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Fighting on the River: the Alpheus and the 'Pylian Epic'

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Fighting on the River: the Alpheus and the 'Pylian Epic' Giuseppe Zanetto Fighting on the River: The Alpheus and the ‘Pylian Epic’ In the Iliad the old Pylian king Nestor talks on several occasions about his past glorious deeds.¹ Manyscholars think that these passages are what survivesofa ‘Pylian Epic’,i.e.ofthe epic songswhich in Mycenaean agecelebrated the lords of Pylos.² It is assumed in fact that therewas Mycenaean epic poetry,which was performedatthe courts of the kingsonthe occasion of festive or funeral ban- quets;³ and that this poetry has been almost completelylost,the onlyexception being the Pylian songswhich wereincorporated into our text of the Iliad. The survival of the ‘Pylian Epic’ must probablybeconnected with the important role thatmanyfamilies of Pylian origin playedinarchaic Greece. In archaic Ath- ens some of the most powerful γένη claimeddescent from Neleus and the Ne- leids. In the cemeteryofthe Ceramicus the excavations have brought to light geo- metric funerary vases,producedatthe end of the VIII century BC,which reproducethe fight between Nestor and the Moliones.⁴ We can hypothesise that the mythicalepisode which wasdepicted on the vases containing the ashes of the deceased correspondedtoapoem performedbyasinger during the funeral. If this is so, this means that in geometric Athens the epic tradition originating from Pylos still survived, was stillperformed and was akey-element in the creation of identity.⁵ Now,ifwelook at the content of Nestor’sspeeches, we see that he praises victories in battlesagainst neighbouringpeoples (Epeans, Arcadians), successful cattle raids, victories in athletic contests and in particularinchariot races.Let us have ashort review of these narratives. Iliad 11.670 – 762offers the most extended passageof‘Pylian Epic’.Nestor tells avery complicated story which can be divided in twomain sections.⁶ In the first one he reports how he seized ahugenumber of cattle, fighting against the Epeans and killing Itymoneus, and how he drovethis bootydown to Pylos, whereonthe dayafter it was divided among the Pylians.Neleus takes the major Hom. Il.7.132–156,11.670 – 761, 23.629–642. Bölte1934; Hainsworth 1993, 296–298;Vetta 2003;Nobili 2009,105–110. Vetta 2001,23–30. Ahlberg-Cornell 1992, 32–35. Vetta 2003,22–27;Aloni 2006,67–75;Nobili 2009,110 –113. Hainsworth1993, 296. DOI 10.1515/9783110535150-014 Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS Angemeldet Heruntergeladen am | 25.10.17 09:30 230 GiuseppeZanetto portion for himself, in retaliation for the loss of his four race-horses, stolen from him by the Epean king Augeas. In the second section Nestor tells how the Epeans came down towards Pylos to take revenge and how the Pylians,warned by Athe- na, left their city and marched out against the enemies: here the tale is very rich in topographic details, so that it is not difficult to reconstruct the geographic set- ting. 1. The Epeans movetothe riverAlpheus, which marks the border of the Py- lian territory,and attack Thryoessa. Iliad 11.711–713: ἔστι δέ τις Θρυόεσσα πόλις αἰπεῖακολώνη τηλοῦἐπ’᾿Aλφειῷ, νεάτη Πύλου ἠμαθόεντος τὴν ἀμφεστρατόωντο διαρραῖσαι μεμαῶτες. Now thereisacity Thryoessa, perched on asteepcliff, overlookingthe Alpheus,onthe far border of sandyPylos,and there they camped, aimingtodestroy it.⁷ 2. The Pylians set out; the cavalry in afew hours reaches the riverMinyeios (a minor stream, presumablyflowing about 20 kilometres south of the Alpheus).⁸ Once the infantry has also arrived(shortlyafter daybreak), they all move to the Alpheus, wherethey offer sacrifices to the gods, taketheirevening meal and bivouac under arms. Iliad 11.722–732: ἔστι δέ τις ποταμὸςΜινυήϊος εἰς ἅλα βάλλων ἐγγύθεν ᾿Aρήνης, ὅθι μείναμεν Ἠῶ δῖαν ἱππῆες Πυλίων, τὰ δ’ ἐπέρρεον ἔθνεα πεζῶν. ἔνθεν πανσυδίῃ σὺντεύχεσι θωρηχθέντες 725 ἔνδιοι ἱκόμεσθ’ ἱερὸν ῥόον ᾿Aλφειοῖο. ἔνθα Διὶῥέξαντες ὑπερμενεῖἱερὰ καλά, ταῦρον δ’ ᾿Aλφειῷ, ταῦρον δὲ Ποσειδάωνι, αὐτὰρ ᾿Aθηναίηγλαυκώπιδι βοῦν ἀγελαίην, δόρπον ἔπειθ’ ἑλόμεσθα κατὰ στρατὸν ἐντελέεσσι,730 καὶ κατεκοιμήθημεν ἐν ἔντεσιν οἷσιν ἕκαστος ἀμφὶῥοὰςποταμοῖο. Ariver,Minyeios,meets the sea near Arene, and therethe chariots waited for the dawn, and then the infantry arrived. From that point,travellingarmed and at speed, by noon we reached Alpheus’ holystream.There we sacrificed fine victims to mighty Zeus,bulls to Al- The English translations from the Iliad aretaken fromthe on-line text of A.S. Kline. Hainsworth1993, 302. Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS Angemeldet Heruntergeladen am | 25.10.17 09:30 Fighting on the River 231 pheus and Poseidon, and aheifer to bright-eyedAthena. Then each companyate supper, and we slept in battle-gear on the bank. 3. On the following daythereisthe battle. The text is not explicit on this point, but we must think that the two armies fight on the northern shore of the Al- pheus, because the Pylians,after defeating the Epeans, chase them until Boupra- sion, well to the north of the river. This means that Nestor and his men have crossed the Alpheus, immediatelyafter their arrival and before the night which they spend bivouackingonthe shore: the sacrifices to the gods, and in particulartothe godoftheriver,are διαβατήρια.⁹ Iliad 7.132–156 is the account of another exploit of youngNestor,this time in an one on one fight against the Arcadian champion Ereuthalion. The context is a battle between the Pylians and the Arcadians;Nestor doesn’texplain the reasons for the conflict,heonlysaysthat the two armies gathered together near the wall of Pheia and along riverIardanus.Itisnot clear to which part of the western Pe- loponnesianshore these geographic markers point;¹⁰ we don’tknow,inparticu- lar,which riverismeant by the name Iardanus (and the samegoes for the other stream mentioned just before, the Keladon);¹¹ but Pheia should probablybe identifiedwith the town which in other epic passages¹² is called Pheai, about fif- teen kilometresnorth of the mouth of the Alpheus, in southern Elis.¹³ If it is so, then this struggle between Pylians and Arcadians takes place not far from the location whereNestor kills Itymoneus and seizes his cattle in Iliad 11:the setting of both episodesisthe plain along the northern shore of the Cyparissian Gulf, north and south of riverAlpheus; and we can arguethat the Alpheus – in this context too – is meant to mark the northern border of the Pylian territory. Nestor’sopponentisEreuthalion, whose favourite weapon is an iron mace; we are told that in the past it was the property of Areithoos,who used to mas- sacre his enemieswith this club;but Lycurguskilled him by trapping him in a narrow place wherehehad no room to swingit; then it was Lycurguswho woreAreithoos’ armour,until he grew old and gave it to his friend Ereuthalion. It is very likelythat Areithoos was originallyanArcadian brigand (or an Arcadia- related brigand):¹⁴ from afragment of Pherecydes (fr.158) we learn that he came to Arcadia and accumulated ahugebooty, until he was killed by Lycurgus, who Hainsworth1993, 303. Robert 1920,191. Kirk 1990,252 (“the rivers remain mysterious”). Hom. Od. 15.297; Hom. Hymn. Ap. 427(φεράς codices, Φεάς editores). Aloni 2006,38–39. Nobili 2011,34–36;see also Kirk 1990,253. Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS Angemeldet Heruntergeladen am | 25.10.17 09:30 232 GiuseppeZanetto led his Arcadian troops against him to recover their stolen property.Lycurgus’ attack against Areithoos has thereforemuch in common with the killing of Ity- moneus by Nestor.And because Ereuthalion uses the sameiron mace (that is to say, the typicalweapon of abrigand), the fight between him and Nestor can also be seen as an episode of astory of cattle raids: we can imagine that the Py- lians are attacking the Arcadians of Ereuthalion in responsetotheir incursions. Iliad 7.132–156: αἲ γὰρΖεῦτε πάτερ καὶ᾿AθηναίηκαὶἌπολλον ἡβῷμ’ ὡς ὅτ’ ἐπ’ ὠκυρόῳ Κελάδοντι μάχοντο ἀγρόμενοι Πύλιοί τε καὶ᾿Aρκάδες ἐγχεσίμωροι Φειᾶςπὰρτείχεσσιν Ἰαρδάνου ἀμφὶῥέεθρα.135 τοῖσι δ’ Ἐρευθαλίων πρόμος ἵστατο ἰσόθεος φὼς τεύχε’ ἔχων ὤμοισιν ᾿Aρηϊθόοιο ἄνακτος δίου ᾿Aρηϊθόου, τὸν ἐπίκλησιν κορυνήτην ἄνδρες κίκλησκον καλλίζωνοί τε γυναῖκες οὕνεκ’ ἄρ’ οὐ τόξοισι μαχέσκετο δουρί τε μακρῷ,140 ἀλλὰ σιδηρείῃ κορύνῃῥήγνυσκε φάλαγγας. … ἀλλ’ ἐμὲ θυμὸς ἀνῆκε πολυτλήμων πολεμίζειν θάρσεϊ ᾧ· γενεῇ δὲ νεώτατος ἔσκον ἁπάντων καὶ μαχόμην οἱἐγώ,δῶκεν δέ μοι εὖχος ᾿Aθήνη. τὸνδὴμήκιστον καὶ κάρτιστον κτάνον ἄνδρα 155 πολλὸςγάρτις ἔκειτο παρήορος ἔνθα καὶἔνθα. Oh, Father Zeus,Athena and Apollo, if onlyIwereyoungagainaswhen our Pylian host was fightingthe Arcadian spearmen by swift-runningKeladon, under Pheia’swalls,at the streams of Iardanus.Ereuthalion was their champion. Like agod he was, clad in the armour of noble KingAreithoos whom men and fair women called the Mace-man, because he ignoredlong-spear or bow,and shatteredthe lines with his iron mace. … Though the youngest there, in my boldnessmydoughty heart spurred me to fight him, and Athena granted me glory.Hewas the tallest and strongest Ieverslew:yet he laysprawling thereinall his mighty breadth and height. So these two narrativesof‘Pylian Epic’ which we find in Iliad 7and 11 seem to refer to the samesituation and to the same geographic environment.Inboth cases the Pylians are engagedinmilitary actionsinthe northern areaoftheir land, in proximitytothe Alpheus. The Alpheus is explicitlyreferred to in Book 11, whereas it is onlyevoked through the mention of Pheia and of the riverIar- danus (perhapsone of its tributaries) in Book 7; but its presenceisacoreele- ment in both stories.The role of the riverisdouble.First,itisthe boundary line that cattle raiders cross as they drive their bootyfrom the foreign land to their own land: crossingthe riverissomething thatmust necessarilyhappen, Bereitgestellt von | De Gruyter / TCS Angemeldet Heruntergeladen am | 25.10.17 09:30 Fighting on the River 233 but is also the symbolic imageofasuccessful raid. Second, the riveristhe set- ting of the battle thatisaconsequenceofthe raid,asthe victims come to rescue. The reportofBook 11 is acompleteone, as the two segments of the story (raid and battle)are narrated at lenght.The narrative of Book 7isshorter, because the purpose of Nestor is to encouragethe Achaean warriors to accept Hector’schal- lenge: so he focuses his reportonthe scene of himself comingout to fight against the Arcadian champion.
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