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Artemis: Goddess of Conservation Author(S): J Artemis: Goddess of Conservation Author(s): J. Donald Hughes Source: Forest & Conservation History, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Oct., 1990), pp. 191-197 Published by: Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3983705 . Accessed: 07/05/2014 23:17 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Forest &Conservation History. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 128.95.104.66 on Wed, 7 May 2014 23:17:35 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Artemis Goddess of Conservation J. Donald Hughes w The ancientGreeks represented the -I- ancientGreece resulted from the trans- spiritof conservationin the shape formationof a generaltype that had of a formidableprotectress of ani- existed for millennia. The mistressof mals and plants, the goddess Artemis. game was believedto protectwild ani- In the Louvreone can view a striking mals in general,or certain species, and statueof Artemis(or as the Romans to exact retributionfrom huntersin called her, Diana) in a runningpose, cases of disrespector improperinjury known as the Diana of Versailles,a or killing. She has been detectedas Roman copy of a Greekoriginali This early as the Paleolithicperiod. In the work of art displaystwo facetsof the DnieperValley, for example, archae- goddess, as huntressand protectress: ologists excavateda circleof mammoth though she is armedwith bow and ar- skulls arrangedaround a female statu- The Dianaof Versailles,a Roman copy of a rows, her hand restscherishingly on the ette. JosephCampbell, calling the stat- Greekoriginal sculpture of the goddess antler of the stag that runs beside her. Artemisaccompanied by a stag. Now in the uette "OurLady of the Mammoths," The Diana of Versaillesis only one Louvre,Paris, France. Copy of an illustra- remarks, "Who, . reading of the fig- of an innumerableseries of images in tion in MaximilienGauthier, The Louvre: ure amid the mammothskulls, does art, literature,and popularculture that Sculpture,Ceramics, Objets d'Art (New not think of Artemis as . the lady of revealfacets of this complex deity. Ar- York:Appleton-Century, 1964), p. 86. the wild things?"4 temis would be an importantfigure in In early art the lady of beasts is often intellectualhistory even if these images representedas standingbetween and wereonly mattersof artisticsymbolism. holding two animals, possibly with But Artemiswas morethan an artistic Artemis as Protectress of other animalspresent, often in pairs, symbol. The worshipof this goddess Wild Beasts includingbirds, reptiles, and fish. This involvedcustoms affecting the treatment motif occursas earlyas Neolithic times: of living organisms,both as species Artemisis an example of one of the sculpturesof a regalgoddess figureen- and in communities,and the use of oldest figuresin the iconographyof thronedbetween two felines havebeen certaincategories of land. Forexample, Europe,the Middle East, and beyond: found at Catal Huyuk, an Anatolian sanctuariesof Artemisand other gods the mistress(or master)of game, which farmingvillage of about 6000 B.C.5 often consistedof tractsof forestwhere has been noted amonghunting societies Anotherinstance of the archetypecan huntingof deer and other animalswas all overthe world. In ancientGreece, be found in a ceramicstatue of the god- forbidden.2Thus the study of her cult Artemiswas sometimesreferred to as dess of Minoan Creteholding a snakein is essentialfor understandingancient Potnia Theron (the lady of wild things, each hand, with a cat on her head.6 Greekattitudes and practicesrelating or mistressof beasts).3The Artemisof to wildlife, forests,and the wilderness. The notes to this articlebegin on page 196. Artemisand Conservation 191 This content downloaded from 128.95.104.66 on Wed, 7 May 2014 23:17:35 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions patcheda huge scorpion to sting him to death33 After his death, when he was made a constellation,Artemis put Taurusthe bull facinghim so he could not kill the Pleiades,who had been turnedinto wild doves04 But the most famousmortal to incur the ire of Artemiswas Agamemnon. As Sophoclestells it, "Whentaking his pleasurein her sacredgrove, he [Aga- memnon] startledan antleredstag with dappledhide, shot it, and shooting made some carelessboast.''15 In retalia- tion, Artemissent winds to preventthe *1 *. I'.' 'i-. t. *i.X, o sailingof the Greekarmada against Troy until Agamemnonsacrificed his daugh- ter, Iphigenia,"in quittancefor the wild creature'slife.''16 Drawing of a Greek vase from Boeotia, ninth century B.C., showing the Mistress of Wild A favoritesubject of Greeksculptors Animals with animals, birds, and fish. Copy of an illustrationin Lewis RichardFarnell, The and painterswas the death of another Cults of the GreekStates (Oxford, England:Clarendon Press, 1896), vol. 2, plate XXIXa. hunter,Actaeon. Artemis got rid of him by turninghim into a stag and havinghis A Greekvase dated from between900 pany with her followers,the wood own hounds tear him to pieces, sup- and 800 B.C. displaysa geometricde- nymphs,among the beasts of the forests posedly becausehe saw her naked7 piction of Artemiswith her extended and mountains.As the Odysseyde- But the story of his spyingon the god- arms holding two birdsover two lions scribesit, dess is not found beforethe Hellenistic (or perhapswolves). To one side is a Artemisgoes along mountains, period, late in GreekhistoryY8 A plausi- bull'shead, and there is a largefish on Along the lofty Taygetosor Erimanthos, ble earlierversion of this myth might the lowerpart of her robe.7Archaic and Delightingin the boars and in the swift deer; have involvedActaeon's hunting a deer classicalGreek art shows Artemismost And field-hauntingnymphs, daughters of aegis- sacredto the goddess. In such a telling, bearingZeus, often in companywith bears, stags, Playwith her!0 the mannerof his death was a punish- hinds, and fawns, though she is also ment that truly fit the crime. Like Aga- seen with wild horses and bulls, lynxes Most favoredby Artemiswere ani- memnon, he had boasted to Artemisof and other wild cats, wolves, foxes, mals that had not been subjugatedby his huntingprowessO hares,water birds, and quails. humans. Indeed, she was closely iden- The archetypewas a mothergoddess, tified with them: a coin from Delos displayingattributes of fecundityand portraysher with stag'santlers on her reproductivesexuality. Similar features headP1A more sinisterside of this iden- are displayedin some forms of Artemis tificationwas her vindictivepursuit that persistedinto the classicalGreek and punishmentof those who killed her il- period, such as the many-breastedAr- sacredcharges. There are numerous temis of the Ephesians.8This image is lustrationsof this in Greekmyth. One coveredwith animalsin high relief, such tale is the story of Teuthras,who includinglions, deer,oxen, and bees, chased a wild boar, which sought shel- to emphasizeArtemis's fecundity as ter in a sanctuaryof Artemisand ap- motherof living creatures.Though pealed to the hunterto spareits life Artemiswas certainlynot the only de- in the name of the goddess. When scendantof the primalmother goddess Teuthrasheedlessly slaughtered the in Greekmythology,9 she did most fully animal anyway,Artemis afflicted the embody one aspect often attributedto hunterwith leprousscabs and drove the mothergoddess: defenderof wild- him insane. Only plentifuland costly life. Eventhough she is usuallydepicted sacrificesoffered by Teuthras'smother in classicalGreek mythology as the soothed the angrygoddessY2 quintessentialvirgin, she nevertheless Another such tale is the story of the remainedpatroness of childbirthand mighty hunterOrion, who was Arte- Romancopy of thestatue of Artemisof guardianof the young. mis's companion until he boasted that Ephesus,a maternalfigure decorated with Accordingto ancientGreek writers, he would slay all the wild beasts on multiplebreasts and images of beesand otheranimals, in the Villaof Hadrian, Artemisloved all wild creaturesand earth. Ratherthan allow so many spe- cies to be endangered,Artemis dis- Tivoli, Italy.Photograph by PaulShepard, delightedin runningplayfully in com- used by permission. 192 Forest& Conservation History October 1990 This content downloaded from 128.95.104.66 on Wed, 7 May 2014 23:17:35 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The only hero who manageda suc- The environmentalrelevance of Ar- and valleyswere hers, forestsand cessful exploit with one of Artemis's temis'svirginity was that things sacred meadows. One of her sanctuarieswas sacredanimals without being punished to her, whether animals, forests,or a stretchof sand dunes;others were was Heracles,whose third labor was mountains,must remainintact. "Who- marshes.32But Artemisalso held sacred the captureof the Cerynitianhind. everviolates her purity is condemned springsof water,streams, and rivers; This creaturewas largerthan a bull, had to death. This virginityis that of wild twenty rivernymphs
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