Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science

Original Research Paper Vascular Flora of the Yew Mountain Center, Pocahontas County, West Virginia

Michael J. Baranski 1

1Department of Biology, Catawba College, Salisbury, NC, USA

Article history Abstract: A baseline floristic study was conducted on the 500 acre Yew Received: 8 March 2021 Mountain Center (YMC) in Pocahontas County, West Virginia. The YMC Revised: 30 April 2021 is a non-profit educational center providing programs emphasizing Accepted: 3 May 2021 Appalachian ecology, culture, and arts, with one of its goals being the development of field research and study opportunities for outside *Corresponding Author: researchers and students. Field work conducted in 2019-2021 resulted in Michael J. Baranski, Catawba 383 recorded vascular taxa, with 25 new additions to the known College, Salisbury, NC, USA; Pocahontas County flora (possibly as many as 83 total new taxa have been Email: found by the author in the county). The majority of the new additions were [email protected] not unexpected. Two taxa (Juglans cinerea and alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis) are significant occurrences tracked by the West Virginia Natural Heritage Program. Approximately 85% of the taxa are historical natives, as compared to 75% native flora for West Virginia as a whole. The primarily forested YMC harbors a diverse assemblage of Mixed Mesophytic, Mixed Hardwood and Appalachian Oak forest communities that is relatively free of exotic invasive and noxious weed infestations. The study demonstrates how a moderately-intensive examination of a small area can result in a significant increase in floristic knowledge of a region.

Keywords: Yew Mountain Center, Pocahontas County, floristics.

Introduction comprehensive work. The project soon evolved into a more deliberate and thorough effort to assist the The Yew Mountain Center (YMC) is a recently development of floristic data about the biota of the organized (2017) non-profit organization located on YMC, to provide a preliminary baseline understanding 500 remote acres in southern Pocahontas County, West of the vascular flora in support of future projects, and Virginia (WV), near the community of Lobelia. Its to provide information in a form that would be helpful mission is to be an educational center providing and useful to lay managers and administrators of the programs emphasizing Appalachian ecology, culture, YMC. and arts. The Center offers courses, workshops, Unlike many of the more glamorous and retreats, facilities for meetings, lodging, resources for botanically exciting areas in Pocahontas County that teachers, and field trip opportunities (www.yew have received a lot of attention by botanists and mountain.org), with one of its goals being the ecologists over the years, the YMC is located in a development of a field research and study center section that may be considered rather ordinary. The suitable for outside researchers and graduate students YMC lies on the western edge of the Valley and Ridge utilizing the YMC property and the other outstanding physiographic province, at the boundary of the biological and ecological resources that Pocahontas Allegheny Mountain physiographic province, between County offers. the Allegheny Front and the typical Valley and Ridge This study began with only casual botanizing to physiography. Elevation ranges from 2600-3800 ft gather some observational data for use by YMC above msl. Topography generally consists of narrow administrators and with no intention of developing a and broad ridges, oriented perpendicular to the highest cross-ridgeline. Slopes vary from gentle to steep above

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shallow and deep ravines. The acidic soils are derived Traverses through the area primarily followed the many from Paleozoic strata, mostly sandstones and siltstones existing hiking trails and roads and old logging and skid on ridges and slopes and some shales in narrow valleys ways, with explorations off-route where interest and ravines. Limestone based soils do not appear to be dictated; however, several traverses were conducted present on the YMC; however, large areas of karst through sections lacking trails. Special effort was topography exist just below the eastern boundary and expended to explore the complete variety of habitats some limestone-derived soils are mapped in that area and topographic settings on the YMC. A preliminary (Flegel 1998). Much of the landscape is very stony. checklist was produced in November 2019. Two intermittent to perennial streams drain most of the Identifications were primarily based on Strausbaugh YMC watershed and disappear into sinkholes short and Core (1977), Weakley et al. (2012), and Weakley distances outside the boundary. The drainage pattern of (2020). Taxonomic names follow Weakley (2020). the region is primarily dendritic, but much of the Harmon et al. (2006) was the primary source of streamflow occurs underground before reaching the distributional data used for WV . Supplemental Greenbrier River. distributional information was sourced from The Plants The vegetation is primarily forested (90%), Database (USDA 2021) and SERNEC (Southeastern consisting mostly of variants of older second-growth Regional Network of Expertise and Collections, Data Mixed Mesophytic Forest, Mixed Hardwood Forest, Portal 2021). Nativity (origin) information follows and Appalachian Oak Forest (Clarkson 1966; Core Harmon et al. (2006) and Weakley (2020). Family 1966; Stephenson 2013). Drier upper ridgelines and treatments follow Weakley (2020). Equivalent and slopes are oak and hickory dominated, while lower synonymous names (including family names) used in slopes and ravines are dominated by mesic Strausbaugh and Core (1977, [S & C]), the classic assemblages. The widespread open mid-slopes are standard treatment of the WV flora, are given in occupied by variations of subxeric to submesic montane brackets when they differ from Weakley (2020); mixed oak forest, oak-hickory forest, and mixed however, minor orthographic errors and subspecific hardwood forest. Forests with pines abundant or nomenclatural differences (particularly when dominant are not present. Hydric and bottomland subspecies and varieties can be assumed) are not noted. forests are poorly developed and essentially absent. Varieties (var.) and subspecies (ssp.) are given if Examples of canopy dominance in individual stands nomenclaturally recognized and identified during the include the following: Chestnut Oak; White Oak; White field work. Common names are those preferred by the Oak/Black Oak/hickory; Shagbark Hickory; Sugar author as selected from those used in modern manuals. Maple/mixed oak-hickory; Red Oak/hickory/Yellow All taxa recorded here were personally observed Poplar/American Beech/Mountain Basswood/White by the author unless otherwise noted. Taxa are Ash; Sugar Maple/hickory; Black Cherry; Yellow identified to and sub-specific categories as far Buckeye; Sugar Maple with small component as possible. Enigmatic specimens are noted with aff. Mountain Basswood, Yellow Poplar, White Ash, and (closely matches). Nativity is noted, as well as state American Beech. Some of these forests are relatively rare taxa tracked by the WV Natural Heritage Program young, being former pastures or crop lands abandoned (WVDNR 2020). A notation on abundance and within the last 50 years. Bogs and other wetlands are frequency on the YMC is given when it can be stated essentially non-existent, except for seeps and small with a fair degree of confidence; this determination is areas in a few broader ravines and in riparian areas subject to refinement with additional field work. Taxa associated with several man-made ponds on the discovered to be new records for Pocahontas County property. There are some small areas of rock based on distributional information in Harmon et al. outcroppings on the highest cross-ridgeline and along (2006) are noted. Voucher collections were made for some of the deeper ravines. Numerous old fields in nearly one-third of the taxa, including most of the various early successional stages are present. There are county records; collected specimens are indicated many disturbed areas around the structures, developed following the name. Abbreviations and symbols for all areas, roads, and trails. notations are given below at the beginning of the checklist. Specimens will be deposited at the herbaria Materials and Methods CATU (Catawba College) and WVA (West Virginia University). This checklist of the vascular flora of the YMC is the result of field work conducted from late March Results and Discussion through early October in 2019 (10 visits), 2020 (7 visits), and 2021 (1 visit). Visits consisted of several- A total of 383 taxa were identified for the YMC hour to all-day investigations throughout the YMC. during this study (338 in 2019, 41 in 2020, 4 in 2021).

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This is approximately 29% of the 1320 taxa known for status ranks, but only two are significant occurrences. Pocahontas County (author’s unpublished data). Of Pinus resinosa (critically imperiled, S1 conservation these, up to 25 taxa are new additions to the published status) occurs naturally only in Hardy and Pendleton known county flora; 20 are new discoveries and five Counties; it is introduced and naturalized on the YMC had previously been found elsewhere in Pocahontas and, therefore, of no distributional significance. County by the author. Additional study would likely Juglans cinerea is widely distributed in the state, but it yield few new taxa but could illuminate the identities of is suffering severe and steep decline due to a canker the few listed taxa requiring further observation to disease and is considered to be imperiled (S2 confirm or determine identity because they were not conservation status); the population on the YMC seen in the proper condition for conclusive appears to be healthy and disease-free. Prunus identification. Most sections of the YMC were alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis is here reported as a explored, but there are a few small pockets of new county record; it is considered vulnerable (S3 unexplored terrain that could yield additional taxa. conservation status) and is previously reported from 10 The greater number of the new records (12) are counties (Harmon et al. 2006), mostly in the mountains. taxa that are widely distributed in WV (19-45 reported Several taxa previously documented for counties in Harmon et al. 2006) and whose occurrence Pocahontas County are noteworthy in that they have in Pocahontas County is an expected gap fill or limited distributions in WV (Harmon et al. 2006). expansion at the edge of the WV range. Examples are These are Carex appalachica (six mountain counties), Andropogon virginicus var. virginicus that appears to bifida (eight mostly northern mountain be an extension into the high mountain counties; counties), quinquefolia var. quinquefolia Heuchera americana; Penstemon digitalis; Salix nigra; (10 northern mountain counties), and Trifolium dubium altissima; lowrieanum. (seven widely scattered counties in the eastern half of Four of the new taxa are not widely distributed the state). (10-13 reported counties in Harmon et al. 2006) but Moderate to significant incongruence in the represent gap fills or range extensions into high sources of distributional data was noted. When the mountain counties. These are Bromus latiglumis, three different sources (Harmon et al. 2006; SERNEC, parviflora var. arenicola, Convolvulus Data Portal 2021; The Plants Database, USDA 2021) species 4[= angulata], and Panicum philadelphicum were consulted for particular distributional data, in only ssp. philadelphicum. a few cases was there essential agreement in county Five of the records are taxa with few known occurrences among the sources. occurrences in the state (4-8 counties reported in This study contributes to the distributional Harmon et al. 2006). These include Castanea knowledge of the flora of WV. Clarkson’s (1966) work mollissima, Geranium robertianum, Ligustrum on the flora of the Monongahela National Forest and obtusifolium var. obtusifolium, Symphyotrichum collecting activity over the years by many botanists pilosum var. pringlei, and labradorica. have resulted in most of what is currently known about Because Harmon et al. (2006) lump some named the flora of Pocahontas County. Much of the historic varieties into species without recognition and they or work was documented in Strausbaugh and Core’s Flora USDA (2021) do not map these varieties that have of West Virginia (1977 ) and many papers published in recently been elevated to species by Weakley (2020), Castanea, with most specimens deposited at WVA. two taxa (Juncus anthelatus and Symphyotrichum Harmon et al. (2006) produced dot maps illustrating the firmum) are putatively considered to be county records occurrences of all the taxa documented by voucher pending a thorough specimen survey. Vitis aestivalis collections and reliable citations, reports, and other var. aestivalis is considered to be undocumented as part evidence. Applying the latest nomenclature from of the WV flora by Harmon et al. (2006), and it is not Weakley (2020) to the names in Harmon et al. (2006) mapped at the county level in The Plants Database yielded 1237 taxa for Pocahontas County, which is one (USDA 2021); it can thus be considered a county record of the largest counties in WV at 602,600 acres (942 as well as a state record. However, a specimen search mi2). To date, through only random explorations in in SERNEC (Data Portal 2021) revealed some Pocahontas County, the author has recorded potentially additional insight into record status: six county as many as an additional 83 taxa that have not been occurrences (not Pocahontas County) for J. anthelatus, previously reported in the literature, increasing the total five occurrences for S. firmum (including Pocahontas number for Pocahontas County by nearly 7% to 1320 County), and two occurrences for V. aestivalis var. taxa. This report documents 25 of these records on the aestivalis (Hampshire and Morgan Counties). YMC, demonstrating how an even moderately- Three taxa found on the YMC are tracked by the intensive investigation (such as this study) of a small WV Natural Heritage Program which lists conservation area (only 500 acres) can reveal much new floristic

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information about a region. It is suggested that and Cyperaceae (23 taxa). Carex is the largest thorough studies of other selected small areas in with 18 species on the YMC. Pocahontas County and elsewhere would likely show similar significant increases in the number of taxa and Future Work help increase floristic knowledge. Approximately 2500 taxa occur in Past work in Pocahontas County has focused on the wild in WV (Harmon 2006; WVDNR 2020); of unique and outstanding botanical areas and the national these, approximately 25% are generally considered to forest. This study documents the flora of a previously be historically non-native, including 18% exotic taxa. understudied and underappreciated part of the county This field study found only 15% (59 of 383 taxa) of the and the state, providing a baseline inventory of YMC flora to be non-native (58 exotics, one introduced, botanical data that can be refined and useful in future no adventives), thus revealing a moderately more investigations. It demonstrates that there is much to be natural flora than the state as a whole. revealed through study of areas that are out of the The WV Division of Natural Resources classifies mainstream of botanical interest. The YMC is shown non-native exotic invasive plants into three categories to be an area of high botanical and ecological diversity and maintains a list of those plants in the state with good natural integrity, in spite of the lack of (WVDNR 2009). Of those, highly invasive plants are uncommon, rare, or unique communities. Future major disruptors of ecosystem processes and studies can elaborate floristic knowledge and answer community composition and structure, spreading additional questions about plant distributions, here and rapidly and readily establishing themselves. elsewhere. This study provides an important Moderately invasive plants have lesser impacts and foundation for creating and developing additional typically need minor disturbances to become research, educational, and experiential opportunities at established. Occasionally invasive plants may out- YMC and in the region. compete natives in severely disturbed areas but spread slowly if at all. Of the exotic invasives present on Symbology YMC, eight are considered to be highly invasive and 15 are considered moderately invasive. Another 20 or so Abundance/occurrence frequency: Al = Abundant are only occasionally invasive. Four species considered locally; Aw = Abundant and widespread; Cl = Common to be noxious weeds by the WV Department of locally; Ct = Commonly encountered throughout; F = Agriculture are present on the YMC (WVDA 2006); Frequently encountered; O = Occasional (infrequently these are Elaeagnus umbellata, Lonicera morrowii, encountered); R = Rare (rarely encountered, one or very Microstegium vimineum, and Rosa multiflora. Highly few specimens noted); P = Present (presence noted, no invasive and noxious exotics do not currently manifest determination of abundance and frequency of as large-scale infestations on the YMC; eradication or occurrence). reduction of existing populations should be standard Nativity: N = Native (historically occurring practice on the YMC. All other exotic invasive taxa naturally in WV); E = Exotic (not native to North should be constantly monitored to ensure that they do America north of Mexico) and naturalized; Ep = Exotic not reach problematic population levels. and persistent or questionably naturalized. Other notations: Ei1 = Highly invasive exotic; Ei2 Synopsis of the Flora = Moderately invasive exotic; n = Noxious exotic weed; * = State rare taxon tracked by the WV Natural Heritage The numerical distribution of taxa represented in Program; PCN = Pocahontas County New record; PCP the YMC flora is as follows: = Pocahontas County Previous record; + = Specimen collected. Families Genera Species Clubmosses 1 3 3 Checklist of the Flora Ferns 13 19 23 Gymnosperms 2 4 6 LYCOPHYTES (CLUBMOSSES) Lower Angiosperms 3 5 6 Monocots 14 41 78 Lycopodiaceae (Clubmoss family) Dicots 63 75 267 Huperzia lucidula (Michx.) Trevisan [Lycopodium 96 147 383 lucidulum Michx.], Shining Clubmoss. N, O.

Unsurprisingly, the three largest families represented are (49 taxa), Poaceae (29 taxa)

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Dendrolycopodium obscurum (L.) A. Haines Onocleaceae (Sensitive Fern family) [Lycopodium obscurum L. var. obscurum], Onoclea sensibilis L., Sensitive Fern. N, R. Common Ground-pine. N, R. Ophioglossaceae (Adder’s-tongue family) Diphasiastrum digitatum (Dillenius ex A. Braun) Holub [Lycopodium flabelliforme Blanch.], Botrypus virginianus (L.) Michx. [Botrychium Common Running-cedar. N, Cl. virginianum (L.) Swartz], Rattlesnake Fern. N, O.

Sceptridium dissectum (Spreng.) Lyon [Botrychium PTERIDOPHYTES (FERNS) dissectum Spreng], Cutleaf Grapefern. N, R.

Aspleniaceae (Spleenwort family) Osmundaceae (Royal Fern family) Asplenium montanum Willd., Mountain Spleenwort. N, Claytosmunda claytoniana (L.) Metzgar & Rouhan R, +. [Osmunda claytoniana L.], Interrupted Fern. N, Asplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P. [A. platyneuron O. Oakes], Ebony Spleenwort. N, R. Osmundastrum cinnamomeum (L.) C. Presl [Osmunda Asplenium rhizophyllum L. [Camptosorus rhizophyllus cinnamomea L.], Cinnamon Fern. N, R. (L.) Link], Walking Fern. N, P. (Based on iNaturalist confirmed image) Polypodiaceae (Polypody family) Polypodium virginianum L., Common Rockcap Fern. Athyriaceae (Lady Fern family) N, R. Athyrium asplenioides A. Eaton, Southern Lady Fern. N, Ct. Pteridaceae (Maidenhair Fern family) Deparia acrostichoides (Swartz) M. Kato [Athyrium Adiantum pedatum L, Northern Maidenhair Fern. N, O. thelypteroides (Michx.) Desv.], Silvery Glade Fern. N, F. Thelypteridaceae (Marsh Fern family) Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fée [P. Cystopteridaceae (Bladder Fern family) hexagonoptera Fée], Broad Beech Fern. N, O. Cystopteris tenuis (Michx.) Desv. [C. fragilis (L.) Parathelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Ching [Thelypteris Bernh., misidentified]. Fragile Fern. N, O, +. noveboracensis Nieuwl.], New York Fern. N, F.

Dennstaedtiaceae (Bracken family) Woodsiaceae (Lady Fern family) Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore, Hay- Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. ssp obtusa, Common scented Fern. N, Al. Cliff Fern. N, O, +. Pteridium latiusculum (Desv.) Hieronymus [P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.) GYMNOSPERMS Underwood ex Heller], Eastern Bracken Fern. N, O. Cupressaceae (Cypress family) Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana, Eastern Red Diplaziopsidaceae (Glade Fern family) Cedar. N, R. Diplaziopsis pycnocarpa (Spreng.) M.G. Price [Athyrium pycnocarpon (Sprengel) Tidestr.], Pinaceae (Pine family) Glade Fern. N, R. Picea abies (L.) Karst., Norway Spruce. E, Cl. Picea rubens Sargent, Red Spruce. N, R. Dryopteridaceae (Wood Fern family) Pinus resinosa Aiton, Red Pine. N in WV *, introduced Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H. P. Fuchs [D. in YMC, Cl. spinulosa (O. F. Muell.) Watt], Spinulose Wood Pinus strobus L., Eastern White Pine. N, Cl. Fern. N, O, +. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière, Eastern Hemlock. N, Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) Gray [D. O. intermedia Gray], Evergreen Wood Fern. N, O. Dryopteris marginalis (L.) Gray, Marginal Wood Fern. MAGNOLIIDS and PRIMITIVE N, Ct. ANGIOSPERMS Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott, Christmas Fern. N, Ct. Aristolochiaceae (Birthwort family) Asarum canadense L., Wild Ginger. N, R.

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Isotrema macrophyllum (Lam.) C.F. Reed Carex vulpinoidea Michx., Foxtail Sedge. N, R, +. [Aristolochia macrophylla Lam.], Dutchman’s Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) J.A. Schultes var. tenuis, Pipe. N, F. Slender Spikerush. N, O, +. Rhynchospora capitellata (Michx.) Vahl, Brownish Lauraceae (Laurel family) Beaksedge. N, Cl, +. Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees, Sassafras. N, O. Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmel.) Palla [Scirpus validus Vahl var. creber Fern.], Softstem Magnoliaceae (Magnolia family) Bulrush. N, Cl, +. Liriodendron tulipifera L., Yellow Poplar. N, Ct. Scirpus atrovirens Willd. [S. atrovirens Muhl.], Black Magnolia acuminata (L.) L. [M. acuminata L.], Bulrush. N, P, +. (var. not determined) Cucumber Tree. N, O. Scirpus expansus Fern., Woodland Bulrush. N, P. Magnolia fraseri Walt., Fraser Magnolia. N, O. Dioscoreaceae (Yam family) MONOCOTYLEDONAE (MONOCOTS) Dioscorea villosa L., Wild Yam. N, P, +.

Alliaceae (Onion family) Iridaceae (Iris family) Allium tricoccum Aiton, Ramps. N, Ct, +. Sisyrinchium angustifolium P. Mill., Narrow-leaved Blue-eyed Grass. N, O, +. Araceae (Arum family) Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott, Jack-in-the-pulpit. N, Juncaceae (Rush family) O. Juncus acuminatus Michx., Sharp-fruited Rush. N, R, +. Colchicaceae (Meadow Saffron family) Juncus anthelatus (Wieg.) R.E. Brooks [J. tenuis var. Uvularia perfoliata L., Perfoliate Bellwort. N, Ct. anthelatus], Large Path Rush. N, O, +, PCN. Uvularia grandiflora J.F. Smith, Large-flowered Juncus effusus L. ssp. solutus (Fern. & Wieg.) Hämet- Bellwort. N, R. Ahti, Soft Rush. N, O, +. Juncus tenuis Willd., Path Rush. N, O, +. Cyperaceae (Sedge family) Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. var. multiflora [L. Carex appalachica J. Webber & P.W. Ball [not in S & multiflora (Retz.) Lej.], Common Woodrush. C], Appalachian Sedge. N, O, +. N. R. Carex atlantica L. Bailey [C. incomperta Bickn.], Prickly Bog Sedge. N, O, +. Liliaceae (Lily family) Carex baileyi Britt., Shortbeak Sedge. N, O, +. Erythronium umbilicatum Parks & Hardin ssp. Carex blanda Dewey, Eastern Woodland Sedge. N, O. umbilicatum, Dimpled Trout Lily. N, Cl. Carex communis Bailey, Fibrous-rooted Sedge. N, R, Medeola virginiana L., Indian Cucumber-root. N, O. +. Carex hirsutella Mack., Fuzzy Sedge. N, R, +. Orchidaceae (Orchid family) Carex laxiflora Lam., Broad Loose-flowered Sedge. N, Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br., Downy R, +. Rattlesnake Plantain. N, O. Carex lurida Wahl., Sallow Sedge. N, F, +. Platanthera clavellata (Michx.) Luer [Habenaria Carex pensylvanica Lam., Pennsylvania Sedge. N, F, clavellata (Michx.) Spreng.], Small Green Wood +. Orchid. N, Cl, +. Carex plantaginea Lam., Searsucker Sedge. N, O, +. Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindl. [Habenaria Carex platyphylla Carey, Broadleaf Sedge. N, O. orbiculata (Pursh) Torr.], Large Round-leaved Carex radiata (Wahl.) Small [C. radiata (Wahl.) Orchid. N, R. Dewey], Eastern Star Sedge. N, R, +. Spiranthes cernua (L.) L.C. Richard, Nodding Ladies’ Carex scabrata Schwein., Eastern Rough Sedge. N, R, Tresses. N, O, +. +. Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. var. gracilis (Bigelow) Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. [C. scoparia Luer [S. gracilis (Bigelow) Beck], Southern Schukr], Broom Sedge. N, R, +. Slender Ladies’ Tresses. N, O, +. Carex squarrosa L., Squarrose Sedge. N, R, +. Carex swanii (Fern.) Mack., Swan’s Sedge. N, Cl, +. Poaceae (Grass family) [Gramineae] Carex virescens Muhl. ex Willd. [C. virescens Muhl.], Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerman, Autumn Ribbed Sedge. N, R, +. Bentgrass. N, O, +.

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Andropogon virginicus L. var. virginicus, Broomsedge. Ruscaceae (Ruscus family) N, O, +, PCP. Maianthemum canadense Desf., Canada Mayflower. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. ssp. odoratum, Sweet N, O. Vernal Grass. E, P. Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link [Smilacina Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Palisot de Beauv. ex J. & K. racemosa (L.) Desf.], False Solomon’s Seal. N, Presl. var. elatius [A. elatius (L.) Mert. & Koch.], F. Tall Oatgrass. E, O, +. Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. var. biflorum, Bromus latiglumis (Schear) Hitchc., Auricled Brome. Common Solomon’s Seal. N, F. N, R, +, PCN. Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh, Downy Dactylis glomerata L., Orchard Grass. E, Al. Solomon’s Seal. N, R, +. Danthonia compressa Aust. ex Peck, Mountain Oatgrass. N, O, +. Smilacaceae (Greenbrier family) Danthonia spicata (L.) Palisot de Beauvois ex Roemer Smilax rotundifolia L., Common Greenbrier. N, Ct. & J.A. Schultes [D. spicata (L.) Beauv.], Poverty Oatgrass. N, F, +. Trilliaceae (Trillium family) Dichanthelium acuminatum (Swartz) Gould & C.A. Trillium erectum L. var. erectum, Wake-robin. N, F. Clark var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Freckmann Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb., Large- [Panicum lanuginosum Ell.], Slender-stemmed flowered Trillium. N, F. Witchgrass. N, F, +. Dichanthelium commutatum (J.A. Schultes) Gould var. Typhaceae (Cattail family) commutatum [Panicum commutatum J.A. Typha latifolia L.. Common Broadleaf Cattail. N, Cl. Schultes], Variable Witchgrass. N, F, +. Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould var. EUDICOTYLEDONAE () dichotomum [Panicum dichotomum L.], Bushy Panic Grass. N, R. Aceraceae (Maple family) Dichanthelium latifolium (L.) Harvill [Panicum Acer pensylvanicum L., Striped Maple. N, Ct, +. latifolium L.], Broad-leaved Witchgrass. N, R. Acer rubrum L. var. rubrum, Red Maple. N, Aw. Elymus hystrix L. var. hystrix [Hystrix patula Moench], Acer saccharum Marsh. var. saccharum, Sugar Maple. Common Bottlebrush Grass. N, O. N, Aw. Festuca aff. rubra L. ssp. rubra, Red Fescue. N, P. Acer spicatum Lam., Mountain Maple. N, O, +. Festuca trachyphylla (Hackel) Krajina [F. ovina L.],

Hard Fescue. E, R, +. Anacardiaceae (Cashew family) Glyceria striata (Lam.) A.S. Hitchc. var. striata, Fowl Rhus typhina L., Staghorn Sumac. N, O. Mannagrass. N, O, +. Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze var. radicans Holcus lanatus L., Velvet Grass. Ei2, Al. [Rhus radicans L.], Poison Ivy. N, Cl. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swartz [L. oryzoides (L.) Sweet],

Rice Cutgrass, N, Al. Apiaceae (Carrot family) [Umbelliferae] Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus [not in S & Cicuta maculata L. var. maculata, Water Hemlock. N, C], Japanese Stilt Grass. Ei1n, Ct. P. (Based on iNaturalist confirmed image) Panicum philadelphicum Benth. ex Trin. ssp. Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC., Honewort. N, F. philadelphicum [P. philadelphicum Bernh.], Daucus carota L. ssp. carota, Queen Anne’s Lace. Ei2, Woodland Panic Grass. N, R, +, PCN. Al. Phleum pratense L., Timothy Grass. E, Cl. Heracleum maximum Bartr., Cow Parsnip. N, F. Poa annua L., Annual Bluegrass. E, P. Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke, Hairy Sweet Poa cuspidata Nutt., Early Bluegrass. N, O, +. Cicely. N, F. Poa palustris L., Fowl Bluegrass. N, O. Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC., Smooth Sweet Poa pratensis L. ssp. pratensis, Bluegrass. Cicely. N, O, +. Ei2, O, +. Sanicula canadensis L. var. canadensis, Black Poa sylvestris Gray, Woodland Bluegrass. N, F, +. Snakeroot. N, F. Poa trivialis L. ssp. trivialis, Rough Bluegrass. Ei2, O, Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude, Yellow Pimpernel. +. N, Cl, +. Setaria pumila (Poiret) Roemer & J.A. Schultes [S.

glauca (L.) Beauv.], Yellow Foxtail. E, R, +. Apocynaceae (Dogbane family) (includes Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. [S. intermedia Asclepiadaceae) Rydb.], Slender Wedgegrass. N, F, +.

PWVAS 7 Baranski, Proc West Virginia Acad Sci 2021, 93:2; 1-13

Apocynum cannabinum L., Indian Hemp. N, Cl. Helenium flexuosum Raf., Southern Sneezeweed. N, O. Asclepias exaltata L., Poke Milkweed. N, Cl. Hieracium scabrum Michx., Rough Hawkweed. N, R. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq., Four-leaved Milkweed. N, Hieracium venosum L., Rattlesnake Weed. N, O. F. Lactuca canadensis L., Wild Lettuce. N, F. Asclepias syriaca L., Common Milkweed. N, F. Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. [Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.], Ox-eye Daisy. Ei2, F. Aquifoliaceae (Holly family) Nabalus Cassini sp. [Prenanthes L. sp.], Rattlesnake Ilex montana Torr. & Gray ex Gray [I. montana Torr. Root. N, F. & Gray], Mountain Holly. N, P. (Based on Packera aurea (L.) A. & D. Löve [Senecio aureus L.], iNaturalist confirmed image) Golden Ragwort. N, Ct. Pilosella caespitosa (Dumortier) P.D. Sell & C. West (Ginseng family) [Hieracium pratense Tausch.], Field Hawkweed. Aralia racemosa L., Spikenard. N, O. E, O. Nanopanax trifolius (L.) Haines [ trifolius L.], Pilosella officinarum F.W. Schultz & Schultz Dwarf Ginseng. N, R. ‘Bipontinus’ [Hieracium pilosella L.], Mouse-ear Panax quinquefolius L., Ginseng. N, O. Hawkweed. E, R, +. Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. laciniata, Green-headed Asteraceae (Sunflower family) [Compositae] Coneflower. N, P. Achillea gracilis Raf. [A. millefolium L.], Eastern Smallanthus uvedalius (L.) Mackenzie ex Small Yarrow. N, F. [Polymnia uvedalia L.], Yellow-flowered Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins. var. Leafcup. N, R. (tentative identification) altissima [Eupatorium rugosum Houtt.], White Solidago altissima L. var. altissima, Tall Goldenrod. Snakeroot. N, Ct. N, O, +, PCN. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Common Ragweed. N, F. Solidago bicolor L., Silverrod. N, Cl, +. Antennaria parlinii Fern. ssp, parlinii [A. Solidago curtisii Torr. & Gray, Curtis’s Goldenrod. N, plantaginifolia (L.) Richards var. arnoglossa O, +. (Greene) Cronquist], Plantainleaf Pussytoes. N, Solidago nemoralis Aiton var. nemoralis, Oldfield O. Goldenrod. N, F, +. Arctium minus Bernhardi [A. minus (Hill) Bernh.], i2 Solidago rugosa P. Mill. [S. rugosa Aiton], Wrinkled- Burdock. E , O. leaved Goldenrod. N, Cl. (var. not determined) Artemisia vulgaris L., Common Mugwort. E, Al, PCN. Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) Nesom [ Bidens frondosa L., Devil’s Beggar-ticks. N, O. cordifolius L.], Blue Wood Aster. N, F, +. Cichorium intybus L., Chicory. E, O. Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) Nesom var. dumosum Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. [C. discolor [Aster dumosus L.], Long-stalked or Bushy Aster. (Muhl.) Spreng.], Field Thistle. N, Cl. N, O, +. Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr., Smooth Hawksbeard. E, (Nees) Nesom [Aster puniceus O. L. var. firmus], Shining Aster. N, R, +, PCN. Erechtites hieraciifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC., Fireweed. N, Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A. & D. Löve [Aster O. lateriflorus (L.) Britt.], Starved Aster. N, F, +. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers., White-top Fleabane. N, Cl. Symphyotrichum lowrieanum (Porter) Nesom [Aster Erigeron pulchellus Michx., Robin’s Plantain. N, R. lowrieanus Porter], Smooth Heart-leaved Wood (var. not determined) Aster. N, O, +, PCP. Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. strigosus [E. Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) Nesom var. pringlei strigosus Muhl.], Common Rough Fleabane. N, (A. Gray) Nesom [Aster pilosus Willd. var. Cl. pringlei Gray], White Old-field Aster. N, F, +, Eupatorium perfoliatum L., Boneset. N, F. PCN. Eurybia divaricata (L.) Nesom [Aster divaricatus L.], Symphyotrichum prenanthoides (Muhl. ex Willd.) White Wood Aster. N, O, +. Nesom [Aster prenanthoides Muhl.], Crooked Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. var. graminifolia Stem or Zigzag Aster. N, O, +. [Solidago graminifolia L.], Grass-leaved (L.) Nesom var. puniceum Goldenrod. N, F. [Aster puniceus L. var. puniceus], Purple-stem Eutrochium fistulosum (Barratt) E.E. Lamont Aster. N, O, +. [Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt], Hollowstem Joe- pye-Weed. N, O. Helenium autumnale L., Yellow Sneezeweed. N, O.

PWVAS 8 Baranski, Proc West Virginia Acad Sci 2021, 93:2; 1-13

Symphyotrichum racemosum (Ell.) Nesom var. Cardamine parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britt.) O.E. racemosum [Aster vimineus Lam.], Small White Schulz [C. arenicola Britt.], Small-flowered Aster. N, O, +. Bittercress. N, R, +, PCN. Symphyotrichum undulatum (L.) Nesom [Aster Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd., undulatus L. var. loriformis Burgess], Wavyleaf Pennsylvania Bittercress. N, R. Aster. N, R, +. Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers [T. Campanulaceae (Bellflower family) officinale Weber], Common Dandelion. E, Cl. Lobelia inflata L., Indian Tobacco. N, O. Tussilago farfara L., Coltsfoot. E, Cl. Lobelia puberula Michx., Downy Lobelia. N, O, +. Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. ex Kearney, Common Wingstem. N, Cl. Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family) Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx., New York Lonicera morrowii Gray, Morrow’s Honeysuckle. Ei1n, Ironweed. N, F. F.

Balsaminaceae (Touch-me-not family) Caryophyllaceae (Pink family) Impatiens capensis Meerb., Orange or Spotted Cerastium fontanum Baumg. ssp. vulgare (Hartman) Jewelweed. N, P. Greuter & Burdet [C. vulgatum L.], Common Impatiens pallida Nutt., Yellow Jewelweed. N, Aw, +. Mouse-ear Chickweed. E, Cl. Dianthus armeria L. ssp. armeria, Deptford Pink. E, Berberidaceae (Barberry family) O. Berberis thunbergii DC., Japanese Barberry. Ei1, O, +. Paronychia canadensis (L.) Wood, Canada Whitlow- Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx., Common Blue wort. N, O, +. Cohosh. N, F, +. Saponaria officinalis L., Soapwort. E, R. Podophyllum peltatum L., Mayapple. N, F. Stellaria longifolia Muhl., Longleaf Stitchwort. N, O. Stellaria media (L.) Vill. [S. media (L.) Cyrillo], Betulaceae (Birch family) Common Chickweed. Ei2, Cl. Betula alleghaniensis Britt., Yellow Birch. N, O. Stellaria pubera Michx., Giant or Star Chickweed. N, Betula lenta L. var. lenta, Sweet or Black Birch. N, Ct. O. Carpinus caroliniana Walt. ssp. virginiana (Marsh.) Fernald [C. caroliniana Walt. var. virginiana Convolvulaceae (Morning Glory family) (Marsh.) Fernald], Ironwood. N, F. Convolvulus species 4 [=angulata] [Calystegia sepium Corylus americana Walt., American Hazelnut. N, R. L. var. repens (L.) A. Gray] , Northwestern Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch, Hop Hornbeam. Bindweed. N, R, PCN. N, F. Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes var. gronovii [C. gronovii Willd.], Common (Borage family) Dodder. N, O, +. Echium vulgare L., Viper’s Bugloss. Ei2, O. (Dogwood family) (Mustard family) [Cruciferae] Benthamidia florida (L.) Spach [ florida L.], (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande [A. Flowering Dogwood. N, Cl. officinalis Andrz.], Garlic Mustard. Ei1, F. Swida alternifolia (L. f.) Small [ L. Barbarea vulgaris Aiton [B. vulgaris R. Br.], Common f.], Alternate-leaved Dogwood. N, O. Winter Cress. Ei2, F. Borodinia laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) P.J. Alexander Crassulaceae (Stonecrop family) & Windham [A. laevigata (Muhl.) Poiret], Sedum ternatum Michx., Whorled Stonecrop. N, F. Smooth Rockcress. N, F, +. Cardamine angustata O.E. Schulz [Dentaria Dipsacaceae (Teasel family) heterophylla Nutt.], Slender Toothwort. N, O. Dipsacus fullonum L. [Dipsacus sylvestris Huds.], Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) O. Schwarz Common Teasel. Ei2, R. [Dentaria laciniata Muhl.], Cutleaf Toothwort. N, O. Elaeagnaceae (Oleaster family) Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood [Dentaria diphylla Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb., Autumn Olive. Ei1n, O. Michx.], Two-leaved Toothwort. N, O. Cardamine hirsuta L., Hairy Bittercress. E, O.

PWVAS 9 Baranski, Proc West Virginia Acad Sci 2021, 93:2; 1-13

Ericaceae (Heath family) Geraniaceae (Geranium family) Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh [C. maculata (L.) Geranium aff. columbinum L., Long-stalked Cranes- Gray], Pipsissewa. N, O. bill. E, P. (Based on iNaturalist image to be Gaultheria procumbens L, Teaberry or Wintergreen. confirmed) N, O. Geranium robertianum L., Herb Robert. N, O, PCN. Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) K. Koch, Black Huckleberry. N, Cl. Grossulariaceae (Gooseberry family) Kalmia latifolia L., Mountain Laurel. N, R. (Based on Ribes cynosbati L., Prickly Gooseberry. N, R, +. reliable personal communication) Monotropa uniflora L., Indian Pipes. N, O. Hamamelidaceae (Witch-hazel family) Rhododendron periclymenoides (Michx.) Shinners [R. Hamamelis virginiana L. var. virginiana, Witch-hazel. nudiflorum (L.) Torr.], Pinxterflower. N, F. N, F. Vaccinium erythrocarpum Michx., Mountain Cranberry. N, P. (Based on iNaturalist confirmed Hippocastanaceae (Horse-chestnut family) image) flava Aiton [A. octandra Marsh.], Yellow Vaccinium pallidum Aiton, Late Lowbush or Dryland Buckeye. N, O. Blueberry. N, Cl, +. Vaccinium stamineum L. var. stamineum, Deerberry. Hydrangeaceae (Hydrangea family) N, Cl. Hydrangea arborescens L., Wild Hydrangea. N, F.

Fabaceae (Legume family) [Leguminosae] Hydrastidaceae (Goldenseal family) Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern., Hog Peanut. N, F. Hydrastis canadensis L., Goldenseal. N, R. (var. not determined) Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. Don [L. cuneata Hydrophyllaceae (Waterleaf family) Michx.], Sericea Lespedeza. Ei1, O. Hydrophyllum canadense L., Broad-leaved Waterleaf. Robinia pseudoacacia L., Black Locust. N, F. N, Ct. Trifolium campestre Schreb., Hop Clover. E, P. Hydrophyllum virginianum L. var. virginianum, Trifolium dubium Sibth., Small Hop Clover. E, P. Virginia Waterleaf. N, O. Trifolium pratense L., Red Clover. E, Cl. dubia (L.)Trel. var. dubia [P. dubia (L.) Trifolium repens L., White Clover. E, Cl. Trel.], Appalachian Phacelia. N, P. (Based on iNaturalist confirmed image) Fagaceae (Beech family) Castanea mollissima Blume [not in S & C], Chinese Chestnut. Ep, R, +, PCN. Hypericaceae (St. John’s-wort family) [Guttiferae] Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., American Beech. N, Ct. Hypericum densiflorum Pursh, Mountain Bushy St.- Quercus alba L., White Oak. N, Cl. John’s-wort. N, R. Quercus coccinea Muenchh., Scarlet Oak. N, O. Hypericum mutilum L. var. mutilum, Common Dwarf Quercus montana Willd. [Q. prinus L.], Chestnut Oak. St. John’s-wort. N, O. Hypericum perforatum L., European St. John’s-wort. N, F. i2 Quercus rubra L. var. rubra, Red Oak. N, Aw. E , F. Quercus velutina Lam., Black Oak. N, O. Hypericum prolificum L., Shrubby St. John’s-wort. N, F, +. Fumariaceae (Fumitory family) Hypericum punctatum Lam., Spotted St. John’s-wort. Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walpers, Squirrel Corn. N, O. N, Cl. Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh., Dutchman’s Britches. Juglandaceae (Walnut family) N, Cl. Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch, Bitternut Hick- ory. N, O, +. (Gentian family) Carya ovalis (Wang.) Sarg., Red Pignut Hickory. N, F, Gentiana saponaria L., Soapwort Gentian. N, R, +. PCP. Gentianella quinquefolia (L.) Small var. quinquefolia Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch, Shagbark Hickory. N, Cl. [Gentiana quinquefolia L.], Appalachian Gen- Juglans cinerea L., Butternut or White Walnut. N, Cl, tianella. N ,Cl, +. *, +. Juglans nigra L., Black Walnut. N, R.

PWVAS 10 Baranski, Proc West Virginia Acad Sci 2021, 93:2; 1-13

Lamiaceae (Mint family) [Labiatae] Aureolaria laevigata (Raf.) Raf. [Gerardia laevigata Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth., Hairy Wood Mint. N, Raf.], Entire-leaved Yellow Foxglove. N, Cl. F, +. Conopholis americana (L.) Wallr. [C. americana (L. f.) Clinopodium vulgare L. [Satureja vulgaris (L.) Wallr.], Squawroot or Bearcorn. N, P. Fritsch], Wild Basil. N, O, +. Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart., Beechdrops. N, P. Collinsonia canadensis L. [C. canadensis Nutt.], Melampyrum lineare Desr. [M. lineare Desr. var. Richweed. N, O. latifolium Bart.], Cow-wheat. N, Cl, +. Galeopsis bifida Boenn. [G. tetrahit L. var. bifida Pedicularis canadensis L., Eastern Lousewort or (Boenn.) Lej. & Court.], Bifid Hemp Nettle. E, P, Wood-betony. N, O. +. Oxalidaceae (Wood-sorrel family) Glechoma hederacea L., Ground-ivy. Ei2, O. Oxalis corniculata L., Creeping Lady’s-sorrel. E, R, +, Lycopus virginicus L., Virginia Bugleweed. N, O. PCN. Monarda didyma L., Scarlet Beebalm or Oswego Tea. Oxalis stricta L. [O. europaea Jord.], Common Yellow N, R. Wood-sorrel. N, F. Monarda fistulosa L. var. fistulosa, Appalachian

Bergamot. N, O, +. Prunella vulgaris L. var. vulgaris, Self-heal or Heal-all. Papaveraceae Poppy family) E, F, +. Sanguinaria canadensis L., Bloodroot. N, O. Pycnanthemum verticillatum (Michx.) Pers., Whorled Mountain Mint. N, R, +. Phrymaceae (Lopseed family) Mimulus ringens L. var. ringens, Common Monkey- . N, O. Linaceae (Flax family) Phryma leptostachya L., American Lopseed. N, R, +. Linum striatum Walt., Ridged Yellow Flax. N, R, +.

Phytolaccaceae (Pokeweed family) Malvaceae (Mallow family) (includes Tiliaceae) Phytolacca americana L., Pokeweed. N, O. Tilia americana L. var. heterophylla (Vent.) Loud. [T.

heterophylla Vent.], Mountain or White Plantaginaceae (Plantain family) (includes much of Basswood. N, F. traditional Scrophulariaceae) (Montia family) Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims [P. digitalis Nutt], caroliniana Michx., Carolina Spring Beauty. Tall White Beardtongue. N, Cl, +, PCN. N, O. Plantago lanceolata L., English Plantain. E, P. Plantago rugelii Dcne., Broad-leaved Plantain. N, P.

Veronica americana Schwein. ex Benth. [V. americana Nyssaceae (Tupelo family) (Raf.) Schwein.], American Brooklime. N, R, +. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh, Black Gum. N, R. Veronica arvensis L., Corn Speedwell. E, O.

Veronica officinalis L., Common Speedwell. E, O, +. (Olive family) Veronica serpyllifolia L. ssp. serpyllifolia, Thyme- Fraxinus americana L., White Ash. N, F. leaved Speedwell. E, O. Ligustrum obtusifolium Sieb. & Zucc. var. obtusifolium

[not in S & C], Border . Ei2, R, +, PCN. Ligustrum vulgare L., Common Privet. Ei1, R, +, PCP. (Jacob’s-ladder family) stolonifera Sims, Creeping Phlox. N. R. Onagraceae (Evening-primrose family) Circaea canadensis (L.) Hill [C. quadrisulcata Polygonaceae (Smartweed family) (Maximowicz) Franchet & Sava. var. canadensis Fallopia cristata Engelm. & A. Gray [Polygonum (L.) Hara], Enchanter’s Nightshade. N, O. cristatum Engelm. & A. Gray], Crested Climbing Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell., Marsh Purslane. N, O. Buckwheat. N, R, +. Oenothera biennis L., Common Evening-primrose. N, Persicaria longiseta (de Bruijn) Kitagawa [Polygonum O. caespitosum Blume var. longisetum (de Oenothera perennis L., Little Sundrops. N, O Bruyn) A.N. Steward], Asiatic Long-bristled Smartweed. Ei2, F. Orobanchaceae (Broomrape family) (includes much Persicaria sagittata (L.) Gross ex Nakai [Polygonum of traditional Scrophulariaceae) sagittatum L.], Arrowleaf Tearthumb. N, Cl.

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Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaertner [Tovara virginiana Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murr. [R. multiflora (L.) Raf.], Jumpseed. N, Ct. Thunb.], Multiflora Rose. Ei1n, O. Rumex obtusifolius L., Broadleaf Dock. E, O. hispidus L., Bristly Dewberry. N, O, +. Rubus occidentalis L., Black Raspberry. N, O. Primulaceae (Primrose family) Rubus pensilvanicus Poiret [R. laudatus Berger], Lysimachia quadrifolia L., Whorled Loosestrife. N, O, Pennsylvania Blackberry. N, F. +. Rubiaceae (Madder family) (Buttercup family) Galium aparine L., Common Bedstraw or Cleavers. N, pachypoda Ell., Dolls’ Eyes or White Bane- O. berry. N, O, +. Galium circaezans Michx., Forest Bedstraw. N, F. Actaea podocarpa DC. [Cimicifuga americana Galium concinum Torr. & Gray, Shining Bedstraw. N, Michx.], Late Black Cohosh. N, O, +. O, PCN. Actaea racemosa L. [Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.], Galium pilosum Aiton, Hairy Bedstraw. N, O, +. Early or Common Black Cohosh. N, F, +. Galium triflorum Michx., Sweet-scented Bedstraw. N, Anemone lancifolia Pursh, Lanceleaf Anemone. N, O, O, +. +. Houstonia L. sp., Bluets. N, P. Anemone quinquefolia L., Wood Anemone. N, F. Mitchella repens L., Partridge Berry. N, O. Anemone virginiana L. var. virginiana, Thimbleweed. N, R, +. (Willow family) Clematis virginiana L., Virgin’s-bower. N, F. Populus grandidentata Michx., Bigtooth Aspen. N, R. Hepatica acutiloba DC., Sharp-lobed Hepatica. N, O. Populus ×jackii Sarg. [×Populus gileadensis Rouleau], Ranunculus abortivus L., Kidneyleaf Buttercup. N, F. Balm-of-Gilead. N, R, +. Ranunculus allegheniensis Britt., Allegheny Buttercup. Salix nigra Marsh., Black Willow. N, R, PCN. N, O, +. Salix sericea Marsh., Silky Willow. N, Cl. Ranunculus hispidus Michx., Hispid Buttercup. N, O, +. Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family) Ranunculus recurvatus Poiret var. recurvatus, Hooked Heuchera americana L., American Alumroot. N, O, +, Buttercup. N, F. PCN. Thalictrum dioicum L., Early Meadowrue. N, O. Micranthes micranthidifolia (Haworth) Small [Saxifraga micranthidifolia (Haw.) Britt.], Brook- (Rose family) lettuce. N, O. Agrimonia parviflora Aiton, Small-flowered Agri- Mitella diphylla L., Miterwort. N, R. mony. N, F. Tiarella cordifolia L., Foamflower. N, O. Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern., Common or Downy Serviceberry. N, O. Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon family) macrosperma Ashe, Variable Hawthorn. N, Scrophularia marilandica L., Eastern Figwort. N, R, +. O. Verbascum thapsus L. ssp. thapsus, Wooly Mullein, Crataegus punctata Jacq., Dotted Hawthorn. N, O, +. Ei2, O. Fragaria virginiana P. Miller [F. virginiana Duchesne], Wild Strawberry. N, O. Solanaceae (Nightshade family) canadense Jacq., White Avens. N, F, +. Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense, Horse-nettle. Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & Gray, Spring Avens. N, N, F. R, +, PCP. Malus pumila P. Mill [Pyrus malus L.], Common Ulmaceae (Elm family) Apple. Ep, O. Ulmus rubra Muhl., Slippery Elm. N, F. Potentilla recta L., Upright Cinquefoil. E, R. Potentilla simplex Michx., Common Cinquefoil. N, O. Urticaceae (Nettle family) Prunus alleghaniensis Porter var. alleghaniensis, Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd., Wood-nettle. N, Al. Allegheny Plum. N, R, *, +, PCN. Pilea pumila (L.) Gray, Clearweed. N, Al, +. Prunus pensylvanica L. f., Fire or Pin Cherry. N, O. Prunus serotina Ehrh. var. serotina, Black Cherry. N, Verbenaceae (Verbena family) Aw. Verbena urticifolia L., White Vervain. N, F. Rosa carolina L. ssp. carolina, Pasture or Carolina Rose. N, O.

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Viburnaceae (Viburnum family) Flegel, D. G. 1998. Soil Survey of Pocahontas County, Sambucus canadensis L., Common Elderberry. N, F. West Virginia. Dept. of Sambucus racemosa L. var. pubens (Michx.) Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Trautvetter & C.A. Meyer [S. pubens Michx.], Service. 299 pp + maps (map 52). Red Elderberry. N, O. Viburnum acerifolium L., Mapleleaf Viburnum. N, O. Harmon, P. J., D. Ford-Werntz and W. Grafton. 2006. Checklist and Atlas of the Vascular Flora of (Violet family) West Virginia. West Virginia Division of Natural Viola cucullata Aiton, Marsh Blue Violet. N, O. Resources, Wildlife Resources Section, Elkins, Viola hastata Michx., Halberd- Yellow Violet. N, WV. 381 pp. F. Viola labradorica Schrank [V. conspersa Reichenb.], Stephenson, S. L. 2013. A Natural History of the American Dog Violet. N, O, PCN. Central Appalachians. West Virginia University Viola palmata L. var. triloba (Schwein.) de Press. 304 pp. Gingins ex DC. [V. triloba Schwein.], Northern Three-lobed Violet. N, R. Strausbaugh, P. D. and E. L. Core. 1977. Flora of West Aiton, Hairy Yellow Forest Violet. N, Virginia, 2nd edition. Seneca Books, Inc., O, +. Grantsville, WV. 1079 pp. Viola rostrata Pursh, Long-spurred Violet. N, R. Viola rotundifolia Michx., Roundleaf Yellow Violet. USDA (Natural Resources Conservation Service). N, F. 2021. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Viola sororia Willd. var. sororia [V. papilionacea Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. Pursh], Common Blue Violet. N, Ct. (http://plants.usda.gov) Accessed on February 19.

Vitaceae (Grape family) Weakley, A. S., J. C. Ludwig and J. F. Townsend. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch., Virginia 2012. Flora of Virginia. Bland Crowder, ed. Creeper. N, F. Foundation of the Flora of Virginia Project Inc., Vitis aestivalis Michx. var. aestivalis, Summer Grape. Richmond. Fort Worth: Botanical Research N, F, +, PCN. Institute of Texas Press. 1554 pp.

Acknowledgements Weakley, A. S. 2020. Flora of the southeastern United States. University of , Erica Marks, Director of the YMC, and Bob Must, Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden. former YMC Board member and President, provided access, necessary logistical and background WVDA (West Virginia Department of Agriculture). information, and orientation in the field. Pat Parr 2006. West Virginia Noxious Weeds. provided encouragement, assistance on some field (https://www.invasive.org/species/list.cfm?id= visits, and helpful manuscript advice. John Sacco 63) Accessed on 13 January 2021. assisted for one of the more arduous field visits. WVDNR (West Virginia Division of Natural

Resources, Natural Heritage Program). 2009. Literature Cited “Invasive Plant Species of West Virginia.” (www.wvdnr.gov/Wildlife/InvasiveWV.shtm) Clarkson, R. B. 1966. The vascular flora of the Accessed on 27 December 2020. Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia. WVDNR (West Virginia Division of Natural Castanea 31(1): 1-119. Resources, Natural Heritage Program). 2020. Core, E. L. 1966. Vegetation of West Virginia. “Rare Plants Tracked by the West Virginia McClain Printing Co., Parsons, WV. 217 pp. Natural Heritage Program.” (www.wvdnr.gov/ Wildlife/PDFFiles/RTE_Plants.pdf) Accessed on Data Portal. 2021. SERNEC (Southeastern Regional 6 January 2021. Network of Expertise and Collections). (http//:sernecportal.org/index.php) Accessed on February 21.

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