.”[67] This ideal came from and was enforced by We'wha was a relatively modern Ihamana (Two-Spirit) the male-centric institutions of boy’s boarding schools, of the Native American Zuni tribe. She made a all-male colleges, the military, the frontier, etc. – fictional trip to Washington in 1886, and later shook President and non-fiction accounts of passionate male friendships Roosevelt's hand. She was revered by her tribe for her became a theme present in American Literature and so- skill at weaving and pottery, as well as taking part in com- cial conceptions of masculinity.[67] munity ceremonies and rituals.[40] Her life was originally documented by anthropologist Matilda Coxe Stevenson New York, as America’s largest city exponentially grow- in the late 19th century.[69] ing during the 19th Century (doubling from 1800–20 and again by 1840 to a population of 300,000), saw the begin- nings of a homosexual subculture concomitantly grow- Early 20th century ing with the population.[67] Continuing the theme of lov- ing male friendship, the American poet, Walt Whitman [67] In 1908, the first American defense of homosexuality arrived in New York in 1841. He was immediately was published.[62] The Intersexes: A History of Similisex- drawn to young working class men found in certain parks, [67] ualism as a Problem in Social Life, was written by Ed- public baths, the docks, and some bars and dance halls. ward Stevenson under the pseudonym Xavier Mayne.[62] He kept records of the men and boys, usually noting their [67] This 600-page defense detailed Classical examples, but ages, physical characteristics, jobs, and origins. Dis- also modern literature and the homosexual subcultures persed in his praise of the city are moments of male admi- of urban life.[62] He dedicated the novel to Krafft-Ebing ration, such as in Calamus— “frequent and swift flash of because he argued homosexuality was inherited and, eyes offering me robust, athletic love” or in poem Cross- in Stevenson’s view and not necessarily Krafft-Ebing’s, ing Brooklyn Ferry, where he writes: should not face prejudice. He also wrote one of the first “Was call'd by my nighest name by clear loud voices of homosexual novels— Imre: A Memorandum.[62] Also young men as they saw me / approaching or passing, / Felt in this era, the earliest known open homosexual in the their arms on my neck as I stood, or the negligent leaning United States, Claude Hartland, wrote an account of his of their flesh against me as / I sat, / Saw many I loved in sexual history.[70] He affirmed that he wrote it to affront the street or ferry-boat or public assembly, yet never told the naivety surrounding sexuality. It was in response them a / word, / Lived the same life with the rest, the same to the ignorance he saw while being treated by doctors old laughing, gnawing, sleeping, / Play'd the part that still and psychologists that failed to “cure” him.[70] Hartland looks back on the actor or actress, / The same old role, wished his attraction to men could be solely “spiritual,” the role that is what we make it, as great as we like, / Or but could not escape the “animal.”[70] [67] as small as we like, or both great and small.” By this time, society was slowly becoming aware of Sometimes Whitman’s writing verged on explicit, such as the homosexual subculture. In an 1898 lecture in Mas- in his poem, Native Moments— “I share the midnight or- sachusetts, a doctor gave a lecture on this development gies of young men / I pick out some low person for my in modern cities.[62] With a population around three mil- dearest friend. He shall be lawless, rude, illiterate.”[67] lion at the turn of the 20th century, New York’s queer Poems like these and Calamus (inspired by Whitman’s subculture had a strong sense of self-definition and be- treasured friends and possible lover, Fred Vaughan who gan redefining itself on its own terms. “Middle class lived with the Whitman family in the 1850s) and the gen- queer,” “fairies,” were among the terminology of the un- eral theme of manly love, functioned as a pseudonym for derground world of the Lower East Side.[62] But with homosexuality.[67] The developing sub-community had a this growing public presence, backlash occurred. The coded voice to draw more homosexuals to New York and YMCA, who ironically promoted a similar image to that other growing American urban centers. Whitman did, of the Whitman’s praise of male brotherhood and ath- however, in 1890 denounce any sexuality in the comrade- letic prowess, took a chief place in the purity campaigns 10 CHAPTER 1. HISTORY of the epoch. Anthony Comstock, a salesman and leader of YMCA in Connecticut and later head of his own New York Society for the Suppression of Vice successfully pressed Congress and many state legislatures to pass strict censorship laws.[62] Ironically, the YMCA became a site of homosexual conduct. In 1912, a scandal hit Oregon where more than 50 men, many prominent in the com- munity were arrested for homosexual activity. In reaction to this scandal conflicting with public campaigns, YMCA leadership began to look the other way on this conduct.

1920s

Sheet music poking fun at the masculine traits many women adopted during the 1920s. The Gay Club Eldorado in Berlin Hirschfeld did many things to improve the situation for gays. Berlin was well known as the decadent city during the 1920s. The 1920s ushered in a new era of social acceptance of minorities and homosexuals, at least in heavily urbanized areas. This was reflected in many of the films (see Pre- Code) of the decade that openly made references to ho- mosexuality. Even popular songs poked fun at the new social acceptance of homosexuality. One of these songs had the title “Masculine Women, Feminine Men.”[71] It was released in 1926 and recorded by numerous artists of the day and included the following lyrics:[72] Homosexuals received a level of acceptance that was not seen again until the 1960s. Until the early 1930s, gay clubs were openly operated, commonly known as “pansy clubs”. The relative liberalism of the decade is demon- strated by the fact that the actor William Haines, regu- larly named in newspapers and magazines as the number- one male box-office draw, openly lived in a gay relation- ship with his lover, Jimmie Shields.[74] Other popular gay actors/actresses of the decade included Alla Nazimova Berlin was the leading city for homosexuals during the and Ramon Novarro.[75] In 1927, Mae West wrote a play 1920s with clubs and even newspapers for both lesbians about homosexuality called The Drag, and alluded to the and gay men. The lesbian magazine Die Freundin was work of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs. It was a box-office suc- started by Friedrich Radszuweit and the gay men maga- cess. West regarded talking about sex as a basic human zine Der Eigene had already started in 1896 as the world’s rights issue, and was also an early advocate of gay rights. first gay magazine. The first gay demonstration ever With the return of conservatism in the 1930s, the pub- took place in Nollendorfplatz in 1922 in Berlin, gather- lic grew intolerant of homosexuality, and gay actors were ing 400 homosexuals. The homosexual doctor Magnus forced to choose between retiring or agreeing to hide their 1.1. LGBT HISTORY 11 sexuality. having masculine appearance – characteristics associ- ated with homosexual women – aided in the work as mechanics and motor vehicle operators.[76] A popular Late 1930s Fleischmann’s Yeast advertisement showed a WAC rid- ing a motorcycle with the heading This is no time to be By 1935, the United States had become conservative frail.[76][78] Some recruits appeared at their inductions once again. Victorian values and mores, which had been wearing men’s clothing and their hair slicked back in the widely ridiculed during the 1920s became fashionable classic butch style of out lesbians of the time.[76] Post- once again. During this period life was harsh for homo- war many women including lesbians declined opportuni- sexuals as they were forced to hide their behavior and ties to return to traditional gender roles and helped rede- identity in order to escape ridicule and even imprison- fine societal expectations that fed the women’s, black and ment. Many laws were passed against homosexuals dur- gay liberation movements. The war effort greatly shifted ing this period and it was declared to be a mental illness. American culture and by extension representations in en- Many police forces conducted operations to arrest homo- tertainment of both the nuclear family and LGBT people. sexuals by using young undercover cops to get them to In mostly same sex quarters service members were more make propositions to them. easily able to express their interests and find willing part- ners of all sexualities. WWII and the Holocaust During The Holocaust about 50,000 people were sen- tenced because of their homosexuality and several thou- Main article: Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Ger- sands of them died in concentration camps. Outside of many and the Holocaust the gay community, this persecution of homosexuals is As the US entered World War II in 1941, women usually ignored. Conditions for gay men in the camps was especially rough; they faced not only persecution from German soldiers, but also other prisoners, and many gay men were reported to die of beatings. German soldiers were also known to use the pink triangles that the men were forced to wear for target practice with their weapons. Female homosexuality was not, technically, a crime and thus gay women were generally not treated as harshly as gay men. Although there are some scattered reports that gay women were sometimes imprisoned for their sexual- ity, most would have been imprisoned for other reasons, i.e. “anti-social”. By the 1930s both fruit and fruitcake terms as well as numerous other words are seen as not only negative but also to mean male homosexual,[79] although prob- ably not universally. LGBT people were widely diag- nosed as diseased with the potential for being cured, thus were regularly “treated” with castration,[80][81][82] lobotomies,[82][83] pudic nerve surgery,[84] and elec- troshock treatment.[85][86] so transferring the meaning of fruitcake, nutty, to someone who is deemed insane, or crazy, may have seemed rational at the time and many apparently believed that LGBT people were mentally unsound. In the United States, psychiatric institutions ("mental hospitals") where many of these procedures 1943 Painting of a World War II WAC Air Controller artist: Dan were carried out were called fruitcake factories while in V. Smith 1960s Australia they were called fruit factories.[87] From 1942 to 1947, WWII conscientious objectors in the US were provided opportunities to volunteer for their coun- assigned to psychiatric hospitals under Civilian Public try and almost 250,000 women served in the armed Service exposed abuses throughout the psychiatric care forces, mostly in the Women’s Army Corps (WAC), two- system and were instrumental in reforms of the 1940s and thirds of whom were single and under the age of twenty- 1950s. five.[76] Women were recruited with posters showing mus- cular, short-haired women wearing tight-fitting tailored The view of homosexuality as the mark of a deviant mind uniforms.[76] Many lesbians joined the WAC to meet was not limited to the psychiatric wards of hospitals but other women and to do men’s work.[76][77] Few were re- also the courts. An extremely famous case was that of jected for lesbianism, and found that being strong or Alan Turing, a British mathematician and theoretician. 12 CHAPTER 1. HISTORY

During WWII, Turing worked at Bletchley Park and was had been closed for such violations, fought the case in one of the major architects of the Colossus computer, de- court and lost. Prior to this change in the law, the busi- signed to break the Enigma codes of the Nazi war ma- ness of running a gay bar had to involve paying bribes chine. For the success of this, he received the Order of to the police and Mafia. As soon as the law was altered, the British Empire in 1945.[88] Unfortunately, in spite of the SLA ceased closing legally licensed gay bars and such all his brilliance and the services rendered to his country, bars could no longer be prosecuted for serving gays and Turing was also openly homosexual and in the early 1950s lesbians. Mattachine pressed this advantage very quickly this fact came to the attention of the British government and Mayor Lindsay was confronted with the issue of po- when he was arrested under section 11 of an 1885 statute lice entrapment in gay bars, resulting in this practice be- of “gross indecency”.[89] At the time there was great fear ing stopped. On the heels of this victory, the mayor coop- that Turing’s sexuality could be exploited by Soviet spies, erated in getting questions about homosexuality removed and so he was sentenced to choosing between jail and in- from NYC hiring practices. The police and fire depart- jections of synthetic estrogen. The choice of the latter ments resisted the new policy, however, and refused to lead him to massive depression and committing suicide cooperate. The result of these changes in the law, com- at the age of 41, biting into a poisoned apple.[90] It is esti- bined with the open social- and sexual-attitudes of the mated that an additional 50-75,000 men were persecuted late Sixties, led to the increased visibility of gay life in under this law, with only partial repeal taking place in New York. Several licensed gay bars were in operation 1967 and the final measure of it in 2003.[91] in Greenwich Village and the Upper West Side, as well as illegal, unlicensed places serving alcohol, such as the Stonewall Inn and the Snakepit, both in Greenwich Vil- Stonewall riots lage. The Stonewall riots were a series of violent con- flicts between gay men, drag queens, transsexuals, and Main article: Stonewall riots butch lesbians against a police officer raid in New York City. The first night of rioting began on Friday, June 27, Although the June 28, 1969, Stonewall riots are generally 1969 at about 1:20 am, when police raided the Stonewall considered the starting point of the modern gay liberation Inn, a gay bar operating without a state license in Green- movement, a number of demonstrations and actions took wich Village. Stonewall is considered a turning point for place before that date. These actions, often organized the modern gay rights movement worldwide. Newspa- by local homophile organizations but sometimes spon- per coverage of the events was minor in the city, since, taneous, addressed concerns ranging from anti-gay dis- in the Sixties, huge marches and mass rioting had be- crimination in employment and public accommodations come commonplace and the Stonewall disturbances were to the exclusion of homosexuals from the United States relatively small. It was the commemorative march one military to police harassment to the treatment of homo- year later, organized by the impetus of Craig Rodwell, sexuals in revolutionary Cuba. The early actions have owner of the Oscar Wilde Book Shop, which drew 5,000 been credited with preparing the LGBT community for marchers up New York City’s Sixth Avenue, that drew Stonewall and contributing to the riots’ symbolic power. nationwide publicity and put the Stonewall events on the See: List of LGBT actions in the United States prior to the historical map and led to the modern-day pride marches. Stonewall riots A new period of liberalism in the late 1960s began a new era of more social acceptance for homosexuality which In the autumn of 1959, the police force of New York lasted until the late 1970s. In the 1970s, the popularity City’s Wagner administration began closing down the of disco music and its culture in many ways made society city’s gay bars, which had numbered almost two dozen more accepting of gays and lesbians. Late in 1979, a new in Manhattan at the beginning of the year. This crack- religious revival ushered in the conservatism that would down was largely the result of a sustained campaign by reign in the United States during the 1980s and made life the right-wing NY Mirror newspaper columnist Lee Mor- hard once again for LGBT people. timer. Existing gay bars were quickly closed and new ones lasted only a short time. The election of John Lind- say in 1965 signaled a major shift in city politics, and a new attitude toward sexual mores began changing the social atmosphere of New York. On April 21, 1966, Decriminalization of homosexuality (1961–2011) Dick Leitsch, president of the New York Mattachine So- ciety and two other members staged the Sip-in at Julius bar on West 10th Street in Greenwich Village. This re- The first US state to decriminalize homosexuality was sulted in the anti-gay accommodation rules of the NY Illinois in 1961.[92] It was not until 1969 that another State Liquor Authority being overturned in subsequent state would follow (Connecticut), but the 1970s and 80s court actions. These SLA provisions declared that it was saw the decriminalization throughout the majority of the illegal for homosexuals to congregate and be served al- United States. The 14 states that did not repeal these laws coholic beverages in bars. An example of when these until 2003 were forced to by the landmark United States laws had been upheld is in 1940 when Gloria’s, a bar that Supreme Court case Lawrence v. Texas. 1.1. LGBT HISTORY 13

1980s

The 1980s in LGBT history are marked with the emer- gence of HIV. During the early period of the outbreak of HIV, the epidemic of HIV was commonly linked to gay men. In the 1980s a renewed conservative movement spawned a new anti-gay movement in the United States, particu- larly with the help of the Religious Right (Evangelicals in particular). While it is a common belief within some • v circles of the LGBT community that Ronald Reagan and • George H.W. Bush were vehemently anti-gay, some oth- t ers believe that this is an extreme exaggeration. Ronald • e Reagan spoke up for gay equality as early as 1978, when Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse and freedom he came out against Proposition 6, a ballot initiative that of expression and association would have dismissed California teachers who “advo- Rings indicate areas where local judges have granted or denied cated” homosexuality, even off-campus. As President, he marriages or imposed the death penalty in a jurisdiction where allocated 5.727 Billion dollars from 1982 until 1989 for that is not otherwise the law or areas with a case-by-case AIDS research. Socially, the Reagans were well known application. for being tolerant of homosexual men. Robert G. Kaiser’s 1Some jurisdictions in this category may currently have other news story in the March 18, 1984, Washington Post. “The types of partnerships. Reagans are also tolerant about homosexual men,” Kaiser wrote. “Their interior decorator, Ted Graber, who over- saw the redecoration of the White House, spent a night in up contracts), many cannot, such as inheritance, hospi- the Reagans’ private White House quarters with his male tal visitation and immigration. Lack of legal recognition lover, Archie Case, when they came to Washington for also makes it more difficult for same-sex couples to adopt Nancy Reagan’s 60th birthday party — a fact confirmed children. for the press by Mrs. Reagan’s press secretary.”[93] How- ever, by the later part of the decade the general public The first country to legalize same-sex marriages was the started to show more sympathy and even tolerance for gay Netherlands (2001), while the first marriages were per- men as the toll for AIDS related deaths continued to rise formed in the Amsterdam city hall on April 1, 2001. to include heterosexuals as well as cultural icons such as As of August 2013, same-sex marriages are legal na- Rock Hudson and Liberace, who also died from the con- tionally in seventeen countries: the Netherlands (2001), dition. Also, despite the more conservative period, life in Belgium (2003), Spain and Canada (2005), South Africa general for gays and lesbians was considerably better in (2006), Norway and Sweden (2009), Portugal, Iceland contrast to the pre-Stonewall era. and Argentina (2010), Denmark (2012), Brazil, France, Uruguay, New Zealand (2013), United Kingdom (with- Testifying to improved conditions, a 1991 Wall Street out Northern Ireland) and Luxembourg (2014). In Journal survey found that homosexuals, in comparison Mexico, same-sex marriage is recognized in all states, but with average Americans, were three times more likely to performed only in Mexico City, where it became effec- be college graduates, three times more likely to hold pro- tive on March 4, 2010.[95][96] fessional or managerial positions, with average salaries $30,000 higher than the norm.[94] Same-sex marriage was effectively legalized in the United States on June 26, 2015 following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Obergefell v. Hodges.[97][98] Prior Same-sex marriage to Obergefell, lower court decisions, state legislation, and popular referendums had already legalized same-sex Main article: Same-sex marriage marriage to some degree in 38 out of 50 U.S. states, com- In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, there has been prising about 70% of the U.S. population. Federal ben- a growing movement in a number of countries to regard efits were previously extended to lawfully married same- marriage as a right which should be extended to same- sex couples following the Supreme Court’s June 2013 de- sex couples. Legal recognition of a marital union opens cision in United States v. Windsor. up a wide range of entitlements, including social secu- rity, taxation, inheritance and other benefits unavailable to couples unmarried in the eyes of the law. Restricting Student groups legal recognition to opposite-sex couples prevents same- sex couples from gaining access to the legal benefits of Main article: Gay–straight alliance marriage. Though certain rights can be replicated by le- gal means other than marriage (for example, by drawing- Since the mid-1970s students at high schools and uni- 14 CHAPTER 1. HISTORY

versities have organized LGBT groups, often called Gay- Weibes (1914). The Great Depression and the rise of Straight Alliances (GSAs) at their respective schools.[99] Nazism put a stop to most serious homosexual research. The groups form to provide support for LGBT students and to promote awareness of LGBT issues in the local community. In 1990, a student group named The Other 1950s and 1960s was founded by (העשירון האחר :Ten Percentile (Hebrew a group of teachers and students in the Hebrew University As part of the growth of the contemporary gay move- of Jerusalem, becoming the first LGBT organization in ment in Southern California, a number of historical ar- Jerusalem. Frequently, such groups have been banned or ticles made their way into such movement periodicals prohibited from meeting or receiving the same recogni- as The Ladder, Mattachine Review, and One Quarterly. tion as other student groups. For example, in September In France Aracadie under the editorship of Marc Daniel 2006, Touro University California briefly attempted to published a considerable amount of historical material. ban the school’s GSA, the Touro University Gay-Straight Almost without exception, university scholars were afraid Alliance. After student demonstrations and an outcry of to touch the subject. As a result, much of the work was support from the American Medical Student Association, done by autodidacts toiling under less than ideal condi- the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association and the Vallejo tions. Since most of this scholarship was done under City Council, Touro University retracted its revocation of movement auspices, it tended to reflect relevant concerns; the school’s GSA. The university went on to reaffirm its compiling a brief of injustices and biographical sketches commitment to non-discrimination based on sexual ori- of exemplary gay men and women of the past for exam- entation. ple. The atmosphere of the 1960s changed things. The sexual revolution made human sexuality an appropriate object Schools of research. A new emphasis on social and intellectual history appeared, stemming in large measure from the Several public schools have opened with a specific mis- group around the French periodical Annales. Although sion to create a “safe” place for LGBT students and al- several useful syntheses of the world history of homo- lies, including Harvey Milk High School in New York sexuality have appeared, much material, especially from City, and The Alliance School of Milwaukee. The So- Islam, China and other non-Western cultures has not yet cial Justice High School-Pride Campus is proposed for been properly studied and published, so that undoubtedly Chicago,[100] and a number of private schools have also these will be superseded.[103] identified as “gay friendly”, such as the Elisabeth Irwin High School in New York City. 1.1.7 See also In 2012, for the first time, two American school districts celebrated LGBT History Month; the Broward County • History of bisexuals school district in Florida signed a resolution in Septem- ber in support of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender • History of lesbians Americans, and later that year the Los Angeles school • district, America’s second-largest, also signed on.[101] List of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender firsts by year • Timeline of LGBT history 1.1.6 Historical study of homosexuality • ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives at the USC 19th century and early 20th century Libraries, Los Angeles • GLBT Historical Society, San Francisco When Heinrich Hoessli and K. H. Ulrichs began their pioneering homosexual scholarship in the late 19th cen- • IHLIA LGBT Heritage, Amsterdam tury, they found little in the way of comprehensive his- • torical data, except for material from ancient Greece Lesbian Herstory Archives, Brooklyn, NY [102] and Islam. Some other information was added by • June L. Mazer Lesbian Archives, West Hollywood, the English scholars Richard Burton and Havelock El- CA lis. In German Albert Moll published a volume contain- ing lists of famous homosexuals. By the end of the cen- • Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives, Toronto, tury, however, when the Berlin Scientific-Humanitarian Canada Committee was formed it was realised that a comprehen- • sive bibliographical search must be undertaken. The re- Schwules Museum, Berlin, Germany sults of this inquiry were incorporated into the volumes • Centrum Schwule Geschichte, Cologne, Germany of the Jahrbuch fur sexualle Zwischenstufen and Mag- nus_Hirschfeld’s Die Homoexualitat des Mannes und des • Leather Archives and Museum, Chicago 1.1. LGBT HISTORY 15

• Legal Precedent (2009), Right to change legal [14] "Two Spirit Terms in Tribal Languages" at NativeOut. Ac- names female to male and vice versa for people cessed 23 Sep 2015 transgender and intersex by the approval of the 2008 [15] "Two Spirit 101" at NativeOut: “The Two Spirit term was Constitution of Ecuador. adopted in 1990 at an indigenous lesbian and gay interna- • Jean-Nickolaus Tretter Collection in Gay, Lesbian, tional gathering to encourage the replacement of the term berdache, which means, 'passive partner in sodomy, boy Bisexual and Transgender Studies, Minneapolis, prostitute.'" Accessed 6 April 2016 MN [16] Pritchard, p. 181. • Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives, Melbourne, Australia [17] Gay Rights Or Wrongs: A Christian’s Guide to Homosex- ual Issues and Ministry, by Mike Mazzalonga, 1996, p.11

[18] The Nature Of Homosexuality, Erik Holland, page 334, 1.1.8 Notes 2004

[1] “LGBT History Month Resources”. Glsen.org. Retrieved [19] Greenberg, p. 126 2013-11-02. [20] The Nature Of Homosexuality, Erik Holland, page 468, [2] “Local Government Act 2003 (c. 26) – Statute Law 2004 Database”. Statutelaw.gov.uk. 2011-05-27. Retrieved 2013-11-02. [21] Nissinen, p. 25-27; Naphy, p. 19

[3] Local Government Act 1988 (c. 9), section 28. Accessed [22] The Nature Of Homosexuality, Erik Holland, page 465, July 1, 2006 on opsi.gov.uk. 2004 [23] Ed. Wayne Dynes, Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality, New [4] Murray, Stephen (ed.); Roscoe, Will (ed.) (1998). Boy York, 1990, pp216 Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homo- sexualities. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-312- [24] Ed. Wayne Dynes, Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality, New 23829-0. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= York, 1990, p218 (help) [25] “androphile.org”. androphile.org. Retrieved 2013-11-02. [5] Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (December 1970). Sexual Inver- sion among the Azande. American Anthropologist, New [26] “Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association, Inc”. Series, 72(6), 1428–1434. Galva108.org. Retrieved 2013-11-02.

[6] Thomas A Dowson, “Archaeologists, Feminists, and [27] Ed. Wayne Dynes, Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality, New Queers: sexual politics in the construction of the past”. York, 1990, p6352 In Pamela L. Geller, Miranda K. Stockett, eds., Feminist [28] El-Rouayheb, 2005. Op.cit. p.115 Anthropology: Past, Present, and Future, pp 89–102. Uni- versity of Pennsylvania Press 2006, ISBN 0-8122-3940-7 [29] Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, MacMillan Reference USA, 2004, p.316 [7] Wit and Humour in Ancient Egypt, Houliban, P [30] Percy, William A. (1996). Pederasty and Pedagogy in Ar- [8] Greenberg, David, The Construction of Homosexuality, chaic Greece. University of Illinois Press. p. 18. ISBN 0- 1988; Parkinson, R.B., 'Homosexual' Desire and Middle 252-06740-1. Retrieved 2009-09-18.; Rankin, H.D. Celts Kingdom Literature Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol. and the Classical World, p.55 81, 1995, p. 57-76; Montserrat, Dominic, Akhenaten: History, Fantasy, and Ancient Egypt, 2000. More details [31] Rankin, p. 55 at & [32] Rankin, p.78 [9] Steindorff, George (1904). Durch die Libysche Wuste Zur Amonoase. Leipsig: Velohgen and Klasing. p. 111. [33] Plato, Laws, 636D & 835E [34] (Boswell 1980) [10] De Porok, Count Byron (1936). In Quest of Lost Worlds. New York: Dutton. p. 64. [35] Vanggaard, Thorkil (1972). Phallos. A Symbol and its History in the Male World. New York: International Uni- [11] Cline, Walter (1936). Notes on the People of Siwa. versities Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8236-8192-1. Menasha, Wisconsin, USA: George Banta Publishing Co. p. 43. [36] Douglas Harper (2001). “Lesbian”. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-02-07. [12] Maugham, Robin (1950). Journey to Siwa. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 80. [37] Douglas Harper (2001). “Sapphic”. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-02-07. [13] Estrada, Gabriel S. 2011. "Two Spirits, Nádleeh, and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze.” American Indian Culture and Re- [38] Denys Page, Sappho and Alcaeus, Oxford UP, 1959, pp. search Journal 35(4):167-190. 142–146. 16 CHAPTER 1. HISTORY

[39] (Campbell 1982, p. xi–xii) [58] Rocke, Michael, (1996), Forbidden Friendships: Homo- sexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence, ISBN [40] Califia, Patrick (2003). Sex Changes The Politics of Trans- 978-0-19-512292-3 genderism. California: Cleis Press, Inc. ISDN 1-57344- 180-5 [59] Ruggiero, Guido, (1985), The Boundaries of Eros, ISBN 978-0-19-505696-9 [41] Benjamin, H. (1966). The Transsexual Phenomenon. New York: Julian Press. [60] Revenin, Homosexualité et prostitution masculines à Paris : 1870-1918, 102-103. [42] Evans, Arthur (1978). Witchcraft and the Gay Counter- culture. Boston: Fag Rag Books. [61] Edsall, Nicholas C., Towards Stonewall.Virginia UP. Pg. 127–152. 2003. [43] Conner, R. (1993). Blossom of Bone: Reclaiming the Connections between Homoeroticism and the Sacred. San [62] Edsall, Nicholas C., Towards Stonewall.Virginia UP. Pg. Francisco: Harper. 127–152. [63] Gunther, Scott (2009). “The Elastic Closet: A History [44] Rocke, Michael (1996). Forbidden Friendships: Homo- of Homosexuality in France, 1942–present” Book about sexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence. ISBN the history of homosexual movements in France (sam- 0-19-512292-5. ple chapter available online). Palgrave-Macmillan, 2009. [45] Ruggiero, Guido (1985). The Boundaries of Eros. ISBN ISBN 0-230-22105-X. 0-19-503465-1. [64] OSCAR WILDE PLAINTIFF:Cynicisms on Literature [46] Herdt, Gilbert H. (1984). Ritualized Homosexuality in and Manners in an English Court. MARQUIS OF Melanesia. University of California Press. pp. 128–136. QUEENSBERRY'S LIBEL The Writer Rarely Writes ISBN 0-520-08096-3. What He Believes Is True and Thinks that Self- Realization Is the End of Life.. (1895 April 4). New York [47] New Haven: Yale University Press (1980) Times (1857–1922),5. Retrieved February 1, 2010, from ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times [48] John Boswell page; “People with a History: An Online (1851–2006). Guide to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans* History " Fordham University; 1997. Retrieved January 16, 2010. [65] OSCAR WILDE IMPRISONED:Worse Than Failure Comes of His Suit for Vindication. QUEENSBERRY'S [49] Mathew Kuefler (2006). The Boswell Thesis: Essays on ACTION JUSTIFIED Jurors Decide in a Subsidiary Ver- Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality. Uni- dict that the Marquis’s Accusation Was Made for the Pub- versity of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-45741-3. lic Good. (1895 April 6). New York Times (1857– 1922),p. 5. Retrieved February 1, 2010, from ProQuest [50] Singlewomen in the European Past. University Pennsylva- Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851– nia Press. 1999. pp. 10–11, 128. 2006). (Document ID: 102453111). [51] G. Legman “The Guilt of the Templars” (New York: Ba- [66] EEdsall, Nicholas C., Towards Stonewall.Virginia UP. Pg. sic Books, 1966): 11. 69–84. 2003. [52] Crompton, Louis, Homosexuality and Civilization, Har- [67] Edsall, Nicholas C., Towards Stonewall.Virginia UP. Pg. vard University, 2003. Page 187 69–84. 2003. [53] John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homo- [68] Mucciaroni, Gary. Same Sex, Different Politics. Chicago sexuality (1980) p. 293. UP. Pg. 117–128. 2008 [54] Fone, Byrne R. S. (2000). Homophobia: a history. New [69] Roscoe, W. (1988) “The Zuni Man-Woman”, , Summer York: Metropolitan Books. ISBN 0-8050-4559-7. 1988, p.57. [55] R v Jacobs (1817) Russ & Ry 331 confirmed that buggery [70] Edsall, Nicholas C., Towards Stonewall.Virginia UP. Pg. related only to intercourse per anum by a man with a man 90–91. or woman or intercourse per anum or per vaginum by ei- ther a man or a woman with an animal. Other forms of [71] The song was written by Edgar Leslie (words) and James “unnatural intercourse” may amount to indecent assault or V. Monaco (music) and featured in Hugh J. Ward's pro- gross indecency, but do not constitute buggery. See gen- duction of the musical Lady Be Good. erally, Smith & Hogan, Criminal Law (10th ed), ISBN [72] Artists who recorded this song include: 1. Frank Har- 0-406-94801-1 ris (Irving Kaufman), (Columbia 569D,1/29/26) 2. Bill [56] Stephen J. Milner, At the Margins: Minority Groups in Meyerl & Gwen Farrar (UK, 1926) 3. Joy Boys (UK, Premodern Italy, Univ Of Minnesota Press, 2005, ISBN 1926) 4. Harry Reser’s Six Jumping Jacks (UK, 2/13/26) 0-8166-3820-9, p. 62. 5. Hotel Savoy Opheans (HMV 5027, UK, 1927, aka Savoy Havana Band) 6. Merrit Brunies & His Friar’s [57] Florentine proverb, ca. 1480. After Sabadino degli Ari- Inn Orchestra on Okeh 40593, 3/2/26. An exhibit of enti in Le Porretane.Michael Rocke, Forbidden friend- early-twentieth-century postcards depicting “Masculine ships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Women and Feminine Men” is available at: http://www. Florence, Oxford, 1996; p.87 outhistory.org/wiki/Main_Page 1.1. LGBT HISTORY 17

[73] A full reproduction of the original sheet music with the [88] http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18541715 complete lyrics (including the amusing cover sheet) can be found at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.mus-an6301650 [89] Leavitt, David (2007). The man who knew too much: Alan Turing and the invention of the computer. Phoenix. [74] Mann, William J., Wisecracker : the life and times of ISBN 978-0-7538-2200-5. William Haines, Hollywood’s first openly gay star. New York, N.Y., U.S.A. : Viking, 1998: 2–6. [90] http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/closeread/ 2011/08/alan-turings-apple.html [75] Mann, William J., Wisecracker : the life and times of William Haines, Hollywood’s first openly gay star. New [91] http://abovethelaw.com/2013/12/ York, N.Y., U.S.A. : Viking, 1998: 12–13, 80–83. the-mistake-behind-the-posthumous-pardon-of-alan-turing/

[76] Wolf, Sherry (2004). “The Roots of Gay Oppression: The [92] Mucciaroni, Gary. Same Sex, Different Politics. Chicago Second World War”. International Socialist Review (37). UP. Pg. 123. 2008 Retrieved 2007-08-22. [93] Murdock, Deroy (2012-06-22). “The Gay Left Lies about [77] Bérubé, Allan (1991). “Coming Out Under Fire: The His- Reagan — Again”. Nationalreview.com. Retrieved 2013- tory of Gay Men and Women in World War Two”. New 11-02. York: Plume. p. 30. Retrieved 2007-08-22. [94] “The Pleasure Principle: Sex, Backlash, and the Struggle [78] Bérubé, Allan (1991). “Coming Out Under Fire: The His- for Gay Freedom”, Michael Bronski. Macmillan, 2000. tory of Gay Men and Women in World War Two, photo ISBN 0-312-25287-0, ISBN 978-0-312-25287-8. p. 139 inserts.”. New York: Plume. p. photo inserts, 4. Re- trieved 2007-08-22. [95] Carlos Áviles Allende (August 10, 2010). “Ratifica corte, bodas gay, válidas en todo el país” (in Spanish). El Uni- [79] Dunkling, Leslie (1990). A Dictionary of Epithets and versal. Retrieved September 23, 2010. Terms of Address. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-00761- 0. Retrieved 2007-11-15. [96] Mónica Archundia (January 5, 2010). “La primera unión [80] Talbot, E.S.; Ellis, Havelock (1896). “A Case of Devel- gay, para marzo” (in Spanish). El Universal. Retrieved opmental Degenerative Insanity, with Sexual Inversion, January 5, 2010. Melancholia, Following Removal of Testicles, Attempted [97] Liptak, Adam. “Same-Sex Marriage Is a Right, Supreme Murder and Suicide”. Journal of Mental Science. 42: Court Rules, 5-4”. New York Times. Retrieved 26 June 341–44. doi:10.1192/bjp.42.177.340. 2015. [81] “Results of Castration in Sexual Abnormalities”. Urologic & Cutaneous Review. 33: 351. 1929. [98] “Obergefell et al. v. Hodges, Director, Ohio, Department of Health, et al.” (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Retrieved 26 [82] Kronemeyer, Robert (1980). Overcoming Homosexuality. June 2015. New York: Macmillan. pp. 81, 87. ISBN 0-02-566850- 1. In the 1950s and 1960s, lobotomies ... were adminis- [99] American Medical Student Association. September 13, tered promiscuously in the treatment of homosexuals. 2006: “Nation’s Medical Students Applaud California Os- teopathic Medical School’s Affirmation of Gay-Straight [83] Friedlander, Joseph; Banay, Ralph S. (1948). “Psy- Alliance.” chosis Following Lobotomy in a Case of Sexual Psy- chopathology; Report of a Case”. Archives of [100] “Chicago Proposes Gay-Friendly High School”. NPR. Neurology & Psychiatry. 59: 303–11, 315, 321. Retrieved 2013-11-02. doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1948.02300380031003. [101] “Two school districts recognize LGBT Month – In Amer- [84] “The Gentleman Degenerate. A Homosexualist’s Self- ica - CNN.com Blogs”. Inamerica.blogs.cnn.com. Re- Description and Self-Applied Title. Pudic Nerve Section trieved 2013-11-02. Fails Therapeutically”. Alienist & Neurologist. 25: 68–70. 1904. [102] Gay histories and cultures: an encyclopedia: Volume 2 of Encyclopedia of lesbian and gay histories and cultures, [85] Max, Louis William (1935). “Breaking Up a Homo- George E. Haggerty, Bonnie Zimmerman, ISBN 0-8153- sexual Fixation by the Condition Reaction Technique: 3354-4, ISBN 978-0-8153-3354-8, Taylor & Francis, A Case Study”. Psychological Bulletin. 32: 734. 2000, page 388. doi:10.1037/h0052493. [103] Ed. Wayne Dynes, Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality, New [86] Liebman, Samuel (1944). “Homosexuality, Transvestism, York, 1990, pp539-542 and Psychosis: Study of a Case Treated with Elec- troshock”. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 99: 945–57. doi:10.1097/00005053-194406000-00008. 1.1.9 References [87] Green, Jonathon (2006, page 549). Cassell’s Dictionary of Slang. Sterling Publishing, ISBN 0-304-36636-6. ISBN • Denina, Chris. “Gay Club Loses Touro OK.” 978-0-304-36636-1. Retrieved 2007-11-16. Vallejo Times-Herald September 9, 2006: A1 18 CHAPTER 1. HISTORY

1.1.10 Further reading 1.1.11 External links

• Boswell, John (1981). Christianity, Social Toler- • Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual history links at DMOZ ance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western • OutHistory.org Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago • A left-wing analysis of the history of LGBT poli- Press. ISBN 978-0226067117. tics and the state of the movement from International Socialism journal • Bullough, Vern L., et al., (ed.) Before Stonewall: Ac- • The Politics of Homosexuality resources tivists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Con- text. New York, London, Oxford: Harrington Park • “Out Of The Past” PBS Documentary On Gay Press, 2002. ISBN 978-1-56023-192-9 American History • BBC – United Kingdom Celebrates Gay History • Cante, Richard C. (March 2008). Gay Men and the Month Forms of Contemporary US Culture. London: Ash- gate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-7230-1. • GLBT Historical Society • • Chauncey, George. Gay New York: Gender, Culture, Homosexuality: Issues and Articles and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940. • Sources for the study of lesbian, gay, bi and trans New York: BasicBooks, 1994. history in Sheffield, UK Produced by Sheffield City Council’s Libraries and Archives • Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Homosex- uality. New York and London, Garland Publishing, • NYC Not Kansas: A personal history of gay life in 1990. ISBN 978-0-8240-6544-7 Manhattan 1959-2000 • Quist - Mobile app about LGBT history • Hinsch, Bret (1992). Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China. Oak- land: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520078697. 1.2 LGBT community

• Johansson, Warren and Percy, William A. Outing: “Gay community” redirects here. For other uses, see Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence. New York and LGBT culture § Gay male culture. London: Haworth Press, 1994. ISBN 978-1-56024- 419-6 The LGBT community or GLBT community, also referred to as the gay community, is a loosely de- • Leupp, Gary (1997). Male Colors: The Con- fined grouping of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender struction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan. (LGBT) and LGBT-supportive people, organizations, Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN and subcultures, united by a common culture and social 9780520209008. movements. These communities generally celebrate • Meeker, Martin. Contacts Desired: Gay and pride, diversity, individuality, and sexuality. LGBT ac- Lesbian Communications and Community, 1940s– tivists and sociologists see LGBT community-building 1970s. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. as a counterbalance to heterosexism, homophobia, biphobia, transphobia, sexualism, and conformist pres- • Parkinson, R. B. A Little Gay History: Desire and sures that exist in the larger society. The term gay pride is Diversity Across the World. London: British Mu- used to express the LGBT community’s identity and col- seum Press and New York: University of Columbia lective strength; gay pride parades provide both a prime Press 2013. example of the use and a demonstration of the general meaning of the term. The LGBT community is diverse • Stein, Marc, ed. Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bi- in political affiliation. Not all LGBT individuals consider sexual, and Transgendered History in America. 3 themselves part of an LGBT community. vols. New York: Charles Scribners’ Sons, 2003. Groups that may be considered part of the LGBT com- munity include gay villages, LGBT rights organizations, • Bronski, Michael (2012). A Queer History of the LGBT employee groups at companies, LGBT student United States. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0- groups in schools and universities, and LGBT-affirming 8070-4465-0. religious groups. • Downs, Jim (2016). Stand by Me: The Forgotten LGBT communities may organize themselves into, or History of Gay Liberation. Basic Books. ISBN 978- support, movements for civil rights promoting LGBT 0465032709. rights in various places around the world. 1.2. LGBT COMMUNITY 19

1.2.1 Symbols In the fall of 1995, the Human Rights Campaign adopted a logo (yellow equal sign on deep blue square) that has Main article: LGBT symbols become one of the most recognizable symbols of the les- bian, gay, bisexual and transgender community. The logo The gay community is frequently associated with certain can be spotted the world over and has become synony- symbols; especially the rainbow or rainbow flags. The mous with the fight for equal rights for LGBT people. Greek lambda symbol (“L” for liberation), triangles, rib- bons, and gender symbols are also used as “gay accep- 1.2.2 Human and legal rights tance” symbol. There are many types of flags to represent subdivisions in the gay community, but the most com- Main articles: LGBT rights by country or territory and monly recognized one is the rainbow flag. According to LGBT social movements Gilbert Baker, creator of the commonly known rainbow The LGBT community represented by a social compo- flag, each color represents a value in the community:

• pink = sexuality • red = life • orange = healing • yellow = the sun • green = nature • blue = art • indigo = harmony • violet = spirit

Later, pink and indigo were removed from the flag to lead to the present day flag which was first presented at the 1979 Pride Parade. Other flags include the Victory over AIDS flag, Leather Pride flag, and Bear Pride flag.[1] The lambda symbol was originally adopted by Gay Ac- Evan Wolfson of Freedom to Marry argued before the Supreme tivists Alliance of New York in 1970 after they broke Court in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale and founded the mod- away from the larger Gay Liberation Front. Lambda ern same-sex marriage movement. was chosen because people might confuse it for a col- lege symbol and not recognize it as a gay community nent of the global community that is believed by many, symbol unless one was actually involved in the commu- including heterosexual allies, to be underrepresented in nity. “Back in December of 1974, the lambda was offi- the area of civil rights. The current struggle of the gay cially declared the international symbol for gay and les- community has been largely brought about by globaliza- bian rights by the International Gay Rights Congress in tion. In the United States, World War II brought together Edinburgh, Scotland.”[1] many closeted rural men from around the nation and ex- posed them to more progressive attitudes in parts of Eu- The triangle became a symbol for the gay community af- rope. Upon returning home after the war, many of these ter the Holocaust. Not only did it represent Jews, but ho- men decided to band together in cities rather than re- mosexuals who were killed because of German law. Dur- turn to their small towns. Fledgling communities would ing the Holocaust, homosexuals were labeled with pink soon become political in the beginning of the gay rights triangles to distinguish between them, Jews, regular pris- movement, including monumental incidents at places like oners, and political prisoners. The black triangle is sim- Stonewall. Today, many large cities have gay and les- ilarly a symbol for females only to represent lesbian sis- bian community centers. Many universities and colleges terhood. across the world have support centers for LGBT stu- Gender symbols have a much longer list of variations of dents. The Human Rights Campaign,[2] Lambda Legal, homosexual or bisexual relationships which are clearly the Empowering Spirits Foundation,[3] and GLAAD[4] recognizable but may not be as popularly seen as the advocate for LGBT people on a wide range of issues in other symbols. Other symbols that relate to the gay com- the United States. There is also an International Lesbian munity or gay pride include the gay-teen suicide aware- and Gay Association. In 1947, when the United King- ness ribbon, AIDS awareness ribbon, labrys, and purple dom adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights rhinoceros. (UDHR), LGBT activists clung to its concept of equal, 20 CHAPTER 1. HISTORY

inalienable rights for all people, regardless of their race, European media. The community has been targeted by gender, or sexual orientation. The declaration does not marketers who view LGBT people as an untapped source specifically mention gay rights, but discusses equality and of discretionary income, as many couples have a dual in- freedom from discrimination.[5] come with no children. Despite this, lesbians and gay men are still often portrayed negatively in television, films, and other media. The gay community is constantly battling with this negative media and overcoming stereotypes. LGBT identified people look just like any other person so the media puts an image on the gay community to make it as visible as a difference in skin color. There is cur- rently a widespread ban of references in child-related en- tertainment, and when references do occur, they almost invariably generate controversy. In 1997, when Ameri- can comedian Ellen DeGeneres came out of the closet on her popular sitcom, many sponsors, such as the Wendy’s fast food chain, pulled their advertising.[6] Also, a portion of the media has attempted to make the gay community included and publicly accepted with television shows such as Will & Grace or Queer Eye for the Straight Guy. This increased publicity reflects with the Coming out move- ment of the LGBT community. As more celebrities came out, more shows developed, such as the 2004 show The L Word. In some pop culture, gays are purposely portrayed as overly promiscuous, flashy, or having a bold person- The headquarters of the Human Rights Campaign, one of the ality for entertainment’s sake. In the United States, gay largest gay rights organizations in the United States people are frequently used as a symbol of social deca- dence by celebrity evangelists and by organizations such as Focus on the Family. Many LGBT organizations exist Same-sex marriage to represent and defend the gay community. For exam- ple, the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation in Main article: Same-sex marriage the United States and Stonewall in the UK work with the media to help portray fair and accurate images of the gay In parts of the world, partnership rights or marriage have community. In the finale of The Legend of Korra, a chil- been extended to same-sex couples. Advocates of same- dren’s show, which premiered on 19 December 2014, it was shown that Korra, the female protagonist, was bisex- sex marriage cite a range of benefits that are denied to [7] people who cannot marry, including immigration, health ual, and that she had a girlfriend, Asami Sato. care, inheritance and property rights, and other fam- Much of the negative media that surrounds the gay com- ily obligations and protections, as reasons why marriage munity has to do with pride parades that turn into drag should be extended to same-sex couples. Opponents of shows or riots. Opposition argues that such degrees of same-sex marriage within the gay community argue that sexuality and nudity in public is not appropriate. News fighting to achieve these benefits by means of extend- stories have typically identified the opposition to these ing marriage rights to same-sex couples privatizes ben- demonstrations as led by Christian conservatives and not efits (e.g., health care) that should be made available to political figures.[8] people regardless of their relationship status. They fur- As companies are advertising more and more to the gay ther argue that the same-sex marriage movement within community, LGBT activists are using ad slogans to pro- the gay community discriminates against families that are mote gay community views. Subaru marketed its Forester composed of three or more intimate partners. Opposition and Outback with the slogan “It’s Not a Choice. It’s the to the same-sex marriage movement from within the gay Way We're Built” which was later used in eight U.S. cities community should not be confused with opposition from on streets or in gay rights events.[9] outside that community.

1.2.3 Media 1.2.4 Buying power

Main article: Media portrayal of LGBT people Main article: Pink money

The contemporary lesbian and gay community has a According to Witeck-Combs Communications, Inc. and growing and complex place in the American & Western Marketresearch.com, the 2006 buying power of U.S. gays 1.2. LGBT COMMUNITY 21

and lesbians was approximately $660 Billion and was Demographics then expected to exceed $835 Billion by 2011.[10] Head- lines later stated "'Gay Buying Power' to hit $2 Tril- In a survey conducted in 2012, younger Americans are lion by 2012”.[11] Gay consumers can be very loyal to more likely to identify as LGBT.[15] Statistics continue specific brands, wishing to support companies that sup- to decrease with age, as adults between ages 18–29 are port the gay community and also provide equal rights for three times more likely to identify as LGBT than seniors LGBT workers. In the UK, this buying power is some- older than 65.[15] These statistics for the LGBT commu- times abbreviated to “the pink pound". More and more nity are taken into account just as they are with other de- Fortune 500 companies are embracing LGBT/gay com- mographics, in order to find trend patterns for specific munity consumers to include “domestic partner benefits, products.[13] Consumers who identify as LGBT are more non-discrimination policies, and financial support for or- likely to regularly engage in various activities as opposed ganizations working to promote equality.”[11] to those who identify as heterosexual.[13] According to According to an article by James Hipps, LGBT Amer- Community Marketing, Inc., 90% of lesbians and 88% icans are more likely to seek out companies that adver- of gay men will dine out with friends regularly. And sim- tise to them and are willing to pay higher prices for pre- ilarly, 31% of lesbians and 50% of gay men will visit a [13] mium products and services. This can be attributed to the club or a bar. median household income compared from same-sex cou- And at home, the likelihood of LGBT women having ples to opposite-sex couples. "...studies show that GLBT children at home as non-LGBT women is equal.[15] How- Americans are twice as likely to have graduated from col- ever, LGBT men are half as likely when compared with lege, twice as likely to have an individual income over non-LGBT men to have children at home.[15] Household $60,000 and twice as likely to have a household income incomes for sixteen percent of LGBT Americans ranges of $250,000 or more.”[12] above $90,000 per year, in comparison with 21% of the overall adult population.[15] However, a key difference is that those who identify as LGBT have collectively fewer children in comparison to heterosexual partners.[13] An- other factor at hand, is that LGBT populations of color Consumerism continue to face income barriers along with the rest of the race issues, so they will expectedly earn less and not be as affluent as predicted.[13] Although many claim that the LGBT community is more affluent when compared to heterosexual consumers, re- An analysis of a Gallop survey shows detailed estimates search has proved that false.[13] However, the LGBT that - during the years 2012 through 2014 - the metropoli- community is still an important segment of consumer tan area with the highest percentage of LGBT community demographics because of the spending power and loy- is San Francisco, CA. The next highest are Portland, OR, [16] alty to brands that they have.[14] Witeck-Combs Com- and Austin, TX. munications calculated the adult LGBT buying power at $830 billion for 2013.[13] Same-sex partnered households spend slightly more than the average household on any Marketing given shopping trip.[15] But, they also make more shop- ping trips compared to non-LGBT households.[15] On av- Marketing towards the LGBT community was not always erage, the difference in spending with same-sex part- a strategy among advertisers. Over the course of the last nered households is 25% higher than the average U.S. three to four decades, Corporate America has created a household.[15] According to the University of Maryland market niche for the LGBT community. Three distinct gay male partners earn $10,000 less on average compared phases define the marketing turnover: 1) shunning in the to heterosexual men.[13] However, partnered lesbians re- 1980s, 2) curiosity and fear in the 1990s, and 3) pursuit ceive about $7,000 more a year than heterosexual mar- in the 2000s.[17] [13] ried women. Hence, same-sex partners and hetero- Just recently, marketers have picked up the LGBT de- sexual partners are about equal with respect to consumer [13] mographic. With a spike in same-sex marriage in 2014, affluence. marketers are figuring out new ways to tie in a person’s The LGBT community has been recognized for being one sexual orientation to a product being sold.[15] In efforts to of the largest consumers in travel. Travel includes annual attract members of the LGBT community to their prod- trips, and sometimes even multiple annual trips. Annu- ucts, market researchers are developing marketing meth- ally, the LGBT community spends around $65 billion on ods that reach these new families.[15] Advertising history travel, totaling to 10% of the U.S. travel market.[13] Many has shown that when marketing to the family, it was al- common travel factors play into LGBT travel decisions, ways the wife, the husband, and the children.[15] But to- but if there is a destination that is especially tailored to day, that is not necessarily the case. There could be fam- the LGBT community, then they are more likely to travel ilies of two fathers or two mothers with one child or six to those places.[13] children. Breaking away from the traditional family set- 22 CHAPTER 1. HISTORY

ting, marketing researchers notice the need to recognize ported higher rates of perceived discrimination than het- these different family configurations.[15] erosexuals in every category related to discrimination, [18] One area that marketers are subject to fall under is stereo- the team found. According to the Journal of Addic- typing the LGBT community. When marketing towards tion and Mental Health, around 600 people between the the community, they may corner their target audience into ages of 10 and 24 die each year from suicide and about 32% of these people are lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LAB) an “alternative” lifestyle category that ultimately “others” [19] the LGBT community.[15] Sensitivity is of importance youth. " However, while gay youth are considered when marketing towards the community. When market- to be at higher risk for suicide, a literature review pub- lished in the journal Adolescence states, “Being gay in- ing towards the LGBT community, advertisers respect the same boundaries. and-of-itself is not the cause of the increase in suicide.” Rather the review notes that the findings of previous stud- Marketers also refer to LGBT as a single characteristic ies suggested the,”...suicide attempts were significantly that makes an individual.[15] There are other areas that associated with psychosocial stressors, including gender can be targeted along with the LGBT segment such as nonconformity, early awareness of being gay, victimiza- race, age, culture, and income levels.[15] Having knowl- tion, lack of support, school dropout, family problems, edge of the consumer gives these marketers power. acquaintances’ suicide attempts, homelessness, substance Along with attempts to engage with the LGBT commu- abuse, and other psychiatric disorders. Some of these nity, researchers have found gender disagreements among stressors are also experienced by heterosexual adoles- products with respective consumers.[17] For instance, a cents, but they have been shown to be more prevalent [20] gay male may want a more feminine product, whereas among gay adolescents.” a lesbian female may be interested in a more masculine product. This does not hold true for the entire LGBT community, but the possibilities of these differences are 1.2.6 LGBT multiculturalism far greater.[17] In the past, gender was seen as fixed, and a congruent representation of an individual’s sex. It is General understood now that there is fluidity among sex and gen- der separately. Researchers also noted that when evalu- LGBT multiculturalism is the diversity within the LGBT ating products, a person’s biological sex is as equal of a (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) community as a rep- determinant as his or her own self-concept.[17] As a cus- resentation of different sexual orientations, gender iden- tomer response, when the advertisement is directed to- tities—as well as different ethnic, language, religious wards them, gay men and women are more likely to have groups within the LGBT community. At the same time interest in the product.[14] This is an important factor and as LGBT and multiculturalism relation, we may consider goal for marketers because it indicates future loyalty to the inclusion of LGBT community into a larger multicul- [21] the product or brand.[14] tural model, as for example in universities, such mul- ticultural model includes the LGBT community together and equal representation with other large minority groups 1.2.5 Health such as African Americans in the United States. The two movements have much in common politically. Main article: LGBT topics in medicine Both are concerned with tolerance for real differences, diversity, minority status, and the invalidity of value judg- ments applied to different ways of life.[22][23]

Discrimination and mental health Researchers have identified the emergence of gay and les- bian communities during several progressive time periods See also: Discrimination against homosexuals across the world including: the Renaissance, Enlighten- ment, and modern Westernization.[24] Depending on geo- graphic location, some of these communities experienced In a 2001 study that examined possible root causes more opposition to their existence than others; nonethe- of mental disorders in lesbian, gay and bisexual peo- less, they began to permeate society both socially and ple, Cochran and psychologist Vickie M. Mays, of the politically.[24] University of California, explored whether ongoing dis- crimination fuels anxiety, depression and other stress- related mental health problems among LGB people.[18] European cities past and present The authors found strong evidence of a relationship be- tween the two.[18] The team compared how 74 LGB and City spaces in Early Modern Europe were host to a wealth 2,844 heterosexual respondents rated lifetime and daily of gay activity; however, these scenes remained semi- experiences with discrimination such as not being hired secretive for a long period of time.[24] Dating back to the for a job or being denied a bank loan, as well as feel- 1500s, city conditions such as apprenticeship labor rela- ings of perceived discrimination.[18] LGB respondents re- tions and living arrangements, abundant student and artist 1.2. LGBT COMMUNITY 23

activity, and hegemonic norms surrounding female soci- landmarks, this urban spot was an oasis of hope- etal status were typical in Venice and Florence, Italy.[24] fulness. Home to the first openly gay elected of- Under these circumstances, many open minded young ficial Harvey Milk and the legendary Castro The- people were attracted to these city settings.[24] Conse- ater, this cityscape remains iconic to the LGBT quently, an abundance of same-sex interactions began to community.[26] take place.[24] Many of the connections formed then often led to the occurrence of casual romantic and sexual rela- Cambridge City Hall, Massachusetts - site of the first tionships, the prevalence of which increased quite rapidly same-sex marriage in U.S. history in 2004 over time until a point at which they became a subculture [24] and community of their own. • In the years following this event, attempts by re- Since the 1700s, Paris has been known as a gay capital.[24] ligious groups in the area to ban it have been Literature and ballroom culture gradually made their way stifled and many more states have joined the onto the scene and became integrated despite transgres- Commonwealth.[26] sive societal views.[24] Perhaps the most well-known of these are the balls of Magic-City. Amsterdam and Lon- During and following these events, LGBT community don have also been recognized as leading locations for subculture began to grow and stabilize into a nationwide LGBT community establishment.[24] By the 1950s, these phenomenon.[27] Gay bars became more and more pop- urban spaces were booming with gay venues such as ular in large cities.[27] For gays particularly, increasing bars and public saunas where community members could numbers of cruising areas, public bath houses, and YM- come together.[24] Paris and London were particularly at- CAs in these urban spaces continued to welcome them tracting to the lesbian population as platforms for not only to experience a more liberated way of living.[27] For les- socialization, but education as well.[24] A few other urban bians, this led to the formation of literary societies, pri- occasions that are important to the LGBT community in- vate social clubs, and same-sex housing.[27] The core of clude Carnival in Rio de Jeneiro, Brazil, Mardi Gras in this community-building took place in New York City Sydney, Australia, as well as the various other pride pa- and San Francisco, but cities like St. Louis, Lafayette rades hosted in bigger cities around the world.[24] Park in WA, and Chicago quickly followed suit.[27]

Urban spaces in America City

In the same way in which LGBTs used the city backdrop Cities afford a host of prime conditions that allow for to join together socially, they were able to join forces po- better individual development as well as collective move- litically as well. This new sense of collectivity provided ment that are not otherwise available in rural spaces.[25] somewhat of a safety net for individuals when voicing First and foremost, urban landscapes offer LGBTs better their demands for equal rights.[25] In the United States prospects to meet other LGBTs and form networks and specifically, several key political events have taken place relationships.[25] One ideal platform within this frame- in urban contexts. Some of these include, but are not lim- work was the free labor market of many capitalistic soci- ited to: eties which enticed people to break away from their often damaging traditional nuclear families in order to pursue Independence Hall, Philadelphia - gay and lesbian employment in bigger cities.[27] Making the move to these protest movement in 1965 spaces afforded them new liberty in the realms of sexu- ality, identity, and also kinship.[25] Some researchers de- • Activists led by Barbara Gittings started some of the scribe this as a phase of resistance against the confining first picket lines here. These protests continued on expectations of normativity.[25] Urban LGBTs demon- and off until 1969.[26] strated this push back through various outlets includ- ing their style of dress, the way they talked and carried The Stonewall Inn, New York City - birthplace of the themselves, and how they chose to build community.[25] modern gay rights movement in 1969 From a social science perspective, the relationship be- tween the city and LGBT community is not a one-way • For the first time, a group of gay men and drag street. LGBTs give back as much, if not more, in terms queens fought back against police during a raid on of economic contributions (i.e. "pink money"), activism this small bar in Greenwich Village. The place is and politics too.[24] now a national historic landmark.[26]

Castro Street, San Francisco - mecca for LGBTQ folks Concerns since the 1970s Peter Tatchell has described sharia as "a clerical form of • Almost of equal importance as Christopher Street fascism"[28] on the grounds that it opposes democracy and (site of Stonewall Riot) when it comes to historic human rights, especially for women and gay people. He 24 CHAPTER 1. HISTORY was the keynote speaker at a 2005 protest at the Canadian [11] “The Raw Story. Yahoo. June 26, 2006”. Rawstory.com. High Commission over Ontario's arbitration law, which 2006-06-26. Retrieved 2013-12-05. already permitted religious arbitration in civil cases for [12] Hipps, James (24 August 2008). “The Power of Gay: Jews and Christians, being extended to Muslims. Tatchell Buying Power That Is”. gayagenda.com. Archived from argued there should be no separate systems of arbitra- the original on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2015. tion for any religion.[29] In 1995, he wrote that “although not all Muslims are anti-gay, significant numbers are vi- [13] Miller, Richard K. and Kelli Washington. 2014. "PART olently homophobic Muslim voters may be able to influ- IX: SEGMENTATION: Chapter 60: GAY & LESBIAN ence the outcome of elections in 20 or more marginal CONSUMERS.” Consumer Behavior. 326-333. [30] constituencies.” [14] Um, Nam-Hyun. 2012. "Seeking the holy grail through On June 12, 2016, an attacker named Omar Mateen gay and lesbian consumers: An exploratory content anal- killed 49 gay people at an Orlando night club, resulting ysis of ads with gay/lesbian-specific content.” Journal of in the deadliest massacre in the United States and one of Marketing Communications, 18. (2). 17p. [31] the worst terrorist attacks. [15] Soat, Molly. 2013. "Demographics in the Modern Day.” Marketing News, 47 (9). 1p.

1.2.7 See also [16] Gallup, Inc. “San Francisco Metro Area Ranks Highest in LGBT Percentage”. Gallup.com. • Bisexual community [17] Oakenfull, Gillian. 2012. "Gay Consumers and Brand • Gay friendly Usage: The Gender-Flexing Role of Gay Identities.” Psy- chology and Marketing, 29. (12). 12p. • LGBT culture [18] Mental Health Correlates of Perceived Discrimination • LGBT history Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults in the United States by Vickie M. Mays, University of California, Los • LGBT symbols Angeles. Susan D. Cochran, Department of Epidemi- • ology, University of California, Los Angeles, School of List of gay villages Public Health. November 2001, Vol 91, No. 11 | Ameri- • Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures can Journal of Public Health 1869–1876 • Transgender [19] Journal Of Addiction and Mental Health Surveys Gay Teen Discrimination And Suicide. National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality. Jan. 14, 1.2.8 References 2004. [20] Kitts, R. Adolescence. Gay adolescents and suicide: un- [1] “Symbols of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender derstanding the association. Adolescence, 40(159), 621- Movements.”. Lambda.org. Archived from the original 628. 2005. on 4 December 2004. Retrieved 26 December 2004. [21] LGBT Affairs, University of Florida [2] “What We Do”. HRC. Retrieved 2013-12-05. [22] John Corvino, “The Race Analogy”, The Huffington Post, [3] “Wiser Earth Organizations: Empowering Spirits Foun- accessed Saturday 11 April 2015, 10:39 (GMT) dation”. Wiserearth.org. Retrieved 2013-12-05. [23] Craig J. Konnoth, “Created in Its Image: The Race [4] GLAAD: “About GLAAD” Archived April 26, 2009, at Analogy, Gay Identity, and Gay Litigation in the 1950s- the Wayback Machine. 1970s”, The Yale Law Journal accessed Saturday 11 April [5] Amnesty International USA. Human Rights and the 2015, 10:45 (GMT) Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Peo- [24] Aldrich, R. (2004). Homosexuality and the city: an ple. 2009. historical overview. Urban Studies (Routledge), 41(9), [6] Gomestic. 2009. Stanza Ltd 1719-1737. doi:10.1080/0042098042000243129

[7] Trendacosta, Katharlne (22 December 2014). "Legend of [25] Doderer, Y. P. (2011). LGBTQs in the City, Queering Korra Creators Confirm that Korrasami Is Canon”. io9. Urban Space. International Journal Of Urban & Regional Retrieved 6 January 2015. Research, 35(2), 431-436. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427. 2010.01030.x [8] “Irish News”. irishnews.com. [26] Polly, J. (2009). Top 10 Historic Gay Places in the U.S. [9] Fetto, John. In Broad Daylight – Marketing to the gay Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide, 16(4), 14-16. community – Brief Article. BNet. Feb. 2001. [27] D'Emilio, J. (1998). CHAPTER 13: Capitalism and Gay [10] PRNewswire. “Buying Power of US Gays and Lesbians Identity. In , Culture, Society & Sexuality (pp. 239-247). to Exceed $835 Billion by 2011”. January 25, 2007 Taylor & Francis Ltd / Books. 1.2. LGBT COMMUNITY 25

[28] “Lifelong crusader for gay rights”. irishtimes.com. The Irish Times. 25 July 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2015.

[29] OutRage! press release

[30] Tatchell, Peter (1 October 1995). “Islamic Fundamen- talism In Britain”. www.petertatchell.net. Retrieved 1 February 2008.

[31] Ellis, Ralph; Fantz, Ashley; Karimi, Faith; McLaughlin, Eliott (June 13, 2016). “Huge Massacre in Orlando Night- club”. CNN.com. Retrieved June 15, 2016.

1.2.9 Further reading

• Murphy, Timothy F., Reader’s Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies, 2000. Partial view at google books (African American LGBT community, and also its relation to art) Chapter 2

Your Sexuality

2.1 Coming out 2.1.1 History

Further information: Timeline of LGBT history In 1869, one hundred years before the Stonewall riots, For other uses, see Coming out (disambiguation).

Coming out of the closet, or simply coming out, is a figure of speech for (LGBT+) people’s self-disclosure of their sexual orientation and/or gender identity. The term coming out can also be used in various non-LGBT appli- cations (e.g. atheists). Framed and debated as a privacy issue, coming out of the closet is described and experienced variously as a psy- chological process or journey;[1] decision-making or risk- taking; a strategy or plan; a mass or public event; a speech act and a matter of personal identity; a rite of passage; liberation or emancipation from oppression; an ordeal;[2] a means toward feeling gay pride instead of shame and social stigma; or even career suicide.[3] Author Steven Seidman writes that “it is the power of the closet to shape the core of an individual’s life that has made homosexual- ity into a significant personal, social, and political drama in twentieth-century America.”[4] American gender theorist Judith Butler argues that the process of “coming out” does not free gay people from oppression. Although they may feel free to act as themselves, the opacity involved in entering a non- heterosexual territory insinuates judgment upon their 19th-century gay rights advocate Karl Heinrich Ulrichs intro- identity, she argues in Imitation and Gender Insubordi- duced the idea of coming out as a means of emancipation. nation (1991). Coming out of the closet is the source of other gay the German homosexual rights advocate Karl Heinrich slang expressions related to voluntary disclosure or lack Ulrichs introduced the idea of self-disclosure as a means thereof. LGBT people who have already revealed or of emancipation. Claiming that invisibility was a ma- no longer conceal their sexual orientation and/or gender jor obstacle toward changing public opinion, he urged identity are out, i.e. openly LGBT. Oppositely, LGBT homosexual people to reveal their same-sex attractions. people who have yet to come out or have opted not to do In his 1906 work, Das Sexualleben unserer Zeit in seinen so are labelled as closeted or being in the closet. Outing Beziehungen zur modernen Kultur (The Sexual Life of Our is the deliberate or accidental disclosure of an LGBT per- Time in its Relation to Modern Civilization),[6] Iwan Bloch, son’s sexual orientation or gender identity, without their a German-Jewish physician, entreated elderly homosexu- consent. By extension, outing oneself is self-disclosure. als to self-disclose to their family members and acquain- Glass closet means the open secret of when public fig- tances. In 1914, Magnus Hirschfeld revisited the topic in ures’ being LGBT is considered a widely accepted fact his major work The Homosexuality of Men and Women, even though they have not officially come out.[5] discussing the social and legal potentials of several thou-

26 2.1. COMING OUT 27

sand homosexual men and women of rank revealing their gay world, a world neither so small, nor so iso- sexual orientation to the police in order to influence leg- lated, nor... so hidden as closet implies[11] islators and public opinion.[7] The first prominent American to reveal his homosexual- In fact, as Elizabeth Kennedy observes, “using the term ity was the poet Robert Duncan. In 1944, using his own 'closet' to refer to” previous times such as “the 1920s and name in the anarchist magazine Politics, he wrote that ho- 1930s might be anachronistic.”[12] [8] mosexuals were an oppressed minority. The decidedly An article on coming out[13] in the online encyclopedia clandestine Mattachine Society, founded by Harry Hay glbtq.com states that sexologist Dr. Evelyn Hooker's ob- and other veterans of the Wallace for President campaign servations introduced the use of “coming out” to the aca- in Los Angeles in 1950, moved into the public eye after demic community in the 1950s. The article continues by Hal Call took over the group in San Francisco in 1953, echoing Chauncey’s observation that a subsequent shift with many gays emerging from the closet. in connotation occurred later on. The pre-1950s focus In 1951, Donald Webster Cory[9][10] published his land- was on entrance into “a new world of hope and commu- mark The Homosexual in America, exclaiming, “Society nal solidarity” whereas the post-Stonewall Riots overtone has handed me a mask to wear...Everywhere I go, at all was an exit from the oppression of the closet.[13] This times and before all sections of society, I pretend.” Cory change in focus suggests that “coming out of the closet" is was a pseudonym, but his frank and openly subjective de- a mixed metaphor that joins “coming out” with the closet scriptions served as a stimulus to the emerging homosex- metaphor: an evolution of "skeleton in the closet" specif- ual self-awareness and the nascent homophile movement. ically referring to living a life of denial and secrecy by concealing one’s sexual orientation. The closet metaphor, In the 1960s, Frank Kameny came to the forefront of the in turn, is extended to the forces and pressures of hetero- struggle. Having been fired from his job as an astronomer sexist society and its institutions. for the Army Map service in 1957 for homosexual be- havior, Kameny refused to go quietly. He openly fought his dismissal, eventually appealing it all the way to the 2.1.3 Closeted U.S. Supreme Court. As a vocal leader of the growing movement, Kameny argued for unapologetic public ac- Being closeted or in the closet means being aware of tions. The cornerstone of his conviction was that, “we one’s lesbian, gay or bisexual orientation or true gender must instill in the homosexual community a sense of identity yet averse to revealing it because of various per- worth to the individual homosexual,” which could only sonal or social motivations. It can also include denial or be achieved through campaigns openly led by homosexu- refusal to identify as LGBT. Overall, most reasons not als themselves. With the spread of consciousness rais- to come out stem from homophobia and heterosexism, ing (CR) in the late 1960s, coming out became a key which marginalize LGBT people as a group. strategy of the gay liberation movement to raise political consciousness to counter heterosexism and homophobia. On a personal level, there are internal conflicts involv- At the same time and continuing into the 1980s, gay ing religious beliefs, upbringing, and internalized homo- and lesbian social support discussion groups, some of phobia in addition to feelings of fear and isolation. Also, which were called “coming-out groups,” focused on shar- there are potential negative social, legal, and economic ing coming-out “stories” (experiences) with the goal of consequences such as disputes with family and peers, job reducing isolation and increasing LGBT visibility and discrimination, financial losses, violence, blackmail, legal pride. actions, restrictions on having or adopting children, crim- inalization, or in some countries even capital punishment. Given the number of unpleasant, harmful or even fatal 2.1.2 Sociolinguistic origin consequences of coming out in world societies, it is ques- tionable to call being closeted a bad choice. As a strategy, The present-day expression “coming out” is understood to remaining closeted is the result of various goals to mini- have originated in the early 20th century from an analogy mize potential loss and harm or to increase social standing that likens homosexuals’ introduction into gay subculture and putative wealth not just for average people but also to a débutante's coming-out party. This is a celebration for social figures such as entertainers, athletes, pastors[14] for a young upper-class woman who is making her début and political leaders. – her formal presentation to society – because she has reached adult age or has become eligible for marriage. As historian George Chauncey points out: 2.1.4 Identity issues

Gay people in the pre-war years [pre- See also: Identity (social science) and Personal identity WWI]... did not speak of coming out of what we call the gay closet but rather of coming out When coming out is described as a gradual process or a into what they called homosexual society or the journey,[1] it is meant to include becoming aware of and 28 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY acknowledging one’s same-sex desires or gender identity. Transgender, transsexual, and intersex communities This preliminary stage, which involves soul-searching or a personal epiphany,[15] is often called “coming out to one- LGBT people tend to share a feeling of relief that coming self” and constitutes the start of self-acceptance. Many out can provide. However, the act of coming out differs LGBT people say that this stage began for them during for transgender, transsexual, and intersex people in some adolescence or childhood, when they first became aware fundamental ways: of their sexual orientation toward members of the same sex. Coming out has also been described as a process 1. By coming out, trans and intersex people disclose because of a recurring need or desire to come out in their gender identity and, if applicable, their de- new situations in which LGBT people are assumed to be cision to transition to the gender role with which heterosexual or cisgender, such as at a new job or with they more closely identify. However, in many cases, new acquaintances. As Diana Fuss (1991) explains, “the coming out for intersex people does not involve gen- problem of course with the inside/outside rhetoric...is that der identity. For trans people, the transition is to a such polemics disguise the fact that most of us are both different gender role than that assigned at birth and inside and outside at the same time.” for intersex people, to the fact that they were born intersex. 2. Coming out is a pre-requisite to transitioning par- ticularly if the transition later includes undergoing LGBT identity development sex-reassignment surgery. 3. For some trans people who pass and are mistaken Main article: Sexual identity § Models of sexual identity for being cisgender, coming out occults important development parts of their full sense of identity or their complete gender history. Every coming out story is the person trying to come to 4. Conversely, coming out can be viewed as inauthen- terms with who they are and their sexual orientation.[16] tic or as a self-betrayal for some trans and intersex Several models have been created to describe coming people who have chosen to live in stealth because out as a process for gay and lesbian identity develop- the disclosure is at odds with their true gender or in ment, e.g. Dank, 1971; Cass, 1984; Coleman, 1989; the case of being intersex, the fact they were born Troiden, 1989. Of these models, the most widely ac- intersex. cepted is the Cass identity model established by Vivi- enne Cass.{{[17]}} This model outlines six discrete stages 5. When trans or intersex people come out, it impacts transited by individuals who successfully come out: iden- how they label their sexual orientation and how they tity confusion, identity comparison, identity tolerance, interact with communities to which they feel they identity acceptance, identity pride, and identity synthe- belong or in the case of intersex, the label other com- sis. However, not every LGBT person follows such a munities attach to them. model. For example, some LGBT youth become aware of and accept their same-sex desires or gender identity at 6. Backlashes or other negative reactions to a trans puberty in a way similar to which heterosexual teens be- person’s coming out are caused by transphobia come aware of their sexuality, i.e. free of any notion of and sexism, with additional homophobia and difference, stigma or shame in terms of the gender of the heterosexism in some cases. people to whom they are attracted. Regardless of whether 7. Backlashes or other negative reactions to an inter- LGBT youth develop their identity based on a model, the sex person’s coming out are caused by internalized typical age at which youth in the United States come out hatreds that threaten people’s sense of self, identity, has been dropping. High school students and even middle and worldview. Denial that some people were born [18][19][20] school students are coming out. with a mix of female and male anatomy and/or chro- Emerging research suggests that gay men from religious mosomes is also a factor. backgrounds are likely to come out online via Facebook and Blogs as it offers a protective interpersonal distance. This largely contradicts the growing movement in social 2.1.5 Legal issues media research indicating that online use, particularly Facebook, can lead to negative mental health outcomes Further information: LGBT rights by country or territory such as increased levels of anxiety. While further re- search is needed to assess whether these results generalize In areas of the world where homosexual acts are penal- to a larger sample, these recent findings open the door to ized or prohibited, gay men, lesbians, and bisexual people the possibility that gay men’s online experiences may dif- can suffer negative legal consequences for coming out. In fer from heterosexuals’ in that it may be more likely to particular, where homosexuality is a crime, coming out provide mental health benefits than consequences.[21] may constitute self-incriminating evidence. 2.1. COMING OUT 29

2.1.6 Effects equally by both the recipient and the individual coming out.[30] In the early stages of the lesbian, gay or bisexual iden- tity development process, people feel confused and ex- 2.1.7 In/out metaphors perience turmoil. In 1993, Michelangelo Signorile wrote Queer in America, in which he explored the harm caused Dichotomy both to a closeted person and to society in general by be- ing closeted.[22] The closet narrative sets up an implicit dualism between Because LGBT people have historically been marginal- being “in” or being “out” wherein those who are “in” are ized as sexual minorities, coming out of the closet often stigmatized as living false, unhappy lives.[31] Like- remains a challenge for most of the world’s LGBT wise, philosopher and critical analyst Judith Butler (1991) population and can lead to a backlash of heterosexist states that the in/out metaphor creates a binary opposition discrimination and homophobic violence. which pretends that the closet is dark, marginal, and false On the personal and relationship levels, effects of not and that being out in the “light of illumination” reveals a coming out have been the subject of studies. For exam- true (or essential) identity. Nonetheless, Butler is willing ple, it has been found that same-sex couples who have to appear at events as a lesbian and maintains that, “it is not come out are not as satisfied in their relationships possible to argue that...there remains a political impera- as same-sex couples who have.[23] Findings from another tive to use these necessary errors or category mistakes...to study indicate that the fewer people know about a les- rally and represent an oppressed political constituency.” bian’s sexual orientation, the more anxiety, less positive affectivity, and lower self-esteem she has.[24] Further, Criticisms Gay.com states that closeted individuals are reported to be at increased risk for suicide.[25] In addition Diana Fuss (1991) explains, “the problem Depending on the relational bond between parents and of course with the inside/outside rhetoric...is that such children, a child coming out as lesbian, gay, bisexual polemics disguise the fact that most of us are both in- or transgender can be positive or negative. Strong, lov- side and outside at the same time.” Further, “To be out, ing relationships between children and their parents may in common gay parlance, is precisely to be no longer be strengthened but if a relationship is already strained, out; to be out is to be finally outside of exteriority and those relationships may be further damaged or destroyed all the exclusions and deprivations such outsiderhood im- by the child coming out.[26] If people coming out are ac- poses. Or, put another way, to be out is really to be in-- cepted by their parents, this allows open discussions of inside the realm of the visible, the speakable, the cultur- dating and relationships and allows parents to help their ally intelligible.” In other words, coming out constructs children with coping with discrimination and to make the closet it supposedly destroys and the self it suppos- healthier decisions regarding HIV/AIDS.[27] edly reveals, “the first appearance of the homosexual as a A number of studies have been done on the effect of peo- 'species’ rather than a 'temporary aberration' also marks ple coming out to their parents. A 1989 report by Robin- the moment of the homosexual’s disappearance--into the son et al. of parents of out gay and lesbian children found closet.” that 21% of fathers and 28% of mothers had suspected Furthermore, Seidman, Meeks, and Traschen (1999) ar- that their child was gay or lesbian, largely based on gen- gue that “the closet” may be becoming an antiquated der atypical behaviour during childhood. The 1989 study metaphor in the lives of modern-day Americans for two found that two-thirds of parents reacted negatively.[28] A reasons. 1995 study (that used young people’s reactions) found that half of the mothers of gay or bisexual male col- 1. Homosexuality is becoming increasingly normalized lege students “responded with disbelief, denial or nega- and the shame and secrecy often associated with it tive comments” while fathers reacted slightly better. 18% appears to be in decline. of parents reacted “with acts of intolerance, attempts to convert the child to heterosexuality, and verbal threats to [29] 2. The metaphor of the closet hinges upon the notion cut off financial or emotional support”. that stigma management is a way of life. How- Jimmie Manning performed a study in 2015 on positive ever, stigma management may actually be increas- and negative behavior performed during the coming out ingly done situationally. conversation. During his study he learned that almost all of his participants would only attribute negative behaviors with themselves during the coming out conversations and 2.1.8 National Coming Out Day positive behaviors with the recipient of the conversation. Manning suggests further research into this to figure out Main article: National Coming Out Day a way for positive behaviors to be seen and performed 30 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

Observed annually on October 11,[32] by members of was former NFL running back David Kopay, who played the LGBT communities and their straight allies, National for five teams (San Francisco, Detroit, Washington, New Coming Out Day is a civil awareness day for coming Orleans and Green Bay) between 1964 and 1972. He out and discussing LGBT issues among the general pop- came out in 1975 in an interview in the Washington ulace in an effort to give a familiar face to the LGBT Star.[36] The first professional athlete to come out while rights movement. This day was the inspiration for hold- still playing was Czech-American professional tennis ing LGBT History Month in the United States in Oc- player Martina Navratilova, who came out as a les- tober. The day was founded in 1988, by Dr. Robert bian during an interview with The New York Times in Eichberg, his partner William Gamble, and Jean O'Leary 1981.[36] English footballer Justin Fashanu came out in to celebrate the Second National March on Washington 1990 and was subject to homophobic taunts from specta- for Lesbian and Gay Rights one year earlier, in which tors, opponents and teammates for the rest of his career. 500,000 people marched on Washington, DC, United In 1995 while at the peak of his playing career, Ian States, for gay and lesbian equality. In the United States, Roberts became the first high-profile Australian sports the Human Rights Campaign manages the event under person and first rugby footballer in the world to come out the National Coming Out Project, offering resources to to the public as gay.[37] John Amaechi, who played in the LGBT individuals, couples, parents, and children, as well NBA with the Utah Jazz, Orlando Magic and Cleveland as straight friends and relatives, to promote awareness of Cavaliers (as well as internationally with Panathinaikos LGBT families living honest and open lives. Candace BC of the Greek Basketball League and Kinder Bologna Gingrich became the spokesperson for the day in April of the Italian Basketball League), came out in February 1995. Although still named "National Coming Out Day”, 2007 on ESPN's Outside the Lines program. He also re- it is observed in Canada, Germany, The Netherlands, and leased a book Man in the Middle, published by ESPN Switzerland also on October 11, and in Britain on 12 Oc- Books (ISBN 1-933060-19-0) which talks about his pro- tober. To celebrate National Coming Out Day on Octo- fessional and personal life as a closeted basketball player. ber 11, 2002, Human Rights Campaign released an al- He was the first NBA player (former or current) to come bum bearing the same title as that year’s theme: Being out. Out Rocks. Participating artists include Kevin Aviance, Janis Ian, k.d. lang, Cyndi Lauper, Sarah McLachlan, The first Irish county GAA player to come out while still and Rufus Wainwright. playing was hurler Dónal Óg Cusack in October 2009 in previews of his autobiography.[38] Gareth Thomas, who played international rugby union and rugby league for 2.1.9 Media Wales, came out in a Daily Mail interview in December 2009 near the end of his career.[39] Highly publicized coming-outs In 2013, basketball player Jason Collins (a member of the Washington Wizards) came out as gay, becoming the first Government officials and political candidates In active male professional athlete in a major North Ameri- 1987, Barney Frank U.S. House Representative for can team sport to publicly come out as gay. Massachusetts’s 4th congressional district publicly came On August 15, 2013, WWE wrestler Darren Young came out as gay,[33] thus becoming the second member of the out, making him the first openly gay active professional Massachusetts delegation to the United States Congress wrestler. to do so. In 1983, U.S. Rep Gerry Studds, D-Mass., came out as a homosexual during the 1983 Congressional On February 9, 2014, former Missouri defensive lineman page sex scandal. In 1988, Svend Robinson was the first Michael Sam came out as gay. He was drafted by the Canadian Member of Parliament to come out. Governor St. Louis Rams on May 10, 2014, with the 249th over- of New Jersey Jim McGreevey announced his decision to all pick in the seventh round, making him the first openly resign, publicly came out as “a gay American”[34] and ad- gay player to be drafted by an NFL franchise. He was mitted to having had an extramarital affair with a man, released St. Louis and waived by the Dallas Cowboys Golan Cipel, an Israeli citizen and veteran of the Israeli practice squad. Sam was on the roster for the Montreal Defense Forces, whom McGreevey appointed New Jer- Alouettes, but has since retired from football. sey homeland security adviser. In 1999, Australian Sen- ator Brian Greig came out as being gay in his maiden speech to parliament, the first Australian politician to do Artists and entertainers In 1997 on The Oprah Win- [35] so. frey Show, actress Ellen DeGeneres came out as a lesbian. Her real-life coming out was echoed in the sitcom Ellen in "The Puppy Episode" in which the eponymous charac- Athletes Further information: Homosexuality in ter Ellen Morgan played by DeGeneres outs herself over sports the airport public address system. On March 29, 2010, Puerto Rican pop singer Ricky Martin came out publicly The first US professional team-sport athlete to come out in a post on his official web site by stating, “I am proud 2.1. COMING OUT 31

to say that I am a fortunate homosexual man. I am very hands down, as the single most public exit in gay his- blessed to be who I am.”[40][41] Martin said that “these tory”, changing media portrayals of lesbians in Western years in silence and reflection made me stronger and re- culture.[55] In 1999, Russell T Davies's Queer as Folk, a minded me that acceptance has to come from within and popular TV series shown on Channel 4 (UK) debuted and that this kind of truth gives me the power to conquer focused primarily on the lives of young gay men; in par- emotions I didn't even know existed.”[42] Singer Adam ticular on a 15-year-old going through the processes of Lambert came out after pictures of him kissing another revealing his sexuality to those around him. This story- man were publicly circulated while he was a participant line was also featured prominently in the U.S. version of on American idol season 8. Queer As Folk, which debuted in 2000. The television show The L Word, which debuted in 2004, Military personnel In 1975, Leonard Matlovich, focuses on the lives of a group of lesbian and bisexual while serving in the United States Air Force, came out women, and the theme of coming out is prominently fea- to challenge the U.S. military’s policies banning service tured in the storylines of multiple characters. by homosexuals. Widespread coverage included a Time Coming Out, which debuted in 2013, is the first Quebec [43] magazine cover story and a television movie on NBC. program about being gay.[56] In 2011, as the U.S. prepared to lift restrictions on ser- vice by openly gay people, Senior Airman Randy Phillips conducted a social media campaign to garner support for 2.1.10 Extended use in LGBT media, pub- coming out. The video he posted on YouTube of the lishing and activism conversation in which he told his father he was gay went viral.[44] In one journalist’s summation, he “masterfully “Out” is a common word or prefix used in the titles of used social media and good timing to place himself at LGBT-themed books, films, periodicals, organizations, the centre of a civil rights success story.”[45] and TV programs. Some high-profile examples are Out Magazine, the defunct OutWeek Magazine, and OutTV. Pastors In October, 2013, megachurch pastor Bishop Jim Swilley came out to his congregation. The YouTube 2.1.11 Non-LGBT applications video of the service went viral. Interviews with People Magazine,[14] Joy Behar,[46] Don Lemon[47] ABC News In political, casual, or even humorous contexts, “coming [48] and NPR [49] focused on the bullycides[50] that out” means by extension the self-disclosure of a person’s prompted Bishop Swilley to “come out”. One year and secret behaviors, beliefs, affiliations, tastes, identities, five years later, he confirmed the costs but also the free- and interests that may cause astonishment or bring shame. dom he has experienced. “To be able to have freedom Some examples include: “coming out as an alcoholic”,[57] is something that I wouldn’t trade anything for.”[51] “Be- coming out as a BDSM participant",[58] “coming out ing married as yourself, preaching as yourself and living of the broom closet” (as a witch),[59] “coming out as a your life as yourself is infinitely better than doing those conservative”,[60] “coming out as disabled”,[61] “coming things as someone else.”[52] Bishop Swilley’s son, Jared out as a liberal”,[62] “coming out as intersex",[63] “com- Swilley, bass player and front man of Black Lips said, “It ing out as multiple",[64] “coming out as polyamorous",[65] was definitely shocking, but I was actually glad when he “coming out as a sex worker",[66] and “coming out of told me. I feel closer to him now…”[53] Bishop Swilley’s the shadows” as an undocumented immigrant within the other son, Judah Swilley, a cast member on the Oxygen United States.[67] The term is also used by members of show Preachers of Atlanta, is confronting homophobia in online BIID communities to refer to the process of telling the church.[54] friends and families about their condition. With its associated metaphors, the figure of speech has Depictions of coming out also been extended to atheism, e.g., “coming out as an atheist.”[68] A public awareness initiative for freethought In 1996 the acclaimed British film Beautiful Thing had a and atheism, entitled the "Out Campaign", makes ample positive take in its depiction of two teenage boys coming use of the “out” metaphor.[69] This campaign was initi- to terms with their sexual identity. An episode of a pop- ated by Dr. Robin Elisabeth Cornwell, and is endorsed ular Quebec television series L'Amour avec un Grand A by prominent atheist Richard Dawkins, who states “there called Lise, Pierre et Marcel focuses on the life of a ho- is a big closet population of atheists who need to 'come mosexual man who is married and reveals to his wife and out'.”[70] kids that he is attracted to another man. In the Emmy Award-nominated episode "Gay Witch Hunt" of The Of- fice, Michael inadvertently outs Oscar to the whole office. 2.1.12 See also Ellen DeGeneres's coming out in the media as well as an episode of Ellen,"The Puppy Episode", “ranks, • Biphobia 32 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

• Down-low (sexual slang) [14] “Bishop Jim Swilley: A Minister Comes Out”. Retrieved 16 Mar 2016. • Ego-dystonic sexual orientation [15] “Gay Epiphany”. Retrieved 8 October 2014. • Heterosexism [16] Chirrey, Deborah (2003). “I Hereby Come Out: What • Homophobia Sort Of Speech Act Is Coming Out?". Journal of Sociolin- guistics. 7 (1): 24–37. doi:10.1111/1467-9481.00209. • Labeling theory [17] http://www.uvm.edu/~{}linemen/articles/ • List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people genderidentity.pdf

• National Coming Out Day [18] Salon: Amy Benfer, “We're here! We're queer! We're 13!,” September 24, 2009, accessed January 16, 2012 • Outing [19] Denizet-Lewis, Benoit (2009-09-27). “Coming Out in • Self-esteem Middle School”. The New York Times. Retrieved 2010- 04-30. • Terminology of homosexuality [20] Coming Out Younger, Jezebel.com article.

[21] Etengoff, C. & Daiute, C. (2015). Online Coming Out 2.1.13 References Communications between Gay Men and their Religious Family Allies: A Family of Choice and Origin Perspec- [1] “Coming Out: A Journey”. Utahpridecenter.org. Re- tive, Journal of GLBT Family Studies. trieved 2009-06-24. [22] re-released in 2003 by University of Wisconsin Press, [2] Belfast Telegraph: “GAA star Donal Og Cusack: Team- ISBN 0-299-19374-8 mates helped me through ordeal of revealing I am gay,” October 20, 2009, accessed January 16, 2012 [23] Berger, RM (1990). “Passing: Impact on the quality of same-sex couple relationships”. Social work. 35 (4): 328– [3] Queerty: Japhy Grant, “Rupert Everett Says Coming Out 32. PMID 2392712. Killed His Career,” February 20, 2009, accessed January 16, 2012 [24] Jordan, KM; Deluty, RH (1998). “Coming out for les- bian women: Its relation to anxiety, positive affectivity, [4] Seidman, Steven (2003). Beyond the Closet; The Trans- self-esteem, and social support”. Journal of Homosexual- formation of Gay and Lesbian Life, 25, ISBN 0-415- ity. 35 (2): 41–63. doi:10.1300/J082v35n02_03. PMID 93207-6 9524921.

[5] OUT magazine: Michael Musto, “The Glass Closet,” [25] Gay.com News, Study: Closeted men at suicide risk Cath September 22, 2008, accessed January 16, 2012 Pope, Gay.com Australia, May 4, 2007.

[6] Bloch, Ivan. Das Sexualleben unserer Zeit in seinen [26] Linda Nielsen (4 May 2012). Father-Daughter Relation- Beziehungen zur modernen Kultur, 1906. English transla- ships: Contemporary Research and Issues. Routledge. p. tion: The Sexual Life of Our Time in Its Relations to Mod- 255. ISBN 978-1-84872-933-9. Retrieved 25 October ern Civilization, 1910. 2012.

[7] Johansson&Percy, p.24 [27] Mary Ann Lamanna; Agnes Riedmann; Ann Strahm (1 January 2011). Marriages, Families, and Relationships: [8] “Robert Duncan and Romantic Synthesis: A Few Notes”. Making Choices in a Diverse Society. Cengage Learning. This article also republished as “On Robert Duncan” at p. 265. ISBN 978-1-111-30154-5. Retrieved 25 October Modern American Poetry website 2012. [9] Donald Webster Cory on glbtq.com [28] Robinson, BE; Walters, LH; Skeen, P (1989). “Response [10] “Sagarin bio”. Glbtq.com. 1913-09-18. Retrieved 2009- of parents to learning that their child is homosexual and 06-24. concern over AIDS: a national study.”. Journal of Homo- sexuality. 18 (1-2): 59–80. doi:10.1300/j082v18n01_03. [11] Chauncey, George (1994). Gay New York: Gender, Urban PMID 2794499. Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890– 1940. New York: Basic Books, emphasis added. [29] Savin-Williams, Ritch; Eric M. Dubé (January 1998). “Parental Reactions to Their Child’s Disclosure of a [12] Kennedy, Elizabeth. "'But We Would Never Talk about Gay/Lesbian Identity”. Family Relations. 47 (1): 7–13. It': The Structure of Lesbian Discretion in South Dakota, doi:10.2307/584845. JSTOR 584845. 1928–1933” in Inventing Lesbian Cultures in America, ed. Ellen Lewin (1996). Boston: Beacon Press. p.25 and 214 [30] Manning, Jimmie (2015). “Positive and Negative Communicative Behaviors in Coming-out Conversa- [13] “Coming Out, accessed on Aug 31, 2009”. Retrieved 8 tions”. Journal of Homosexuality. 62 (1): 61–97. October 2014. doi:10.1080/00918369.2014.957127. 2.1. COMING OUT 33

[31] Seidman, Meeks, and Traschen (1999) [52] “Five years later: The Swilleys on family, coming out and inclusive LGBT ministries”. The GAVoice. Retrieved 16 [32] “History of National Coming Out Day”. Human Rights Mar 2016. Campaign. Retrieved 2008-10-17.

[33] “Representative Frank Discloses He Is Homosexual”. The [53] “Black Lips’ Swilley discusses father’s recent coming out”. New York Times. May 31, 1987. Retrieved 2008-10-19. Creative Loafing Atlanta. Retrieved 16 Mar 2016.

[34] “McGreevey: 'I am a gay American'". CNN. 2004-08-13. [54] “Preachers of Atlanta Episode Guide”. Retrieved 16 Mar Retrieved 2008-03-10. 2016.

[35] Kohen, Yael (2004-08-13). “McGREEVEY TO QUIT, [55] Streitmatter, Rodger (2009). From 'Perverts’ to 'Fab Five': DECLARES 'I AM A GAY AMERICAN'". The New The Media’s Changing Depiction of Gay Men and Les- York Sun. Retrieved 2008-03-10. bians, Routledge. ISBN 0-7890-3670-3; p. 104. [36] “The Brief History of Gay Athletes”. ESPN. 18 December [56] “Coming out – Première série web sur l'univers gai québé- 1998. Retrieved 2009-09-19. cois”. Info-Culture.biz. Retrieved 8 October 2014. [37] Peter, O'Shea. “Out of the field”. The Advocate. Here Publishing. Retrieved 10 October 2011. [57] Theroux, Louis (2001-11-03). “The show must go on”. London: Guardian. Retrieved 2009-06-24. [38] “I'm gay, reveals GAA star Donal Og Cusack in new au- tobiography”. Belfast Telegraph. 19 October 2009. Re- [58] “Coming out BDSM: upsides and downsides”. Clarisse trieved 2011-02-28. Thorn. Retrieved 8 October 2014.

[39] Smith, Gary (May 3, 2010). “Gareth Thomas ... The Only [59] “How do I tell my family I'm a Wiccan?". Slate.com. Openly Gay Male Athlete”. Sports Illustrated. Archived 2003-12-04. Retrieved 2009-06-24. from the original on May 2, 2010.

[40] “Ricky Martin Gay Bombshell: 'I am a Fortunate Homo- [60] Coming-out day for conservatives Archived February 6, sexual Man'" ,PopEater.com Staff, March 29, 2010 2007, at the Wayback Machine.

[41] Huffington Post: “Ricky Martin Comes Out: 'I'm A Fortu- [61] “Coming out as disabled - Ekklesia”. ekklesia.co.uk. nate Homosexual Man',” May 29, 2010, accessed January 16, 2012 [62] http://www.newhampshirelakesandmountains.com/pdf/ BAY.2012.08.30.pdf [42] ""Ricky Martin Comes Out of the Closet”, Rolling Stone (March 29, 2010)". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 8 October [63] “The LA radio host who came out as intersex and why no 2014. one gossiped”. Gay Star News. Retrieved 8 October 2014. [43] TIME: “I Am a Homosexual,” September 8, 1975, [64] “COMPD – Introduction”. 2multiples.com. Archived accessed January 16, 2012;Steve Kornacki (2010-12- from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06- 01). “The Air Force vs. the “practicing homosexual"". 24. Salon.com. Retrieved 2012-01-16.

[44] MSNBC: “Soldier tells dad he’s gay on YouTube,” [65] “Polyamorists Come Out of the Closet - National Review September 20, 2011, accessed January 16, 2012 Online”. National Review Online. Retrieved 8 October 2014. [45] Guelph Mercury: Graeme Gerrard, “Archie Comics’ sto- ryline has nothing on Randy Phillips,” September 29, [66] http://www.xojane.com/issues/ 2011, accessed January 16, 2012 coming-out-of-the-hooker-closet [46] “Joy Behar Talks To Gay Bishop Jim Swilley & His Ex- [67] Corrunker, Laura (2012-01-01). ""Coming Out of the Wife Debye Swilley”. Retrieved 16 Mar 2016. Shadows": DREAM Act Activism in the Context of [47] “Don Lemon Talks To Gay Bishop Jim Swilley”. CNN Global Anti-Deportation Activism”. Indiana Journal of News. Retrieved 16 Mar 2016. Global Legal Studies. 19 (1): 143–168. ISSN 1543-0367.

[48] “MegaChurch Pastor Declares He’s Gay”. ABC News. [68] “U.S. Rep. Pete Stark “Comes Out” as an Atheist”. Retrieved 16 Mar 2016. Harvard Law Record. Retrieved 2009-06-24.

[49] “Out Of The Closet ... In The Pulpit Of A Megachurch”. [69] “The Out Campaign (original announcement)". The Of- NPR All Things Considered. Retrieved 16 Mar 2016. ficial Richard Dawkins Website. 2007-07-30. Retrieved [50] “Georgia Megachurch Pastor Jim Swilley: I'm Gay, And 2007-12-30. I'm Telling You Because Of Those Bullycides”. Queerty. Retrieved 16 Mar 2016. [70] MacAskill, Ewen (2007-10-01). “Atheists arise: Dawkins spreads the A-word among America’s unbelievers”. [51] “Gay Ga. mega-church pastor reflects on year of coming Guardian Unlimited. London: The Guardian. Retrieved out”. The GAVoice. Retrieved 16 Mar 2016. 2007-12-30. 34 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

2.1.14 Further reading 2.2.1 Historical background

• Dossie Easton, Catherine A. Liszt, When Someone You Love Is Kinky.” Greenery Press, 2000. ISBN 1- 890159-23-9.

• Fuss, Diana (editor). Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories. Routledge, 1991.

• Seidman, Steven. Beyond the Closet: The Transfor- mation of Gay and Lesbian Life. Routledge, 2003. ISBN 0-415-93207-6.

• Smith, Lauren. “Queer Theory in the Composition Classroom.” 2000.

• Thomas, Calvin (editor). Straight with a Twist: Queer Theory and the Subject of Heterosexuality. University of Illinois Press, 1999. ISBN 0-252- 06813-0.

• Stramel, James. “Gay Virtue: The Ethics of Disclo- sure.” Dissertation, University of Southern Califor- nia, 1996.

• Coming Out Transgender in Same-Sex Relation- ships Gay equality activist Barbara Gittings picketing Independence Hall in 1965 2.2 Gay pride Pride precursors Not to be confused with Pride parade. Main article: List of LGBT actions in the United States Gay pride or LGBT pride is the positive stance against prior to the Stonewall riots discrimination and violence toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people to promote their self- affirmation, dignity, equality rights, increase their visi- bility as a social group, build community, and celebrate Annual Reminders The 1950s and 1960s in the sexual diversity and gender variance. Pride, as opposed United States was an extremely repressive legal and so- to shame and social stigma, is the predominant outlook cial period for LGBT people. In this context Ameri- that bolsters most LGBT rights movements throughout can homophile organizations such as the Daughters of the world. Pride has lent its name to LGBT-themed orga- Bilitis and the Mattachine Society coordinated some of nizations, institutes, foundations, book titles, periodicals the earliest demonstrations of the modern LGBT rights and even a cable TV station and the Pride Library. movement. These two organizations in particular carried out pickets called “Annual Reminders” to inform and re- Ranging from solemn to carnivalesque, pride events are mind Americans that LGBT people did not receive ba- typically held during LGBT Pride Month or some other sic civil rights protections. Annual Reminders began in period that commemorates a turning point in a country’s 1965 and took place each 4 July at Independence Hall in LGBT history, for example Moscow Pride in May for the Philadelphia. anniversary of Russia’s 1993 decriminalization of homo- sexuality. Some pride events include LGBT pride parades and marches, rallies, commemorations, community days, “Gay is Good” The anti-LGBT discourse of these dance parties, and large festivals, such as Sydney Mardi times equated both male and female homosexuality with Gras, which spans several weeks. mental illness. Inspired by Stokely Carmichael's "Black Common symbols of pride are the rainbow or pride flag, is Beautiful", Gay civil rights pioneer and participant in the lowercase Greek letter lambda (λ), the pink triangle the Annual Reminders Frank Kameny originated the slo- and the black triangle, these latter two reclaimed from use gan “Gay is Good” in 1968[2] to counter social stigma and as badges of shame in Nazi concentration camps.[1] personal feelings of guilt and shame. 2.2. GAY PRIDE 35

Christopher Street Liberation Day list and Nixon worked to gain financial support from GLF in his position as treasurer for that organization.[10][11] See also: Stonewall riots Other mainstays of the organizing committee were Judy Miller, Jack Waluska, Steve Gerrie and Brenda Howard [12] Early on the morning of Saturday, 28 June 1969, lesbian, of GLF. Believing that more people would turn out for gay, bisexual, transgender and questioning persons rioted the march on a Sunday, and so as to mark the date of the start of the Stonewall uprising, the CSLDUC scheduled following a police raid on the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar at [13] 43 Christopher Street, New York City. This riot and fur- the date for the first march for Sunday, June 28, 1970. ther protests and rioting over the following nights were the With Dick Leitsch’s replacement as president of Matta- chine NY by “Michael Kotis” in April, 1970, opposition watershed moment in modern LGBT rights movement [14] and the impetus for organizing LGBT pride marches on to the march by Mattachine ended. a much larger public scale. Brenda Howard is known as the “Mother of Pride”, for On November 2, 1969, Craig Rodwell, his partner Fred her work in coordinating the march. Howard also orig- Sargeant, Ellen Broidy, and Linda Rhodes proposed inated the idea for a week-long series of events around the first pride march to be held in New York City by Pride Day which became the genesis of the annual LGBT Pride celebrations that are now held around the world ev- way of a resolution at the Eastern Regional Confer- [15][16] ence of Homophile Organizations (ERCHO) meeting in ery June. Additionally, Howard along with fellow Philadelphia.[3] LGBT Activists Robert A. Martin (aka Donny the Punk) and L. Craig Schoonmaker are credited with populariz- ing the word “Pride” to describe these festivities.[17] As “That the Annual Reminder, in order to be LGBT rights activist Tom Limoncelli put it, “The next more relevant, reach a greater number of peo- time someone asks you why LGBT Pride marches exist ple, and encompass the ideas and ideals of the or why [LGBT] Pride Month is June tell them 'A bisexual larger struggle in which we are engaged-that of woman named Brenda Howard thought it should be.'" [18] our fundamental human rights-be moved both in time and location. There was little open animosity, and some bystanders ap- We propose that a demonstration be held plauded when a tall, pretty girl carrying a sign “I am a annually on the last Saturday in June in New Lesbian” walked by. – The New York Times coverage of York City to commemorate the 1969 spon- Gay Liberation Day, 1970[19] taneous demonstrations on Christopher Street Christopher Street Liberation Day on June 28, 1970 and this demonstration be called CHRISTO- marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots with PHER STREET LIBERATION DAY. No an assembly on Christopher Street and the first Gay Pride dress or age regulations shall be made for this march in U.S. history, covering the 51 blocks to Central demonstration. Park. The march took less than half the scheduled time We also propose that we contact Ho- due to excitement, but also due to wariness about walk- mophile organizations throughout the country ing through the city with gay banners and signs. Although and suggest that they hold parallel demonstra- the parade permit was delivered only two hours before the tions on that day. We propose a nationwide start of the march, the marchers encountered little resis- [4][5][6][7] show of support. tance from onlookers.[20] The New York Times reported (on the front page) that the marchers took up the entire All attendees to the ERCHO meeting in Philadelphia street for about 15 city blocks.[19] Reporting by The Vil- voted for the march except for Mattachine Society of lage Voice was positive, describing “the out-front resis- New York, which abstained.[4] Members of the Gay tance that grew out of the police raid on the Stonewall Liberation Front (GLF) attended the meeting and were Inn one year ago”.[21] seated as guests of Rodwell’s group, Homophile Youth Movement in Neighborhoods (HYMN).[8] Spread Meetings to organize the march began in early January at Rodwell’s apartment in 350 Bleecker Street.[9] At first there was difficulty getting some of the major New York On the same weekend gay activist groups on the West Coast of the United States held a march in Los Angeles City organizations like Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) to [22][23] send representatives. Craig Rodwell and his partner Fred and a march and 'Gay-in' in San Francisco. Sargeant, Ellen Broidy, Michael Brown, Marty Nixon, One day earlier, on Saturday, 27 June 1970, Chicago and Foster Gunnison of Mattachine made up the core Gay Liberation organized a march[24] from Washington group of the CSLD Umbrella Committee (CSLDUC). Square Park (“Bughouse Square”) to the Water Tower at For initial funding, Gunnison served as treasurer and the intersection of Michigan and Chicago avenues, which sought donations from the national homophile organiza- was the route originally planned, and then many of the tions and sponsors, while Sargeant solicited donations via participants extemporaneously marched on to the Civic the Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop customer mailing Center (now Richard J. Daley) Plaza.[25] The date was 36 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

1980s and 1990s

In the 1980s there was a major cultural shift in the Stonewall Riot commemorations. The previous loosely organized, grassroots marches and parades were taken over by more organized and less radical elements of the gay community. The marches began dropping “Liber- ation” and “Freedom” from their names under pressure from more conservative members of the community, re- placing them with the philosophy of “Gay Pride” (in the more liberal San Francisco, the name of the gay pa- rade and celebration was not changed from Gay Freedom Day Parade to Gay Pride Day Parade until 1994). The Greek lambda symbol and the pink triangle which had been revolutionary symbols of the Gay Liberation Move- The Visby police house displaying the LGBT pride flag during the ment, which is headed by were tidied up and incorpo- Stockholm pride week, 2014. rated into the Gay Pride, or Pride, movement, provid- ing some symbolic continuity with its more radical be- chosen because the Stonewall events began on the last Sat- ginnings. The pink triangle was also the inspiration for urday of June and because organizers wanted to reach the the homomonument in Amsterdam, commemorating all maximum number of Michigan Avenue shoppers. Subse- gay men and lesbians who have been subjected to perse- quent Chicago parades have been held on the last Sunday cution because of their homosexuality. of June, coinciding with the date of many similar parades elsewhere. LGBT Pride Month The next year, Gay Pride marches took place in Boston, Dallas, Milwaukee, London, Paris, West Berlin, and I call upon all Americans to observe this month by fighting Stockholm.[21] By 1972 the participating cities included prejudice and discrimination in their own lives and every- Atlanta, Brighton,[26] Buffalo, Detroit, Washington D.C., where it exists. – Proclamation by U.S President Barack Miami, and Philadelphia,[27] as well as San Francisco. Obama, May 31, 2011[32] Frank Kameny soon realized the pivotal change brought by the Stonewall riots. An organizer of gay activism in the 1950s, he was used to persuasion, trying to convince heterosexuals that gay people were no different than they were. When he and other people marched in front of the White House, the State Department and Independence Hall only five years earlier, their objective was to look as if they could work for the U.S. government.[28] Ten people marched with Kameny then, and they alerted no press to their intentions. Although he was stunned by the upheaval by participants in the Annual Reminder in 1969, he later observed, “By the time of Stonewall, we had fifty to sixty gay groups in the country. A year later there was at least fifteen hundred. By two years later, to the extent that a count could be made, it was twenty-five HBT rally in Carmel, Haifa, Israel hundred.”[29] Similar to Kameny’s regret at his own reaction to the shift The month of June was chosen for LGBT Pride Month to in attitudes after the riots, Randy Wicker came to de- commemorate the Stonewall riots, which occurred at the scribe his embarrassment as “one of the greatest mistakes end of June 1969. As a result, many pride events are held of his life”.[30] The image of gays retaliating against po- during this month to recognize the impact LGBT peo- lice, after so many years of allowing such treatment to go ple have had in the world. Brenda Howard is known as unchallenged, “stirred an unexpected spirit among many the “Mother of Pride”, for her work in coordinating the homosexuals”.[30] Kay Lahusen, who photographed the first LGBT Pride march, and she also originated the idea marches in 1965, stated, “Up to 1969, this movement for a week-long series of events around Pride Day which was generally called the homosexual or homophile move- became the genesis of the annual LGBT Pride celebra- ment.... Many new activists consider the Stonewall upris- tions that are now held around the world every June.[15][16] ing the birth of the gay liberation movement. Certainly it Additionally, Howard along with fellow LGBT rights ac- was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale.”[31] tivists Robert A. Martin (aka Donny the Punk) and L. 2.2. GAY PRIDE 37

dividuals are part of a co-supportive and inherently good group of people.[42] The growth and commercialization of Christopher Street Days, coupled with their de-politicalisation, has led to an alternative CSD in Berlin, the so-called “Kreuzberger CSD” or “Transgenialer” (“Transgenial"/Trans Inge- nious”) CSD. Political party members are not invited for speeches, nor can parties or companies sponsor floats. After the parade there is a festival with a stage for po- litical speakers and entertainers. Groups discuss les- bian/transsexual/transgender/gay or queer perspectives on issues such as poverty and unemployment benefits (Hartz IV), gentrification, or “Fortress Europe.”

Boise Pride at the Idaho Capitol. In June 2010, American philosopher and theorist Judith Butler refused the Civil Courage Award (Zivil- couragepreis) of the Christopher Street Day Parade in Craig Schoonmaker are credited with popularizing the Berlin, Germany at the award ceremony, arguing and word “Pride” to describe these festivities.[17] As LGBT lamenting in a speech that the parade had become too rights activist Tom Limoncelli put it, “The next time commercial, and was ignoring the problems of racism and someone asks you why LGBT Pride marches exist or why the double discrimination facing homosexual or trans- [LGBT] Pride Month is June tell them 'A bisexual woman sexual migrants. According to Butler, even the organiz- named Brenda Howard thought it should be.'" [18] ers themselves promote racism.[43] The general manager On several occasions, the President of the United States of the CSD committee, Robert Kastl, countered Butler’s has officially declared a Pride Month. First, President allegations and pointed out that the organizers already Bill Clinton declared June “Gay & Lesbian Pride Month” awarded a counselling center for lesbians dealing with on June 2, 2000.[33] Then, in 2009,[34] 2010,[35] 2011,[32] double discrimination in 2006. Regarding the allegations 2012,[36] 2013,[37] 2014,[38] 2015,[39] and 2016,[40] Pres- of commercialism Kastl explained further that the CSD ident Barack Obama declared June Lesbian, Gay, Bisex- organizers don't require small groups to pay a participa- ual, and Transgender Pride Month. tion fee which starts at 50 € and goes up to 1500 €. He also distanced himself from all forms of racism and Google marked any LGBT-related search results in June islamophobia.[44] 2012 with a rainbow colored pattern underneath search results.[41] A number of associations and social movements have been denouncing in recent years which, in its views, is a depletion of the claims of these demonstrations 2.2.2 Opposition and the merchandization of the parade. In this respect, they defend, in countries like Spain, USA or Canada, a Critical Pride celebration to have a political mean- From both outside and inside the LGBT community, ing again.[45][46][47][48] Gay Shame, a radical movement there is criticism and protest against pride events. Bob within the LGBT community, opposes the assimilation Christie’s documentary Beyond Gay: The Politics of Pride of LGBT people into mainstream, heteronormative so- evaluates gay pride events in different countries within the ciety, the commodification of non-heterosexual identity context of local opposition. and culture, and in particular the (over) commercializa- tion of pride events. In-group “Straight Pride” analogy In a special queer issue of The Stranger in 1999, openly gay author, pundit, and journalist Dan Savage questioned the relevance of pride thirty years later, writing that pride Main article: Straight pride was an effective antidote to shame imposed on LGBT people, but that pride is now making LGBT people dull “Straight Pride” and “Heterosexual Pride” are analogies and slow as a group, as well as being a constant reminder and slogans that oppose heterosexuality to homosexuality of shame. However, he also states that pride in some sim- by copying the phrase “Gay Pride”.[49] Originating from pler forms are still useful to individuals struggling with the Culture Wars in the United States, “Straight Pride” shame. Savage writes that gay pride can also lead to disil- is a form of conservative backlash as there is no straight lusionment where an LGBT individual realises the reality or heterosexual civil rights movement. While criticism that sexual orientation doesn't say much about a person’s from inside and outside the LGBT community abounds, personality, after being led by the illusion that LGBT in- the “Straight Pride” incidents have, however, gained some 38 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

media attention especially when they involve government did not have identification, and became aggressive when and public institutions. he was asked to move. Bené denied the allegations, saying the police were belligerent and that the scene was witnessed by “over 300 people,” reported Agência Initiatives and criticism by governments and political Estado.[53] leaders

2.2.3 See also Spain In a 2008 interview for the biography book La Reina muy cerca (The Queen Up Close) by Spanish jour- nalist and writer Pilar Urbano, Queen Sofía of Spain 2.2.4 Notes sparked off controversy by voicing her disapproval of [1] “Symbols of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgen- LGBT pride in addition to overstepping her official du- der Movements”. www.lambda.org. Archived from the ties as a member of the Royal Family by censuring the original on 16 August 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2007. Spanish Law on Marriage in how it names equal same- sex unions “matrimonio” (marriage). Albeit without us- [2] “Kameny, Frank”. http://glbtq.com. External link in ing the slogan “Straight Pride”, Queen Sofía was directly |publisher= (help) quoted as saying that if heterosexuals were to take the [3] Sargeant, Fred. “1970: A First-Person Account of the streets as the LGBT community does for Gay Pride pa- First Gay Pride March.” The Village Voice. June 22, 2010. rades, that the former collective would bring Madrid to a retrieved January 3, 2011. standstill.[50] [4] Carter, p. 230 Even though the Royal Household of Spain approved publication of the interview and Pilar Rubio offered to [5] Marotta, pp. 164–165 share the interview recording, both Queen Sofía and [6] Teal, pp. 322–323 the Royal Household have refuted the comments in question.[50] [7] Duberman, pp. 255, 262, 270–280

[8] Duberman, p. 227 Brazil In August 2011, Sao Paulo city alderman Carlos [9] Nagourney, Adam. “For Gays, a Party In Search of a Apolinário of the right-wing Democrats Party sponsored Purpose; At 30, Parade Has Gone Mainstream As Move- a bill to organize and sponsor “Heterosexual Pride Day” ment’s Goals Have Drifte.” New York Times. June 25, on the third Sunday of December. The bill was passed 2000. retrieved January 3, 2011. by the city council, and awaits the signature of mayor Gilberto Kassab. Apolinário, an Evangelical Protes- [10] Carter, p. 247 tant, stated that the intent of the parade was a “strug- [11] Teal, p. 323 gle...against excesses and privileges”. Members of Grupo Gay da Bahia and the Workers’ Party criticized the [12] Duberman, p. 271 bill as enhancing “the possibility of discrimination and prejudice”.[51] However, no events have ever been held. [13] Duberman, p. 272 [14] Duberman, p. 314 n93

Uganda Ugandan police break up gay pride event [52] [15] Channel 13/WNET Out! 2007: Women In the Movement Archived 18 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine.

Brazil A Brazilian photographer was arrested after re- [16] The Gay Pride Issue: Picking Apart The Origin of Pride fusing to delete photos of police attacking two young peo- Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. ple participating in a gay pride parade on Oct. 16, 2011 [17] Dynes, Wayne R. Pride (trope), Homolexis Archived 12 in the city of Itabuna, Bahia, reported the newspaper Cor- July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. reio 24 horas. [18] http://web.archive.org/web/20060214163344/ According to the website Notícias de Ipiau, Ederivaldo www.bisquish.com/squishive/2005/07/27/ Benedito, known as Bené, said four police officers tried in-memoriam-brenda-howard-2/ to convince him to delete the photos soon after they re- alized they were being photographed. When he refused, [19] Fosburgh, Lacey (June 29, 1970). “Thousands of Homo- they ordered him to turn over the camera. When the pho- sexuals Hold A Protest Rally in Central Park”, The New tographer refused again, the police charged him with con- York Times, p. 1. tempt and held him in jail for over 21 hours until he gave [20] Clendinen, p. 62–64. a statement. [21] LaFrank, p. 20. According to Chief Marlon Macedo, the police alleged that the photographer was interfering with their work, [22] “The San Francisco Chronicle”, June 29, 1970 2.2. GAY PRIDE 39

[23] “As of early 1970, Neil Briggs became the vice-chairman [46] (Spanish) Mercadeo rosa para la amnesia del movimiento. of the LGBTQ Association”, CanPress, February 28, Diagonal Periódico. 2 July 2015 1970. [47] LGBT Night March decries Pride’s corporate sponsor- [24] “Chicago Tribune”, June 28, 1970, p. A3 ship. The Star. 28 June 2016

[25] “Outspoken: Chicago’s Free Speech Tradition”. New- [48] Too straight, white and corporate: why some queer people berry Library. Retrieved 2008-09-07. are skipping SF Pride. The Guardian. 25 June 2016 [26] http://www.brightonourstory.co.uk/brighton-s-history/ [49] “Making colleges and universities safe for gay and les- a-history-of-lesbian-and-gay-brighton-chapter-3-out-of-the-closet-1967-87/ bian students: Report and recommendations of the Gov- [27] Armstrong, Elizabeth A., Crage, Suzanna M. (October ernor’s Commission on Gay and Lesbian Youth” (PDF). 2006). “Movements and Memory: The Making of the Massachusetts. Governor’s Commission on Gay and Les- Stonewall Myth”, American Sociological Review, 71 (5) bian Youth., page 20. “A relatively recent tactic used in pp. 724–752. doi 10.1177/000312240607100502 the backlash opposing les/bi/gay/trans campus visibility is the so-called “heterosexual pride” strategy”. [28] Cain, p. 91–92. [50] Pilar Urbano attribute to Queen Sofía polemic comments [29] Carter, p. 251. La Vanguardia.

[30] Clendinen, p. 25. [51] Andrew Downie (4 August 2011). "'Heterosexual Pride [31] LaFrank, p. 21. Day' in São Paulo?". Christian Science Monitor.

[32] “Presidential Proclamation--Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and [52] http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/ Transgender Pride Month”. ugandan-police-break-up-gay-pride-event-1.3015989. Missing or empty |title= (help) [33] “Clinton Declares June 2000 Gay & Lesbian Pride Month”. [53] https://knightcenter.utexas.edu/blog/ photos-police-attack-gay-pride-parade-land-brazilian-journalist-jail. [34] “Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Pride Month, Missing or empty |title= (help) 2009”.

[35] “Presidential Proclamation--Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Pride Month”. 2.2.5 References

[36] “Presidential Proclamation--Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and • Alwood, Edward (1996), Straight News: Gays, Les- Transgender Pride Month, 2012”. bians, and the News Media Columbia University [37] http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/06/ Press, New York (ISBN 0-231-08436-6). 03/presidential-proclamation-lgbt-pride-month • Carter, David (2004), Stonewall: The Riots That [38] http://www.whitehouse.gov/ Sparked The Gay Revolution, St. Martin’s Press the-press-office/2014/05/30/ (ISBN 0-312-34269-1). presidential-proclamation-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-pride-mon • Duberman, Martin (1993), Stonewall Dutton, New [39] https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/05/ York (ISBN 0-452-27206-8). 29/presidential-proclamation-lgbt-pride-month-2015 • [40] Loughery, John (1998), The Other Side of Silence – Men’s Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth- [41] Google marks LGBT pride through a rainbow curtain un- Century History, New York, Henry Holt and Com- derneath search-bars retrieved 16 June 2012 pany (ISBN 0-8050-3896-5). [42] http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/pride/Content?oid= • Marotta, Toby (1981), The Politics of Homosexual- 1313 ity, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company (ISBN 0- [43] Butler, Judith. I must distance myself from this complic- 395-31338-4). ity with racism (Video) (Transcript). Christopher Street Day 'Civil Courage Prize' Day Refusal Speech. European • Teal, Donn (1971), The Gay Militants, New York, Graduate School. 19 June 2010. Stein and Day (ISBN 0-8128-1373-1).

[44] Ataman, Ferda / Kögel, Annette / Hasselmann, Jörg: “Butler-Auftritt: Heftige Diskussionen nach Kritik an CSD” published in: Der Tagesspiegel (Berlin) on 20 July 2.2.6 External links 2010 • Interpride - an international Pride organization [45] (Spanish) Gaypitalismo: Orgullo Empresarial. Público. 2 July 2014 • Gay Pride Coast To Coast – photos by CBS News 40 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

2.3 LGBT symbols

The LGBT community has adopted certain symbols for self-identification which demonstrate unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one another. LGBTQ symbols communicate ideas, concepts, and identity both within their communities and to mainstream culture. The two most-recognized international LGBTQ symbols are the pink triangle and the rainbow flag. The pink triangle, em- ployed by the Nazis in World War II as a badge of shame, was re-appropriated but retained negative connotations. The rainbow flag, previously used as a symbol of unity between all people, was adopted to be a more organic and natural replacement without any negativity attached to it.

2.3.1 Triangles used for persecution dur- ing the Nazi regime

Main articles: Pink triangle and Persecution of homo- sexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust

One of the oldest of these symbols is the pink trian- [4] gle, which originated from the Nazi concentration camp sufficiency. It has been in use since the late 1970s. Some lesbians have it tattooed on their inner wrist while badges that male homosexuals were required to wear [5] on their clothing.[1] Many of the estimated 5–15,000 others wear it as a pendant. gay men and lesbian women imprisoned in concentration [2] camps died during the Holocaust. For this reason, the 2.3.3 Lambda pink triangle is used as an identification symbol and as a memento to remind both its wearers and the general public of the atrocities that gays suffered under Nazi per- secutors. AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT-UP) adopted the inverted pink triangle to symbolize the “ac- tive fight back” against HIV/AIDS “rather than a passive resignation to fate.” The pink triangle was used exclusively with male prisoners—lesbians were not included under Paragraph 175, a statute which made homosexual acts between males a crime. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum stipulates that this is because women were seen as subordinate to men, and that the Nazi state feared les- bians less than gay men. However, the USHMM also claims that many women were arrested and imprisoned for “asocial” behaviour, a label which was applied to women who did not conform to the ideal Nazi image of a woman: cooking, cleaning, kitchen work, child raising, and passivity. These women were labeled with a black triangle.[3] Lesbians reclaimed this symbol for themselves as gay men reclaimed the pink triangle.

2.3.2 Labrys

The labrys, or double-bladed battle axe, was a symbol used in the ancient civilization of Minoan Crete (some- times portrayed as having certain matriarchal tenden- In the early 1970s, graphic designer Tom Doerr selected cies). It represents lesbian and feminist strength and self- the Greek letter lambda to be the symbol of the New York 2.3. LGBT SYMBOLS 41

chapter of the Gay Activists Alliance[6] The alliance’s lit- 2.3.5 Pride flag and colors erature states that Doerr chose the symbol specifically for its denotative meaning in the context of chemistry and physics: “a complete exchange of energy--that moment or span of time witness to absolute activity,”[6] Within the STEM field, the lambda symbol is associated with Original eight-stripe version designed by the half-life parameter of exponential random variables, Gilbert Baker in 1978 which describes the time it takes for a state to change. In December 1974, the lambda was officially declared the international symbol for gay and lesbian rights by the International Gay Rights Congress in Edinburgh, Scotland.[7] The gay rights organization Lambda Legal Version with hot pink removed due to fab- and the American Lambda Literary Foundation derive ric unavailability. (1978–1979) their names from this symbol.

Six-color version popular since 1979. Yet another stripe is reduced to have an even number, as to prevent middle colors from being hidden when hung vertically on lamp- posts. Indigo is interchangeable with a royal or navy blue in this 2.3.4 Purple hand version.

On 31 October 1969, sixty members of the Gay Libera- Rainbow flag tion Front (GLF) and the Society for Individual Rights (SIR) staged a protest outside the offices of the San Gilbert Baker designed the rainbow flag for the 1978 San Francisco Examiner in response to another in a series Francisco Gay Freedom Celebration. The flag does not of news articles disparaging LGBT people in San Fran- depict an actual rainbow. Rather, the colors of the rain- [8][9] cisco’s gay bars and clubs. The peaceful protest bow are displayed as horizontal stripes, with red at the against the "homophobic editorial policies” of the Ex- top and violet at the bottom. It represents the diversity of aminer turned tumultuous and were later called “Friday gays and lesbians around the world. In the original eight- of the Purple Hand” and “Bloody Friday of the Purple color version, pink stood for sexuality, red for life, orange [9][10][11][12][13] Hand”. Examiner employees “dumped a for healing, yellow for the sun, green for nature, turquoise bag of printers’ ink from the third story window of the for art, indigo for harmony, and violet for the soul.[18] The [9][11] newspaper building onto the crowd”. Some reports original eight-color rainbow flag flies over the Castro in state that it was a barrel of ink poured from the roof of the San Francisco and from the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and [14] building. The protesters “used the ink to scrawl 'Gay Transgender Community Center in New York City. Power' and other slogans on the building walls” and stamp purple hand prints “throughout downtown San Francisco” resulting in “one of the most visible demonstrations of Pride colors gay power”.[9][11][13] According to Larry LittleJohn, then president of SIR, “At that point, the tactical squad arrived – not to get the employees who dumped the ink, but to ar- rest the demonstrators. Somebody could have been hurt if that ink had gotten into their eyes, but the police were knocking people to the ground.”[9] The accounts of police brutality include women being thrown to the ground and protesters’ teeth being knocked out.[9][15] Inspired by Black Hand extortion methods of Camorra gangsters and the Mafia,[16] some gay and lesbian activists attempted to institute “purple hand” as a warning to stop anti-gay attacks, with little success. In Turkey, the LGBT rights organization MorEl Eskişehir LGBTT Oluşumu Pride colors as part of a street sign in the Washington Square (Purple Hand Eskişehir LGBT Formation), also bears the West neighborhood of Philadelphia, in the United States name of this symbol.[17] See also: Lavender Mafia The Pride colors are also used on objects other than flags to symbolize LGBT pride, community, or solidarity. 42 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

Freedom rings Freedom rings, designed by David Spada, are six aluminum rings, each in one of the col- ors of the rainbow flag. They were released in 1991.[19] Symbolizing happiness and diversity, these rings are worn by themselves or as part of necklaces, bracelets, and key chains.[19] They are sometimes referred to as “Fruit Loops”.[20] For National Coming Out Day (held in the United States on 11 October) students have made home- made versions of the “freedom rings” with Froot Loops cereal.

2.3.6 Bisexuality

The bisexual moon symbol was created to avoid the use of the Nazi-originated pink triangle.[22]

2.3.7 Pansexuality

The pansexual pride flag has been found on various In- First unveiled on 5 December 1998,[21] the bisexual pride ternet sites since mid-2010.[23] It has three horizontal flag was designed by Michael Page to represent bisexuals. bars that are pink, yellow and blue.[24] The pink band This rectangular flag consists of a broad magenta stripe at symbolizes women, the blue men, and the yellow those the top, a broad stripe in blue at the bottom, and a nar- of a non-binary gender, such as agender, bigender or rower deep lavender band occupying the central fifth. genderfluid.[23][25][26][27][28] The blue and pink overlapping triangle symbol represents bisexuality and bi pride. The symbol, sometimes face- tiously referred to as the “biangles”, originated in Boston, 2.3.8 Gender symbols designed by a female bi activist graphic designer in the early 1980s. This was the origin of the bi colors: pink For more details on sex and gender symbols, see Gender for attraction to women, blue for attraction to men, and symbols § Other gender-related symbols. lavender for attraction to both, as well as a reference to Modifications of the classical gender symbol (based on queerness. astrological symbols, Mars for male and Venus for fe- 2.3. LGBT SYMBOLS 43

Other Another transgender symbol is the Transgender Pride flag designed by transgender woman Monica Helms in 1999[29] and was first shown at a pride parade in Phoenix, Arizona, USA in 2000.[30] It was flown from a large public flagpole in San Francisco’s Castro District male) have appeared to express various LBGT gender beginning November 19, 2012 in commemoration of the identities since the 1990s. Two interlocking male sym- Transgender Day of Remembrance.[30] The flag repre- bols form a gay male symbol. Two interlocking female sents the transgender community and consists of five hori- symbols form a lesbian symbol. Variations on this theme zontal stripes: two light blue, two pink, with a white stripe can be used to represent bisexuals, transgender persons, in the center. Helms described the meaning of the flag as as well as heterosexuals. follows: Santa Clara County became the first county government [31] Transgender in the U.S. to raise the transgender pride flag in 2016.

Jennifer Pellinen created an alternative design in 2002. This design is often seen as being more inclusive across the spectrum of the trans community and is becoming more popular as an alternative trans flag to cover the wider trans spectrum. The colors of the flag are seen as more representative of being trans masculine (as well as trans feminine), and representing gender queer and peo- ple who sit across the spectrum with a non-fixed gender presentation. Other transgender symbols include the butterfly (symbol- izing transformation or metamorphosis), a set of three Popular symbols used to identify transgender people fre- hexagons representing the chemical pattern of estrogen quently consist of modified gender symbols combining el- and testosterone, and a pink and light blue yin and yang ements from both the male and female symbols. symbol. One version, originating from a drawing by Holly Boswell Also under the trans or transgender umbrella are all in 1993, depicts a circle with an arrow projecting from those who identify off the gender binary. There are the top-right, as per the male symbol, and a cross pro- many different identities within this category including genderqueer, two-spirit, gender fluid, third gender, and jecting from the bottom, as per the female symbol, with [32] an additional struck arrow (combining the female cross androgyny. and male arrow) projecting from the top-left. Unicode: Within the transgender umbrella, gender fluid is a sub- [⚧]=[U+26A7] group in the genderqueer community.[32] The Gender 44 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

2.3.10 Bear culture

Fluid flag consists of five stripes. This flag represents the fluctuations and the flexibility of gender in gender fluid people. The first stripe is pink which represents feminin- ity, or feeling female. The second stripe is white, and rep- resents the lack of gender, including agender, or gender neutral. The third stripe is purple and represents a com- bination of masculinity and femininity including various degrees of androgyny. The fourth stripe is black and rep- resents all other genders, third genders, and pangender. Lastly the final stripe is blue and represents masculinity or feeling male. The flag was designed by JJ Poole in 2012.[33]

2.3.9 Intersex

Main article: Intersex flag Bears marching in San Francisco Pride 2004 Intersex people are those who do not exhibit all the bi- Main article: Bear (gay culture)

Bear is an affectionate gay slang term for those in the bear communities, a subculture in the gay community and an emerging subset of the LGBT community with its own events, codes, and culture-specific identity. Bears tend to have hairy bodies and facial hair; some are heavy-set; some project an image of working-class masculinity in their grooming and appearance, though none of these are requirements or unique indicators. The bear concept can function as an identity, an affiliation, and an ideal to live up to. There is ongoing debate in bear communities about what constitutes a bear. Some state that self-identifying as a bear is the only requirement, while others argue that ological characteristics of male or female, or exhibit a bears must have certain physical characteristics, such as combination of characteristics, at birth. They are esti- a hairy chest and face, a large body, or a certain mode of mated by some to be about 1% of the population.[34] dress and behavior. The Intersex flag was created by Organisation Intersex Bears are almost always gay or bisexual men; transgender International Australia in July 2013 to create a flag “that men (regardless of their sexuality) and those who shun is not derivative, but is yet firmly grounded in meaning”. labels for gender and sexuality are increasingly included The organisation aimed to create a symbol without gen- within bear communities. The bear community has dered pink and blue colors. It describes yellow and pur- spread all over the world, with bear clubs in many coun- ple as the "hermaphrodite" colors. The organisation de- tries. Bear clubs often serve as social and sexual net- scribes it as freely available “for use by any intersex per- works for older, hairier, sometimes heavier gay and bi- son or organisation who wishes to use it, in a human rights sexual men, and members often contribute to their lo- affirming community context”[35][36][37] cal gay communities through fundraising and other func- 2.3. LGBT SYMBOLS 45 tions. Bear events are common in heavily gay communi- ties. The International Bear Brotherhood Flag was designed in 1995 by Craig Byrnes.[38]

2.3.11 Butch and femme

The website Butch-Femme.com uses a black triangle in a red circle to represent butch–femme sexuality.[39]

2.3.12 Asexuality

Main article: Asexuality

In August 2010, after a process of getting the word out beyond the Asexual Visibility and Education Network (AVEN)[40] and to non-English speaking areas, a flag was chosen[41] following a vote on a non-AVEN site.[42] It has Gay activists in Boston chose the purple rhinoceros as a since been seen used on Tumblr in various LGBTQ ar- symbol of the gay movement after conducting a media eas, but had been seen alongside other Sexual Orienta- campaign in 1974. They selected this animal because, tions flags previous to formal election.[43] The black stripe although it is sometimes misunderstood, it is docile and represents asexuality, the grey stripe the grey-area be- intelligent – but when a rhinoceros is angered, it fights tween sexual and asexual, the white stripe sexuality, and ferociously. Lavender was used because it was a widely the purple stripe community. The AVEN logo is a trian- recognized gay pride color; the heart was added to rep- gle fading from white to black to symbolise the gradient resent love and the “common humanity of all people.” A between sexuals, gray-asexuals, demisexuals and asexu- lavender rhino was a recognized symbol of lesbianism in als. The ace of spades and ace of hearts are also used the 1970s.[45] as asexual symbols since “ace” is a phonetic shortening of asexual. Generally, romantic asexuals use the ace of hearts as their symbol and aromantic asexuals use the ace of spades.[44]

2.3.13 Other symbols

In addition to major symbols of the LGBT community, less-popular symbols have been used to represent mem- bers’ unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one another. An inverted pink triangle surrounded by a green circle is used to symbolize alliance with gay rights and space free from homophobia. 46 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

In ancient Rome, as in 19th-century England, green indi- cated homosexual affiliations. Victorian men would of- ten pin a green carnation on their lapel as popularized by author Oscar Wilde, who often wore one on his lapel.[46]

According to some interpretations, American poet Walt Whitman used the calamus plant to represent homoerotic love.[47] Bisexual women and lesbians used to give violets to the woman they were wooing, symbolizing their “Sapphic” desire. In a poem, Sappho described herself and a lover wearing garlands of violets. The giving of violets was popular from the 1910s to the 1950s.[48] In Israel the transgender and genderqueer community use a neon green flag and neon green colors. • LGBT slogans

• In the Society for Creative Anachronism, LGBT • White Knot members often wear a blue feather to indicate an affiliation with Clan Blue Feather, a group of SCA members promoting the study of LGBT culture and 2.3.16 References people in the Middle Ages. [1] Plant, Richard (1988). The pink triangle: the Nazi war • In the United Kingdom, since 2006 the Pink Jack against homosexuals (revised ed.). H. Holt. p. 175. ISBN has been widely used to represent a uniquely British 978-0-8050-0600-1. LGBT identity.[49][50][51] [2] “Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals 1933-1945”. Ushmm.org. Retrieved 2012-01-23. 2.3.14 Flag gallery [3] “LESBIANS AND THE THIRD REICH”. ushmm.org. USHMM. Retrieved 16 January 2015. 2.3.15 See also [4] “Origin of Gay & Lesbian Symbols”. swade.net. Re- • Hanky code trieved 22 January 2012. 2.3. LGBT SYMBOLS 47

[5] “Lesbian Symbols”. Sapphooflesbos.com. 1978-06-25. [25] “A field guide to Pride flags”. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 17 Retrieved 2012-01-23. July 2014.

[6] Rapp, Linda (2004). “Gay Activists Alliance” (PDF). The [26] “A Storied Glossary of Iconic LGBT Flags and Symbols”. GLBTQ Encyclopedia Project. Glbtq, Inc. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.

[7] Zimmerman, Bonnie, ed. (1999). “Symbols”. Encyclo- [27] “Cantú Queer Center - Sexuality Resources”. Retrieved pedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Cultures (1 ed.). 17 July 2014. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 747. ISBN 978-0815340553. [28] “Gay & Lesbian Pride Symbols - Common Pride Symbols [8] Gould, Robert E. (24 February 1974). What We Don't and Their Meanings”. Retrieved 17 July 2014. Know About Homosexuality. New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2008-01-01. [29] Fairyington, Stephanie (12 November 2014). “The Smithsonian’s Queer Collection”. The Advocate. Re- [9] Alwood, Edward (1996). Straight News: Gays, Lesbians, trieved 5 June 2015. and the News Media. Columbia University; ISBN 0-231- 08436-6. Retrieved 2008-01-01. [30] “Transgender Flag Flies In San Francisco’s Castro District After Outrage From Activists” by Aaron Sankin, Huffin- [10] Bell, Arthur (28 March 1974). Has The Gay Movement gtonPost, November 20, 2012 Gone Establishment?. Village Voice. Retrieved 2008-01- 01. [31] “The Bay Area Reporter Online - Santa Clara is first county in US to raise trans flag”. Bay Area Reporter. [11] Van Buskirk, Jim (2004). “Gay Media Comes of Age”. Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 2008-01-01. [32] GENDERQUEER AND NON-BINARY IDENTITIES - Genderqueer Identities & Terminology [12] Friday of the Purple Hand. The San Francisco Free Press. November 15–30, 1969. Retrieved 2008-01-01. courtesy [33] Archived October 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. the Gay Lesbian Historical Society. [34] “How common is intersex? | Intersex Society of North [13] ""Gay Power” Politics”. GLBTQ, Inc. 30 March 2006. America”. Isna.org. Retrieved 2009-08-21. Retrieved 2008-01-01. [35] An intersex flag, Organisation Intersex International Aus- [14] Montanarelli, Lisa; Ann Harrison (2005). Strange But tralia, 5 July 2013 True San Francisco: Tales of the City by the Bay. Globe [36] Are you male, female or intersex?, Amnesty International Pequot; ISBN 0-7627-3681-X. Retrieved 2008-01-01. Australia, 11 July 2013

[15] Newspaper Series Surprises Activists. The Advocate. 24 [37] Intersex advocates address findings of Senate Committee April 1974. Retrieved 2008-01-01. into involuntary sterilisation, Gay News Network, 28 Oc- [16] Jay Robert Nash, World Encyclopedia of Organized Crime, tober 2013 Da Capo Press, 1993. ISBN 0-306-80535-9 [38] “Flag History”. Bearmfg.com. Retrieved 2012-01-23.

[17] “MorEl Eskişehir LGBTT Oluşumu”. Moreleskise- [39] “Gender Terms and Linguistics”. Butch-Femme.com. hir.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-01-23. Retrieved 2012-01-23.

[18] “Carleton College: Gender and Sexuality Center: [40] “The Creation of a Flag”. Apositive.org. Retrieved 2012- Symbols of Pride of the LGBTQ Community”. 01-23. Apps.carleton.edu. 2005-04-26. Retrieved 2012-01-23. [41] “Asexual Flag: And the winner is”. Asexuality.org. Re- [19] Van Gelder, Lindsy (1992-06-21), “Thing; Freedom trieved 2012-01-23. Rings”, New York Times, retrieved 2010-07-21 [42] “Asexual Flag - Round Three”. Asexuality.org. Retrieved [20] Green, Jonathon (2006). Cassell’s Dictionary of Slang. 2012-01-23. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 0-304-36636- 6. Retrieved 2007-11-15. [43] Queer Secrets

[21] “History, Bi Activism, Free Graphics”. BiFlag.com. [44] AVEN. “AVEN Wiki”. Retrieved 30 June 2012. 1998-12-05. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-01-23. [45] Archived August 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.

[22] Koymasky, Matt; Koymasky Andrej (2006-08-14). “Gay [46] Stetz, Margaret D. (Winter 2000). Oscar Wilde at the Symbols: Other Miscellaneous Symbols”. Retrieved Movies: British Sexual Politics and The Green Carnation 2007-02-18. (1960); Biography – Volume 23, Number 1, Winter 2000, pp. 90–107. Retrieved 14 June 2010. [23] “Do You Have a Flag?". 9 November 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2014. [47] Herrero-Brasas, Juan A. (2010). Walt Whitman’s Mystical Ethics of Comradeship: Homosexuality and the Marginal- [24] “Pansexual Pride Day”. Shenandoah University. Re- ity of Friendship at the Crossroads of Modernity. SUNY. trieved 17 July 2014. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4384-3011-9. 48 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

[48] “Lesbian Symbols”. Archived from the original on April 23, 2012.

[49] “God save the queers”. PinkNews.co.uk. 2006-07-21. Retrieved 2012-01-23.

[50] Pink Jack (actual flag): Archived January 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.

[51] Pink Jack (image):

LGBT rights at the United Nations 2.3.17 External links • v • Origin & History of Gay & Lesbian Symbols shows • t images of some of these symbols and offers a brief • historical account of each. e

• allowing men who have sex with men to donate 2.4 LGBT rights by country or ter- blood ritory • government recognition of same-sex relationships (such as via same-sex marriage or similar unions) This article is about current LGBT rights around the • allowing LGBT adoption world. For historical and current movements to further LGBT rights, see LGBT social movements. • recognition of LGBT parenting • anti-bullying legislation and student non- discrimination laws to protect LGBT children and/or students • immigration equality laws • anti-discrimination laws for employment and hous- ing • hate crime laws providing enhanced criminal penal- ties for prejudice-motivated violence against LGBT people • v • equal age of consent laws • t • • e equal access to assisted reproductive technology Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse and freedom • access to sex reassignment surgery and hormone re- of expression and association placement therapy Rings indicate areas where local judges have granted or denied marriages or imposed the death penalty in a jurisdiction where • legal recognition and accommodation of reassigned that is not otherwise the law or areas with a case-by-case gender application. • 1Some jurisdictions in this category may currently have other laws related to sexual orientation and military ser- types of partnerships. vice

As of April 2016, nineteen countries, most of them lo- Laws affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgen- cated in the Americas and Western Europe,[lower-alpha 1] der (LGBT) people vary greatly by country or territory— recognize same-sex marriage and grant most of (if not everything from legal recognition of same-sex marriage all) the other rights listed above to its LGBT citizens. or other types of partnerships, to the death penalty as pun- Anti-LGBT laws include, but are not limited to, the fol- ishment for same-sex romantic/sexual activity or identity. lowing: sodomy laws penalizing consensual same-sex LGBT rights are considered human rights by the Amnesty sexual activity with fines, jail terms, or the death penalty; International[1] and civil rights by some.[2] LGBT rights anti-"lesbianism" laws; and higher ages of consent for laws include, but are not limited to, the following: same-sex activity. 2.4. LGBT RIGHTS BY COUNTRY OR TERRITORY 49

In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council cient Indian treatise on love talks about feelings for same passed its first resolution recognizing LGBT rights, which sexes. Transsexuals are also venerated e.g. Lord Vishnu was followed up with a report from the UN Human as Mohini and Lord Shiva as Ardhanarishwara (which Rights Commission documenting violations of the rights means half woman).[9] of LGBT people, including hate crime, criminalization of homosexuality, and discrimination. Following up on the report, the UN Human Rights Commission urged all Ancient West Asia countries which had not yet done so to enact laws protect- ing basic LGBT rights.[3][4] Ancient Israel The ancient Law of Moses (the Torah) As of May 2016, 16 countries have an unequal age of forbids men lying with men (intercourse) in Leviticus consent law.[5] 18 and gives a story of attempted homosexual rape in Genesis in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah, the cities As of August 2016, 72 countries as well as five sub- being soon destroyed after that. The death penalty was [lower-alpha 7] national jurisdictions have laws criminalizing prescribed. In Deuteronomy 22:5, cross-dressing is con- [5] homosexuality, with most of them located in Asia and demned as being “abominable”. Africa. In 2006 that number was 92.[5]

Ancient Persia In Persia homosexuality and homo- 2.4.1 History of LGBT-related laws erotic expressions were tolerated in numerous public places, from monasteries and seminaries to taverns, mil- See also: LGBT history, Timeline of LGBT history, itary camps, bathhouses, and coffee houses. In the early LGBT social movements, History of homosexuality, and Safavid era (1501–1723), male houses of prostitution Sodomy law § History (amrad khane) were legally recognized and paid taxes. Persian poets, such as Sa’di (d. 1291), Hafiz (d. 1389), and Jami (d. 1492), wrote poems replete with homo- Ancient Celts erotic allusions. The two most commonly documented forms were commercial sex with transgender young males or males enacting transgender roles exemplified by the According to Aristotle, although most “belligerent na- köçeks and Sufi spiritual practices in which the practi- tions” were strongly influenced by their women, the Celts tioner admired the form of a beautiful boy in order to were unusual because their men openly preferred male enter ecstatic states and glimpse the beauty of God. lovers (Politics II 1269b).[6][7] H. D. Rankin in Celts and the Classical World notes that “Athenaeus echoes this comment (603a) and so does Ammianus (30.9). It seems to be the general opinion of antiquity.”[7] In book Ancient Mesopotamia Middle Assyrian Law Codes XIII of his Deipnosophists, the Roman Greek rhetorician dating 1075 BC states: “If a man have intercourse and grammarian Athenaeus, repeating assertions made with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a [10] by Diodorus Siculus in the 1st century BC (Bibliotheca eunuch.” historica 5:32), wrote that Celtic women were beautiful but that the men preferred to sleep together. Diodorus went further, stating that “the young men will offer them- Ancient Rome selves to strangers and are insulted if the offer is re- fused”. Rankin argues that the ultimate source of these The “conquest mentality” of the ancient Romans shaped assertions is likely to be Poseidonius and speculates that Roman homosexual practices.[11] In the Roman Repub- these authors may be recording “some kind of bonding lic, a citizen's political liberty was defined in part by the ritual ... which requires abstinence from women at cer- right to preserve his body from physical compulsion or tain times”.[7] use by others;[12] for the male citizen to submit his body to the giving of pleasure was considered servile.[13] As long as a man played the penetrative role, it was socially Ancient India acceptable and considered natural for him to have same- sex relations, without a perceived loss of his masculinity Throughout Hindu and Vedic texts there are many de- or social standing.[14] The bodies of citizen youths were scriptions of saints, demigods, and even the Supreme strictly off-limits, and the Lex Scantinia imposed pe- Lord transcending gender norms and manifesting multi- nalites on those who committed a sex crime (stuprum) ple combinations of sex and gender.[8] There are several against a freeborn male minor.[15] Acceptable same-sex instances in ancient Indian epic poetry of same sex depic- partners were males excluded from legal protections as tions and unions by gods and goddesses. There are sev- citizens: slaves, male prostitutes, and the infames, enter- eral stories depicting love between those of the same sex, tainers or others who might be technically free but whose especially among kings and queens. Kamasutra, the an- lifestyles set them outside the law. 50 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

“Homosexual” and “heterosexual” were thus not cate- began in the 3rd century of the Christian era when male gories of Roman sexuality, and no words exist in Latin prostitution was banned by Philip the Arab. By the end that would precisely translate these concepts.[16] A male of the 4th century, after the Roman Empire had come un- citizen who willingly performed oral sex or received anal der Christian rule, passive homosexuality was punishable sex was disparaged, but there is only limited evidence of by burning.[31] “Death by sword” was the punishment for legal penalties against these men, who were presumably a “man coupling like a woman” under the Theodosian “homosexual” in the modern sense.[17] In courtroom and Code.[32] Under Justinian, all same-sex acts, passive or political rhetoric, charges of effeminacy and passive sex- active, no matter who the partners, were declared con- ual behaviors were directed particularly at “democratic” trary to nature and punishable by death.[33] politicians (populares) such as Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.[18] Congo Roman law addressed the rape of a male citizen as early as the 2nd century BC, when a ruling was issued in a case E. E. Evans-Pritchard recorded that in the past male that may have involved a man of same-sex orientation. Azande warriors in the northern Congo routinely took It was ruled that even a man who was “disreputable and on young male lovers between the ages of twelve and questionable” had the same right as other citizens not to twenty, who helped with household tasks and participated have his body subjected to forced sex.[19] A law prob- in intercrural sex with their older husbands. The prac- ably dating to the dictatorship of Julius Caesar defined tice had died out by the early 20th century, after Euro- rape as forced sex against “boy, woman, or anyone"; the peans had gained control of African countries, but was rapist was subject to execution, a rare penalty in Roman recounted to Evans-Pritchard by the elders to whom he law.[20] A male classified as infamis, such as a prostitute spoke.[34] or actor, could not as a matter of law be raped, nor could a slave, who was legally classified as property; the slave’s owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property Feudal Japan damage.[21] In the Roman army of the Republic, sex among fellow In feudal Japan, homosexuality was recognized, between soldiers violated the decorum against intercourse with equals (bi-do), in terms of pederasty (wakashudo), and in citizens and was subject to harsh penalties, including terms of prostitution. The younger partner in a pederas- death,[22] as a violation of military discipline.[23] The tic relationship often was expected to make the first move; Greek historian Polybius (2nd century BC) lists deserters, the opposite was true in ancient Greece. In religious cir- thieves, perjurers, and “those who in youth have abused cles, same-sex love spread to the warrior (samurai) class, their persons” as subject to the fustuarium, clubbing to where it was customary for a boy in the wakashū age death.[24] Ancient sources are most concerned with the category to undergo training in the martial arts by ap- effects of sexual harassment by officers, but the young prenticing to a more experienced adult man. The man soldier who brought an accusation against his superior was permitted, if the boy agreed, to take the boy as his needed to show that he had not willingly taken the pas- lover until he came of age; this relationship, often for- sive role or prostituted himself.[25] Soldiers were free to malized in a “brotherhood contract”,[35] was expected have relations with their male slaves;[26] the use of a fel- to be exclusive, with both partners swearing to take no low citizen-soldier’s body was prohibited, not homosex- other (male) lovers. The Samurai period was one in ual behaviors per se.[27] By the late Republic and through- which homosexuality was seen as particularly positive. out the Imperial period, there is increasing evidence that Later when Japanese society became pacified, the mid- men whose lifestyle marked them as “homosexual” in the dle classes adopted many of the practices of the warrior modern sense served openly.[28] class. Although Roman law did not recognize marriage be- tween men, and in general Romans regarded marriage Lesotho as a heterosexual union with the primary purpose of producing children, in the early Imperial period some Anthropologists Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe re- male couples were celebrating traditional marriage rites. ported that women in Lesotho engaged in socially Juvenal remarks with disapproval that his friends often [29] sanctioned “long term, erotic relationships” called attended such ceremonies. The emperor Nero had two motsoalle.[36] marriages to men, once as the bride (with a freedman Pythagoras) and once as the groom. His consort Sporus appeared in public as Nero’s wife wearing the regalia that Papua New Guinea was customary for the Roman empress.[30] Apart from measures to protect the prerogatives of citi- In Papua New Guinea, same-sex relationships were an zens, the prosecution of homosexuality as a general crime integral part of the culture until the middle of the last century. The Etoro and Marind-anim for example, even 2.4. LGBT RIGHTS BY COUNTRY OR TERRITORY 51 viewed heterosexuality as wasteful and celebrated ho- 2.4.5 Notes mosexuality instead. They believed that in sharing se- men, they are sharing their life force, yet women simply [1] Countries with same-sex marriage recognized nation- wasted this force any time they didn't get pregnant af- wide are: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colom- bia, Denmark,[lower-alpha 2] France, Iceland, Luxembourg, ter sex. In many traditional Melanesian cultures a prepu- [lower-alpha 3] [lower-alpha 4] bertal boy would be paired with an older adolescent who the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nor- way, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United would become his mentor and who would “inseminate” Kingdom,[lower-alpha 5] the United States [lower-alpha 6] and him (orally, anally, or topically, depending on the tribe) Uruguay. over a number of years in order for the younger to also reach puberty.[37] [2] Excluding the Faroe Islands [3] Excluding Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten

2.4.2 Global LGBT Rights Maps [4] Excluding Niue, Tokelau and the Cook Islands 2.4.3 LGBT-related laws by country or ter- [5] Excluding Northern Ireland, the Crown dependencies and most British Overseas Territories. (Same-sex marriage is ritory legal in the Pitcairn Islands).

Africa [6] Excluding most Native American tribes. (Same-sex mar- riage is legal in at least 24 of them). Application to Amer- Americas ican Samoa unclear. [7] These five sub-national jurisdictions are: the provinces of Asia Aceh and South Sumatra (Indonesia), the Cook Islands (New Zealand), Gaza (Palestine) and Marawi City (the Europe Philippines).

Oceania 2.4.6 References 2.4.4 See also [1] “About LGBT Human Rights”. Amnesty International. • Buggery Retrieved 29 March 2013. [2] Becker, John (23 March 2012). “LGBT Rights Are Civil • Civil union Rights”. Huffington Post. Retrieved 29 March 2013. • Heterosexism [3] Jordans, Frank (17 June 2011). “U.N. Gay Rights Pro- • Homophobia tection Resolution Passes, Hailed As 'Historic Moment'". Associated Press. • Intersex human rights [4] “UN issues first report on human rights of gay and lesbian • Movements for civil rights people”. United Nations. 15 December 2011. [5] “State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of • Transphobia sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and • List of human rights articles by country recognition” (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 17 May 2016. Retrieved • List of LGBT rights articles by region 19 May 2016.

• List of transgender-rights organizations [6] Percy, William A. (1996). Pederasty and Pedagogy in Ar- chaic Greece. University of Illinois Press. p. 18. ISBN • LGBT people in prison 0-252-06740-1. Retrieved 2009-09-18.

• Religion and homosexuality [7] Rankin, David; Ranking, H.D. (1996). Celts and the Clas- sical World. Psychology Press. pp. 55 and 78. ISBN • Same-sex marriage 978-0-4151-5090-3.

• Sexual revolution [8] ritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex, p. 40

• Socialism and LGBT rights [9] “Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association, Inc”. The Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association. Retrieved 2013-11- • Societal attitudes toward homosexuality 02.

• Status of same-sex marriage [10] Halsall, Paul. “The Code of the Assura”. Internet History Sourcebooks Project. Fordham University. Retrieved 16 • Yogyakarta Principles November 2015. 52 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

[11] Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale [30] Suetonius Life of Nero 28–29; Williams, Roman Homo- University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 sexuality, p. 279ff. in Italian), p. xi; Marilyn B. Skinner, introduction to Ro- man Sexualities (Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 11. [31] Michael Groneberg, “Reasons for Homophobia: Three Types of Explanation,” in Combatting Homophobia: Ex- [12] Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law periences and Analyses Pertinent to Education (LIT Ver- in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 326. lag, 2011), p. 193.

[13] Catharine Edwards, “Unspeakable Professions: Public [32] Codex Theodosianus 9.7.3 (4 December 342), introduced Performance and Prostitution in Ancient Rome,” in Ro- by the sons of Constantine in 342. man Sexualities, pp. 67–68. [33] Groneberg, “Reasons for Homophobia,” p. 193. [14] Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Ag- gression in Roman Humor (Oxford University Press, 1983, [34] Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1970). “Sexual Inversion among 1992), p. 225, and “Not before Homosexuality: The Ma- the Azande”. American Anthropologist, New Series. 72 teriality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love (6): 1428–1434. doi:10.1525/aa.1970.72.6.02a00170. between Men,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 3.4 [35] Leupp, Gary P. (1999). Male Colors: The Construction of (1993), p. 525. Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan. University of Califor- [15] Plutarch, Moralia 288a; Thomas Habinek, “The Invention nia Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 0-520-20909-5. of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome,” in The Roman [36] Murray, Stephen (ed.); Roscoe, Will (ed.) (1998). Boy Cultural Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1997), Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homo- p. 39; Richlin, “Not before Homosexuality,” pp. 545– sexualities. New York: St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-312- 546. Scholars disagree as to whether the Lex Scantinia 23829-0. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= imposed the death penalty or a hefty fine. (help)

[16] Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality (Oxford Univer- [37] Herdt, Gilbert H. (1984), Ritualized Homosexuality in sity Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, Ho- Melanesia, University of California Press, pp. 128–136, mosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome (Societas ISBN 0-520-08096-3 Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122. [38] “Where is it illegal to be gay? - BBC News”. Bbc.com. [17] Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 214–215; Richlin, Retrieved 2015-09-29. “Not before Homosexuality,” passim. [39] (Spanish) Reglamento regulador del Registro de Uniones [18] Catharine Edwards, The Politics of Immorality in Ancient de Hecho Rome (Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 63–64. [40] “Spain approves liberal gay marriage law”. St. Petersburg [19] As recorded in a fragment of the speech De Re Floria by Times. 2005-07-01. Retrieved 2007-01-08. Cato the Elder (frg. 57 Jordan = Aulus Gellius 9.12.7), noted and discussed by Richlin, “Not before Homosexu- [41] “Adoption in Spain”. Intercountry Adoption. Retrieved ality,” p. 561. 18 October 2015.

[20] Richlin, “Not before Homosexuality,” pp. 562–563. See [42] http://ilga-europe.org/ also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys. [43] (Spanish) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las [21] Under the Lex Aquilia. See McGinn, Prostitution, Sexual- personas ity, and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 314. [44] “Egypt (Law) - ILGA”. ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from [22] McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015. Rome, p. 40. [45] Littauer, Dan (25 November 2012). “Twelve men to be [23] Sara Elise Phang, Roman Military Service: Ideologies of executed by Libyan militia for allegedly being gay”. Gay Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cam- Star News. Retrieved 6 May 2016. bridge University Press, 2008), p. 93. [46] (Spanish) REGLAMENTO REGULADOR DEL REG- [24] Polybius, Histories 6.37.9 (translated as bastinado). ISTRO DE PAREJAS DE HECHO DE LA CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA [25] Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 280–285. [47] “Morocco (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the [26] Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, p. 3. original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

[27] Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 112 et passim. [48] “Tunisia (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the orig- inal on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015. [28] Phang, The Marriage of Roman Soldiers, pp. 285–292. [49] “Benin (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the origi- [29] Juvenal, Satire 2; Williams, Roman Homosexuality, p. 28. nal on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015. 2.4. LGBT RIGHTS BY COUNTRY OR TERRITORY 53

[50] “The Gambia passes bill imposing life sentences for some [72] “Alberta: Adult Interdependent Relationships”. Legal Re- homosexual acts | World news”. The Guardian. Retrieved source Center of Alberta. 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 2015-09-29. [73] THE COMMON-LAW PARTNERS' PROPERTY AND [51] “Ghana (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the orig- RELATED AMENDMENTS ACT inal on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015. [74] LOI CONCERNANT CERTAINES CONDITIONS DE [52] “Nigeria (Law)". ilga.org. ILGA. Archived from the orig- FOND DU MARIAGE CIVIL inal on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015. [75] Status differs in provinces and territories: [53] Marriage (Ascension) Ordinance, 2016 • Mary C. Hurley (31 May 2007). “Sexual Orienta- [54] “Everything you need to know about human rights. | tion and Legal Rights”. Parliament of Canada. Re- Amnesty International”. Amnesty.org. 2015-09-25. Re- trieved 21 January 2010. trieved 2015-09-29. • Jennifer A. Cooper (31 December 2001). “Opinion [55] “Laws of Kenya ; The Constitution of Kenya” (PDF). on Common-Law Relationships”. Government of Kenyaembassy.com. Retrieved 2015-09-29. Manitoba. Retrieved 21 January 2010. • “Gay couple leaps 'walls’ to adopt son”. Edmonton [56] http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/06/ Journal. 19 February 2007. 2013630131245411453.html • “Legal Information for Same Sex Couples” (PDF). [57] “The Sexual Offences Bill” (PDF). mauritiusassem- Legal Information for Same Sex Couples. Re- bly.govmu.org. Government of Mauritius. 6 April 2007. trieved 3 September 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2015. • “Yukon Adoption: Important Adoption Issues”. Adoptiveparents.ca. Retrieved 2013-03-16. [58] “Africa: Outspoken activists defend continent’s sexual diversity - Norwegian Council for Africa”. Afrika.no. [76] “Canadian Armed Forces”. The Canadian Lesbian & Gay 2009-08-06. Retrieved 2015-09-29. Archives. Retrieved 30 September 2010.

[59] “Equal Opportunities Act 2008” (PDF). Ilo.org. Re- [77] trieved 2015-09-29. [78] Northwest Territories Human Rights Act, S.N.W.T. 2002, [60] https://76crimes.com/2016/05/18/ c.18. Section 5. tiny-african-victory-seychelles-repeals-ban-on-gay-sex/ [79] “Ontario passes law to protect transgender people”. CBC [61] “Malawi suspends anti-gay laws as MPs debate repeal | News. June 13, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2012. World news”. The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-09-29. [80] http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/topic.page?id= [62] “Mozambique Gay Rights Group Wants Explicit Consti- C53953157EE344A681EFD28325B526F4 tutional Protections | Care2 Causes”. Care2.com. 2011- 03-03. Retrieved 2015-09-29. [81] http://vitalstats.gov.mb.ca/change_of_sex_designation. html [63] “Homosexuality Decriminalised in Mozambique”. Kuchu Times. 2015-06-01. Retrieved 2015-09-29. [82] “1995-96 - L 162 (oversigt): Forslag til lov om ændring af kriminalloven og arveloven for Grønland. (Ændringer [64] “Namibia”. State.gov. 2002-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09- som følge af indførelse af registreret partnerskab)" (in 29. Danish). Webarkiv.dk. Retrieved September 14, 2012. [65] “Namibia”. Lgbtnet.dk. Retrieved 2015-09-29. [83] (Danish) Anordning om ikrafttræden for Grønland af lov [66] http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/06/ om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab m.v. 2013630131245411453.html [84] L 122 Forslag til lov om ændring af myndighedsloven for [67] Grønland, lov om ikrafttræden for Grønland af lov om ægteskabets retsvirkninger, retsplejelov for Grønland og [68] Johnson, Ayo (June 15, 2013). “MPs approve historic Hu- kriminallov for Grønland. man Rights Act changes”. The Royal Gazette. Retrieved June 15, 2013. [85] (Spanish) Leopoldo Ramos (11 January 2007). “Aprueba Coahuila la figura del pacto civil de solidaridad”. La Jor- [69] “Criminal Code (R.S., 1985, c. C-46), Section 159, Sub- nada. Retrieved 15 February 2014. section (1)". Department of Justice Canada. 21 May 2010. [86] (Spanish) Pedro Zamora Briseño (29 July 2013). “Aprueba Colima “enlace conyugal” entre parejas del [70] Law Reform (2000) Act mismo sexo”. Proceso. Retrieved 15 February 2014.

[71] An Act instituting civil unions and establishing new rules [87] http://www.sdpnoticias.com/gay/2013/12/23/ of filiation legalizan-bodas-gays-en-campeche 54 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

[88] (Spanish) “Jalisco avala Ley de Libre Convivencia para [105] “France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a regular parejas del mismo sexo”. CNN México. 31 Octo- mental illness in France / News / Welcome to the ILGA ber 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014. Trans Secretariat / Trans / ilga - ILGA”. Trans.ilga.org. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 21 November 2013. [89] David Agren (10 August 2010). “Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages”. New York Times. Retrieved [106] “California Family Code Section 299.2”. Onecle. 11 August 2010. [107] [http://www.citizenlink.org/CLNews/A000004948.cfm [90] (Spanish) Varillas, Adriana (3 May 2012). “Revocan an- CitizenLink: Amendment Would Mean No Money to ulación de bodas gay en QRoo”. El Universal. Retrieved D.C. Domestic-Partner Registry 15 February 2014. [108] Summary of LD 1579 [91] (Spanish) Mauricio Torres (14 November 2013). “Senadores proponen legalizar el matrimonio gay en todo [109] “Oregon Registered Domestic Partners” (PDF). State of México”. CNN México. Retrieved 15 February 2014. Oregon. Retrieved December 11, 2012.

[92] (Spanish) “Propone Fernando Mayans Canabal recono- [110] “Senate Bill 566”. cer el matrimonio sin distinción de preferencia sexual”. Senado de México. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 15 [111] Burroway, Jim (June 17, 2009). “Wisconsin Senate Ap- February 2014. proves Domestic Partnerships”. Box Turtle Bulletin. Re- trieved November 4, 2009. [93] Summers, Claude (6 June 2015). “Mexico’s Supreme Court Effectively Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage Nation- [112] “Nevada legalizing domestic partnerships”. CNN. May wide”. Retrieved 15 June 2015. 31, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.

[94] “SCJN abre la puerta a matrimonio gay en todo el país” [113] “New Jersey Public Law 2006, c.103” (PDF). New Jersey (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: La Journada. 12 June Legislature. 2006. Retrieved July 31, 2007. 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015. [114] Illinois House passes civil unions legislation in historic [95] “Suprema Corte ampara matrimonio igualitario” (in vote Spanish). Mexico: Animal Politico. 13 June 2015. Re- trieved 15 June 2015. [115] Huffington Post: Mark Niesse, “Hawaii Governor Neil Abercrombie Signs Same-Sex Civil Unions Into Law,” [96] Associated Press (4 March 2010). “Mexico City’s gay February 23, 2011, accessed April 13, 2011 marriage law takes effect”. MSNBC. Retrieved 6 March 2010. [116] Votes for SB13-011

[97] (Spanish) Jesús Castro (12 February 2014). “Ya pueden [117] Wolf, Richard (June 26, 2015). “Supreme Court strikes parejas gay adoptar en Coahuila; PAN vota en contra”. down bans on same-sex marriage”. USA Today. Retrieved Vanguardia. Retrieved 12 February 2014. June 26, 2015. [98] “Intercountry Adoption: Mexico”. Office of Children Is- [118] Liptak, Adam (26 June 2015). “Gay Marriage Backers sues, U.S. Dept. of State. November 2009. Win Supreme Court Victory”. nytimes.com. Retrieved 26 [99] International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission June 2015. (IGLHRC) (23 April 2003). “Mexico protects its gay and [119] “In 60 days, gays will be allowed to serve openly in the lesbian citizens with new law”. Retrieved 27 November military”. CNN. July 23, 2011. 2009.

[100] International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Trans [120] Geidner, Chris (23 April 2012). “Transgender Break- (29 August 2008). “Mexico City extends official rights to through”. Metro Weekly. Retrieved 4 August 2012. transgender individuals”. Retrieved 27 November 2009. [121] HHS: Health Reform Law Prohibits Antitransgender Bias [101] Mexico, Protocol of Action for Those Who Impart Justice in Care in Cases that Involve Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity [122] Tatectate, Curtis (July 16, 2015). “EEOC: Federal law (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico City: Supreme Court of Jus- bans workplace bias against gays, lesbians, bisexuals | Mi- tice of the Nation. August 2014. ISBN 978-607-96207- ami Herald Miami Herald”. Miamiherald.com. Retrieved 3-8. Retrieved 17 June 2015. 2016-05-25. [102] (French) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité [123] http://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/ belize-supreme-court-overturns-anti-gay-law-n627511 [103] Vignal, Francois (April 15, 2013). “Mariage pour tous : le détail du vote au Sénat” (in French). Public Senat. [124] “Chapter 4 of the Laws of Belize - THE CONSTITU- Retrieved October 27, 2013. TION OF BELIZE PART II: Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms”. Belmopan, Belize: The Govern- [104] http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/ ment of Belize. 1981. Archived from the original on 21 country-information/learn-about-a-country/france.html August 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2016. 2.4. LGBT RIGHTS BY COUNTRY OR TERRITORY 55

[125] Littauer, Dan (10 August 2016). “Love wins! Belize anti- [144] Waaldijk, Kees. “Major legal consequences of marriage, gay law struck down”. Scotland: KaleidoScot. Retrieved cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex 10 August 2016. and same-sex partners in the Netherlands” (PDF). INED. Retrieved October 27, 2013. [126] “Supreme Court declares Section 53 unconstitutional”. Port of Spain, Trinidad: Daily Express. Cana News. 10 [145] “Gay Marriage Goes Dutch”. CBS News. Associated August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016. Press. 1 April 2001. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

[127] [http://www.nacion.com/nacional/salud-publica/ [146] “Burgerlijk Wetboek, Boek 1 (Civil Code, Book 1)". Gov- CCSS-aprobo-extender-seguro-parejas_0_1416058622. ernment of the Netherlands. Retrieved 19 April 2013. html, 22 May 2014 [147] https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/ [128] Costa Rica Government To Prioritize Bill Legalizing Gay contents/prohibition-of-discrimination Civil Unions, 19 Mar 2015 [148] http://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/ [129] http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/ the-netherlands-passes-landmark-gender-identity-law country-information/learn-about-a-country/costa-rica. [149] “The Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009” (PDF). html Cayman Constitution. Retrieved September 15, 2012. [130] http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2015/04/ [150] Duncan, Charles (July 24, 2016). “Gay couple wins work el-salvador-approves-measures-banning-same-sex-marriage-gay-couple-adoption/ permit appeal”. Cayman Compass. [131] Asociación Salvadoreña de Derechos Humanos “Entre [151] (Spanish) Gaceta Oficial No. 29 Extraordinaria de 17 de Amigos” (2010). HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF LES- junio de 2014 BIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER PERSONS IN EL SALVADOR: Shadow Report submitted to the United [152] (Spanish) Entra en vigor nuevo Código de Trabajo Nations Human Rights Committee (PDF). San Salvador. [153] “Cuba approves sex change operations”, Reuters, 6 June [132] http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/ 2008 Gender-Hate-Crimes-in-El-Salvador-to-Receive-Tougher-Sentencing-20150904-0028. html [154] (Spanish) Constitución Política de la República Domini- cana, proclamada el 26 de enero 2010, Publicada en la [133] http://www.lapagina.com.sv/ Gaceta Oficial No. 10561, del 26 de enero de 2010. nacionales/109929/2015/09/03/ Homicidios-a-comunidad-LGTBI-tendran-penas-de-hasta-60-anos[155] Dominican Republic reiterates ban on gay cops and sol- diers [134] In socially conservative Guatemala, transgender people sees gains [156] “The Montserrat Constitution Order 2010”. Government of Montserrat. Retrieved 15 July 2014. [135] (Spanish) CONSTITUCION POLITICA DE LA RE- PUBLICA DE HONDURAS DE 1982 [157] “Constitution of Montserrat Part I: Fundamental Rights & Freedoms”. Government of Montserrat. Retrieved 15 [136] “Honduras Bans Gay Marriage & Adoption”. Global July 2014. Gayz. March 30, 2005. Retrieved 2009-08-12. [158] Puerto Rico to amend laws after US ruling on gay mar- [137] “DECRETO 144-83” CÓDIGO PENAL riage

[138] http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/internacionales/ [159] “The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2011” 368103-buscan-que-orientacion-sexual-e-identidad-genero-s/ (PDF). Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands. Re- trieved 15 July 2014. [139] http://impresa.prensa.com/panorama/ Transexuales-panamenos-tramitan-cedulas-mujer_ [160] Ley 1004 0_3518648160.html [161] (Spanish) LEY Nº 3736 CONVIVENCIA HOMOSEX- [140] “Por primera vez, una transexual logra en Panamá cam- UAL biar su nombre en la cédula”. El Espectador (in Spanish). [162] Ley 26.994 CODIGO CIVIL Y COMERCIAL DE LA Retrieved 1 August 2016. NACION

[141] http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2016/09/ [163] Ley 26.618 aruba-parliament-approves-civil-unions-sex-couples/ [164] AG magazine (2 March 2009). “A New Argentina Over- [142] “Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands” (in Dutch). turns Gay Military Ban”. Queerty. Retrieved 1 January Government of the Netherlands. 10 October 2010. Re- 2010. trieved 29 December 2010. [165] Buscan replicar Ley de la Ciudad en la Nación [143] The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, sections 9 and 26. [166] Página12, 10 May 2012 56 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

[167] CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA DEL ESTADO PLURI- [189] Changing name and sex in documentation – Brazilian As- NACIONAL DE BOLIVIA sociation of Trans Men (Portuguese)

[168] [190] Ley 20830 CREA EL ACUERDO DE UNIÓN CIVIL

[169] “Constitución Política del Estado (CPE) (7-Febrero- [191] http://www.cascaraamarga.es/ 2009)" (in Spanish). Infoleyes. Retrieved September 15, politica-lgtb/lgtb-internacional/ 2012. 10299-el-proyecto-de-ley-de-matrimonio-igualitario-llega-al-parlamento-de-chile. html El proyecto de ley de matrimonio igualitario llega al [170] http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/ parlamento de Chile] country-information/learn-about-a-country/bolivia.html [192] El proyecto de ley de matrimonio igualitario llega al par- [171] http://www.lanacion.cl/noticias/reportajes/mundo/ lamento de Chile militares-y-homosexualidad-los-avances-y-tabus-en-los-otros-paises-de-latinoamerica/ 2014-08-27/195542.html/ [193] (Spanish) Claudio Ortiz Lazo. “Reflexiones en torno a la homosexualidad y fuerzas armadas”. Revista Fuerzas Ar- [172] http://www.confluenciafm.com.ar/vernota.asp?id_ madas y Sociedad. Retrieved 21 April 2012. noticia=14939 [194] “Chile Congress passes anti-discrimination law”. Ju- [173] “Militares gay, entre la discriminación y la clandestinidad rist.org. 5 April 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012. en FFAA de Bolivia” (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 September 2016. [195] http://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/judicial/ justicia-autorizo-primer-cambio-de-sexo-sin-necesidad-de-operacion-previa/ [174] Bolivia Approves Progressive Law Recognizing Trans- 2015-04-08/165825.html gender Rights

[175] Constitución Política del Estado VIGENTE Bolivia [196] http://www.biobiochile.cl/2014/01/21/ senado-aprueba-idea-de-legislar-proyecto-de-ley-de-identidad-de-genero. [176] http://www.la-razon.com/sociedad/ shtml primero-Latinoamerica-cambiar-nombre-sexo_0_ 1556844361.html [197]

[177] http://www.paginasiete.bo/sociedad/2014/8/10/ [198] SENTENCIA C-075/07 bolivia-seis-transexuales-lograron-cambiar-identidad-28989. [199] Histórico: parejas del mismo sexo podrán contraer matri- html monio [178] [200] “Histórico fallo: Corte aprueba adopción de niña a com- [179] http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp? pañera lesbiana de su madre biológica”.(Spanish) idConteudo=178931 [201] Colombia High Court Rules for Adoptions by Same-Sex [180] CNJ obriga cartórios de todo o país a celebrar casamento Couples entre gays [202] “Este miércoles el presidente Santos sanciona ley antidis- [181] CNJ obriga cartórios a celebrar casamento entre homos- criminación”. ElTiempo.com. 29 November 2011. Re- sexuais trieved 29 November 2011.(Spanish)

[182] http://www.athosgls.com.br/noticias_visualiza.php? [203] http://www.elespectador.com/ contcod=29208 entrevista-de-cecilia-orozco/ cambio-de-genero-cedula-sera-agil-y-simple-minjusticia-articulo-564988 [183] (Portuguese) Patricia Silva Gadelha (March 2006). “A prática da pederastia é crime militar”. Jus Navigandi. Re- [204] CONSTITUCIÓN DEL ECUADOR trieved 10 September 2013. [205] LEY REFORMATORIA AL CÓDIGO CIVIL [184] (Portuguese) Iara Bernardi (December 2010). “Projeto de Lei 122/2006”. Retrieved 31 December 2010. [206] (Spanish) Constituciones de 2008

[185] Homosexuality is not deviant - Federal Council of Psy- [207] http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/ chologists of Brazil (Portuguese) country-information/learn-about-a-country/ecuador. html [186] Psychiatrist Jairo Bouer talks about the “collateral effects” of “gay cure” bill (Portuguese) [208] http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/ 2015/043.asp [187] (Portuguese)Expresso da Notícia (13 January 2006). “Justiça autoriza alteração no registro de transexual que [209] Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, Political trocou de sexo”. Jus Brasil. Retrieved 1 January 2010. Database of the Americas, 31 January 2011

[188] (Portuguese) Expresso da Notícia (25 December 2005). [210] http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ec/es/system/files/ “Justica autoriza mudança de sexo em documentos”. Jus ro_ley_organica_de_gestion_de_la_identidad_y_datos_ Brasil. Retrieved 1 January 2010. civiles_ro_684_2do_supl_04-02-2015.pdf 2.4. LGBT RIGHTS BY COUNTRY OR TERRITORY 57

[211] http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/ [234] “Kazakhstan Says No to Gays in Military”. Eurasianet. 13 Ecuadorean-Lawmakers-Approve-New-Gender-Identity-Law-20151211-0001.June 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2012. html [235] Employment (Equality) Ordinance 2013 [212] http://ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article= 69480 [236] Referendum in Armenia brings constitutional reforms

[213] Family Law Review 2015 – Proposals for new policy de- [237] Armenia Central Electoral Commission announces con- velopment and legislation stitutional referendum final results

[214] The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 [238] “Armenia: Gays live with threats of violence, abuse”. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 30 [215] Homosexuals can adopt, be foster parents, guardians – March 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2012. CPA Director [239] “Map shows how Europe forces trans people to be steril- [216] http://www.thedailyherald.com/regional/2-news/ ized”. Gay Star News. 33563-army-wont-discriminate-against-its-gay-soldiers-. html [240] Rainbow Europe Country Index

[217] Constitución Nacional [241] LAW OF GEORGIA ON THE ELIMINATION OF All FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION [218] “Paraguay – Constitution”. Retrieved 2010-10-15. [242] Russian Gay History [219] http://www.paraguay.com/nacionales/ presentan-nuevo-proyecto-de-ley-contra-discriminacion-136816[243] http://www.kaosgl.com/page.php?id=18860

[220] Proyecto de Ley 03273/2013-CR [244] http://www.kaosgl.com/page.php?id=18860

[221] “El Tribunal Constitucional de Perú considera que no se [245] “CBC News - Film - Iran’s gay plan”. Cbc.ca. 26 August puede excluir de la Polícia o el Ejército a las personas ho- 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2010. mosexuales”. Dos Manzanas. 13 December 2009. Re- trieved 30 September 2010. [246] Iraq: Sexual Orientation, Human Rights and the Law

[222] (Spanish)“Peruvian Penal Code” (PDF). Retrieved 8 Oc- [247] Erez Levon (January 2008). National Discord: Language, tober 2015. Sexuality and the Politics of Belonging in Israel. p. 45- 46. This amendment to the penal code entailed a de jure [223] http://www.as-coa.org/articles/ decriminalization of sodomy since, in 1963, the Israeli explainer-lgbt-rights-latin-america-and-caribbean Supreme Court had already issued a de facto decriminal- ization, ruling that the anti-sodomy law (which dated back [224] http://www.washingtonblade.com/2014/09/18/ to the British Mandate of Palestine; Mandatory Criminal peru-uganda-lgbt-rights/#sthash.qiX6hWy8.dpuf Ordinance of 1936) could not be prosecuted (Yosef Ben- [225] “Sex reassignment surgery in Peru”. Streets of Lima. Re- Ami vs. The Attorney General of Israel, 224/63). trieved 15 October 2015. [248] LGBTQ Timeline [226] Ley Nº 18.246 UNIÓN CONCUBINARIA [249] Attorney General rules same sex couples eligible to adopt, [227] http://archivo.presidencia.gub.uy/sci/leyes/2013/05/ ynet, February 10, 2008. mec_913.pdf [250] “Adoption in Israel”. Intercountry Adoption. Retrieved [228] Reuters (9 September 2009). “Lawmakers in Uruguay 15 October 2015. Vote to Allow Gay Couples to Adopt”. New York Times. [251] “Law prohibiting discrimination in products, services, and Retrieved 1 January 2010. entry to businesses” (in Hebrew). Israeli Economy Min- [229] Rachel Weiner (15 May 2009). “Uruguay Lifts Ban On istry. Retrieved 2013-05-09. Gays In The Military”. Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 Jan- uary 2010. [252] “El Al vs. Yonatan Danilovich” (in Hebrew). Supreme Court of Israel. Retrieved 2013-05-09. [230] (Spanish) Congress of Uruguay (18 August 2004). “Ley N° 17.817”. Retrieved 1 January 2010. [253] HOMOSEXUALITY, HUMAN DIGNITY & HA- LAKHAH: A COMBINED RESPONSUM FOR THE [231] Free Speech Radio News (11 December 2009). “Uruguay COMMITTEE ON JEWISH LAW AND STANDARDS passes bill to allow citizens to choose gender identity”. Re- by RABBIS ELLIOT N. DORFF, DANIEL S. NEVINS trieved 1 January 2010. & AVRAM I. REISNER

[232] “Venezuela activists petition for same-sex marriage”. 31 [254] “Israel recognizes sex changes without operation”. January 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014. Supreme Court of Israel. Retrieved 2015-01-23.

[233] “Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela” [255] Aeyal Gross, Human rights are part of the fight for gay (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2011-03-10. rights, Haaretz (via Aguda website), December 17, 2013 58 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

[256] Hila Weissberg, Homophobia in the workplace? Fear of [281] “Aceh passes stoning law”. The Straits Times. 14 Septem- transgender people is even worse, Haaretz, August 29, ber 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2009. 2014 [282] Rough Guide to South East Asia: Third Edition. Rough [257] Aeyal Gross, Israel should drop binary view of gender, Guides Ltd. August 2005. p. 74. ISBN 1843534371. Haaretz, 16.09.13 [283] “Sacking Sergeant SNF, Court: Homosex a Threat to [258] http://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2014/10/12/ Army”. Detik. 16 November 2013. Retrieved 16 Novem- 602917.html ber 2013.

[259] Kuwait Law [284] “Philippines: Congress Approves Anti-Discrimination Bill”. Iglhrc.org. 24 January 2004. Retrieved 5 Septem- [260] Lebanon Just Did a Whole Lot More Than Legalize Being ber 2010. Gay [285] Historical Dictionary of the Lesbian and Gay Liberation [261] Syria, Middle East Movements

[262] Bangladesh government makes Hijra an official gender [286] http://www.interaksyon.com/article/113336/ option akbayan-rep-to-file-same-sex-marriage-bill-in-congress

[263] “CIVIL APPEAL NO.10972 OF 2013 (Arising out of [287] “Adoption in the Philippines”. Intercountry Adoption. SLP (C) No.15436 of 2009)"., Supreme Court of India, Retrieved 15 October 2015. retrieved on 7 March 2015 [288] “Pemberton guilty of homicide in Jennifer Laude case”. [264] “India’s Supreme Court Restores an 1861 Law Banning Rappler. Retrieved 1 December 2015. Gay Sex”. The New York Times. 11 December 2013. Re- trieved 4 April 2014. [289] PNA, PNA. “Passage of Cebu’s anti-discrimination law lauded”. Local News. Sun Star Publishing, Inc. Retrieved [265] “SC to take call on LGBT rights tomorrow”. 1 February 23 October 2012. 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2015. [290] http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/324189/ [266] “Lesbian marriages, born of a legal loophole, stir debate davao-council-bans-discrimination-vs-gays-minority-differently-abled in India”. [291] “Gay Filipinos and Rainbow - INQUIRER.net, Philippine [267] “Being gay still a crime in the military”. StratPost. 2 July News for Filipinos”. Lifestyle.inquirer.net. 21 November 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2010. 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2010.

[268] Supreme Court recognizes transgenders as 'third gender', [292] “Pemberton guilty of homicide in Laude case; sentenced The Times of India, retrieved 15 April 2014 to 12 years”. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 1 De- cember 2015. [269] classhttp://www.washingtonblade.com/2015/09/19/ new-nepal-constitution-includes-lgbt-specific-protections/[293] Same-sex marriage may come true under Thai junta

[270] http://rainbow.mo/?p=194 [294] Gay Thailand News & Reports 2007

[271] Taiwan [295]

[272] http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/local/kaohsiung/ [296] “Northern Cyprus Decriminalizes Homosexuality and 2015/05/14/435974/Gay-groups.htm Protects LGBTs Against Hate Speech”. kaosgl.com.

[273] “Taipei opens registration for same-sex couples”. Re- [297] (Turkish) Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın “Eşcinsellik Suçu” Yasası Tar- trieved 15 October 2015. ihe Karıştı!

[274] “Taichung to record same-sex partnerships”. [298] Perspective: what has the EU done for LGBT rights?, Gaystarnews. Retrieved 15 October 2015. Café Babel, 17 May 2010

[275] http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/1591062 [299] What is the current legal situation in the EU?, ILGA Eu- rope [276] http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/ 20160128000579-260107 [300] (German) Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz [277] http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/1624226 [301] (German) Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Än- [278] https://kairos.news/28944 derung

[279] http://udn.com/news/story/3/ [302] “Bundesgesetz, mit dem das Allgemeine Bürgerliche 1570743-$-$41 Gesetzbuch und das Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft geändert wird” (PDF). parlament.gv.at (in [280] Gender reassignment rule to be changed German). 2.4. LGBT RIGHTS BY COUNTRY OR TERRITORY 59

[303] “Entschließungsantrag betreffend der Aufhebung des [324] http://www.romania-insider.com/ Adoptionsverbots für Homosexuelle” (PDF). parla- romanias-coalition-for-family-supports-constitution-amendment-against-same-sex-marriage/ ment.gv.at. 163575/

[304] "§ 144(2) ABGB (General Civil Code)". www.ris.bka.gv. [325] http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/ at (in German). country-information/learn-about-a-country/romania. html [305] “ILGA-Europe” (PDF). ilga-europe.org. [326] “Disputed revision to constitution sails through parlia- [306] (Czech) 115/2006 Sb. o registrovaném partnerství a o ment”. The Slovak Spectator. Retrieved 4 June 2014. změně některých souvisejících zákonů

[307] “Dienstbier chce předložit novelu, která by umožnila os- [327] https://adoption.com/forums/thread/316200/ vojení dětí registrovanými partnery” (in Czech). Eu- adopting-in-slovakia/ roZprávy.cz; mu; ČTK. Retrieved 2016-07-03. [328] “Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual [308] “glbtq >> social sciences >> Berlin”. glbtq.com. Orientation and Gender Identity in the EU Member States Part II: The Social Situation” (PDF). fra.europa.eu. [309] (German) Gesetz über die Eingetragene Lebenspartner- schaft [329] Petit Press a.s. “Law change criminalises homophobia”. spectator.sme.sk. [310] (German) Gesetz zur Einführung des Rechts auf Eheschließung für Personen gleichen Geschlechts [330] “Zakon o registraciji istospolne partnerske skupnosti”. uradni-list.si (in Slovenian). [311] “Antidiskriminierungsstelle - Publikationen - AGG in en- glischer Sprache”. antidiskriminierungsstelle.de. [331] First Adoption by Gay Partner of Child’s Parent [312] http://www.gaylesbiantimes.com/?id=14425 [332] Weber, Nana (April 25, 2013). “Sprememba spola v [313] (German) Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und Sloveniji”. Pravna praksa (in Slovenian). GV Založba die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in beson- (16-17). ISSN 0352-0730. deren Fällen [333] Homosexuals a step closer to equal rights [314] (Hungarian) 2009. évi XXIX. törvény a bejegyzett élet- társi kapcsolatról, az ezzel összefüggő, valamint az élet- [334] Zurich grants gay couples more rights társi viszony igazolásának megkönnyítéséhez szükséges egyes törvények módosításáról [335] (French)Le pacs gagne du terrain

[315] (Hungarian) T/5423 Magyarország Alaptörvényének 6. [336] “Bundesgesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gle- módosítása ichgeschlechtlicher Paare”. admin.ch (in German).

[316] “Melegházasságról szóló törvényjavaslat landolt a magyar [337] “13.468 – Parlamentarische Initiative - Ehe für alle”. par- parlamentben” (in Hungarian). Index.hu. 29 June 2015. lament.ch (in German). Retrieved 29 June 2015. [338] 14.094 ZGB. Adoption. Änderung / CC. Droit de [317] “Fundamental Law of Hungary” (PDF). TASZ. Retrieved l'adoption. Modification, parlement.ch, Retrieved 23 June September 15, 2012. 2016

[318] Gorondi, Pablo (April 18, 2011). “Hungary passes new [339] https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/ conservative constitution”. Reading Eagle. Retrieved media-releases.msg-id-57063.html September 15, 2012. [340] “Avis de droit OFEC: Transsexualisme” (PDF). Federal [319] “Gesetz über die eingetragene Partnerschaft gle- Department of Justice and Police (in French). Retrieved 9 ichgeschlechtlicher Paare (Partnerschaftsgesetz; PartG)" May 2013. (PDF). gesetze.li (in German).

[320] http://www.llv.li/#/1611/adoption [341] Referendum in Armenia brings constitutional reforms

[321] “Związki partnerskie - nie w tej kadencji” (in Polish). [342] Armenia Central Electoral Commission announces con- polityka.pl. 26 May 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015. stitutional referendum final results

[322] “The Constitution of the Republic of Poland”. Sejm RP. [343] “Armenia: Gays live with threats of violence, abuse”. Retrieved 5 May 2015. Marriage, being a union of a man United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 30 and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and par- March 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2012. enthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland. [344] "File:Lgbt azerbaijan.jpg”. wikimedia.org.

[323] http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/ [345] Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL-M. “Belarus - Constitu- country-information/learn-about-a-country/poland.html tion”. Servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved 2014-01-05. 60 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

[346] “Belarus: Attitude towards homosexuals and lesbians in [370] “Finland president signs gay marriage law – couples will Belarus; state protection available to non-heterosexuals have to wait to get married until 2017”. Gay Star News. in Belarus with special attention to Minsk (2000-2005)". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 17 Jan- [371] (Finnish) Ihmisoikeudet kuuluvat myös uary 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2012. transsukupuolisille

[347] “Comment: With all eyes on anti-gay Russia, there [372] (Icelandic)Lög um breytingu á lagaákvæðum er varða rét- are three countries with a shocking need for coverage”. tarstöðu samkynhneigðra (sambúð, ættleiðingar, tæknifr- pinknews.co.uk. jóvgun)

[348] “Govt Offers Setting Constitutional Bar to Same-Sex [373] http://www.althingi.is/altext/stjt/2010.065.html Marriage”. Civil.ge. Retrieved 3 April 2014. [374] “Iceland parliament votes for gay marriage”. IceNews. [349] “Georgia to Consider a Ban on Same-Sex Marriage”. June 11, 2010. Retrieved September 12, 2012. Eurasianet.org. Retrieved 3 April 2014. [375] “New gay marriage law in Iceland comes into force”. Ice- [350] "სსიპ "საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე"". სსიპ news.is. Retrieved 14 August 2010. ”საქართველოს საკანონმდებლო მაცნე”. [376] https://adopt.com/iceland/ [351] “The Constitution of Moldova” (PDF). The Government [377] (Icelandic) Alþingi Barnalög of Moldova. Retrieved 11 March 2015. [378] Iceland adopts a new comprehensive law on trans issues [352] “Russian Gay History”. middlebury.edu. [379] “President Signs Anti-Gay Constitutional Amendment”. [353] “Campaign started to declare gay marriage unconstitu- UK Gay News. December 21, 2005. Retrieved 2009- tional”. RT. Retrieved 3 April 2014. 08-12. [354] Legal Report: Ukraine, COWI (2010) [380] http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/ [355] http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/ country-information/learn-about-a-country/latvia.html country-information/learn-about-a-country/ukraine. [381] (Latvian) Cik viegli pārvērsties no Ievas par Ādamu? html

[356] http://fortruss.blogspot.ch/2015/06/ [382] Čachovskis, K. (March 25, 2015). “9 MPs register bill on ukrainian-military-to-issue-draft.html same-sex partnership”. DELFI. Retrieved July 4, 2015.

[357] http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-politics/ [383] “CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUA- 1912891-ukraines-parliament-passes-anti-discrimination-law. NIA”. html [384] http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/ [358] https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id= country-information/learn-about-a-country/lithuania. 142282 html

[359] http://cphpost.dk/news/national/gay-marriage-legalised [385] (Lithuanian) Lietuvos Respublikos Civilinis kodeksas The Copenhagen Post, 7 June 2012: Gay marriage (Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania legalised] Retrieved 2012-09-19 [386] https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/lov/2008-06-27-53

[360] Homoseksuelle fik ja til ægteskab - Jyllands-Posten. [387] “Norway Gay Marriage Bill Passes Final Hurdle”. [361] (Danish) Lov om ændring af lov om registreret partner- 365gay.com. Retrieved 17 June 2008. skab, lov om en børnefamilieydelse og lov om børnetil- [388] “Norway passes law approving gay marriage”. La- skud og forskudsvis udbetaling af børnebidrag times.com. 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2015-05-29.

[362] (Danish) Retsinformation.dk Børneloven [389] http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/ [363] “MSN New Zealand - Latest News, Weather, Entertain- country-information/learn-about-a-country/norway. ment, Business, Sport, Technology”. msn.co.nz. html

[364] (Estonian) “Kooseluseadus”. Riigikogu. 9 October 2014. [390] (Norwegian Nynorsk) Lovdata Barnelova

[365] Faroe Islands Say Yes to Same-Sex Marriage [391] http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/sfs/20090253.pdf

[366] Island Chain Votes To Ban Discrimination Against Gays [392] “Gays Win Marriage Rights”. Sveriges Radio English. 1 April 2009. [367] §266b [393] http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/ [368] “Holdningsskred i synet på homoseksuelle på Færøerne”. country-information/learn-about-a-country/sweden. Information. html

[369] (Swedish) Lag om registrerat partnerskap [394] (Swedish) Sveriges Riksdag Föräldrabalk 2.4. LGBT RIGHTS BY COUNTRY OR TERRITORY 61

[395] Fia Sundevall & Alma Persson (2016) “LGBT in the Mil- [417] http://ihrp.law.utoronto.ca/utfl_file/count/media/ itary: Policy Development in Sweden 1944–2014”, Sexu- IHRP%20Cyprus%20Report%20FINAL%202014.pdf ality Research and Social Policy, June 2016, Volume 13, Issue 2, pp 119-129, http://link.springer.com/article/10. [418] “Cyprus: Penal code amended to protect against discrim- 1007/s13178-015-0217-6/fulltext.html ination based on sexual orientation or gender identity”. PinkNews. Retrieved October 27, 2013. [396] http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/ sweden-ends-forced-sterilization-trans110113 [419] CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014

[397] Criminal Code (Amendment) Ordinance 2000 (PDF) [420] Command Paper for Consultation on Marriage Act

[398] Criminal Code (consolidated) [421] Command Paper on a draft Act to make amendments to the Marriage Act to make provision for same sex marriage [399] Civil Partnership (Armed Forces) Order 2005 (PDF) and enable civil partners to convert their partnership into marriage [400] Overseas Marriage (Armed Forces) Order 2014 (PDF) [422] http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/2006-37o.pdf [401] Employment (Equality) Ordinance 2013 (PDF) [423] “Calls for gender recognition in Gibraltar”. PinkNews. [402] Dan Littauer, Albania passes landmark gay hate crime laws, gaystarnews.com, 5 May 2013 [424] "Η Ελλάδα είπε το μεγάλο «ναι» στο σύμφωνο συμβίωσης". [403] (Catalan) Llei 4/2005, del 21 de febrer, qualificada de les unions estables de parella [425] http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/attivita/attifirmati/ sett_atti.asp?Atti=sett/2016_m05d16.htm [404] (Catalan) Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada [426] http://www.gaypost.it/ del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995 presidente-mattarella-firmato-la-legge-sulle-unioni-civili/

[405] “Diari d'Andorra - Enllestida la llei d'unions civils amb el [427] (Italian) Atto Senato n. 15 procés d'adopció dels matrimonis”. diariandorra.ad. [428] (Italian) Atto Senato n. 204 [406] (Catalan) Demà entren en vigor lleis importants, com la [429] (Italian) Atto Senato n. 393 d'unions civils o la 'regla d´or' [430] (Italian) “Adozioni gay, la Corte d'Appello di Roma con- [407] ferma: sì a due mamme”. Corriere della Sera. [408] “Article 46(1), Bulgaria – Constitution”. Retrieved 2009- [431] (Italian)“Cassazione, via libera alla stepchild adoption in 10-04. casi particolari”. Repubblica. [409] http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/ [432] (Italian) “Legge 14 Aprile 1982, n. 164 (GU n. 106 del country-information/learn-about-a-country/bulgaria. 19/04/1982) Norme in Materia di Rettificazione di At- html tribuzione di Sesso”. Archived from the original on 23 [410] “Bulgarian Parliament approves with 93-23 vote (and 23 May 2007. abstentions) amendments to the Protection from Discrim- [433] Court of Cassation judgment of 21 May 2015 ination Act to include protection against discrimination of trans people”. The Sofia Globe. 25 March 2015. [434] “Macedonia Moves to Rule Out Same-Sex Marriage”. Balkan Insight. 1 July 2014. [411] “Bulgarian Parliament Votes on Anti-Discrimination Law Amendments”. Novinite.com. 25 March 2015. [435] AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for mat- ters connected therewith or ancillary thereto [412] (Croatian) Zakon o životnom partnerstvu osoba istog spola [436] MARRIAGE ACT

[413] (Croatian) “Ustav Republike Hrvatske” (PDF). Ustavni [437] Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteris- sud Republike Hrvatske. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 16 tics Bill February 2015. [438] “THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO and THE [414] (Croatian) “Zakon o suzbijanju diskriminacije”. Narodne- CONSTITUTIONAL LAW FOR THE IMPLEMENTA- novine.nn.hr. 21 July 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2014. TION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO ADOPTED ON 19 OCTOBER 2007” (PDF). Retrieved [415] (Croatian)“Pravilnik o načinu prikupljanja medicinske 2014-01-05. dokumentacije te utvrđivanja uvjeta i pretpostavki za promjenu spola i drugom rodnom identitetu.”. Narodne- [439] “Information on the rights of minority groups in Montene- novine.nn.hr. 15 November 2014. Retrieved 15 Novem- gro” (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-05. ber 2014. [440] (Portuguese) Law no. 7/2001, from 11 May (specifically [416] Article 1, no. 1). 62 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

[441] (Portuguese) AR altera lei das uniões de facto [460] “Decreto 248/2007, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se crea y se regula el Registro de Parejas de Hecho de Galicia.” [442] Law no. 9/2010, from 30th May. (in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved November 6, 2015. [443] (Portuguese) Lei 17/2016 de 20 de junho [461] “Decreto 30/2010, de 14 de mayo, por el que se crea el [444] (Portuguese) Lei que alarga a procriação medicamente as- Registro de Parejas de Hecho de La Rioja” (in Spanish). sistida publicada em Diário da República El Gobierno de La Rioja. Retrieved November 6, 2015. [445] (Portuguese) Todas as mulheres com acesso à PMA a 1 [462] “Spain approves liberal gay marriage law”. St. Petersburg de Agosto Times. 2005-07-01. Retrieved 2007-01-08. [446] http://www.lgbt-ep.eu/press-releases/ [463] http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/ meps-welcome-new-gender-change-law-in-portugal-concerned-about-lithuania/ country-information/learn-about-a-country/spain.html [447] Gessa, Daniele Guido (June 27, 2012). “San Marino [464] (Spanish) Boletín Oficial del Estado Ley 14/2006, de 26 axes medieval law to let gay couples live together”. de mayo, sobre técnicas de reproducción humana asistida GayStarNews. Retrieved September 10, 2012. (see Article 7) [448] (Italian) San Marino. Unioni civili, presto sul tavolo tre bozze di legge [465] (Spanish) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las [449] (Italian) San Marino. Unioni civili, presto sul tavolo tre personas bozze di legge [466] “Turkey’s main opposition proposed labor bill for LGBT [450] First post-Mediaeval criminal code in the Principality people”. kaosgl.com. of Serbia, named “Kaznitelni zakon” (Law of Penalties), adopted in 1860, punishes sexual intercourse “against the [467] http://ijg.sagepub.com/content/18/1/77.abstract order of nature” between males with 6 months to 4 years [468] (German) Gesetz zur Einführung des gesetzlichen Zusam- imprisonment. V. Para # 206, p. 82 of the “Kaznitelni menwohnens zakon 1860” in Slavo-Serbian orthography (PDF)

[451] “Constitution of Serbia”. Serbian Government. Retrieved [469] “Belgium to follow Holland on gay marriage”. RTÉ News. 8 November 2006. 29 November 2002.

[452] http://www.parlament.gov.rs/akti/doneti-zakoni/ [470] “Belgium legalizes gay marriage”. UPI. 31 January 2003. doneti-zakoni.1033.html [471] “Belgium approves same-sex marriage”. PlanetOut. 30 [453] http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2012& January 2003. mm=12&dd=24&nav_category=11&nav_id=671737 [472] http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/ [454] Galán, José Ignacio Pichardo. “Same-sex couples in country-information/learn-about-a-country/belgium. Spain. Historical, contextual and symbolic factors” html (PDF). Institut national d'études démographiques. Re- trieved December 30, 2012. [473] (French)(Dutch) Belgian Official Gazette Loi du 5 mai 2014 portant établissement de la filiation de la coparente, [455] “Ley 1/2001, de 6 de abril, por la que se regulan las as amended by loi du 18 décembre 2014 modifiant le Code uniones de hecho”. Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved April civil, le code de droit international privé, le Code con- 18, 2015. sulaire, la loi du 5 mai 2014 portant établissement de la filiation de la coparente et la loi du 8 mai 2014 modifiant [456] “Llei 18/2001 de 19 de desembre, de parelles estables” (in le Code civil en vue d’instaurer l’égalité de l’homme et de la Catalan). Govern de les Illes Balears. Retrieved Novem- femme dans le mode de transmission du nom à l’enfant et ber 6, 2015. à l’adopté

[457] “LEY 4/2002, de 23 de mayo, de Parejas Estables” (PDF) [474] (French) (Dutch) Loi du 10 mai 2007 relative à la trans- (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. sexualité/Wet van 10 mei 2007 betreffende de transsek- Retrieved November 6, 2015. sualiteit

[458] “DECRETO 117/2002, de 24 de octubre, por el que se [475] (French) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au crea el Registro de Uniones de Hecho en Castilla y León pacte civil de solidarité y se regula su funcionamiento” (PDF) (in Spanish). Junta de Castilla y León. Retrieved November 6, 2015. [476] Erlanger, Steven (18 May 2013). “Hollande Signs French Gay Marriage Law”. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 [459] “Ley de Cantabria 1/2005, de 16 de mayo, de Parejas July 2015. de Hecho de la Comunidad Autónoma de Cantabria.” (in Spanish). Noticias Juridicas. Retrieved November 6, [477] http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/ 2015. country-information/learn-about-a-country/france.html 2.4. LGBT RIGHTS BY COUNTRY OR TERRITORY 63

[478] “France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a [502] “GENDER RECOGNITION ACT 2009” (PDF). legisla- mental illness in France / News / Welcome to the ILGA tion.gov.im. Trans Secretariat / Trans / ilga - ILGA”. Trans.ilga.org. 2009-05-16. Retrieved 21 November 2013. [503] “Gender recognition bill to provide protection to Isle of Man trans residents”. PinkNews. [479] “Sexual Offences (Bailiwick of Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2011”. guernseylegalresources.gg. [504] “Civil Partnership (Jersey) Law 2012” (PDF). jersey- law.je. [480] “JURIST - Homosexual Offenses and Human Rights in Guernsey”. jurist.org. [505] Equal Marriage and Partnership Options Paper Report

[481] http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=98634&p=0 [506] http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/ AssemblyPropositions/2015/P.40-2015.pdf [482] http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=98636&p=0 [507] GENDER RECOGNITION (JERSEY) LAW 2010 [483] “Union civile, Green, marriage, Liberate « Guernsey Press”. guernseypress.com. [508] (French) Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats [484] “Guernsey votes to legalise same-sex marriage”. Gay Times Magazine. [509] Same-sex marriages from January 1

[485] “Guernsey law change allows same-sex couples to adopt”. [510] Same-Sex Marriage in Luxembourg from 1 January 2015 BBC News. [511] http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2014/0125/ [486] “The Prevention of Discrimination (Enabling Provisions) a125.pdf (Bailiwick of Guernsey) Law, 2004”. Guernsey Legal Re- [512] (French) Mémorial A n° 207 de 2006 sources. Retrieved 31 May 2014. [513] n°207 - Proposition de loi relative au Pacte de vie com- [487] “Legal Resources: Legal Resources Navigation List: mune Guernsey Law Reports 2007–08 GLR 161”. guernseyle- galresources.gg. [514] Waaldijk, Kees. “Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex [488] “Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of and same-sex partners in the Netherlands” (PDF). INED. Cohabitants Act 2010”. irishstatutebook.ie. Retrieved October 27, 2013. [489] Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution (Marriage [515] “Gay Marriage Goes Dutch”. CBS News. Associated Equality) Bill 2015 Press. 1 April 2001. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

[490] “Gay adoption law due before same-sex marriage referen- [516] ttp://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/ dum”. The Irish Times. 21 January 2015. country-information/learn-about-a-country/netherlands. [491] “FAQs”. The Adoption Authority of Ireland. html

[492] http://rainbow-europe.org/#8639/0/0 [517] (Dutch) Staatsblad Wet van 25 november 2013 tot wijzig- ing van Boek 1 van het Burgerlijk Wetboek in verband met [493] http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/ het juridisch ouderschap van de vrouwelijke partner van change-sought-to-anomaly-in-adoption-law-1.1848049 de moeder anders dan door adoptie

[494] Oireachtas Children and Family Relationships Act 2015 [518] https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/ contents/prohibition-of-discrimination [495] “Employment Equality Act, 1998”. Irishstatutebook.ie. 18 June 1998. Retrieved 11 July 2010. [519] http://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/ the-netherlands-passes-landmark-gender-identity-law [496] “Equal Status Act, 2000”. Irishstatutebook.ie. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 11 July 2010. [520] “Civil Partnership Act 2004”. legislation.gov.uk.

[497] “Prohibition of Incitement To Hatred Act, 1989”. irish- [521] “Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed”. BBC statutebook.ie. News. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.

[498] http://www.thejournal.ie/ [522] “Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed”. BBC ireland-transgender-recognition-bill-2218956-Jul2015/ News. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.

[499] “Civil Partnership Act 2011” (PDF). legislation.gov.im. [523] Thomas, Ellen (20 September 2009). “New legislation sees gay Scottish couples win right to adopt children”. The [500] “Same-sex Manx marriages can go ahead after Royal As- Herald. Retrieved 23 September 2009. sent”. BBC. 19 July 2016. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016. [524] http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/ en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/ [501] EMPLOYMENT ACT 2006 united-kingdom.html 64 CHAPTER 2. YOUR SEXUALITY

[525] legislation.gov.uk Human Fertilisation and Embryology [550] Crimes Act 2016 Act 2008: Cases in which woman to be other parent [551] Palau decriminalises sex between men [526] Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4) [552] “Sodomy Laws American Samoa”. Sodomylaws.org. 28 [527] http://lug-info.com/documents/one/ March 2004. Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. ugolovnyi-kodeks-luganskoi-narodnoi-respubliki-467 Retrieved 21 December 2008.

[528] “FAMILY LAW OF KOSOVO - Law Nr.2004/32”. [553] Sagapolutele, Fili. “gay marriage illegal in American childhub.org. Samoa”. USNews. Retrieved July 10, 2015.

[529] “Adoption Laws in Kosovo: Unmarried persons”. State [554] Employment Relations Act 2012 portal of the Republic of Kosovo. Constitution of Kosovo. [555] Pitcairn Island: Same Sex Marriage and Civil Partnership [530] “Adoption in Kosovo (Report) - Page 6”. OSCE Mission Ordinance 2015 in Kosovo. [556] Laws - PITCAIRN [531] “Constitution of Kosovo; discrimination”. [557] The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010 [532] [558] Labour and Employment Relations Act 2013 [533] http://dnr-online.ru/ugolovnyj-kodeks-dnr/ [534] http://pravo.pmr-online.com/View.aspx?id= 2.4.7 External links dMQ8CSXQu3QAok4djqV2MQ%3D%3D • International Lesbian and Gay Association [535] "В Приднестровье, как и в Молдове защитят права геев и лесбиянок". Новости Приднестровья:: ИА • State-sponsored Homophobia report (2015 «Тирас». edition) [536] “Relationships Act 2003”. Tasmanian Legislation. Re- • Lesbian and Gay Rights in the World map trieved September 14, 2012. (2015 edition)

[537] “South Australia gays get new rights by Tony Grew (7 De- • Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual: Law at DMOZ cember 2006)". pinknews.com.au. Retrieved 2007-09- 03. • Amnesty International USA: LGBT legal status around the world — interactive map [538] Relationships Act 2008 (Vic) • [539] “Massive support for register”. Star Observer. May 13, GayLawNet: Laws — information by country 2010. Retrieved September 14, 2012. • International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Com- [540] Agius, Kym (December 1, 2011). “Bligh asks ALP to mission support gay marriage”. Retrieved September 14, 2012. • Resource links — for researching legal infor- [541] “Civil Unions Bill 2011”. ACT Government. Retrieved mation September 14, 2012. • International Commission of Jurists, Sexual Orien- [542] Marriage Amendment Act 2004 tation, Gender Identity and Justice - A Comparative Law Casebook [543] http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/ australian-parliament-vote-same-sex-marriage-again-year040814• United Nations Human Rights Council, [544] “Australia Ends a Prohibition On Homosexuals in Mili- Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of tary”, New York Times, November 24, 1992 violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, an annual report [545] Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013 • Legal recognition of nonbinary gender identities

[546] Marriage equality Bill officially signed into law, GayNZ.com, Retrieved 19 April 2013

[547] Chand, Shalveen (26 February 2010). “Same sex law de- criminalised”. Fiji Times. Retrieved 6 October 2011.

[548] Verheyen, Vincent. “Sexual orientation [LGBTQ+] and the draft of the new Solomon Islands Constitution”. Re- trieved 3 March 2016.

[549] Nauru decriminalises homosexuality Chapter 3

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

3.1 Text

• LGBT history Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_history?oldid=741507916 Contributors: Delirium, Ahoerstemeier, Julesd, WhisperToMe, Fibonacci, Rei, Branddobbe, Altenmann, Davodd, Orangemike, Mboverload, Beland, Scotteaux, Canterbury Tail, Haiduc, Larrybob, Rich Farmbrough, Ebelular, Bender235, Ntennis, Mavromatis, Shanes, Burzum, Rd232, Melaen, Omphaloscope, Ring- bang, Wyvern, AlexTiefling, Stemonitis, Apollomelos, Queerudite, Lincher, Graham87, BD2412, FreplySpang, Grammarbot, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Koavf, Ecelan, Trivial, Nihiltres, Kerowyn, Theshibboleth, RussBot, Gaius Cornelius, Emiellaiendiay, Ashwinr, Occono, Hugh Manatee, Dbfirs, CorbieVreccan, Ke6jjj, Saudade7, Contaldo80, Tom Morris, Piquant, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Pjthompso, Haymaker, Prodego, McGeddon, TXFirebear, Sam Pointon, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Carl.bunderson, Colonies Chris, MaxSem, Tamfang, OrphanBot, William percy, Edboyce, PiMaster3, Wuzzy, EdGl, WayKurat, Ohconfucius, Saluton~enwiki, Ryulong, AEMor- eira042281, MikeWazowski, Jnkatz1, Beno1000, LadyofShalott, Fg68at, Dev920, CmdrObot, Gogo Dodo, Hopping, Otto4711, Lugnuts, EqualRights, Garik, Kozuch, Generalmiaow, Keraunos, Marek69, JustAGal, Haha169, SummerPhD, Tjmayerinsf, DuncanHill, Mco- razao, 100110100, Cynwolfe, Magioladitis, Appraiser, Jfpessoa, Froid, Hiplibrarianship, Allstarecho, JaGa, Edward321, Ash, Wiki Raja, RockMFR, Lwollert, Plasticup, Domminico, Absinthe88, Gwen Gale, Jon Doh, MishaPan, Varnent, ACSE, Sarita86, Jeff G., Ligroyjones, Pope of Laurus, Clarince63, Martin451, Abdullais4u, Mshogan, DesmondRavenstone, Peculiar Light, Moonriddengirl, Dawn Bard, Jab- baTheBot, Flyer22 Reborn, Hithereimdan, Ascidian, Idinic, 1920s, Twinsday, ClueBot, DionysosProteus, Doseiai2, Ryoutou, Niceguyedc, P. S. Burton, Distrib, Arjayay, Garybanham, Dekisugi, TruthandJustice78, Doug butler, Priestess Jean, Addbot, Fyrael, Shadowkit- tie5460, B2xiao~enwiki, ALS manager, CarsracBot, Glane23, LinkFA-Bot, Teles, Jarble, User0529, Yobot, Glatisant, Pcap, AnomieBOT, Danielt998, Citation bot, Canteta, Maxis ftw, Dan Murphy, Cliftonian, LilHelpa, Drilnoth, Bart10, VanishedUser sdu9aya9fs783, Munix69, AV3000, Jdsteakley, Off2riorob, Wikignome0529, Omnipaedista, Scarletlathe, Griffinofwales, FrescoBot, Ron 1987, Wikiwlh, Citation bot 1, I dream of horses, Fat&Happy, Bmclaughlin9, Supermam, Mithrilfire, LilyKitty, Reaper Eternal, Gandt09, LxlDEAThWISHlxl, John of Reading, Orphan Wiki, Koszmonaut, Evgenior, Horsespunk, GoingBatty, Roders125, PsychoHipE, ZéroBot, AOC25, H3llBot, Wikignome0530, Bananamanwilcox, Meerkat77, Gigifaq, Ad Orientem, ClueBot NG, Rezabot, Petey Parrot, Lawsonstu, North Atlanticist Usonian, MerlIwBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Lionhead99, Pjefts, Stealthysis, Megalibrarygirl, Prcc27, SwedBoy, Deniz yildiz, Richard Stokstad, Marcocapelle, Beijingdemocracy, BattyBot, Teammm, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, IceBrotherhood, Dylanvt, Cpt.a.haddock, Dexbot, Hmainsbot1, Mogism, Lugia2453, Female bodybuilder enthusiast, Me, Myself, and I are Here, Hillbillyholiday, AfricaTanz, KJS0ne, Melonkelon, Jakec, Hansmuller, SJ Defender, Truthbetold1234567, Monkbot, Zumoarirodoka, Filedelinkerbot, Elahi Ryan, Panelist, HeroinaEc, Mandrewmartin, ArordineriiiUkhtt, Rubbish computer, Nicole1973, Divbsjoamjang, MindAndBody551, Chrish65, Zeezee110, Collier09, Alice2Alice, Raskolnikov6, Moira98, GreenC bot, MisterRandomized, Amin.Abak and Anonymous: 176 • LGBT community Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_community?oldid=740281569 Contributors: Mav, William Avery, Zoe, Camembert, Montrealais, Modemac, Stevertigo, MartinHarper, Sannse, Ahoerstemeier, Darkwind, Ryuukuro, Evercat, Next Paige, Dwo, Dysprosia, Bearcat, Yacht, Davodd, Zigger, Guanaco, MSTCrow, Sonjaaa, Antandrus, Beland, Phil Sandifer, Oneiros, Sam Hocevar, Mike Rosoft, Larrybob, Rich Farmbrough, Ffirehorse, Oliver Lineham, Vsmith, Florian Blaschke, Autiger, Bender235, DS1953, Small- jim, Cohesion, Jumbuck, Alansohn, Mr Adequate, Derumi, Kocio, Compo, Versageek, Ron Ritzman, Ormy, Tdempsey, Queerudite, BlankVerse, Matthew Platts, Wbkelley, Graham87, Vegaswikian, Merbenz, CDThieme, RexNL, Ewlyahoocom, Imnotminkus, Gwer- nol, Kralahome, Rob T Firefly, RussBot, AVM, Pigman, Shell Kinney, Alynna Kasmira, Chick Bowen, Epipelagic, EEMIV, Htonl, Wknight94, Richardcavell, 21655, Zzuuzz, Ajarmitage, Waterspyder, Kevin, Sardanaphalus, Veinor, SmackBot, Herostratus, Nschef- fey, HalfShadow, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Carl.bunderson, Chris the speller, Oli Filth, G.dallorto, Roscelese, SchfiftyThree, CyntWork- Stuff, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Rrburke, Addshore, Phaedriel, GVnayR, COMPFUNK2, Fuhghettaboutit, Wuzzy, Mitchumch, Curly Turkey, Seeminglee, Homedoggieo, CJ Withers, Meco, The Giant Puffin, J Di, LadyofShalott, Danlev, Michaelh2001, Patri- [email protected], Oo7565, PeteJayhawk, Benjiboi, EqualRights, Jamesososki, Mojo Hand, Sopranosmob781, Bobblehead, E. Ripley, GLGerman~enwiki, AntiVandalBot, Luna Santin, Mvjs, SummerPhD, Jj137, LibLord, David Shankbone, Uuu87, Kaobear, MER-C, DanB DanD, Hut 8.5, Geniac, Moni3, Magioladitis, Jaysweet, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, FreedomisforALL, CTF83!, Dpmath, Grzegorz Wysocki, TakaraLioness, Patstuart, Leftus, SquidSK, Streamwater, FisherQueen, MartinBot, Ash, Lilac Soul, Ginsengbomb, SU Lin- guist, Kminiter, DadaNeem, 2812, Juliancolton, Gwen Gale, Varnent, SatyrBot, Tiger4311, Tunnels of Set, Teledildonix314, Rvitelli, Philip Trueman, Ligroyjones, Davehi1, Sean D Martin, Bookkeeperoftheoccult, Monkey Bounce, Oxfordwang, Bensims2, Mshogan, Haha co2007, Spiral5800, Peculiar Light, Reach4thelasers, ScreamKing, Winchelsea, Zxc2009, WRK, Emmgal8, Flyer22 Reborn, Radon210, JSpung, Oxymoron83, Dgodot, Barry Jameson, Pinkadelica, Twinsday, ClueBot, PS3justin, Snigbrook, Javieryep, Pointillist, Excirial, Cindy2010, PRISCILLAHAWK, Jacksinterweb, LOLORLY, Phynicen, VickiBrown, XLinkBot, Skarebo, The6969, Addbot, ERK, Some

65 66 CHAPTER 3. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

jerk on the Internet, Fluffernutter, Roux, Favonian, Flamingjoe, 5 albert square, Democracy to information, Tweetyma15, Tide rolls, ForesticPig, MuZemike, Jarble, Dreaministanbul, User0529, Legobot, Yobot, Themfromspace, Somsinee, User529, Seandavidrobinson, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Piano non troppo, Ulric1313, OllieFury, Juri Koll, GayLibrary, AV3000, Wikignome0529, Fop col, Myguyfriends, Vyperx1, Born Gay, QFlux, BoomerAB, FrescoBot, Crimsonpride, Andy wooldridge, Tarheelbell31, Corriskinner, I dream of horses, A8UDI, Shaunly, BlueFireIceEyes, Reaper Eternal, Hellohottie123, Diannaa, Tbhotch, Sideways713, Username5460, Onel5969, Mean as custard, Jane.forke3, Slon02, Mizzm2 bi, DASHBot, John of Reading, Jameslester11, ScottyBerg, Hula Hup, Ferocious osmosis, RA0808, Tommy2010, Wikipelli, Wikignome0530, Wayne Slam, Brandmeister, Rostz, L Kensington, Morgankevinj, Peter Karlsen, Ttul007, Trans- gender Kenya, 87v7t76fc4iguwevf7657436253yd4fug754ws67dtfugiy67t8576, ClueBot NG, Bped1985, Cocaineboy666, GlassLadyBug, MerlIwBot, Neonsugar, EBirch, Prcc27, Kndimov, MusikAnimal, Cadiomals, Scientiom, Toccata quarta, ElsaNova, Cristobalvega, Chris- Gualtieri, Samantha1rouge, ToBeFree, Frosty, Mintwi17, Michipedian, Melonkelon, WeThePeoples, EvergreenFir, Siegius, Daniella Price, BigDcuddlemuffins, G S Palmer, Aless2899, Rohith.ravichandran.1, Zumoarirodoka, Synthverity, Robert byrne123, Dionyorkie, Gay2015, Jeffery Pardue, Ninajaclyne, Mlv95, Definatelynotmuckingup, Jmrase, Mrangini, Korrasjans, Doddhoskins, Kiwifist, Sarahmerriam, In- ternetArchiveBot, Eurocus47, Jeanwulf and Anonymous: 263 • Coming out Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out?oldid=741155000 Contributors: The Anome, Codeczero, SimonP, Zoe, Montrealais, Gabbe, AlexR, Karada, Kimiko, Triangular, Dysprosia, SatyrTN, Furrykef, Hyacinth, Fibonacci, Raul654, Mezaco, Owen, Twang, Bearcat, Robbot, Dale Arnett, Fredrik, Tlogmer, Donreed, Yacht, Orangemike, Guanaco, OldakQuill, Sonjaaa, Proberts2003, Antandrus, Beland, Phil Sandifer, DragonflySixtyseven, Jokestress, Yossarian, TreyHarris, Sam, Esperant, Oskar Sigvardsson, Jayjg, Lar- rybob, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, FT2, Oliver Lineham, Autiger, User2004, Guanabot2, Dlloyd, Martpol, Bender235, Fschoenm, Ntennis, Jnestorius, El C, Szyslak, Mwanner, Tverbeek, Mairi, Adambro, Mtruch, Thanos6, Alansohn, Ronline, AzaToth, Jliberty, Pro- hibitOnions, Suruena, Gatewaycat, TSP, Woohookitty, Uncle G, SP-KP, ^demon, 4640orFight, Knuckles, Palica, Alloy, Graham87, Kb- dank71, RadioActive~enwiki, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Koavf, NatusRoma, Mentality, Tintazul, Yamamoto Ichiro, SchuminWeb, Harmil, RexNL, Gurch, WhyBeNormal, Sherool, RobotE, Pigman, Chris Capoccia, CambridgeBayWeather, Emiellaiendiay, Rsrikanth05, Pseu- domonas, Kamyra, Moe Epsilon, Zirland, Mission9801, Zythe, Htonl, Mysid, AdelaMae, Richardcavell, Jacklee, Theda, Mr-Thomas, BorgQueen, MrBook, CWenger, Nippoo, Tom Morris, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Estoy Aquí, Cavenba, McGeddon, Cvene64, Hback- man, Imzadi1979, Edgar181, Gary2863, Gilliam, Chris the speller, Dahn, Thumperward, G.dallorto, George Ho, Dethme0w, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, AussieLegend, Atropos, JonHarder, Addshore, Wuzzy, Rodrigogomespaixao, Will Beback, CIS, SashatoBot, John, Jidanni, Horgen, MatthewKeys, ErinKM, Stefan2, The Man in Question, CJ Withers, Werdan7, KJS77, Burto88, Lud0, Rayoflight278, Blingbling99, Danlev, Runderwo, Fg68at, Dia^, CmdrObot, Calibanu, BeenAroundAWhile, Rb26dett, Banedon, ShelfSkewed, Cydebot, Steel, BrandonofElwood, CovenantD, DrunkenSmurf, Gogo Dodo, Bellerophon5685, JFreeman, Corpx, Otto4711, Fuzzibloke, Benjiboi, DumbBOT, Mallanox, EqualRights, JayW, Thijs!bot, Headbomb, Missvain, Ukrob12, Z10x, Nick Number, Fyunck(click), Jj137, Scepia, Tsagn, Cjs2111, Marc Almond, Falconleaf, JAnDbot, Porlob, Epeefleche, Steve Radant, Patroklis, Honette, Rothorpe, Magioladitis, Bong- warrior, VoABot II, CTF83!, Relinjin, TakaraLioness, Allstarecho, Spellmaster, Glen, DerHexer, Daemonic Kangaroo, Skorrdal, Nazroon, Joie de Vivre, Bdubay, Argbolton, Captain panda, Robbiehay1, Nived 90, W2bh, MarcAlmond, Eliz81, JMay~enwiki, Lt. penguin, Mil- lichip, Katalaveno, 1000Faces, Sebcastle, LeighvsOptimvsMaximvs, Jerikat, WJBscribe, G2bambino, Hammersoft, VolkovBot, Derekbd, Oshwah, Newtown11, Fitchhollister, Sanfranman59, Fredsmith2, Gibson Flying V, Spiral5800, Burr0108, Insanity Incarnate, Miyavi06, Monty845, Rumpelstilzchen, Blackman1, Bsrboy, Lucasbfrbot, Lawrlafo, Whiteghost.ink, Karonaway, France3470, Gosooners11, Flyer22 Reborn, Caclemor, Enti342, Askild, Mayalld, Gyrferret, Werldwayd, Tbone0204, Spartan-James, Gr8opinionater, ImageRemovalBot, Idinic, Twinsday, Martarius, Sfan00 IMG, ClueBot, Binksternet, TracyLinkEdnaVelmaPenny, The Thing That Should Not Be, Comp- whiz2000, Mahoujin~enwiki, Kanu786, Auntof6, Luke4545, Excirial, Lvsxy808, Phil101, Hrdinský, Aitias, The Baroness of Morden, Elatb, Editor2020, Vanished user uih38riiw4hjlsd, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, GAY SEXY SEX, AgentRew, Alexia5000, NellieBly, Jjb479, Addbot, Jojhutton, Atethnekos, Figure4jack, Mr. Wheely Guy, LinkFA-Bot, Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Lightbot, OlEnglish, Leovizza, User0529, Ben Ben, Yobot, Agnosticaphid, KamikazeBot, Eamonster, User529, Kirschqm, Brandnew1, AnomieBOT, Thuvan Dihn, Floquenbeam, Jim1138, N40798, PenHead, Bellomatic, Jeff Muscato, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Bagumba, LaughAlotDot, Ret- tort, Xqbot, Sparky6308, Gap9551, AV3000, GrouchoBot, Nicoleoz, Wikignome0529, Vandalism destroyer, Aldo samulo, Jackometty, ,Lgferg02, Citation bot 1, I dream of horses, Tom.Reding, Skyerise ,אנדר-ויק ,Ikan Kekek, Xxxcmzxxx, Rudimae, FrescoBot, AnatolyPm Canbac21, Bmclaughlin9, Schwulenbar, Σ, Hairyns, Orenburg1, Future MD 217, ComingOut2009, Prototypebeta, MikeAllen, GossamerB- liss, LilyKitty, Katerenka, Tbhotch, The Utahraptor, RjwilmsiBot, Becritical, Arsenal553, Wintonian, EmausBot, John of Reading, Wik- itanvirBot, Racerx11, GoingBatty, RA0808, Abby 96, Wikipelli, ZéroBot, Elektrik Shoos, H3llBot, Eqwty, Wikignome0530, Sagittar48, Δ, L Kensington, Jim Stramel, Spicemix, Wookiebookie, ClueBot NG, Gavin.perch, Helpful Pixie Bot, Starship.paint, AlexeiMilovski, CTF83! Alt, The Almightey Drill, Ilcorago, BattyBot, David.moreno72, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Six Sided Pun Vows, Sheimann, Dexbot, Insomesia, Matxjos, Seeknow247, Little green rosetta, RotlinkBot, Zeechanson, Me, Myself, and I are Here, Epicge- nius, ShiftlessOtaku, Kammermancameout, Quod-erat-demonstrandum., Michipedian, Melonkelon, CypressSmallz, Yaelle shwed, Com- ing out, Vycl1994, Chridorner550, Thyron111, 4chanvanparty, Nigra12, NeverSexACat, Ectomikalogist, Stella4455, Jp16103, Clemence Maverick, Saltybone, Dlalwin, Aless2899, Teenagerwithbigheart, Monkbot, Zumoarirodoka, Badger6969, Chrishol09, AlexZass, Van- isheduser00348374562342, JadeGarrido, Maplestrip, Esquivalience, ColinEditsWiki, Storm7777, JaneSwifty, GreenC bot, Bob787879, Katylanders, Kmwebber and Anonymous: 358 • Gay pride Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_pride?oldid=741155049 Contributors: Mav, The Anome, -- April, Ed Poor, Rmher- men, Montrealais, Leandrod, Jdlh, Patrick, Jtdirl, MartinHarper, Gabbe, Chmouel, Ihcoyc, Ahoerstemeier, SeanO, Kimiko, Sethmahoney, David Thrale, Dysprosia, WhisperToMe, Wik, DJ Clayworth, Saltine, Bearcat, Jredmond, RedWolf, Greudin, Merovingian, Pingveno, Meelar, Yacht, Seth Ilys, Dina, Radagast, Exploding Boy, Bradeos Graphon, VampWillow, Chameleon, Wmahan, MSTCrow, Gadfium, Alexf, Sonjaaa, Yardcock, Antandrus, Beland, DragonflySixtyseven, Bepp, Jh51681, Adashiel, Mike Rosoft, Venu62, DanielCD, Larry- bob, Arcuras, Discospinster, Neep, Rhobite, Autiger, Guanabot2, Edgarde, CanisRufus, Shanes, Art LaPella, Bookofjude, Mairi, MPS, Bobo192, Giraffedata, Charonn0, DCEdwards1966, MPerel, (aeropagitica), SPUI, Nsaa, Storm Rider, Alansohn, Polarscribe, Karlthegreat, Diego Moya, Andrewpmk, Ronline, Riana, SlimVirgin, CJ, Mysdaao, Hu, Bart133, Snowolf, Wtmitchell, Tony Sidaway, Amorymeltzer, Deadworm222, W7KyzmJt, Netkinetic, Jakes18, Matthew238, Philthecow, Apollomelos, Jeffrey O. Gustafson, TigerShark, BlankVerse, Veryblueboy, Crushthem, Bbatsell, Matthew Platts, Prashanthns, Dysepsion, BD2412, FreplySpang, Bikeable, Kane5187, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Koavf, Vary, Alaney2k, Lyo, Matt Deres, Yamamoto Ichiro, RobertG, Ground Zero, Latka, Winhunter, Nihiltres, Nivix, RexNL, Chills42, ...adam..., Kess, Antiuser, Samwaltz, Brabo~enwiki, Phantomsteve, Pigman, SpuriousQ, Lucinos~enwiki, Djcartwright, Rodasmith, CambridgeBayWeather, Wimt, Bullzeye, Alynna Kasmira, NawlinWiki, Wiki alf, Erielhonan, Badagnani, Jaxl, Wikologist, Howcheng, Xdenizen, Chaos on the internet, Alpha 4615, Nlu, Wknight94, Richardcavell, FF2010, 2over0, Zzuuzz, Liberte, Closed- mouth, Pb30, Canley, MaNeMeBasat, X3210, Kungfuadam, Junglecat, Carlosguitar, TechBear, Davidarias, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, KnowledgeOfSelf, Ma8thew, Pgk, Blue520, Lloyd rm, Elegy, Jab843, Silverhand, Edgar181, HalfShadow, Cool3, Gilliam, SlimJim, Per- sian Poet Gal, Oli Filth, Adam Clark, Mdwh, Francis Cavanagh~enwiki, CyntWorkStuff, Lordlnyc, CaveatLector, Suicidalhamster, Mu- 3.1. TEXT 67

boshgu, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Neutronium, OrphanBot, Talmage, Snowmanradio, Darthgriz98, Ww2censor, Rrburke, Phaedriel, Dharmabum420, Jmlk17, Krich, Nakon, VegaDark, RolandR, Dreadstar, Wuzzy, Jklin, Bindingtheory, Aandrei, The undertow, SofieEl- isBexter, YegerMeister, Wikider, ArglebargleIV, Zahid Abdassabur, Soap, Kuru, OZB, Trickse, Breno, Davethegnome, MatthewKeys, Ocatecir, Aleenf1, Joshua Scott, CJ Withers, MarkSutton, Slakr, Rehpotsirhc, Stwalkerster, Tasc, Beetstra, Jimmy Pitt, Waggers, Inter- lingua, Midnightblueowl, Sharnak, AEMoreira042281, Squirepants101, Fan-1967, Sailor iain, Iridescent, Kencf0618, Zootsuits, Adcro, Twas Now, TurabianNights, Igoldste, Courcelles, Tawkerbot2, Daniel5127, Forsakendaemon, Ioannes Pragensis, Jtowns, Switchercat, JForget, Sleeping123, Deon, Ale jrb, Wafulz, Aherunar, KyraVixen, TKK2, KnightLago, Galletto, Dan38, Musicalantonio, HalJor, Cy- debot, Fnlayson, Steel, Mrtomuk, Michaelas10, Gogo Dodo, Khatru2, JFreeman, Otto4711, Paradox247, Pascal.Tesson, Benjiboi, Kozo, Tawkerbot4, Clovis Sangrail, Doug Weller, DumbBOT, Phydend, EqualRights, Garik, Omicronpersei8, JodyB, UberScienceNerd, Der- ickrouer, SummonerMarc, Epbr123, Daa89563, Charliejbadmitten, Qwyrxian, Demandi~enwiki, Neilio84, Ucanlookitup, Teh tennisman, Pmkost, Keraunos, Cwp2112, John254, Huanghe63, Mr pand, Philip.t.day, E. Ripley, Philippe, DaveJ7, CharlotteWebb, Tim1988 2, Nick Number, Natalie Erin, GLGerman~enwiki, AntiVandalBot, Majorly, Chubbles, EdgarCarpenter, Bigtimepeace, Tmopkisn, LibLord, David Shankbone, Qwerty Binary, Myanw, Gökhan, Canadian-Bacon, Kariteh, Woodstein52, JAnDbot, Dan D. Ric, Leuko, Husond, MatthewBlue, MER-C, Janejellyroll, RedZebra, DarkLouis, Fetchcomms, Madisonpride, Rearete, Panarjedde, Hut 8.5, Kerotan, Geniac, Moni3, Celithemis, Bongwarrior, Kolindigo, VoABot II, AuburnPilot, Khalikaprasad, JNW, CattleGirl, Jéské Couriano, CTF83!, WODUP, Aka042, Jvhertum, Midgrid, Catgut, Animum, Cyktsui, Harrison09, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Trinexx, Stef79, Ashadeofgrey, Schumi555, Talon Artaine, DerHexer, JaGa, Esanchez7587, The Light6, Foregone conclusion, FisherQueen, MartinBot, Smilingsuzy, Rettetast, Tbol- ick5678, R'n'B, AlexiusHoratius, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Shenequa5, Uncle Dick, Extransit, Danscobanditcommander, Zuejay, Nsigniacorp, DarkFalls, Janus Shadowsong, Dtneilson, Shasta29, AntiSpamBot, Yanks-rule, NoodlePowa, SJP, Nord99, Newtman, FJPB, Msb06c, WJBscribe, Equazcion, Ajfweb, MishaPan, TheNewPhobia, Xnuala, Wikieditor06, MonseniorStarr, UnicornTapestry, Part Deux, TreasuryTag, Thedjatclubrock, Gazzadf, Jeff G., Nburden, Justinevans, Teledildonix314, Felica’s lover, CaptainUnderdog, LeilaniLad, Philip Trueman, Intery, Fluffybun, EuTuga, Progolfplaya247, Blackpride, Uxnxdxo, Omgoose, Moogwrench, Cbatech, Flaminghome- ryto, Cbalab, Anonymous Dissident, Sean D Martin, Drestros power, VandalKicker2, Qxz, Turm, Anna Lincoln, Mark Miller, Seraphim, Leafyplant, Abolade, Boomcha, LeaveSleaves, Cremepuff222, Mshogan, Maxim, RadiantRay, Madhero88, Suriel1981, MannyQuimII, Dick Kimball, SQL, BankingBum, Yondi4, Linkgmr, Enviroboy, Brianga, Scuba6671, Thimble of virtue, Gaynewyorker~enwiki, Elite- samed~enwiki, Pizzachicken, Scarian, Heelz6t9, Mr. Goz, Dawn Bard, Caltas, Yuri Shpok, Kimboslice4lyfe, RJaguar3, Elena, Dprovince, The Jeff Koch Expierence, GlassCobra, Keilana, CarlCanyon1, Android Mouse, Godandhischildren, Oda Mari, Oxymoron83, Szmata, Antonio Lopez, Ddxc, READTHOM, Tawniz, KPH2293, Poindexter Propellerhead, Pinoy4evur, Techman224, Dillard421, Maelgwn- bot, Samantha Pignez, Spartan-James, Iknowyourider, Wuhwuzdat, TaerkastUA, Escape Orbit, Skrewkunt, Edward.robertson, Beemer69, Nasatravis, ImageRemovalBot, Atif.t2, Twinsday, Church, Elassint, ClueBot, Billsnilz, PS3justin, Skevinrules, The Thing That Should Not Be, Eric Wester, ReanTing, IceUnshattered, WriterListener, Daheck1210, Treyduke22, 0oasheso0, Heracletus, Ohmygoditstrue, Talornin, Pairadox, Oasis240, Niceguyedc, Blanchardb, Heiwa Shimin, Neverquick, Jbeaton04, Mspraveen, Max4288, Bay Area Native, Ktr101, Excirial, Jusdafax, Gohanss22, Iaretea222, Resoru, Joshuaqweasd, Lartoven, Peri182, MrWhich, Redthoreau, Thingg, Ass123456654321, 7, Stupid squrill, Versus22, Katanada, Berean Hunter, Qwfp, BarretB, XLinkBot, Aaron north, Little Mountain 5, Skarebo, Zipzap665, NellieBly, Badgernet, Alexius08, Smithy1996, Rjaw87, NonvocalScream, RyanCross, Thatguyflint, Kbdankbot, HexaChord, CalumH93, Addbot, Willking1979, AVand, Arcyf, Queenmomcat, DougsTech, TutterMouse, Fieldday-sunday, D0762, Vishnava, CanadianLinuxUser, Leszek Jańczuk, CactusWriter, Ashanda, Tedmund, Favonian, Doniago, 5 albert square, Derkle05, Ironfist06, BIKERTRASH123456, Mike0011, Exrati, Tide rolls, Bfigura’s puppy, ForesticPig, Chrisbrown1521, Krano, Wilton132, IHLIA, Outatthecenter, User0529, Arx- iloxos, LGF1992UK, Yobot, Racer16, Euse~enwiki, 2D, Jagger95, Andycostigan, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Coachuponnow, Worm That Turned, Brougham96, A Stop at Willoughby, Dimitrissss, Romags, Backslash Forwardslash, AnomieBOT, Edman35603, Ipatrol, Aditya, Rejedef, Monthcomes, Logical Premise, Hurricanes1280, Jaredr8, Bluerasberry, Materialscientist, Dendlai, UpTiGhT SORor- ItY, OllieFury, Maxis ftw, Tru5balla, Cameron Scott, Jesseisgay, Alex09xu, Holden15, Handsy92, Addihockey10, Capricorn42, Jef- frey Mall, Mononomic, EWiTSzaDaM, Tad Lincoln, Mặt trời đỏ, Ched, Davejoe, Anna Frodesiak, AV3000, Petropoxy (Lithoderm Proxy), PimRijkee, J04n, Hoboandrew, Wikignome0529, Karl1587, Shirik, Amaury, ChaosMaster16, Shadowjams, E0steven, Erik9, 907ak49, Shawnazabigwang, BoomerAB, Captain-n00dle, FreeKnowledgeCreator, Moriartty, Strauss559, Lionelt, FrescoBot, Wak1986, Paulkrispin, Codylovesyou, Recognizance, Dasds, Parker1979, VastTriumph, Jdog1409, Johnwander, PoweredByApathy, NathaNTimE, Commit charge, Lowrenjames1, HamburgerRadio, Biker Biker, Elockid, Lincoln Hanke 47, Asdffdsa98185, GeorgeLopez1964, Chode- Muffin, Supreme Deliciousness, Ricktremblay, Half price, Chris127282, Hoo man, KayEssDubya, Bmclaughlin9, Shameysnooper, Lilith- moon79, Hcfwesker, Fumitol, Barras, December21st2012Freak, Iokerapid, Bime94, FFM784, Javierito92, LOPEG, TimmyC2124, Vre- nator, Chothen1, Jhoch10, Babystomper454, Satan2012forever, Diannaa, Donbrightside, ThegreatHypocriticalpoo, Areed26, Emily3063, Reach Out to the Truth, Chiefs3, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Jfields371, Unioneagle, Likemonkeys, Lookingthrough, X Fredex x, Thomas Cook and Son, Deagle AP, Shielsbud, Tekhead2004, EmausBot, John of Reading, Utmostmick0, Jackhal09, Chedim~enwiki, Ever- green 92, Nouzeg, RA0808, LetChaosReign, RenamedUser01302013, Patrickc1988, Vanished user zq46pw21, Tommy2010, Blahamadali, Wikipelli, Sherinamathani, Cogiati, Anmasters, Indianracer101, Jameshack, Shisock, Birdguidelamp, Jessflem, Woodpeckerpat, Bngfce, Mike Lombo, Tony McFarren, Windovernev, Stephaneperrin, Stnwll, Datantman, Alyssa256, Jym F., Cymru.lass, Phagetsrsik, Wikig- nome0530, Geeksquad424, Trisha*brill, Santafeoshea, Tran.Andrew, Jay-Sebastos, Rostz, Dante8, Usb10, Juliet1234, Critter0931, Pe- ter Karlsen, Verbal Morality, Nefore, TYelliot, DASHBotAV, Charlie375, Jmay1998, Yamato5117, Liamfisher1994, Jenova20, Frietjes, Dictabeard, Downthatroad, North Atlanticist Usonian, Helpful Pixie Bot, CTF83! Alt, Proud Serbian Chetnik, Mark Arsten, Scientiom, Djathinkimacowboy, Mdann52, Cyberbot II, Dexbot, MaybeMaybeMaybe, Malerooster, BurritoBazooka, Jodosma, W.carter, DaddyCell, Datbubblegumdoe, Speco Lagram, GrecianEarn, InternetArchiveBot, JaneSwifty, Steven Iwanow and Anonymous: 808

• LGBT symbols Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_symbols?oldid=741692176 Contributors: The Anome, Paul Barlow, Ike9898, Hyacinth, Fibonacci, AnonMoos, Psychonaut, Zidane2k1, Davodd, JackofOz, Alison, Mooquackwooftweetmeow, Larry- bob, Rich Farmbrough, Florian Blaschke, Dbachmann, Bender235, STGM, MBisanz, OGoncho, Alansohn, Grenavitar, Bobrayner, Woohookitty, Mandarax, Kbdank71, Icey, Rjwilmsi, Amire80, Nihiltres, WhyBeNormal, DVdm, Bgwhite, RussBot, Pigman, Lexicon, ParaDox, Asarelah, Scott Adler, Samuel Blanning, TechBear, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Kmpintj, Kimon, C.Fred, Bmearns, Gilliam, Be- tacommand, Afa86, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Mushii, Esprix, Kotra, OrphanBot, Snowmanradio, Radagast83, Wuzzy, The Ungovernable Force, N1h1l, Gpscholar, Sharnak, LadyofShalott, Ellemenopea, Dev920, Switchercat, Porterjoh, Neelix, Musicalantonio, Gogo Dodo, Khatru2, BlueAg09, Arthurian Legend, Otto4711, Benjiboi, Agge.se, After Midnight, Vanished User jdksfajlasd, Keraunos, Na-o-mi, Mentifisto, Moreno fairy, Kohikari, Alphachimpbot, Theadesilva, DuncanHill, Iticory, Andreas Toth, VoABot II, CTF83!, Allstarecho, Textorus, Patstuart, Lisamh, Truce57, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Mikek999, Nived 90, Sp3000, Mtleslie, Belovedfreak, DorganBot, Os- hwah, Fluffball70, Optigan13, MearsMan, HiDrNick, Rknasc, SieBot, Flyer22 Reborn, Lightmouse, Fixitup1, Anchor Link Bot, Im- ageRemovalBot, Twinsday, ClueBot, Joreth~enwiki, Drmies, Solar-Wind, Morel.eskisehir, Mumiemonstret, Mynameisnotpj, Resoru, Ot- tre, AleXd, SoxBot, JasonAQuest, DumZiBoT, Infoporfin, Cmr08, Subversive.sound, Mar bells87, MystBot, NonvocalScream, Addbot, 68 CHAPTER 3. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

CubBC, Aoccs, LaaknorBot, Rumpusparable, Roux, Fiskot, Xenobot, User0529, Yobot, Palamabron, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Materi- alscientist, Dvd-junkie, Stanislao Avogadro, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Mặt trời đỏ, Almabot, AV3000, Mikewazhere, J04n, Wikignome0529, AnotherOnymous, Shadowjams, FrescoBot, StephenWade, DPic, RedBot, Yutsi, Chasduncan, Cathy Richards, Full-date unlinking bot, Peace and Passion, Totallygayusa, Thrissel, VEO15, MrX, Capt. James T. Kirk, Lilleskvat, FetchcommsAWB, John of Reading, Mister- Sonic, Are You The Cow Of Pain?, ZéroBot, SporkBot, Wikignome0530, Staszek Lem, Dante8, ChuispastonBot, Captainak, ClueBot NG, Wordiscount, Iamiyouareyou, EllieMurasaki, Braincricket, Gavin.perch, Helpful Pixie Bot, Gabanacommunity, Straight-allies-for-equality, Equivamp, BG19bot, Bmusician, Talyabloom, Newsoas, Mjeffries4, Sallysally99, McLennonSon, Luciferwildcat, Aisteco, Fylbecatulous, Lisalina88, Cyberbot II, MadGuy7023, Calathea, Dexbot, Roboticemu, Wardbob600, Ekips39, Alexwho314, Windows7Guy100, Phan- tomTech, Tentinator, Soffredo, EvergreenFir, Goclonefilms, Calcavorix, Eruditefour, Monkbot, Zumoarirodoka, Mr. Spink, Trankuility, Queenofriot, HeyThereRobot, Ross Penman, SarahTehCat, Urbanfox73, Ashlittle, ThisQueer, AisnotforAlly, Dorky-demigod, Discon- nected, Sgupta40, GreenC bot, Thomashcat, LGBTGenderfluid, Qtzb and Anonymous: 172 • LGBT rights by country or territory Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory?oldid=735688356 Contributors: Montrealais, Bogdangiusca, Sethmahoney, Conti, Coren, Dysprosia, Savantpol, Cleduc, Fibonacci, Earl Andrew, Jmabel, Yelyos, Yacht, Timrollpickering, David Edgar, SoLando, Pablo-flores, Dave6, Frimmin, Exploding Boy, Nikodemos, ShaunMacPher- son, Zigger, NeoJustin, SpiceMan, Guanaco, Slyguy, Mboverload, Sesel, Gadfium, Utcursch, 159753, Beland, OwenBlacker, Rlquall, Fruity Gonzalez, Huaiwei, Pinnerup, M1ss1ontomars2k4, Udzu, SYSS Mouse, Mike Rosoft, D6, Haiduc, Rich Farmbrough, Loganberry, FT2, Aris Katsaris, Xezbeth, Gerry Lynch, Ibagli, Dbachmann, StalwartUK, Bender235, Ntennis, JoeSmack, Thorin~enwiki, Livajo, Ly- curgus, Bastique, Reinyday, -b, Aitch Eye, Freako, Alansohn, Hektor, Burzum, Tek022, Craigy144, Ronline, SlimVirgin, Redfarmer, Dark Shikari, Cdc, Max Naylor, Jguk, SteinbDJ, Instantnood, Tainter, Nightstallion, Czolgolz, Ultramarine, Scarykitty, Portugalgay.pt, Notquiteauden, Velho, Kelly Martin, Apollomelos, Woohookitty, Mindmatrix, Chochopk, Jeff3000, Stevedegrace, Miss Madeline, Drak2, Yst, Kbdank71, Jhskg7843hjskdyg7843ythiul43h, Josh Parris, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Koavf, Nkrosse, Jake Wartenberg, Chochem, The- malau, Ground Zero, Gurch, AlexCovarrubias, Steveo2, Planetneutral, Theshibboleth, LiangHH, Ukkonen, Bgwhite, Calindigo, Eraser- head1, Vess, Stan2525, RussBot, TF100, Taejo, Pigman, Elrith, Crumbsucker, Gaius Cornelius, Marcus Cyron, Alynna Kasmira, Nawl- inWiki, Arichnad, Adz, Emersoni, Htonl, Bota47, Happyharris, Rallette, Tonym88, Ojota, Nield, FF2010, Georgewilliamherbert, Sand- stein, Iamvered, Weeneldo, Zzuuzz, Closedmouth, Shyam, Katieh5584, Sethie, GrinBot~enwiki, 555, TechBear, Jagz, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Haymaker, Estoy Aquí, Zazaban, Rrius, Rokfaith, Big Adamsky, AtilimGunesBaydin, Exukvera, Nil Einne, Gilliam, Beta- command, Carl.bunderson, Lamerc, Chris the speller, Bluebot, H2ppyme, Jprg1966, G.dallorto, Roscelese, Jfsamper, Da Vynci, Mjl0509, Zleitzen, Vulcanstar6, TheKMan, TonySt, Addshore, Yorkiano, Steven X, MichaelBillington, Shamir1, Monotonehell, TechPurism, Wuzzy, Jugbo, Kukini, Skinnyweed, Johnseph, Zapptastic, Sittingduck123, Joffeloff, Javit, Alexnovo, CJ Withers, Bless sins, Stwalkerster, SSouth- ern, Temoshi, LightPhoenix, Ryulong, Jlfem, AEMoreira042281, Skinsmoke, Darry2385, Dl2000, Spinnick597, The Giant Puffin, Jet- man, Missionary, Wandering Star, Joseph Solis in Australia, Courcelles, Susu the Puschel, Raystorm, ChrisCork, Fg68at, Just a member, 1.618033989, FilipeS, Cydebot, Travelbird, Benjiboi, Dancter, Ben iarwain, Phydend, EqualRights, Legis, Silje, Augustusr, Betacommand- Bot, Sebasbronzini, Kahastok, 23prootie, HelenKMarks, GLGerman~enwiki, Northumbrian, Mentifisto, The Obento Musubi, Fireplace, BokicaK, Shesauon, Redking7, Cynwolfe, VoABot II, Jetstreamer, JamesBWatson, Jéské Couriano, AMK1211, Avicennasis, ZackThe- Jack, Mystereit, Tins128, Cpl Syx, Am86, UltimateKylie, Textorus, Cdecoro, Leaderofearth, Anaxial, Joie de Vivre, Ash, Smokizzy, Mkhkoh, BigrTex, Uncle Dick, A Nobody, Aviad2001, Icseaturtles, Zuejay, McSly, Balthazarduju, DadaNeem, Dskilloran, Bennelliott, Juliancolton, Jamesofur, Jon Doh, Pdcook, Varnent, Idioma-bot, Resplendent, Deor, Indubitably, Dodo1982, WOSlinker, Philip Trueman, I hate fags, Corticopia, Vipinhari, Lucd13, Rei-bot, Clarince63, Martin451, RiverStyx23, Mimich, Kidoragon, Dave Bellamy, Drzhen, Falcon8765, Softlavender, Peculiar Light, Gwzrd, Omegacommand, Jbblackburn, Midjungards, GoonerDP, James1906, Moonriddengirl, Vexorg, Dawn Bard, Vanished user skj3ioo3jwifjsek35y, Whiteghost.ink, MaesterTonberry, Flyer22 Reborn, AlexWaelde, Allmightyduck, Mimihitam, Kumioko (renamed), Andrewhartline, Sevenlanes, Lloydpick, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Rodhullandemu, En- thusiast01, Aqualith, Drmies, Sevilledade, AccuratEdit, Holden86~enwiki, Skenizo, DragonBot, Hyrim, Excirial, Megastrike14, Jusdafax, MantisEars, Dylan9236, Falkreon, Cousteau69, Tastesoon, TakkiHK, Ottawa4ever, Murraytheb, Ueli-PLS, Alchemist Jack, Heironymous Rowe, Eik Corell, XLinkBot, Jovianeye, Selcukkapseloglu, Zotico, Kbdankbot, Passportguy, Lrivera72, Mabdul, Fieldday-sunday, Dou- glas the Comeback Kid, Ccacsmss, Glane23, Lihaas, Kyle1278, Fiskot, 5 albert square, Dayewalker, Tide rolls, Lightbot, User0529, Trulsey, Drpickem, Luckas-bot, Yobot, DerechoReguerraz, Nirvana888, EnochBethany, Wrent09, User529, AnomieBOT, Funcrunch, Dispe, Dromioofephesus, LilHelpa, GayLibrary, TechBot, TheWeakWilled, Winkpolve, Almabot, AV3000, Wikignome0529, Ruodyssey, Horrorfan130, RibotBOT, ChkChkChkagain, Taspozi, Unknown&Hidden, Nowiki123, Captain-n00dle, Lesfriendly, God94, FrescoBot, -Alejandroadan, Esor Anthromorph, Rainbowpride, PrincessofLlyr, Asd ,אנדר-ויק ,LucienBOT, Ron 1987, Tacqtrioni, HJ Mitchell fjkl;jkl;, Fumitol, Sashay, Shante!, Comancheros, Reconsider the static, Young blood69, TobeBot, , LilyKitty, MrX, Forever.hers66, Blinkme23x, Shoton, Adi4094, Tbhotch, FtheFROOTS, Braunnyb, Sexual intercourse212, Cfairhurst3047, MMS2013, Myownworst, Hr215333, Turkishtumbler, Deagle AP, Esoglou, EmausBot, John of Reading, Kevinbloodywilson, Sophie, Vodoodude, Lilbry1220, OscarMilde, L337pwnagexx5, Sebitagermanotta, Itchyiris, Tommy2010, MaverickandGoose, Steelseal16, Shelley6148, Jonny1lawrence, MaryBeth23, RuskyGT, Admiralandy, Emily Jensen, Michaelangelo80, Slammingsteve44, Blizacho715, Theprofesorofpain, Unreal7, Joewestyabahss, SporkBot, Wikignome0530, Jeremiah14-14, Jennybarelyalive, Dr driver, AutoGeek, Obotlig, Brandmeister, RayneVan- Dunem, Wikiwind, Ecad93, KIeio, Turn685, North Atlanticist Usonian, Helpful Pixie Bot, Lionhead99, Alexandru M., Wbm1058, Me- galibrarygirl, BG19bot, Prcc27, Marcocapelle, Scientiom, Chase1493, Stanladis, J R Gainey, 1xdd0ufhgnlsoprfgd, Teammm, Trigger- hippie4, Tagremover, Varhuk126, IceBrotherhood, JYBot, Hmainsbot1, FarceFan, Grotekennis, Lugia2453, Numancia, Female body- builder enthusiast, Ilikepeanutbutter1000, Adleproduction, Frankfort05, Seqqis, BreakfastJr, Howicus, Michipedian, LouisAragon, E3, Batte Mann, Handfish, GayTenn, Lincean, MoldBreaker, Dougwash, Monkbot, Glovacki, Trankuility, Elahi Ryan, Baronedimare, Ameri- can187, AHC300, Eteethan, Timothycrice, Tangotopaz, Cgschmidt3169, Eat me, I'm an azuki, Rtheranikal, TenorTwelve and Anonymous: 428

3.2 Images

• File:A_TransGender-Symbol_black-and-white.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/A_ TransGender-Symbol_black-and-white.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: This file was derived from A TransGender- Symbol Plain3.svg: Original artist: A_TransGender-Symbol_Plain3.svg: User:ParaDox – en:User:ParaDox – de:Benutzer:ParaDox • File:AcorusCalamus2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/AcorusCalamus2.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Christian Fischer • File:Agender_pride_flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Agender_pride_flag.svg License: CC BY- SA 4.0 Contributors: Transrants agender flag design post from tumblr Original artist: Transrants • File:Ambox_globe_content.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, using File:Information icon3.svg and File:Earth clip art.svg Original artist: penubag • File:Asexual_flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Asexual_flag.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: SVG conversion of File:Asexual flag.png Original artist: AnonMoos (SVG file); AVEN (flag design) • File:Bans_on_LGBT_conversion_therapy_for_minors_by_country.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ e/e0/Bans_on_LGBT_conversion_therapy_for_minors_by_country.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Adleproduction • File:Bans_on_same-sex_unions_by_country.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Bans_on_same-sex_ unions_by_country.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AHC300 • File:Barbara_Gittings_1965.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Barbara_Gittings_1965.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: New York Public Library Manuscripts and Archives Division Original artist: Kay Tobin Lahusen • File:Bear_Brotherhood_flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Bear_Brotherhood_flag.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fibonacci. • File:Bi_flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Bi_flag.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Orig- inal artist: ? • File:Bi_triangles.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Bi_triangles.svg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Bisexual-moon-symbol.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Bisexual-moon-symbol.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Feòrag • File:Black_triangle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Black_triangle.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0121-500,_Berlin,_Bar_\char"0022\relax{}Eldorado”.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1983-0121-500%2C_Berlin%2C_Bar_%22Eldorado%22.jpg License: CC BY- SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist: Unknown • File:CarmelPride.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Carmel_pride_rally.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Orrling • File:Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_ berdache.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: New version from: http://repo.lib.virginia.edu:18080/fedora/get/uva-lib:34698/ uva-lib-bdef:100/getFullView Original artist: George Catlin • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Decriminalization_of_Homosexuality_by_country_or_territory.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ c/c5/Decriminalization_of_Homosexuality_by_country_or_territory.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Elahi Ryan • File:Edit-clear.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist: The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the file, specifically: “Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although minimally).” • File:Egyptian_homosexual_ostraca.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Egyptian_homosexual_ ostraca.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Ancient Egypt Original artist: Unknown workman in Valley of the Kings • File:Emblem-question.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Emblem-question.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Renamed from File:Ambox emblem question.svg. Original artist: The people from the Tango project! (combination Rugby471) • File:Equalization_of_age_of_consent_laws_for_same-sex_couples_by_country_or_territory'.svg Source: https://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Equalization_of_age_of_consent_laws_for_same-sex_couples_by_country_or_territory%27. svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AHC300 • File:Evan_Wolfson_by_David_Shankbone.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Evan_Wolfson_by_ David_Shankbone.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: David Shankbone Original artist: David Shankbone • File:Female_partners_of_men_who_have_sex_with_men_blood_ban_by_country.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Female_partners_of_men_who_have_sex_with_men_blood_ban_by_country.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AHC300 • File:Flag_Ceuta.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Flag_Ceuta.svg License: GFDL Contributors: self- made & HansenBCN Original artist: Ulaidh 70 CHAPTER 3. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Flag_of_Abkhazia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Abkhazia.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work , see URL http://www.abkhaziagov.org/ru/state/sovereignty/flag_b.jpg Original artist: Drawn by User: Achim1999 • File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg License: CC0 Contributors: http://openclipart.org/detail/24112/flag-of-afghanistan-by-anonymous-24112 Original artist: • User:Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Albania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SVG implementation of the 63-145 Algerian law "on Characteristics of the Algerian national emblem" ("Caractéristiques du Drapeau Algérien", in English). Original artist: This graphic was originaly drawn by User:SKopp. • File:Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: It is from openclipart.org, specifically american_samoa.svg. Original artist: by Tobias Jakobs • File:Flag_of_Andorra.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Llibre de normes gràfiques per a la reproducció i aplicació dels signes d'Estat per als quals el Govern és autoritat competent (Aprovat pel Govern en la sessió del dia 5 de maig de 1999) Original artist: HansenBCN • File:Flag_of_Angola.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_Anguilla.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg License: CC0 Contrib- utors: It is created by John C Meuser, and is part of openclipart.org Original artist: Dbenbenn; Vectorized by Froztbyte • File:Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_ Barbuda.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Here, based on: http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/creacion-de-la-bandera-nacional/ Original artist: Government of Argentina • File:Flag_of_Armenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Aruba.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.vexilla-mundi.com/aruba.htm Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.elibrary.az/docs/remz/pdf/remz_bayraq.pdf and http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/topcontent/21 Original artist: SKopp and others • File:Flag_of_Bahrain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.moci.gov.bh/en/KingdomofBahrain/BahrainFlag/ Original artist: Source: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.dcaa.com.bd/Modules/CountryProfile/BangladeshFlag.aspx Original artist: User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_Barbados.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: http://www.gov.bb/bigportal/big/articles/showArticle.php?file=National_Flag.xml&ag=big Original artist: User: Denelson83 • File:Flag_of_Belarus.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.tnpa.by/ViewFileText.php?UrlRid=52178&UrlOnd=%D1%D2%C1%20911-2008 Original artist: Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Belgium.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Van den Bussche, E., Chief of Protocol, Belgian Federal Department of the Interior (2008) Noble Belgique, ô Mère chérie - LE PROTOCOLE EN BELGIQUE (PROTOCOL IN BELGIUM), Heule: Editions UGA ISBN: 9789067689359. Original artist: Dbenbenn and others • File:Flag_of_Belize.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • Used as Air Force insigna seen here • Improved version from xrmap flag collection 2.9. Original artist: Caleb Moore • File:Flag_of_Benin.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe • File:Flag_of_Bermuda.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Version 1: Made by Caleb Moore from the Open Clip Art website and uploaded by Nightstallion Version 2: Made by Nameneko from version 1 of Image:Flag of Bermuda.svg and version 2 of Image:Coa Bermuda.svg by Cronholm144. 3.2. IMAGES 71

• File:Flag_of_Bhutan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Originally from the Open Clip Art website, then replaced with an improved version. Original artist: w:en:User:Nightstallion (original uploader), the author of xrmap (improved version) • File:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_ Herzegovina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kseferovic • File:Flag_of_Botswana.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe, rewritten by User:Madden Original artist: User:SKopp, User:Gabbe, User:Madden • File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi- nal artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Brunei.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg License: CC0 Contribu- tors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: User:Nightstallion • File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: The flag of Bulgaria. The colors are specified at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034& n=000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Burundi.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg License: Public domain Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. SKopp assumed (based on copyright claims). • File:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg License: CC0 Con- tributors: File:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg Original artist: Draw new flag by User:_ • File:Flag_of_Cameroon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- • File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_Chad.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Quelle · Fonto: http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/td.html Original artist: SKopp & others (see upload log) • File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe • File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Original artist: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman, R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370, MaGa (based on Decision of the Parliament) • File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Drawn by User:Madden Original artist: see below • File:Flag_of_Curaçao.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao.svg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Vzb83 • File:Flag_of_Côte_d'Ivoire.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire. svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jon Harald Søby • File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden • File:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg License: CC0 Contrib- utors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: ? 72 CHAPTER 3. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Flag_of_Dominica.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg License: CC0 Con- tributors: Own work: Flag of Dominica originally from the Open Clip Art website. Redrawn by User:Vzb83 except for the parrot. Colours are adapted from FOTW Flags Of The World website because of the currentness (refreshed 2001). The colour sceme is found at the government website of the Commonwealth of Dominica and THE WORLD FACTBOOK of the CIA. Original artist: User:Nightstallion • File:Flag_of_East_Timor.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.presidencia.gob.ec/pdf/Simbolos-Patrios.pdf Original artist: President of the Republic of Ecuador, Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg License: CC0 Contributors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: Open Clip Art • File:Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: user:Nightstallion • File:Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Eritrea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg License: CC0 Contribu- tors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: [[user:]] • File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepP to match the image at [1]. • File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: http://www.ethiopar.net/type/Amharic/hopre/bills/1998/654.ae..pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • File based on the specification given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-xfi-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi, User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_FLNKS.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_FLNKS.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:WarX • File:Flag_of_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Flag_of_the_ Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Fiji.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Orig- inal artist: ? • File:Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg Li- cense: CC0 Contributors: From the Open Clip Art website Original artist: User:Nightstallion • File:Flag_of_Gabon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work based on File:Brdzanebuleba 31.pdf Original artist: User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: based on the original coat of arms of Gibraltar, granted in 1502 Original artist: Created on behalf of Isabella I of Castile in 1502; this version uploaded by Denelson83 (talk · contribs) • File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk) • File:Flag_of_Greenland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jeffrey Connell (IceKarma) • File:Flag_of_Grenada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: SKopp Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_Guam.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Guatemala.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:K21edgo • File:Flag_of_Guernsey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg License: CC0 Con- tributors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: User:Nightstallion • File:Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? 3.2. IMAGES 73

• File:Flag_of_Guinea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Guyana.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Haiti.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Coat of arms from: Coat of arms of Haiti.svg by Lokal_Profil and Myriam Thyes Original artist: (colours and size changes of the now deletied versions) Madden, Vzb83, Denelson83, Chanheigeorge, Zscout370 and Nightstallion

• File:Flag_of_Honduras.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/chi/r_flag/index.html Original artist: Tao Ho • File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: • Flags of the World – Hungary Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Islandic National Flag Original artist: Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason, Zscout370 and others • File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/ lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe • File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: URL http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html Original artist: Various • File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: • This image is based on the CIA Factbook, and the website of Office of the President of Iraq, vectorized by User:Militaryace Original artist: Unknown, published by Iraqi governemt, vectorized by User:Militaryace based on the work of User:Hoshie • File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem Origi- nal artist: “The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel” of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides the official specification for the design of the Israeli flag. • File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Jamaica.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: The source code of this SVG is valid. • File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi- nal artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Jersey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Jordan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: own code, construction sheet Original artist: -xfi- • File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.kenyarchives.go.ke/flag_specifications.htm Original artist: User:Pumbaa80 • File:Flag_of_Kiribati.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Kosovo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Originally from Image:Flag of Kosovo.png. Original artist: Cradel (current version), earlier version by Ningyou • File:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, construction sheet. Redo by: cs:User:-xfi- Original artist: Made by Andrew Duhan for the Sodipodi SVG flag collection, and is public domain. • File:Flag_of_Laos.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ? 74 CHAPTER 3. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: ? Original artist: Traced based on the CIA World Factbook with some modification done to the colours based on information at Vexilla mundi. • File:Flag_of_Lesotho.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Liberia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Version 1: SKopp Original artist: Government of Liberia • File:Flag_of_Libya.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg License: Public domain Contributors: File:Flag of Libya (1951).svg Original artist: The source code of this SVG is valid. • File:Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuffKopp • File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www. legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_Macau.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg License: Public domain Contributors: GB 17654-1999 Original artist: PhiLiP • File:Flag_of_Macedonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flag_of_Macedonia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe • File:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Malawi.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Create based on the Malaysian Government Website (archive version) Original artist: SKopp, Zscout370 and Ranking Update

• File:Flag_of_Maldives.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work Original artist: user:Nightstallion • File:Flag_of_Mali.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Malta.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Mauritania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Melilla.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Flag_of_Melilla.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006 • File:Flag_of_Moldova.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: vector coat of arms image traced by User:Nameneko from Image:Moldova gerb large.png. Construction sheet can be found at http://flagspot.net/flags/md.html#const Original artist: Nameneko and others • File:Flag_of_Monaco.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Mongolia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Current version is SVG implementation of the Mongolian flag as described by Mongolian National Standard MNS 6262:2011 (Mongolian State Flag. General requirements [1] Original artist: User:Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Montenegro.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: B1mbo, Froztbyte • File:Flag_of_Montserrat.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Flag of the Kingdom of Morocco

Moroccan royal decree (17 November 1915), BO-135-ar page 6 Original artist: Denelson83, Zscout370 3.2. IMAGES 75

• File:Flag_of_Mozambique.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg License: CC0 Contributors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: User:Nightstallion • File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Open Clip Art Original artist: Unknown • File:Flag_of_Nagorno-Karabakh.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Flag_of_Nagorno-Karabakh. svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Namibia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Nauru.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Source: Drawn by User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Constitution of The Kingdom of Nepal, Article 5, Schedule 1 [1] Original artist: Drawn by User:Pumbaa80, User:Achim1999 • File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hugh Jass and many others • File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work based on: Law About Characteristics And Use Of Patriotic Symbols of Nicaragua Original artist: C records (talk · contribs) • File:Flag_of_Niger.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: The “burnt orange” color in the top band and circle is Pantone(166), i.e. RGB(224,82,6) = #E05206 on sRGB CRT screen, or CMYK(0,65%,100%,0) for process coated print, BUT NOT light orange #FF7000 which is somewhere between Pantone(130C) and Pan- tone(151), and is even lighter than X11 orange! See http://www.seoconsultants.com/css/colors/conversion/100/ The central white band is plain D65 reference white = RGB(255,255,255) = #FFFFFF. Original artist: Made by: Philippe Verdy User:verdy_p, see also fr:Utilisateur:verdy_p. • File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Niue.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: This vector image was created with Inkscape by SKopp, and then manually edited. • File:Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Norfolk_Island.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_North_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn • File:Flag_of_Oman.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: The drawing and the colors were based from flagspot.net. Original artist: User:Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Palau.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. Nightstallion assumed (based on copyright claims). • File:Flag_of_Palestine.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work. Based on Law No. 5 for the year 2006 amending some provisions of Law No. 22 for the year 2005 on the Sanctity of the Palestinian Flag Original artist: Orionist, previous versions by Makaristos, Mysid, etc. • File:Flag_of_Panama.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea. svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, FOTW Original artist: User:Nightstallion • File:Flag_of_Paraguay.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg License: CC0 Con- tributors: This file is from the Open Clip Art Library, which released it explicitly into the public domain (see here). Original artist: Republica del Paraguay • File:Flag_of_Peru.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Peru Original artist: David Benbennick • File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: ? Original artist: ? 76 CHAPTER 3. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Colum- bano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vítor Luís Rodrigues; António Martins-Tuválkin (2004; this specific vector set: see sources) • File:Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- • File:Flag_of_Rapa_Nui,_Chile.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.fotw.net/flags/cl_rapa.html Original artist: Mario Fuente Cid, Done on Inkscape Free Software • File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan • File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi- nal artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.primature.gov.rw/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,859/Itemid,95/ Original artist: This vector image was created with Inkscape by Zscout370, and then manually edited. • File:Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_and_Miquelon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Flag_of_Saint-Pierre_ and_Miquelon.svg License: Public domain Contributors: courtesy an e-mail from the author of xrmap. Modifications by Denelson83 Original artist: User:.... • File:Flag_of_Saint_Barthelemy_(local).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Flag_of_Saint_ Barthelemy_%28local%29.svg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: FOTW was used as a reference for the size of the arms in the white field. Original artist: The arms are from User:Manassas's Image:Blason St Barthélémy TOM entire.svg. • File:Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg License: Public domain Contributors: From the xrmap flag collection 2.9 (gb-sh.svg). Original artist: Patricia Fidi • File:Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_ Nevis.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work in accordance with http://www.vexilla-mundi.com/saint_kitts_and_nevis.htm Original artist: User:Pumbaa80 • File:Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, Government of Saint Lucia Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Flag_of_ Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg License: Public domain Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. SKopp assumed (based on copyright claims). • File:Flag_of_Samoa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_San_Marino.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: Own work: [/Users/bicio/Desktop/Cailungo logo 40°.jpg] Original artist: Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_ Principe.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg Li- cense: CC0 Contributors: the actual flag Original artist: Unknown • File:Flag_of_Senegal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Original upload from Openclipart : Senegal. However, the current source code for this SVG file has almost nothing in common with the original upload. Original artist: Original upload by Nightstallion • File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: From http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/o_skupstini/simboli/simboli.asp. Original artist: sodipodi.com • File:Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book: (2001). The National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade from http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various • File:Flag_of_Sint_Maarten.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Sint_Maarten.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SVG source for the coat of arms is from File:Coat of arms of Sint Maarten.svg, with background colors and dimensions hand-drawn per previous versions. Original artist: User:Shervinafshar, based on work of User:Washiucho. Earlier non-PD versions by User:SiBr4, User:Fry1989, and User:Andrwsc. • File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work; here, colors Original artist: SKopp • File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa Original artist: User:Achim1999 3.2. IMAGES 77

• File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: see below Original artist: see upload history • File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Government of Somaliland National Symbols Original artist: Government of Somaliland • File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Per specifications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National flag Original artist: Flag de- sign by Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users • File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color guidelines (Russian/English) Original artist: Various • File:Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The law on State flag of South Ossetia Original artist: Various • File:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.fotw.us/flags/ss.html / Flag of the World Original artist: User:Achim1999 • File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SLS 693 - National flag of Sri Lanka Original artist: Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Sudan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: www.vexilla-mundi.com Original artist: Vzb83 • File:Flag_of_Suriname.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Drawn according Description of flag and Corporate design guidelines - National flag colours. Original artist: Unknown • File:Flag_of_Swaziland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Flag_of_Swaziland.svg License: CC0 Con- tributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: PDF Colors Construction sheet Original artist: User:Marc Mongenet

Credits: • File:Flag_of_Syria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: see below Original artist: see below • File:Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Vzb83 • File:Flag_of_Togo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Tokelau.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg License: Public domain Contributors: self-made, using [1] as a visual guide. Confirmed by the Flag Research Center on 18 June 2008 (Flag Inform No. 238). Final version by the College of Arms Original artist: SVG image created by User:Andrwsc • File:Flag_of_Tonga.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Transnistria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Flag_of_Transnistria.svg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: • Drawing based from http://www.president-pmr.org/english/index_e.htm Original artist: Zscout370 (SVG) • File:Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_ Tobago.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.w3.org/ Original artist: entraîneur: BEN KHALIFA WISSAM • File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Türk Bayrağı Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the Turkish Historical Society (Türk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author) 78 CHAPTER 3. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg License: CC0 Contribu- tors: See URL [6] for “officially” credibility and “correctness” of precise star-positions Original artist: User:Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg License: CC0 Contribu- tors: From the Open ClipArt Library website. Original artist: tobias • File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ДСТУ 4512:2006 — Державний прапор України. Загальні технічні умови Original artist: Government of Ukraine • File:Flag_of_Uruguay.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg License: Public domain Contributors: design of the sun copied from URL [1], which was copied by Francisco Gregoric, 5 Jul 2004 from URL [2] Original artist: User:Reisio (original author) • File:Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Oʻzbekiston Respublikasining Davlat bayrogʻi. The officially defined colours are Pantone 313C for blue and 361C for green (source: [1], [2]). Drawn by User:Zscout370. • File:Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: official websites Original artist: Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/law/vi/1951_to_1960/1955/195511/195511300001 http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/ Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=820 Original artist: Lưu Ly vẽ lại theo nguồn trên • File:Flag_of_Wallis_and_Futuna.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Flag_of_Wallis_and_Futuna. svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Yemen.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg License: CC0 Contribu- tors: Open Clip Art website Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Zambia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg License: CC0 Contribu- tors: http://www.parliament.gov.zm/downloads/ Original artist: • Author: Tobias Jakobs (in the public domain) and User:Zscout370 (Return fire) • File:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work after www.flag.de Original artist: User:Madden • File:Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bahamas government • File:Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Flag_of_the_British_ Virgin_Islands.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands. svg License: Public domain Contributors: sodipodi.com Original artist: Unknown • File:Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Flag_of_the_ Central_African_Republic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Nightstallion • File:Flag_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Flag_of_the_Cocos_ %28Keeling%29_Islands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. Denelson83 assumed (based on copyright claims). • File:Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg License: Public domain Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. Nightstallion assumed (based on copyright claims). • File:Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic. svg License: Public domain Contributors: • -xfi-'s file • -xfi-'s code • Zirland’s codes of colors Original artist: (of code): SVG version by cs:-xfi-. • File:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Flag_of_ the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nightstallion • File:Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_ Republic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Nightstallion 3.2. IMAGES 79

• File:Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_ Islands.svg License: CC0 Contributors: SVG graphics by Nightstallion Original artist: Government of Great Britain • File:Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Flag_ of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: It is from the xrmap flag collection, specifically “french_austral_territories.svg” in flags-2.6-src.tar.bz2. This image has been compared with images found at rbvex.it, World Statesmen, and the TAAF’s official website. Original artist: Académie de Grenoble • File:Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg Li- cense: CC0 Contributors: Sodipodi flag collection, OpenClipart Original artist: Edited by Reisio, Alkari, e.a. • File:Flag_of_the_Lugansk_People’{}s_Republic_(Official).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/ Flag_of_the_Lugansk_People%27s_Republic_%28Official%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Revolver 45 • File:Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_ Islands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. SKopp assumed (based on copyright claims). • File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Flag_of_the_ Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_the_People’{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_ People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/ design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: The design was taken from [1] and the colors were also taken from a Government website Original artist: User:Achim1999 • File:Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands. svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Dbenbenn • File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_ China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_the_ Republic_of_the_Congo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Flag_ of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: undefined Original artist: El Uali Mustapha Sayed • File:Flag_of_the_Seychelles.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg License: Public domain Contributors: [1], for the RGB approximations [2] Original artist: User:Vxb83 • File:Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_ Islands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: User:SKopp • File:Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Flag_ of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Flag_ of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: from the Open Clip Art website Original artist: Unknown • File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_ Arab_Emirates.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Li- cense: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SVG implementation of U. S. Code: Title 4, Chapter 1, Section 1 [1] (the United States Federal “Flag Law”). Original artist: Dbenbenn, Zscout370, Jacobolus, Indolences, Technion. • File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flag_of_the_ United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: It is from openclipart.org, specifically usa_virgin_islands.svg, by Tobias Jakobs. Original artist: User:Dbenbenn • File:Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Flag_of_the_Vatican_City.svg License: CC0 Contributors: http://files.mojeeuro.meu.zoznam.sk/200000288-390ab3a04d/2_Commemorative_coin_Vatican_city_2010. jpg labelbasis Original artist: Unknown 80 CHAPTER 3. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Flag_of_Åland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work Original artist: created by en:User:Zscout370 • File:Gay_Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Gay_Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Based on File:Gay flag.svg and File:Diagram of the Flag of South Africa.svg, both of which are in the public domain. Original artist: Htonl • File:Gay_flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Gay_flag.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SVG source (version of 17:56, 30 Sep 2011): Original artist: Guanaco and subsequent editors • File:Gay_flag_7.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Gay_flag_7.svg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Gay_flag_8.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gay_flag_8.svg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: SVG based on this image Original artist: (Vector graphics by Fibonacci) • File:Genderfluidity_Pride-Flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Genderfluidity_Pride-Flag.svg Li- cense: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: McLennonSon • File:Genderqueer_flag-pride.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Genderqueer_flag-pride.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: McLennonSon • File:Gnome-searchtool.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Gnome-searchtool.svg License: LGPL Con- tributors: http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-themes-extras/0.9/gnome-themes-extras-0.9.0.tar.gz Original artist: David Vignoni • File:Green_Carnation.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Green_Carnation.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://flickr.com/photos/bex/126075909/ Original artist: Rebecca (The Bex on flickr) • File:Homosexual_\char"0022\relax{}propaganda\char"0022\relax{}_laws_by_country_or_territory.svg Source: https://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Homosexual_%22propaganda%22_laws_by_country_or_territory.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AHC300 • File:HumanRightsLogo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg License: Copy- righted free use Contributors: http://humanrightslogo.net/ Original artist: Predrag Stakić, released by http://humanrightslogo.net/ • File:Human_Right_Campaign_headquarters.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Human_Right_ Campaign_headquarters.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AgnosticPreachersKid • File:Incitement_to_hatred_based_on_sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_prohibited_by_country_or_territory.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Incitement_to_hatred_based_on_sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_ prohibited_by_country_or_territory.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AHC300 • File:Intersex_flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Intersex_flag.svg License: CC0 Contributors: http://oii.org.au/22773/an-intersex-flag/ Original artist: Organisation Intersex International Australia (SVG file simplification by Anon- Moos) • File:Intersex_pride_flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Intersex_pride_flag.svg License: CC BY- SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: McLennonSon • File:Jennifer_Pellinen_Transgender_Flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Jennifer_Pellinen_ Transgender_Flag.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: AnotherOnymous • File:Karl_Heinrich_Ulrichs.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Karl_Heinrich_Ulrichs.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Kiss_Briseis_Painter_Louvre_G278_full.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Kiss_Briseis_ Painter_Louvre_G278_full.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Marie-Lan Nguyen • File:LGBT_constitutional_discrimination_laws_by_country_or_territory.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/b/bb/LGBT_constitutional_discrimination_laws_by_country_or_territory.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AHC300 • File:LGBT_employment_discrimination_laws_by_country_or_territory.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/f/f4/LGBT_employment_discrimination_laws_by_country_or_territory.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AHC300 • File:LGBT_hate_crime_laws_by_country_or_territory.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/LGBT_ hate_crime_laws_by_country_or_territory.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AHC300 • File:LGBT_immigration_equality_by_country_or_territory.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/ LGBT_immigration_equality_by_country_or_territory.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AHC300 • File:LGBT_rights_at_the_UN.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/LGBT_rights_at_the_UN.svg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: Blank map of World on Wikipedia, colored by self Original artist: Self • File:Labrys-symbol.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Labrys-symbol.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work -- Converted from the following PostScript code: %! 300 743.504572 200 262.819244 217.5 arcn 300 500 200 142.5 217.5 arc 300 256.495428 200 142.5 97.180756 arcn fill 300 256.495428 200 82.819244 37.5 arcn 300 500 200 −37.5 37.5 arc 300 743.504572 200 322.5 277.180756 arcn fill 1 .5 scale 300 1135 20 0 180 arc 300 280 20 180 0 arc fill showpage %EOF Original artist: AnonMoos • File:Labrys_Pride_Flag.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Labrys_Pride_Flag.gif License: Copy- righted free use Contributors: http://www.thetwilightguard.org/tggallery.html Original artist: Sean Campbell • File:Lafond_Sappho_and_Homer.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Lafond_Sappho_and_Homer. jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.hampel-auctions.com/ Original artist: Charles Nicolas Rafael Lafond (1774–1835) 3.2. IMAGES 81

• File:Lambda-letter-lowercase-symbol.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/ Lambda-letter-lowercase-symbol.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work -- Vectorized and colorized version of Image:Greek lc lamda.png according to the description in article en:LGBT symbols. Original artist: AnonMoos • File:Laws_concerning_gender_identity-expression_by_country_or_territory.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/7/72/Laws_concerning_gender_identity-expression_by_country_or_territory.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AHC300 • File:Lesbiche_-_1928_-_D-_Die_freundin_1928.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Lesbiche_-_ 1928_-_D-_Die_freundin_1928.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bund für Menschenrecht • File:Lipstick_lesbian_flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Lipstick_lesbian_flag.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: xles • File:Logo_sociology.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Logo_sociology.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tomeq183 • File:MSM_Blood_Donation_Map_New.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/MSM_Blood_Donation_ Map_New.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rtheranikal • File:Military_service_-_sexual_orientation.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Military_service_-_ sexual_orientation.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sceptre • File:NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/NAMA_Sappho_lisant.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Μαρσύας • File:New_Donetsk_Peoples_Republic_flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/New_Donetsk_ Peoples_Republic_flag.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this: Official Donetsk People’s Republic coat of arms.png (by Полиционер). Original artist: Elevatorrailfan • File:Non-binary_Pride_Flag.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Non-binary_Pride_Flag.png License: CC0 Contributors: http://gender.wikia.com/wiki/Non-binary Original artist: Kye Rowan • File:Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • Adapted from: Nuvola_Ugandan_flag.svg using colors from Gay_flag.svg Original artist: Nuvola_Ugandan_flag.svg: Antigoni • File:P_globe_blue.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/P_globe_blue.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con- tributors: ? Original artist: User:MayaSimFan (this version) • File:Pansexuality_flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Pansexuality_flag.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Web archive of pansexualflag.tumblr.com [1]; [2] Original artist: KiwiNeko14 • File:Pink_triangle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Pink_triangle.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Pink_triangle_jew.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Pink_triangle_jew.svg License: CC-BY- SA-3.0 Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine- readable author provided. Fibonacci assumed (based on copyright claims). • File:Polysexuality_flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Polysexuality_flag.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: McLennonSon • File:Portal_LGBT.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Con- tributors: Commons + own work Original artist: Grzegorz Wysocki • File:Portal_Transgender.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg License: CC BY- SA 2.5 Contributors: • Portal_LGBT.svg Original artist: Portal_LGBT.svg: Grzegorz Wysocki • File:Pride_2004_bears.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Pride_2004_bears.jpg License: CC-BY- SA-3.0 Contributors: Taken 6/27/04 by Pretzelpaws with a Casio QV-3000EX http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Pride_2004_bears. jpgcamera. Cropped 1/12/05 using the Gimp. Original artist: Pretzelpaws • File:Purple_Rhino.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Purple_Rhino.gif License: Public domain Con- tributors: Lambda.org Original artist: Bernie Toal • File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist: Tkgd2007 • File:Rainbow_Streetsign.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Rainbow_Streetsign.jpg License: CC BY- SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bhuck • File:Rainbow_flag_and_blue_skies.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Rainbow_flag_and_blue_ skies.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/23912576@N05/2942525739 Original artist: Ludovic Bertron from New York City, Usa 82 CHAPTER 3. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Regnbågsflaggan_utanför_Visby_Polishus_under_Stockholm_Pride_2014_(1).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/8/84/Regnb%C3%A5gsflaggan_utanf%C3%B6r_Visby_Polishus_under_Stockholm_Pride_2014_%281%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: W.carter • File:Samarkand_A_group_of_musicians_playing_for_a_bacha_dancing_boy.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/9/91/Samarkand_A_group_of_musicians_playing_for_a_bacha_dancing_boy.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Orig- inal artist: ? • File:Skull_and_crossbones.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Skull_and_crossbones.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://vector4u.com/symbols/skull-and-crossbones-vector-svg/ Original artist: Un- known • File:StatehouseBoisePride2011.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/StatehouseBoisePride2011.jpg Li- cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, http://www.flickr.com/photos/kencf0618/5879580607 Original artist: Kencf0618 • File:Straightally.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Straightally.svg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: Common symbol, this version created by uploader Original artist: The original uploader was Bridger987 at English Wikipedia • File:Terrestrial_globe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con- tributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Transgender_Pride_flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Transgender_Pride_flag.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Description above retrieved from page "Image_talk:Transgender_Pride_flag.svg" at en.wikipedia. Original artist: SVG file Dlloyd based on Monica Helms design • File:Viola_uliginosa_Sturm53.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Viola_uliginosa_Sturm53.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: Figure from Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen at http://www.biolib.de Original artist: Johann Georg Sturm (Painter: Jacob Sturm) • File:Vitahomosexualis.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Vitahomosexualis.JPG License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wikiwlh • File:WAC_Air_Controller_by_Dan_V._Smith.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/WAC_Air_ Controller_by_Dan_V._Smith.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.army.mil/cmh/art/A&I/0307-1.jpg Original artist: Dan V. Smith • File:WeMustGrowAMustache.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/WeMustGrowAMustache.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: As described above. Original artist: Harold Rossiter Music Company • File:Westerkerk_-_Gay_symbols_2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Westerkerk_-_Gay_symbols_ 2.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wolfgang Sauber • File:Woman_spying_on_male_lovers.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Woman_spying_on_male_ lovers.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Louis Crompton, Homosexuality & Civilisation, Cambridge/MA; London, 2003, p.232 Original artist: Unknown • File:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/d/d1/World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Various (Initial version by Silje) • File:World_same-sex_adoption_laws.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/World_same-sex_adoption_ laws.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: • International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association: Carroll, A. & Itaborahy, L.P. State Sponsored Homophobia 2015: A world survey of laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love. Original artist: Kwamikagami • File:X_mark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/X_mark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Gmaxwell • File:Yes_check.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fb/Yes_check.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? _png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/%D7%93%D7%92%D7%9C.דגל_הטרנסקסואליות_הישראלי:File • %D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_ %D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ponetium

3.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0