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Criterios Ambientales Para Un Sistema De Placas Verdes En La Megalópolis Del Centro De México

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Criterios Ambientales Para Un Sistema De Placas Verdes En La Megalópolis Del Centro De México PROGRAMA PARA EL DESARROLLO BAJO EN EMISIONES DE MÉXICO (MLED) CRITERIOS AMBIENTALES PARA UN SISTEMA DE PLACAS VERDES EN LA MEGALÓPOLIS DEL CENTRO DE MÉXICO Criterios ambientales para un sistema de placas verdes en la Megalópolis del centro de México MEXICO LOW EMISSIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (MLED). CONTRACT: AID-523-C-11-00001 10 de julio de 2014 Este informe fue elaborado por TETRA TECH ES INC. para la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional. AVISO LEGAL Las opiniones expresadas en esta publicación no reflejan necesariamente la opinión de la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional ni la del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos. www.mledprogram.org 1 PROGRAMA PARA EL DESARROLLO BAJO EN EMISIONES DE MÉXICO (MLED) CRITERIOS AMBIENTALES PARA UN SISTEMA DE PLACAS VERDES EN LA MEGALÓPOLIS DEL CENTRO DE MÉXICO CRITERIOS AMBIENTALES PARA UN SISTEMA DE PLACAS VERDES EN LA MEGALÓPOLIS DEL CENTRO DE MÉXICO El presente estudio fue elaborado por el Centro Mario Molina para Estudios Estratégicos sobre Energía y Medio Ambiente (CMM), bajo la supervisión del Dr. Antonio Mediavilla Sahagún de WWF, en el marco del Programa para el Desarrollo Bajo en Emisiones de México (MLED), patrocinado por la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID), bajo el contrato “AID-523-C-11-00001” implementado por TETRA TECH ES INC. Para mayor información, por favor contacte a: [email protected] www.mledprogram.org 2 PROGRAMA PARA EL DESARROLLO BAJO EN EMISIONES DE MÉXICO (MLED) CRITERIOS AMBIENTALES PARA UN SISTEMA DE PLACAS VERDES EN LA MEGALÓPOLIS DEL CENTRO DE MÉXICO CRITERIOS AMBIENTALES PARA UN SISTEMA DE PLACAS VERDES EN LA MEGALÓPOLIS DEL CENTRO DE MÉXICO Índice I Antecedentes............................................................................................................................... 8 II Justificación ............................................................................................................................... 10 III Objetivos .................................................................................................................................... 12 IV Alcances ..................................................................................................................................... 12 V Problemática ............................................................................................................................. 13 V.1 La calidad del aire, un problema megalopolitano ............................................................. 13 V.2 El parque vehicular megalopolitano .................................................................................. 17 V.2.1 Bases de datos analizadas ..................................................................................... 17 V.2.2 Tendencias y caracterización ................................................................................ 21 VI Criterios para asignación de derechos de circulación ............................................................... 32 VI.1 Estándares de emisión vehicular en el panorama internacional ....................................... 32 VI.2 Selección de criterios para asignación de derechos de circulación ................................... 38 VI.2.1 Emisiones contaminantes ..................................................................................... 38 VI.2.2 Eficiencia energética ............................................................................................. 43 VI.2.3 Espacio urbano consumido ................................................................................... 45 VI.3 Aplicación de criterios ....................................................................................................... 46 VI.3.1 Eficiencia energética y espacio urbano ................................................................. 47 VI.3.2 Emisiones contaminantes ..................................................................................... 61 VI.4 Propuesta de instrumentación y alcances ......................................................................... 68 VI.5 Incentivos a la asignación de placas verdes ....................................................................... 71 VI.5.1 Zonas de Baja Exposición ...................................................................................... 72 VI.5.2 Programa Hoy No Circula (HNC) y verificación vehicular ..................................... 72 VI.5.3 Tenencia verde ...................................................................................................... 73 VI.5.4 Parquímetros ........................................................................................................ 74 VII Conclusiones .............................................................................................................................. 76 Bibliografía ........................................................................................................................................ 78 Anexos ............................................................................................................................................... 81 Anexo 1: Listado de vehículos que cumplen con los criterios recomendados de Placa Verde .... 81 Anexo 2: Listado de Vehículos Altamente Eficientes .................................................................... 94 3 PROGRAMA PARA EL DESARROLLO BAJO EN EMISIONES DE MÉXICO (MLED) CRITERIOS AMBIENTALES PARA UN SISTEMA DE PLACAS VERDES EN LA MEGALÓPOLIS DEL CENTRO DE MÉXICO Tablas Tabla 1: Comparativo de bases de datos consultadas ...................................................................... 20 Tabla 2: Composición de la flota vehicular por tipo de vehículo a partir de 1980 ........................... 22 Tabla 3: Crecimiento promedio anual del parque vehicular de la Megalópolis, 1980-2010 ............ 23 Tabla 4: Parque vehicular de la megalópolis, 2013 ........................................................................... 24 Tabla 5: Evolución de las características técnicas de la flota vehicular 2008-2011 en México ........ 29 Tabla 6: Rangos de emisiones meta de CO2 para vehículos nuevos de acuerdo a la NOM-163 ....... 30 Tabla 7: Promedio de la economía de combustible requerida bajo estándares CAFE ...................... 34 Tabla 8: Estimación del rendimiento de combustible requerido bajo estándares CAFE ................... 34 Tabla 9: Estándares de emisión de Tier 2, EPA .................................................................................. 35 Tabla 10: Estándares de emisiones contaminantes para vehículos de pasajeros en la UE ............... 36 Tabla 11: Límites de emisiones contaminantes permisibles en la UE y EEUU para en CO2 y NOx ..... 38 Tabla 12: Especificaciones del catálogo de NOM aplicables a vehículos automotores nuevos ........ 39 Tabla 13: Clasificación de los vehículos de acuerdo a sus atributos ................................................. 40 Tabla 14: Límites permisibles de emisión para vehículos a gasolina, gas licuado de petróleo, gas natural y diésel en México ................................................................................................................ 42 Tabla 15: Parámetros para calcular emisiones meta de CO2 ............................................................ 43 Tabla 16: Parámetros para calcular rendimientos de combustible meta ......................................... 44 Tabla 17: Criterios de clasificación de vehículos ligeros ................................................................... 47 Tabla 18: Parámetros de emisiones de CO2 para VAE ...................................................................... 49 Tabla 19 Emisiones meta de CO2 para el periodo 2017-2025 ........................................................... 61 Tabla 20: Rangos de emisiones de NOx ............................................................................................ 62 Tabla 21: Volumen de autos nuevos con cumplimiento de emisiones meta de CO2 y NOx ............. 63 Tabla 22: Criterios ambientales para la asignación de engomado para vehículos nuevos. .............. 68 Tabla 23: Obligaciones del Programa Hoy No Circula para vehículos particulares ........................... 73 Tabla 24: Tratamiento de vehículos con placas verdes y beneficios adicionales ............................. 75 Figuras Figura 1: Contaminantes procedentes del autotransporte ............................................................... 17 Figura 2: Participación porcentual de vehículos de motor registrados en circulación ..................... 23 Figura 3: Participación porcentual de automóviles en la Megalópolis ............................................. 24 Figura 4: Distribución del parque vehicular por entidad y año modelo, 2013 ................................. 25 Figura 5: Vehículos vendidos en la megalópolis por entidad, 1972-2012 ........................................ 26 Figura 6: Tendencia de venta de Vehículos nuevos en la Megalópolis 1972-2012 .......................... 26 Figura 7: Ventas de automóviles de pasajeros y camionetas en la Megalópolis, 2013 .................... 27 Figura 8: Oferta de modelos de automóviles de pasajeros y camionetas en México, 2013 ............ 27 Figura 9: Evolución del rendimiento de combustible (km/l) en México, 2008-2013 ........................ 28 Figura 10: Evolución de las emisiones de CO2 (gCO2/l) en México, 2008-2013 ................................ 28 4 PROGRAMA PARA EL DESARROLLO BAJO EN EMISIONES DE
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