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91St Annual Meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science Oregon State University, Corvallis 7-10 August 1994

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91St Annual Meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science Oregon State University, Corvallis 7-10 August 1994 ABSTRACTS Contributed Papers (Oral and Poster) Colloquia Workshops 91st Annual Meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science Oregon State University, Corvallis 7-10 August 1994 The Abstracts that follow are arranged in numerical interests relating to on-farm research and demonstration trials. Based on individual growers’ specific experimental objectives, sequence by the abstract number. For Poster Sessions, cover crop evaluation trials were established on ten farms. Typically on the number preceded by PB (i.e., PB XXX) indicates each farm, 5 to 10 cover crop species or mixtures (grain and legume) were planted in large plot strips. Twenty five different cover crop species, the poster board number on which the poster will be varieties, and mixtures were planted. Seasonal cover crop biomass and mounted. nitrogen accumulation rates were determined, with cover crop impacts on crop yields and economic returns evaluated at selected sites. Abstracts for Oral Sessions, Colloquia,and Workshops are grouped by sessions. To determine when a paper 002 is to be presented, check the session number in the HAIRY VETCH COVER CROP PROVIDES ALL THE NITROGEN Program Schedule or the Conference at a Glance REQUIRED BY THE TOMATO CROP Aref A. Abdul-Baki* and John R. Teasdale, U.S. Department of charts. The author presenting the paper is indicated Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable and Weed Science by an asterisk. Laboratories, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350 Nitrogen requirements by fresh-market field tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were determined on plants grown in a hairy vetch mulch (HVM) or in black polyethylene mulch (BPM). Nitrogen treatments were 0, 56, 112, and 168 kg/ha delivered weekly through the trickle system. 12 ORAL SESSION 1 (Abstr. 001-008) Yields in BPM increased significantly with higher applications of nitrogen Vegetables: Cover Crops/Culture from 54 to 91 tons/ha and chlorophyll content of fully expanded leaves increased from 7.8 to 11.3 OD664 per 100 mg fresh weight. In contrast, and Management neither yield nor chlorophyll content of leaves increased significantly by adding nitrogen. The 0 nitrogen treatment in HVM yielded 89 ton/ha and chlorophyll content was 13.5 OD664 making it equivalent to those in BPM that had received 168 kg nitrogen/ha. The results suggest that hairy vetch can provide all the nitrogen required by the subsequent tomato crop and produces high yields and vigorous plants. 001 COLLABORATIVE LEARNING AND PARTICIPATORY ON-FARM RESEARCH: COVER CROPS ANDVEGETABLE PRODUCTION 003 SYSTEMS SYSTEMIC IMPACTS OF NON-CROP RESIDUES ON PEST MANAGEMENT IN John M. Luna*, Daniel Green-McGrath, Ray William. Stefan Seiter and SNAP BEAN PRODUCTION. Tom Ten as. Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis,OR 97331. Ed Peachey* and Ray William, Horticulture Dept., Oregon State A participatory, on-farm research project was initiated in 1992 in University, Corvallis, OR 97341. an effort to enhance mutual learning, knowledge, and experience of Altering the physical or chemical nature of the crop production integrating cover crops into western Oregon vegetable production systems. environment through introduction of cover crops or other non-crop A major goal of the project was to include growers, agribusiness vegetation may amend the impact of various pests on vegetable crops. representatives, governmental agency, Extension and university re­ Current work is focused on the interaction of cereal cover crops and searchers in a collaborative learning process, emphasizing grower respective management systems with weed emergence and growth, participation in the design and implementation of on-farm research and demonstration projects. To facilitate this participation from the planning white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) incidence, symphylan stage forward, four “focus sessions” were hosted by lead farmers in (Scutigerella immaculata) population dynamics, soil food-web structure, different areas of the Willamette Valley to define growers’ needs and and crop yield in snap bean production systems. Research has HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 29(5), MAY 1994 427 demonstrated the potential of cover crop residues, tillage, and a single 007 broadcast application of a postemergence herbicide to control summer NO-TILL CABBAGE PRODUCTION USING RYE COVER CROPS annual weeds. Additionally, white mold incidence was significantly Warren Roberts* and Bob Cartwright, Wes Watkins Agricultural Research decreased by both reduced tillage conditions and flailed barley cover & Extension Center, Oklahoma State University, Box 128, Lane, crop residues in one year of research. Two years of research indicate Oklahoma 74555 that symphylan density can be reduced by flailing spring-planted cereals Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata) was grown for five years before crop planting. with treatments comparing no till and conventional production systems. Each year, raised beds were formed in the fall and selected plots were seeded with rye (Secale cereale). The rye was allowed to grow during the winter, and the following spring it was either mowed, killed with 004 herbicide, or allowed to grow indefinitely. Different seeding rates of rye WINTER COVER CROPS FOR WEED CONTROL IN and different fertilizer rates were used. Some plots were mowed and the SUSTAINABLE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION residue removed from the plots, while certain plots had no rye planted but Vasey N. Mwaja* and John B. Masiunas, University of received the rye residue that was removed from other plots. Rye was also Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801 gathered and pulverized, and the liquid extract removed from this A three-year study determined the effect of winter suspension was sprayed onto plots. Cabbage was planted into each plot in cover crops on weeds and vegetable crops in a vegetable the spring. The yield of cabbage grown in various rye-covered plots was production system. Winter rye and hairy vetch were compared to the yield from bare soil plots and from plots covered with interseeded in the fall of 1990, 1991 and 1992 at 112 and black plastic mulch. In general, the plots covered with the various rye -1 34-kg ha , respectively. The cover crops were killed by treatments had less yield than did the bare soil plots. Plots covered with -1 ether applying glyphosate at 1.1 kg a.i ha [reduced black plastic mulch often had a greater yield than did the other plots. tillage(RT)] or mowing and disking the cover crop (Disked). The conventional tillage (CT) was bare ground with a preplant incorporated application of 0.84 kg a.i ha-1 of trifluralin. During the three years, the greatest snap bean yields were in the CT; total yields of 008 cabbage and tomato varied between the years; and were COVER CROP MANAGEMENT FOR PROCESSING TOMATO not affected by management systems. Weed control was PRODUCTION similar in the RT and CT treatments during the three Nancy G. Creamer* and Mark. A. Bennett. Department of Horticulture, years. Disked cover crop treatments tended to have The Ohio State University, 2001 Fyffe Ct., Columbus, OH 43210. greater weed numbers than either RT or CT treatments. A mixture of rye, hairy vetch, barley, and crimson clover was seeded on raised beds at two locations in Ohio in August, 1992. The following May, the mixture was killed with an undercutter and left on the surface as a mulch. Processing tomatoes (OH 8245) were planted into the killed cover crop mulch immediately following undercutting. Four 005 systems of production were evaluated including: conventional (without EVALUATING VELVETBEAN AS PART OF THE CROP cover crop mulch), integrated (with reduced chemical input), organic, and ROTATION IN SUSTAINABLE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION no additional input. At the Columbus site, above ground biomass (AGB) Kathryn E. Brunson*. Sharad C. Phatak. J. Danny Gay, and Donald -1 -1 was 9,465 kg ha with 207 kg ha N in to AGB. In Fremont, the AGB R. Summer. University of Georgia, Tifton, GA.31793 was 14,087 kg ha-1 with 382 kg ha-1 N in the AGB. Annual weeds were Velvetbean (Mucuna deeringiana L.) was used in crop rotation suppressed by the killed cover crop mulch, and no additional weed to determine the influence on southern root-knot nematode control for the annual weeds was necessary. Weed suppression by the (Meloidogyne incognita) in sustainable vegetable production. mulch was equivalent to weed suppression by the herbicides used in the Replicated trials were conducted at four locations. Two cover crop conventional system. Other data that will be reported include soil treatments, crimson clover and subterranean clover, were used in the moistures and temperatures; impact on insects end diseases; and, tomato sustainable plots and rye was the plow-down cover crop for the growth, development, and yield. conventional plots. Selected as the vegetable crops were tomato, pepper, and eggplant. Following the final harvest, velvetbean was planted into the sustainable plots and disked under after 90 days. Results from soil samples before and after velvetbean, indicated the sustainable plots had substantially reduced nematode densities, while most conventional plots showed increases. A correlation between location, treatment, root-gall indexes and nematode density occurred in all crops for 1992. In 1993 there was only a correlation between root- gall index and nematode density in pepper. However, root-gall indexes 13 ORAL SESSION 2 (Abstr. 009-016) were significant for location and treatment in all crops. Berries: Breeding and Genetics 006 SOIL NITROGEN MOVEMENT AND SOIL STRENGTH IN VARIOUS VEGETABLE CROPPING SYSTEMS 009 Juan Carlos Gilsanz*, D. C. Sanders, and G.D. GENETIC VARIABILITY IN HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY, VACCINIUM Hoyt, Department of Horticultural Science, CORYMBOSUM L., FOR RESISTANCE TO THE BLIGHTING PHASE North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC OF MUMMYBERRY, MONILINIA VACCINI-CORYMBOSII 27695-7609. Mark K. Ehlenfeldt*. Vickie Brewster. and Allan W. Stretch, USDA-ARS, Rye plus crimson clover cover crops were Blueberry and Cranberry Research Center, Rutgers University, Penn State followed by spring potato and fall snap bean or Forest Road, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 sorghum or fallow.
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