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The Flowering and Fruiting of Corypha Elata in South Florida

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The Flowering and Fruiting of Corypha Elata in South Florida r9751 TOMLINSONAND SODERHOLM:CORYPHA The Flowering and Fruiting of Corypha elatain South Florida P. B. Tolrr,rNsoNl AND PAUL K. Soonnuor,m2 n.: The flowering of a specimen o{ C. elata and C. umbraculilera L. which Corypha elata Roxb., P.I. 74425, in the established use{ul diagnostic features. summer oI 1972 at the Subtropical Hor- There appears to be less information ticultural ResearchStation, U.S. Depart- concerning other species. ment of Agriculture (formerly United StatesPlant Introduction Station, Chap- The Specimen man Field), Old Cutler Road, Miami, The palm in question (Fig. 1) origi- Florida, the first known {lowering in the nated from a batch of seeds{rom the continental United States,permitted the Philippine Islands received following observationson the flowering at Chapman Field process and a detailed analysis of in- on luly I7, 1927, which germi- florescence construction in the genus nated shortly thereafter, were moved to Corypha. Some account of the bioener- eight-inch flower pots in 1932 and getics of the palm is also made which planted out in 1935. At the time of allows us to assessthe extent to which flowering in June 1971 the palm was 44 biomass is diverted into vegetative and reproductive processes. Although the Cory.pha inflorescence has been mentipned frequently in bo- tanical texts as a dramatic example of {lowering becauseof its overall size (see also Hodge, 196I), the branching pat- tern has never been describedin detail. The presentarticle in part doesthis and affords a comparison with inflorescence construction in two other hapaxanthic (once-{lowering) palms, Nannothops (Tomlinson and Moore. 1968) and Metroxylon (Tomlinson, l97l). The overall appearanceof the inflorescence of Corypha is indicated by Blatter 11926) and elaboratedby Douglas and Bimontoro (1956) who madea point-by- point comparison of inflorescencesin 'Harvard University, Harvard Forest, Peter- sham, MA 01366. " U.S.D.A. Subtropical Horticuitural Research Station, 13601 Old Cutlcr Road, Miami, FL 1. Overall view of specimen in flower, July 33I58. 27, I97I. lVol. 19 B4 PRINCIPES (April 1973). Table1. corypha elatain flower,46 yearsold at time ol measurentent Overall height 19.3 m \63' 6") (48'10") Height to lowest inflorescence branch I4.9 m Height of inflorescence 4.5 m (14' 8") Diameter breast heighr (3' 6") 0.86m ( 2'I0") Diameter immediately below inflorescence 0.46m ( 1' 6") Total volume of palm (calculated) ,.5.1m3 Total number of leaf scars visible on above-ground c. 350 part of trunk years old from seed. It is not known if order branch (9axr-see below) was other palms from the same seed source cut to obtain a measurementof {ruit o{ are in the Miami area. As indicated weight. Unfortunately' no samples below, the period of flower presentation {lowers were obtained; the illustrations (Fig. is quite short but the fruiting processis o{ flowers which are included 9E, sp' extended; seed continued to ripen for F) are from a collection oI Corypha E. about IB months' In March 1973 all (Read s.n.) supPlied via Dr. H. fruits had {allen and the palm was {elled Moore, Jr. Table I summarizesrelevant so that the inflorescencecould be ex- dimensions. amined before it decomposed. Previ- Foliage leaveshave an encircling leaf in the manner ously, in February L972, a single {irst- base,split down the back d'euelop' Ta,ble2. Corypha elata. Sequenceol euentsin later stagesol inllorescence ment, 1971. which is still intact. June l0 Main axis (axs) extended well above crown First-order branches (ax1's) well extended' Few second-order branches (ax:'s) exposed (Fig. 2). second- and June 16 First-order branches completely extended, numerous third-order branches exposed; rachillae evident (Fig' 3)' (Fig' 4)' June 18 Very first flowers at anthesis; crown still intact June 2I Numerous {lowers at anthesis. to droop' Itne 22 Lower leaves pendulous, upper leaves beginning flowers at anthesis. Irne 29 In{lorescence in full {lower; maximum number of July 2 Most leaves drooping. some rachillae ap- July 18 Many flowers fallen, but flowering continuesl pearing bare. July 25 Flowers still at anthesis; all leaves drooping. JuJy 27 Young fruits first evident (Fig. 5). August 20 Crown completely collapsed, all leaves pendulous; young fruits conspicuous (Fig. 6). September15 In{lorescence densely covered with fruits of almost {ull size. Leaves shrivelled, no longer green' r9751 TOMLINSON AND SODERHOLM: CORYPHA B5 2. June 1lth: {irst-order branches well extended and completely enclosed by tubular bracrs, June 17th; extension of first-order branches complete, second-order axes extended to expose the rachillae. tVol. 19 B6 PRINCIPES before beginning of flower opening; crown June ISth; overall view of inflorescence shortly still intact and leaves erect. of a number of fan palms (Sabal-type leaf base o{ Tomlinson, 1962)' The petiole is grooved adaxially and has stout, coarse, marginal teeth, in contrast to the finer teeth ol C. umbraculilera (Douglas and Bimontoro, 1956). The blade is costapalmate. Flowering The serieso{ photographs (Figs. 1-6) illustrate the later stagesof in{lorescence developmentwhich began in early 1971 but for which we have no precisedate. The time sequenceof signi{icant events is provided by Table 2. These observationsshow that the pe' riod of actual anthesis (pollen presenta- tion) for the whole inflorescenceis quite short in comparison to the palm's total life. Beginning on June l8th, all flowers seemto have completedtheir expansion and pollen sheddingby the end o{ Julv. Corypha elata is clearly self-compatible 27th; late stage, most flowers fallen; 5. July was the only palm in flower crown collapsed, leaves pendulous. since this 19751 TOMLINSON AND SODBRHOLM: CORYPHA 87 6, August 20th; young fruits approachingfull size, in South Florida and viable 'We seed was tailed observation to support this sug- set in abundance. have no precise gestion. The proportion of viable seeds knowledge of the pollinators; bees vis- in the crop seemsvery high and prob- ited the flowers in considerable num- ably approached 100 percenii Details "of- bers, but the odor is described as of total productivity are given later. An fensive" by Douglas and Bimontoro. illustration of the amount of fruit on one branch o{ the inflorescenceis eiven Fruiting in Figure 7. Fruit enlargementwas rapid, but the overall fruiting period was quite lengthy. InflorescenceConstruction Although fruits of apparently {ull size The Corypha inflorescence has the were presentfrom mid-September(three samesimple principle of construction as months after the peak period of anthe- has been described fior Nannorrhops sis) at which time the inflorescence (Tomlinson and Moore, \968) and Me- branches were densely crowded with troxylon (Tomlinson, L97I) . The vege- green fruits, these remained on the tree tative axis is continuous with the main {or another year before they }regan to axis of the inflorescenceand there is a fall, suggestinga long period of embryo transition from foliage leaves through maturation. We have no further de- leaves with reduced petiole and blade PRINCIPBS "crop" is in the t'wo galvanized Febrnary 9,1972; {ruiting branch (9 axr) cut from the palm' The bucl<ets. Photo by M. .H. Zimmermann. (ax") infloresccnce, 8. Corypha elata, details of inJlorescence construction. A. Main axis oI entire cnd of this *ith uiifirsr-order branches cut oJf near their insertiorr (a iz2aapprox')' The clistal 19751 TOMLINSON AND SODERHOLM: CORYPHA 89 D qx1 rochillo oXz is drawn in detail as Fig. 94. B. Entire first-order branch (13 axr) with all large second-order branches except one removed (x ltd. C. Details (x 1/d oI insertion oI a fiist-order (ax1) (axo), branch on the main axis subtending bract (brr) removed (its scar represented bv the stippled band). This shows the overlapping prophyll (1 br,) and second brao (2 br,), boih of 1rO which are empty. D. Details (X of insertion of a second-order (axr) branch on a first-order (ax'), axis subtending bract (br:) split down back; the base o{ the branch shows no modified 1/+) prophyll. E. Details (X of a third-order (ax") branch inserted on a second-order branch (ax"). There are {ourth- but no fifth-order branches on this system. All axes end in flower-bearing (X 1/il rachillae. F. Details of a distally inserted firsr-order branch (3g axr) in which thi prophyll (l br,) subtends a second-order branch (ax,)-cf. Fig. gC. ls 90 PRINCIPES [Vol. main axis of to modified leaves or bracts (Fig. BA). The lowest leaves on the a dorsal cleft Any of these organs, whether modified the inflorescence have branch or not, that subtends a first-order branch through which the subtended is contrary of the inflorescence is here considered protrudes. This observation Bimontoro a bract for purposes o{ numbering. to that of Douglas and that in Corvpha Bract is also an appropriate term to (1956) who emphasized protrude re{er to modified leaves on second and elata the first-order branches sheath,in con- subsequent orders of branching. through the moulh of the where It is convenient to refer to the parts o{ trast to Corypha umbraculilero the dorsal cle{t. this system o{ branches by symbols; ax they prbtrude through a good diagnostic {or axis or branch, br {or bract' Parts This is probably not the two may be indicated by numbers, e'g. axg- feature by which to distinguish can occur main axis, €Ix1. 3X2. ilX: . etc. {or speciessince both conditions on the first-order first, second, third etc. order of on one axis. Bracts (brz's) tubular and papery, branch. Bracts may similarly be desig- branches are bracts (br1's) on nated according to the order of branch and resemblethe distal which they subtend, e.g. br1 is a bract the main axis. give impressionof the on the main axis (axe) subtending an To an accurate inflorescence,it is repre' axr, brz would subtend an ax2 etc.
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