DOCSLIB.ORG

International Law and Nuclear Energy: Overview of the Legal Framework

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
International Law and Nuclear Energy: Overview of the Legal Framework FEATURES International law and nuclear energy: Overview of the legal framework The global legal order for the atom's safe and peaceful uses is grounded on a mix of binding norms and advisory regulations by n eaceful applications of nuclear energy — and used in such a way as to further any military Mohamed all the promise they entail for humanity — are purpose". ElBaradei, Edwin paradoxically often perceived in juxtaposition with Over the past three decades, international co- Nwogugu the prospects of nuclear weapons' proliferation and operation in the field of nuclear energy has yielded and John Rames nuclear war. The mixed perception is under- a mix of legally binding rules and advisory stand- standable: the materials, knowledge, and expertise ards and regulations. This article presents an over- required to produce nuclear weapons are often in- view of this global legal framework for nuclear distinguishable from those needed to generate nu- energy's safe and peaceful development. It specifi- clear power and conduct nuclear research. cally addresses areas of nuclear safety, radiation As a result, the focus of the international com- protection, radioactive waste management, the munity has always been to ensure that nuclear transport of radioactive materials, emergency assis- energy is used peacefully and safely. The approach tance and planning, civil liability for nuclear dam- is defined by a complex network of national and age, physical protection of nuclear material, armed international measures. For while it was accepted attacks against nuclear installations, and IAEA that the primary responsibility for the regulation of safeguards and verification. the use of nuclear energy rests with national authorities, it has been equally recognized that other countries may be affected as well. Conse- The safe use of nuclear energy quently, the regulation of nuclear energy, like so many other human activities which could have Article III.A.6 of the IAEA Statute empow- potential transboundary impacts, necessitates the ers the Agency to establish or adopt standards of endowment of the international community with safety for the protection of health and the mini- residual responsibility, or in certain instances co- mization of danger to life and property. That responsibility, to ensure among other things uni- provision also requires that those standards must formity of standards, co-ordination, pooling of re- be applied to the IAEA's own operations and to sources and services, as well as compliance.* operations making use of materials, services, In this respect, the IAEA, among other interna- equipment, facilities, and information made tional and regional organizations, has served as a focal available by the Agency or at its request or under point. Article II of die IAEA Statute provides that its control or supervision. States which receive "the Agency shall seek to accelerate and enlarge the technical assistance or reactor project assistance contribution of atomic energy to peace, health, and must sign an agreement with the IAEA in which prosperity throughout the world" and to ensure so far they undertake to apply to the assisted operations as it is able, "that assistance provided by it or at its the Agency's safety standards and measures that request or under its supervision or control is not are specified in the agreement. The Statute also authorizes the Agency to apply its safety stand- ards, at the request of States, to any of their operations or activities. Mr. ElBaradei is Assistant Director General and Director of the In fulfilling its statutory function of develop- IAEA Division of External Relations. Messrs. Nwogugu and Rames are senior staff members in the IAEA Legal Division. ing safety standards, the IAEA takes account of This article is based upon more comprehensive information in the two-volume book, The International Law of Nuclear En- ergy: Basic Documents, which the authors edited and was * See generally, "The Role of the IAEA in the Development published in 1993 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box of International Law", by Dr. Hans Blix, Nordic Journal of 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht, The Netherlands. International Law, 58 (1989). 16 IAEA BULLETIN, 3/1995 FEATURES the work of relevant international scientific and culture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, technical bodies, such as the International Com- and the Pan-American Health Organization mission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the (PAHO). The IAEA Board of Governors approved United Nations Committee on the Effects of the revised standards in September 1994. Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), the World The BSS are complemented by other stand- Health Organization (WHO), and the Interna- ards dealing with particular aspects of radiation tional Labour Office (ILO). protection: occupational protection; protection Concern to ensure the safe use of nuclear of the public and the environment; and interven- energy — which includes activities making use tion in case of a nuclear accident or radiological of the by-products of nuclear energy and the use emergency. of radioactive substances in medical, industrial, and agricultural activities — is caused by the capacity of ionizing radiation to cause damage to Safety of nuclear power plants living beings and the environment. The safety objectives strive to protect living beings, society, The IAEA has developed Nuclear Safety and the environment against the adverse effects Standards (NUSS) for nuclear power plants of ionizing radiation. which were prepared by experts from its Member International action in this field began with States. They cover the following five areas: gov- the establishment of the ICRP, which has issued ernmental organization of regulation of nuclear recommendations on radiation protection since power plants; safety in nuclear power plant sit- its inception in 1928. In 1955, the United Nations ing; safety in the design of nuclear power plants; General Assembly established UNSCEAR to safety in nuclear power plant operation; and evaluate doses, effects, and risk from ionizing quality assurance for safety of nuclear power radiation on a worldwide scale. The work of plants. It was considered that formalized safety these two bodies provides the basis for the stand- criteria, covering these areas, in the form of ards elaborated by other international and re- codes of practice and guides, would considerably gional organizations, such as the IAEA, ILO, assist in ensuring that the basic requirements on WHO, Euratom, and the NEA. In developing which the safety of nuclear power plants rest are standards, these organizations have built close understood and met. These basic requirements working relationships. are: an adequate supply of trained personnel at a The need to establish appropriate standards plant and to staff a regulatory agency; the ability designed to ensure the safe use of nuclear energy to conduct a careful and detailed safety evaluation is reflected in the constituent instruments of such of a nuclear power plant project from its inception organizations. The binding nature of the safety and at all stages throughout its life; and, the standards developed pursuant to such interna- ability to conduct an appropriate quality assurance tional instruments varies. Thus, while the safety programme including control and inspection. standards developed by Euratom are mandatory, Codes of Practice relating to each of the five the activities relating to safety regulation of the areas were initially issued in 1978, and have been Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organization for subsequently revised. The Codes are supple- Economic Cooperation and Development mented by more than 60 Safety Guides which (OECD/NEA) and the Arab Atomic Energy detail their implementation. Agency (AAEA) are recommendatory. The Although the international community at IAEA's safety standards are mandatory with re- large is not yet willing to transform these recom- gard to nuclear activities undertaken with IAEA mendations into binding standards, they are assistance, but where such assistance is not pro- widely used in the elaboration of national regu- vided the standards are recommendatory. lations. However, the application of NUSS is Radiation protection. The scientific basis mandatory where assistance is provided by or for radiation protection standards is found in through the IAEA. recommendations made, and periodically re- Nuclear safety convention. In September viewed, by the ICRP which take account of the 1994, the International Convention on Nuclear UNSCEAR studies. Safety was opened for signature at the IAEA The work underlies the International Basic General Conference. Since then, six of the 58 Safety Standards (BSS) for Protection Against signatory States have become parties to the Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radia- Convention. tion Sources by which the IAEA, ILO, WHO, The Convention commits participating and NEA have provided a worldwide basis for States to ensure the safety of land-based civil harmonized and up-to-date standards. The BSS nuclear power plants including such storage, recently were reviewed and revised by those four handling, and treatment facilities for radioactive organizations together with the Food and Agri- materials as are on the same site. States are IAEA BULLETIN, 3/1995 17 FEATURES obliged to take within the framework of their In 1990, the IAEA General Conference national laws, the legislative, regulating and ad- adopted a Code of Practice on International ministrative measures, and other steps
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nuclear Law Bulletin No. 69
    STUDIES The 2002 Amendment to the German Atomic Energy Act Concerning the Phase-out of Nuclear Power by Dr. Axel Vorwerk* I. Introduction One of the German Government’s main legislative projects in the 14th legislative period of the German Bundestag was the legal regulation of the phase-out of the use of nuclear power. The Act on the structured phase-out of nuclear power for the commercial production of electricity entered into force on 27 April 2002.1 Section 1 of this Act contains amendments to the Act on the Peaceful Utilisation of Atomic Energy and the Protection against its Hazards (Atomic Energy Act) of 23 December 1959 (the 1985 consolidated text of this Act is reproduced in the Supplement to Nuclear Law Bulletin No. 36);2 Sections 2 and 3 contain amendments to the Ordinance on Financial Security Pursuant to the Atomic Energy Act of 25 January 1977 (the text of this Ordinance is reproduced in the Supplement to Nuclear Law Bulletin No. 18);3 and the Cost Ordinance Pursuant to the Atomic Energy Act of 17 December 1981.4 According to the decision of the German Government and the legislator, the further use of nuclear energy for commercial electricity production will only be permitted for a limited period due to the high risks associated with it, despite the high standard of safety at German installations in an international comparison. Even though, pursuant to the German Atomic Energy Act, precautionary action is to be taken against possible damage resulting from the operation of nuclear installations in accordance with the state of the art in science and technology, it is not possible to fully rule out the possibility of accidents resulting in major releases of ionising radiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Law Bulletin No. 92, Volume 2013/2
    Legal Affairs 2013 N uclear Law Bulletin Nuclear Law Bulletin No. 92 – Volume 2013/2 Bulletin No. 92 – Volume Nuclear Law No. 92 Volume 2013/2 NEA Legal Affairs ISSN 0304-341X Nuclear Law Bulletin No. 92 © OECD 2013 NEA No. 7154 NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 34 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Republic of Korea, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the OECD Secretary-General. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Legislation in OECD Countries
    N uclear Legislation in OECD and NEA Countries Regulatory and Institutional Framework for Nuclear Activities United States Nuclear Legislation in OECD and NEA Countries © OECD 2016 United States I. General Regulatory Regime ...................................................... 3 1. Introduction ........................................................................................... 3 2. Mining regime ........................................................................................ 4 3. Radioactive substances, nuclear fuel and equipment ................................... 5 a) Special nuclear material ...................................................................... 5 b) Source material .................................................................................. 6 c) By-product material ............................................................................ 6 d) Agreement State programmes ............................................................. 7 4. Nuclear installations................................................................................ 8 a) Initial licensing ................................................................................... 8 i) “Two-Step” licensing under 10 CFR Part 50 ...................................... 8 ii) Licensing under 10 CFR Part 52 ...................................................... 9 b) Operation and inspection, including nuclear safety ................................ 11 c) Operating licence renewal .................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Nuclear Law
    Introduction to Nuclear Law Lisa Thiele Senior General Counsel, Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission July 11, 2018 26 June – 3 August, 2018 SUMMER INSTITUTE Busan and Gyeongju, 2018 South Korea What We Will Cover • What is nuclear law and why do we need it? • Essential components and principles • International nuclear legal framework – overview of subject areas and instruments • International law requirements for national nuclear law • The example of Canada’s regulatory framework • Concluding thoughts and references for further discussion nuclearsafety.gc.ca 2 What is nuclear law? Why do we need it? nuclearsafety.gc.ca 3 What Is Nuclear Law? … the set of special legal rules created to regulate the conduct of those who engage in activities related to fissionable materials, and other activities involving ionizing radiation • Public law – law that governs ‒ Relations between the State and its population in matters of public order ‒ Relations between States; relations between States and international bodies • Both international and national in its scope ‒ Reflects the international law instruments to which State has committed ‒ Reflects the national view on nuclear nuclearsafety.gc.ca 4 What’s So Special About Nuclear? • Nuclear energy brings significant benefits (clean electricity, medical diagnosis and treatment, industrial and agricultural uses) and poses special risks (environment, health and safety, proliferation) ‒ Nuclear law is regulatory – if risks outweighed benefits, the law would prohibit the activity ‒ The focus is on balancing
    [Show full text]
  • Corporate Report
    Corporate Report 2020 2 3 Today, as power from Calder Hall begins Contents to flow into the national grid, all of us here know that we are at the making of history. For many years now, we have been aware that atomic scientists, by a series of brilliant discoveries, have brought us to a threshold of a new age. Today, we are seeing a solution as this new power is harnessed for the first time Introduction for the common good of our community. 4 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II opening Calder Hall on 17 October 1956. Calder Hall was Nuclear landscape the world’s first nuclear power station to generate electricity on an industrial scale. 6 12 Our role in nuclear 20 Areas of work 15 Nuclear Insurance Pools 25 Leadership 17 Our history 29 Company highlights 31 Events 32 Contact us 4 5 Introduction As we look back on 2019, the nuclear energy market is clearly in a very different place than when Nuclear Risk Insurers (NRI) was established in 1956. I hope that you enjoy reading NRI’s first annual Corporate Report. With change come new risks and opportunities in the sector. Against the challenging market conditions of the last decade, low-carbon nuclear energy is an important element of the energy mix required to meet the emissions reduction commitments of the Paris Agreement and the growing need to satisfy carbon net zero commitments into the 2020s and beyond. In anticipation of this year’s United Nations Climate Change Conference Low-carbon nuclear in Glasgow, COP26, our trust in the potential for nuclear power, as a reliable component of a low-carbon energy mix, remains.
    [Show full text]
  • Legal and Regulatory Development of Nuclear Energy in Bangladesh
    energies Article Legal and Regulatory Development of Nuclear Energy in Bangladesh Ridoan Karim 1,2,* , Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki 3,* , Mohammad Ershadul Karim 1 , Abu Bakar Munir 1, Imtiaz Mohammad Sifat 4 , Siti Hawa Abu-Bakar 5, Nurul Aini Bani 6,* and Mohd Nabil Muhtazaruddin 6 1 Faculty of Law, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; [email protected] (M.E.K.); [email protected] (A.B.M.) 2 School of Business Administration, East Delta University, Chittagong 4209, Bangladesh 3 School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, Scotland, UK 4 Department of Finance, Kulliyyah of Economics and Management Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia; [email protected] 5 Universiti Kuala Lumpur British Malaysian Institute, Batu 8, Jalan Sungai Pusu, Gombak 53100, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] 6 Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.K.); [email protected] (F.M.-S.); [email protected] (N.A.B.) Received: 4 September 2018; Accepted: 19 October 2018; Published: 21 October 2018 Abstract: The adequacy of legal and regulatory framework relating to nuclear energy in Bangladesh has sparked many questions since the government took the formal decision to establish a nuclear power plant (NPP) at Rooppur. Consequently, the government has taken some measures to make a comprehensive and robust framework to ensure safe and secure nuclear energy production in the country. Even though these initiatives are highly appreciable, there remain certain regulatory concerns which this paper has attempted to reflect.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Legislation in OECD and NEA Countries
    N uclear Legislation in OECD and NEA Countries Regulatory and Institutional Framework for Nuclear Activities Germany Nuclear Legislation in OECD Countries © OECD 2011 GGermany I. General regulatory regime ................................................................ 4 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 4 2. Mining regime ................................................................................................... 8 3. Radioactive substances, nuclear fuel and equipment .............................................. 9 a) Definitions ................................................................................................ 9 b) Licensing requirements ............................................................................... 9 4. Nuclear installations .......................................................................................... 10 a) Licensing regime....................................................................................... 10 b) Protection of the environment against radiation effects .................................. 12 c) Emergency response ................................................................................. 13 d) Surveillance of installations and activities .................................................... 13 5. Trade in nuclear materials and equipment ............................................................ 14 6. Radiation protection .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Liability: a Key Component of the Public Policy Decision to Deploy Nuclear Energy in Southeast Asia
    Nuclear Liability: A Key Component of the Public Policy Decision to Deploy Nuclear Energy in Southeast Asia Mohit Abraham AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS & SCIENCES Nuclear Liability: A Key Component of the Public Policy Decision to Deploy Nuclear Energy in Southeast Asia Mohit Abraham © 2014 by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences All rights reserved. This publication is available online at http://www.amacad.org/gnf. Suggested citation: Mohit Abraham, Nuclear Liability: A Key Component of the Public Policy Decision to Deploy Nuclear Energy in Southeast Asia (Cambridge, Mass.: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2014). Cover image: People gathering near a nuclear power project in Kudankulam, in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, September 9, 2012. © Reuters/Stringer. ISBN: 0-87724-099-X The views expressed in this publication are those held by the contributors and are not necessarily those of the Officers and Members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Please direct inquiries to: American Academy of Arts and Sciences 136 Irving Street Cambridge, MA 02138-1996 Telephone: 617-576-5000 Fax: 617-576-5050 Email: [email protected] Web: www.amacad.org Contents v Acknowledgments 1 Prologue 4 Introduction 8 Brief Historical Context 10 International Law and Nuclear Liability 23 Domestic Approaches 24 Supplier Community Approach 25 Challenges to the Liability Framework & Possible Solutions 29 India’s Nuclear Liability Act 36 Conclusion 39 Appendix A: Summary of Provisions of International Nuclear Liability Conventions 46 Appendix B: Summary of Liability Limits by Country 47 Appendix C: Analysis of the Provisions Relating to Supplier Liability under India’s Civil Liability for Nuclear Damages Act (CLNDA) 49 Contributors Acknowledgments There is growing interest worldwide in civilian nuclear power to meet increased energy demands.
    [Show full text]
  • Decommiss & Nuclear Law Elements
    Elements of National Law and Decommissioning By Carlton Stoiber IAEA Regional Workshop on Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Decommissioning of Research Reactors Manila – June 2006 1 Definition of Nuclear Law “Nuclear law is the body of special legal norms created to regulate the conduct of legal or natural persons engaged in activities related to fissionable materials and ionizing radiation.” 2 1 The Concept of Nuclear Energy Law Risks and Benefits • Nuclear energy poses special risks to the health and safety of persons and the environment that must be carefully managed • Nuclear materials and technology have significant benefits in a variety of human fields (e.g., medicine, agriculture, electric power and industrial uses) • Nuclear energy law focuses on dual aspect of weighing risks and benefits 3 The Objective of Nuclear Energy Law “To provide a legal framework for conducting activities related to nuclear energy and ionizing radiation, in a manner that adequately protects individuals, property and the environment.” 4 2 Definition of Decommissioning “Decommissioning. Administrative and technical actions taken to allow the removal of some or all of the regulatory controls from a facility (except for a repository, which is ‘closed’ and not ‘decommissioned’). IAEA Document No. WS-R-2. Safety Requirements. Predisposal Management of Radioactive Waste, Including Decommissioning 5 Objective of Decommissioning The objective of decommissioning is the reduction of risk ultimately leading to unrestricted use of the site in a safe and cost effective
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Law Bulletin No. 101
    Legal Affairs 2018 N uclear Law Bulletin No. 101 Volume 2018/2 NEA Legal Affairs Nuclear Law Bulletin No. 101 © OECD 2018 NEA No. 7427 NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 36 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the OECD Secretary-General. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Adequate-National-Legal-Framework
    BRIEF 2017/6 IAEAfor policymakers Legal The Importance of Having an Adequate National Legal Framework for the Safe, Secure and Peaceful Use of Nuclear Technology The annual session of the Nuclear Law Institute conducted by the IAEA at Baden, Austria 2015. (Photo: D. Calma/IAEA) SUMMARY agriculture to electricity production and industry. However, nuclear energy and ionizing radiation may • It is important to develop and maintain an adequate also pose risks to human health and safety and to the national legal framework to ensure the safe, secure environment: risks that need to be carefully managed and peaceful use of nuclear technology. and regulated. • A broad range of international legal instruments has An important factor here is the development and been adopted under the auspices of the IAEA in the maintenance of an adequate national legal framework areas of safety, security, safeguards and civil liability for regulating and controlling activities related to for nuclear damage. nuclear technology. • The IAEA supports Member States in adhering to and implementing these international legal instruments WHATThe development IS NUCLEAR and maintenance LAW? of an and in developing corresponding comprehensive adequate national legal framework is relevant for national legislation. all States engaged in any activity involving the use of nuclear energy and ionizing radiation, from the INTRODUCTION use of X ray machines for medical purposes to the generation of nuclear power and the management Nuclear technology holds the promise of signi cant of spent nuclear fuel. bene ts in a variety of elds, from medicine and S IAEA Office of Public Information and Communication • September 2017 2017/6 IAEAfor policymakers BRIEF for policymakers WHAT IS NUCLEAR LAW? • Safeguards, which refers to measures to ensure The objective of nuclear law is to provide a legal that States’ undertakings to use nuclear material framework for conducting activities related to nuclear only for peaceful purposes are upheld.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook on Nuclear Law : Implementing Legislation / Carlton Stoiber … [Et Al.]
    10-11451_P1456_cover.indd 1 2010-09-03 15:00:09 HANDBOOK ON NUCLEAR LAW: IMPLEMENTING LEGISLATION The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GHANA NORWAY ALBANIA GREECE OMAN ALGERIA GUATEMALA PAKISTAN ANGOLA HAITI PALAU ARGENTINA HOLY SEE PANAMA ARMENIA HONDURAS PARAGUAY AUSTRALIA HUNGARY PERU AUSTRIA ICELAND PHILIPPINES AZERBAIJAN INDIA POLAND BAHRAIN INDONESIA PORTUGAL BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF QATAR BELARUS IRAQ REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BELGIUM IRELAND ROMANIA BELIZE ISRAEL RUSSIAN FEDERATION BENIN ITALY BOLIVIA JAMAICA SAUDI ARABIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SENEGAL BOTSWANA JORDAN SERBIA BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SEYCHELLES BULGARIA KENYA SIERRA LEONE BURKINA FASO KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE BURUNDI KUWAIT SLOVAKIA CAMBODIA KYRGYZSTAN SLOVENIA CAMEROON LATVIA SOUTH AFRICA CANADA LEBANON SPAIN CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SRI LANKA REPUBLIC LIBERIA SUDAN CHAD LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA SWEDEN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND CHINA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN CONGO MADAGASCAR THAILAND COSTA RICA MALAWI THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAYSIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CROATIA MALI TUNISIA CUBA MALTA TURKEY CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS UGANDA CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA UKRAINE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES OF THE CONGO MEXICO DENMARK MONACO UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONGOLIA GREAT BRITAIN AND ECUADOR MONTENEGRO NORTHERN IRELAND EGYPT MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC EL SALVADOR MOZAMBIQUE OF TANZANIA ERITREA MYANMAR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ESTONIA NAMIBIA URUGUAY ETHIOPIA NEPAL UZBEKISTAN FINLAND NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA FRANCE NEW ZEALAND VIETNAM GABON NICARAGUA YEMEN GEORGIA NIGER ZAMBIA GERMANY NIGERIA ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957.
    [Show full text]