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Bulgar Tarihyaziminda Ii. Bulgar Devletinin Kuruluşu Ve Kuman/Kipçaklar

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Bulgar Tarihyaziminda Ii. Bulgar Devletinin Kuruluşu Ve Kuman/Kipçaklar T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI GENEL TÜRK TARİHİ BİLİM DALI DOKTORA TEZİ BULGAR TARİHYAZIMINDA II. BULGAR DEVLETİNİN KURULUŞU VE KUMAN/KIPÇAKLAR FATMA RODOPLU TEZ DANIŞMANI PROF. DR. MUALLA UYDU YÜCEL İSTANBUL, 2019 II ÖZ II. BULGAR DEVLETİ’NİN KURULUŞUNDA KUMAN/KIPÇAKLARIN ROLÜ FATMA RODOPLU Türk boyları içinde etkili ve dinamik bir boy olan Kuman/Kıpçaklar, tarihteki hareket alanları ve yayılma sahalarına bakıldığında geniş bir coğrafyada önemli izler bırakmışlardır. Kısa bir süre içerisinde Rus bozkırları üzerinden Balkanlara ulaşarak bu bölge siyaseti üzerinde önemli roller üstlenmeyi başarmışlardır. Bizans hâkimiyetinde bulunan Bulgaristan coğrafyasının kuzeyinde XII. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde büyük ölçüde ekonomik nedenlere dayanan bir ayaklanma çıkmış ve bu ayaklanmaya Kuman/Kıpçak asıllı Asen ve Peter adındaki iki kardeş öncülük etmişlerdir. Bu isyanın sonucu bölgedeki Kuman/Kıpçak, Bulgar ve Ulahlara özgürlük getirmiş ve II. Bulgar Devleti’nin bağımsızlığı ile sonuçlanmıştır. Yapılan birçok çalışma, Kuman/Kıpçaklar olmadan bu ayaklanmanın başarıya ulaşamayacağını göstermektedir. XIII-XIV. yüzyıllarda yine aynı devlette iktidarda olan Terter ve Şişman hanedanları da Kuman/Kıpçak kökenlidir. Döneme ait kaynaklarda Kuman/Kıpçakların bölgede oynadığı askeri ve siyasi önem açıkça görülmektedir. Ayrıca etnik olarak da bu coğrafyanın şekillenmesinde Kuman/Kıpçakların rolünün olduğu tarihi bir gerçektir. Bulgar tarihçilerin konuya ilişkin yaklaşımları ise siyasi konjonktöre bağlı olarak değişiklik göstermiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kuman/Kıpçak, II. Bulgar Devleti, Bulgar tarihi, Tarihyazımı III ABSTRACT ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SECOND BULGARIAN KINGDOM AND CUMANS/KIPCHAKS IN BULGARIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY FATMA RODOPLU The Cumans, which have an effective and dynamic aspect within the Turkish tribes, left important traces in a wide geography when the fields of their action and span in history were examined. In a short period of time, they reached the Balkans through the Russian steppes and succeeded in taking important roles in this region's politics. In the last quarter of the 12th century, in the North of Bulgarian geography dominated by Byzantium, there was a rebellion largely based on economical reasons and this upraising were led by two brothers, Asen and Peter, who were Cuman descent. As a result of this rebellion, Cumans, Bulgarians and Vlachs gained their freedoms and the Second Bulgarian State declared its independence. Many studies have shown that without Cumans, this rebellion couldn’t succeed. In the XIII- XIVth centuries, the Terter and Sishman Dynasties which governed in the same state, were also descents of Cuman. In the sources of the period, the military and political importance of Cumans is clearly seen. It is also a historical fact that Cumans have a role in the formation of this geography. The approaches of Bulgarian historians on the subject vary according to the political conjuncture. Keywords: Cumans/Kıpchaks, Second Bulgarian Kingdom, Bulgarian History, Historiography IV ÖNSÖZ Osmanlı Devleti yaklaşık altıyüz yıllık egemenliği ile Balkanların tarih ve kültüründe çok önemli bir rol üstlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte Balkan coğrafyası Osmanlı Türklerinden çok daha önceleri farklı Türk boylarının uğrak noktaları veya yerleşim alanı olmuştur. Bugünkü Bulgaristan toprakları da Balkanlarda Osmanlı öncesi gelen Türk boylarının en fazla akın yaptığı ve yerleştiği yerlerden biri olmuştur. I. Bulgar Devleti’ni kuran Bulgar Türkleri ile ilgili Türkçe ve yabancı literatürde önemli çalışmalar mevcuttur. Ancak II. Bulgar Devleti’nin kuruluşunda etkisinin çok fazla olduğunu tespit ettiğimiz Kuman/Kıpçakların bu coğrafyadaki faaliyetleri ile ilgili aynı şeyi söylememiz mümkün değildir. Bu nedenle çalışmamızda bu konuyu farklı açılardan ve kaynaklardan araştırmaya çalıştık. Balkanlarda Osmanlı Devleti’nin hâkimiyetinden çıkarak bağımsızlığını elde eden ve bir ulus devlet modelinde kurulan ülkeler tarihyazımlarını da kendi bakış açılarına göre inşa etmişlerdir. II. Bulgar Devleti’nin kuruluşu, özellikle Bulgar tarihyazımında kendi ulus inşa yöntemleri ve hedefleri dolayısıyla farklı zamanlarda farklı biçimlerde ele alınmıştır. Bundan dolayı Bulgar tarihyazımında Bulgaristan’da varlık gösteren ve devlet kuran Ön Bulgar ile Kuman/Kıpçak Türklerini tezimizde biz de dönemlere göre ele almaya gayret ettik. Çalışmamız dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde Bulgaristan’da Kuman/Kıpçaklardan önce varlık gösteren Türk boyları yerli ve yabancı kaynaklar kullanılarak ele alınmıştır ve özellikle Bizans ve Rus kaynakları ile bu alanda yazılmış özgün eserlere başvurulmuştur. İkinci bölümde Kuman/Kıpçakların tarih sahnesine çıkışları ve akabinde Balkanlara geçip II. Bulgar Devleti’nin kuruluşunda oynadıkları roller Bizans, Latin ve Rus kaynaklarından faydalanılarak ele alınmıştır. Ana kaynakların yanı sıra çeşitli araştırma eserlerinden, özellikle de Istvan Vasary’den çokça yararlanılmıştır. V Üçüncü bölümde II. Bulgar Devleti’nde Kuman/Kıpçak hanedanları ile nüfûzları Bizans ve Latin kaynaklarının yanı sıra, V. Zlatarski, P. Mutafçiyev, Valeri Stoyanov, Krasimir Krıstev gibi alanı çalışan önemli Bulgar tarihçilerinin eserlerinden istifade edilerek incelenmiştir. Dördüncü ve son bölümde ise Bulgar milliyetçiliği ile birlikte ilk Bulgar tarihçilerinde ve Komünist dönem tarih anlayışında Ön Bulgar ve Kuman/Kıpçakları Bulgar tarihi içerisinde ne şekilde konumlandırdıkları incelenmiştir. Komünist dönemin bir özelliği olarak yaratılan etnik modeldeki rolleri çok değişmemiştir. Ayrıca farklı kaynaklar olmadığından resmi devlet tezini yansıtan az sayıdaki eser incelenmiş ve sonuca varılmıştır. Kuman/Kıpçaklar, Türkistan coğrafyasında iken Kıpçak, batıya Doğu Avrupa’ya geldiklerinde de Kuman adı altında anılmışlardır. Günümüzde bu iki isim birlikte kullanıldığı için biz de Kuman/Kıpçak şeklinde vermeyi tercih ettik. Tezimizde, Bulgaristan Post-Totaliter dönemdeki Kuman/Kıpçak çalışmalarına değinilmemiştir. Bu çalışmada bana yol gösteren, takıldığım noktalarda beni aydınlatan ve ilerlememde daima destek olan, bilgi ve tecrübeleriyle ufkumu açan çok değerli danışman hocam Prof. Dr. Mualla Uydu Yücel’e en içten teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Bu süreçte karşılaştığım sorunların çözümünde ve ihtiyaç duyduğum her an yanımda olan Doç. Dr. Bülent Yıldırım’a, yine Bulgar tarihi hususundaki bilgi birikimini benden esirgemeyen ve her daim yardımını hissettiğim Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Mümin Yaşarov İsov’a müteşekkirim. Ayrıca bu çalışmaya başlamam hususunda beni teşvik eden Prof. Dr. Ahmet Günşen’e, doktora sürecindeki anlayışlarından dolayı Prof. Dr. Rıdvan Canım ve Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Bülent Akyay hocalarıma teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Her zaman desteklerini hissettiğim kıymetli arkadaşlarım Öğr. Gör. Utku Kırlıdökme ve Araş. Gör. Muhammed Tağ’a gönülden teşekkür ederim. Sevincimi üzüntümü paylaşan, maddi manevi destekleriyle bugünlere gelmemi kendilerine borçlu olduğum, uzakları yakın eden, sevgilerini her zaman VI yanımda hissettiğim başta sevgili babam, annem, ağabeyim, Ece’m ve Mustafa’m olmak üzere tüm aileme teşekkür ederim. Çalışmamızın kazandırdıkları sahaya, eksik kalan yanları ise şahsıma aittir. Umut ederim ki, bu çalışma, bu alanda araştırma yapacak bilim sevdalılarına yeni çalışmalar için bir basamak olur. İstanbul, 2019 Fatma RODOPLU VII İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZ ............................................................................................................................ IIII ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. IV ÖNSÖZ ....................................................................................................................... V KISALTMALAR ................................................................................................... XII GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... 1 I. BÖLÜM BULGARİSTAN TOPRAKLARINDA KUMAN/KIPÇAK ÖNCESİ TÜRK BOYLARI VE I. BULGAR DEVLETİ A. Kuman/Kıpçaklardan Önce Bulgaristan’da Varlık Gösteren Türk Boyları ...... 12 1. Hunlar ............................................................................................................. 12 2. Avarlar ............................................................................................................ 14 3. Peçenekler ....................................................................................................... 18 4. Uzlar................................................................................................................ 24 B. Bulgar Türkleri ve I. Bulgar Devleti .................................................................. 26 1. Ogurların (Bulgar Türkleri) Menşei ve Balkanlara Gelişi .............................. 26 2. I. Bulgar Devleti’nin Kuruluşu ve Yükselişi .................................................. 28 3. I. Bulgar Devleti’nin Bizans Hâkimiyetine Girişi .......................................... 38 II. BÖLÜM KUMAN/KIPÇAKLAR VE II. BULGAR DEVLETİ A. Kuman/Kıpçakların Tarih Sahnesine Çıkışları ve Balkanlara Gelişlerine Kadarki Tarihleri .................................................................................................... 42 1. Kuman/Kıpçakların Menşei ............................................................................ 42 2. Kuman/Kıpçakların İlk Göç Hareketleri, Askerî ve Siyasi Faaliyetleri ......... 44 B. İvan Asen-Peter Kardeşlerin Bağımsızlık Hareketi ..........................................
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