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A Sociological Analysis of the New Christian Right Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1984 A Sociological Analysis of the New Christian Right Wesley E. Miller Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Miller, Wesley E., "A Sociological Analysis of the New Christian Right" (1984). Dissertations. 2264. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2264 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1984 Wesley E. Miller A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS I ' ' OF THE NEW CHRISTIAN RIGHT by Wesley E. Miller, Jr. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy February 1984 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS Many individuals have played a role in the creation of this dis­ sertation. I would like to first thank my committee-- Professors Philip Nyden, William Bates, and Ross P. Scherer-- for their intellectual gui­ dance and their support during times of discouragement. I really appre­ ciate their patience and the time they have put into this work. I must thank Professor David Bromley of Virginia Commonwealth University for his comments on an article which has become chapter VII. I must also thank the Arthur J. Schmitt foundation for their financial support in the last year. r Much of the data on which this dissertation is based, comes, in some form or another, from library materials. Ther~fore I wish to thank the library staffs of the following institutions for allowing me to use their materials: Northern Baptist Theological Seminary, McCormick Theo­ logical Seminary, North Park College, Moody Bible Institute, and Wheaton College. I would also like to thank Colleen Connors and Michael Fleischer for the legal information and materials they provided me on the election reforms of the early 1970s. I wish to thank Sonia Alaid­ jem, Robert Lynott, Suhail Miari and Shobha Srinivasan for allowing me to use the interviews they collected for another project. I want to also thank Sheryl Knight, Donald LaMagdeleine, and Carmen Quintero for the comments they have made on my work during our "study group" ses- ii sions. Lastly, I would like to thank my spouse, Nancy and my parents, Wesley and Natalie Miller for both their emotional support and for serv­ ing as my "funding agencies" during various points in my career as a student. iii VITA The author, Wesley Edward Miller Jr., is the son of Wesley Edward Miller, Sr. and Natalie (Barger) Miller. He was born February 14 1955 in Brooklyn N.Y. His elementary education was obtained in the public schools of New York City and received his secondary education at Brockton High School, Brockton, MA, where he graduated in 1973. In September 1973, he entered Eastern Nazarene College, Quincy, MA and in June 1977 received the degree of Bachelor of Arts with a major in sociology (magna cum laude). In September 1977, he entered Boston Col­ lege where in January 1979 he was awarded a Master of Arts degree in sociology. During his time at Boston College, he worked as a graduate assistant. He matriculated in the PH.D graduate program in sociology at the Loyola University of Chicago in 1980 and has served as graduate assistant there. His major fields of emphasis have been social move­ ments, the sociology of religion and political sociology. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii VITA .• iv Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1 Review of Literature and Theoretical Framework • • • • • • 5 The Social Movement and the Social Movement Organization • 8 Lifestyle Concern and the Preference Structure . • • • • 11 The Rise of the Sunbelt .•.•.••••••••••.• 15 Hypotheses on the Preference Structure • . • • • . • 19 The Preexistent Social Network • • • • • • . • . • • • . 19 Questions on Preexistent Network • • • . • . • . 23 Overview of Dissertation • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • 23 II. EVANGELICALS, FUNDAMENTALISTS, AND THE NCR •••.•..•. 25 Evangelicalism and its Diversity • • • • • • • • • . • • 26 Fundamentalists . • • 27 Literalism • • . • • • . • . • • • • . • . • • • . 28 Spiritualizing . • • • • • . • • • • . • . • • • • 28 Dispensa tiona! Theology • • • . • • • • • • . • • 29 Anti-Traditionalism • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • • . • 30 Extreme Separatism • • . • 31 Fundamentalism Versus the NCR and New Right . • . 32 Ideology • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • 33 Summary • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • 3o·~ III. LIFESTYLE CONCERN AND FUNDAMENTALISM • 37 Sampling Strategy • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 37 Variables Measured • • • • 38 Testing the PLC Hypotheses • • • • • • 42 Analysis of Data • • • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • 43 Testing the Linear Relationship • 43 Testing the Curvilinear Relationship • • • • • • • • 46 Fundamentalist Discontent and the Contextual Variables • 52 Conclusion and Theoretical Implications • • • • • • • • • 54 IV. THE NCR SOCIAL NETWORK: A METHODOLOGICAL CHAPTER •• 58 The Data • • • • • • 59 v Matrix Representation of Network Relations • • • • • • • 59 Structural Equivalence and Continuous Distance • • • • • 62 Interpreting the Graphic Representation • • • • • • • • 66 Discovering the Linkages • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 3 Summary and Conclusions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 76 v. THE NCR PREEXISTENT NETWORK • • • • • • • • --79 The New Right Preexistent Organizational Beginnings • • 80 The Election Campaign Acts and Direct Mailing • 82 Life of the Political Fringe • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 85 Limiting Expenditures • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 86 Increasing Resources: Money • • • • • • • • • • • 87 Increasing Resources: Grassroot Support • 91 VI. THE NCR SOCIAL NETWORK AND THE SELLING OF RELIGION • • • 94 Campus Crusade and Groups I, II, and III • • • • • • • • 99 Campus Crusade for Christ • • • • • • • • • • • • • 100 Bright and His Evangelistic Campaign • • 102 Third Century Publishers • • • • • • • • • • • • • 104 The Independent Baptists and Group IV • • • • • • • • • 108 Characteristics of the Independent Baptists • • 109 Congregational Polity • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 110 Church Autonomy • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 111 Democratic Decision-Making • 113 Emphasis on Evangelism • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 116 The IB Church Growth Movement and the NCR • • • • • • • 119 Conclusion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 125 VII. THE NEW CHRISTIAN RIGHT AND THE NEWS MEDIA • • • • • • • • 128 Introduction . -i2.9] The News Media and the New Christian Right • • • • • • • 131 · Gaining Access Through Creating Media Appeal • • • 133 Gaining Access Through the Unique Event • • • 134 Gaining Access Through Public Figures • • • • • • • 136 Transforming the Event • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 137 The Media Image Reacting Back • • • • • • • • • • • • • 141 Conclusion • • . • . • • . • . • • . • • . • . <i-4-4---··. --··<-f VIII. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS • PLC Findings • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 148 Theoretical Implications of PLC Findings • • • ~. • 148 Social Network Findings • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 150 Theoretical Implications of Social Network Findings 153 Suggestions for Further Research • • • • • • • • • • • • 154 The Status of Social Psychological Theory to SMS • 154 vi Resource Mobilization and Structural Theories • • • 156 Questions for Media/Movement Research • • 160 Conclusion • • • • • • 162 BIBLIOGRAPHY • • 163 Appendix A. FUNDAMENTALIST PUBLICATIONS • • 174 B. NEW RIGHT ORGANIZATIONS • • 176 c. • 178 D. 187 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Net Migration Into U.S. Regions (1950-1975) 16 2. Regressions of Dependent Variables on Year 44 3. Regressions of Dependent Variables on YEAR 45 4. Regressions of Dependent Variables on YEAR 46 5. Regression of Dependent Var. on YEAR and YEAR Squared 48 6. Political Concern on YEAR, YEAR Squared, YEAR Cubed . 49 7. Regressions of Dependent Var. on YEAR and YEAR squared 50 8. Regressions of Dependent Vars. on YEAR and YEAR SQUARED 51 9. Political Concern on YEAR,YEAR SQUARED,YEAR CUBED 52 10. Correlations of Dependent on Contextual Variables (1) 56 11. Correlations of Dependent on Contextual Variables(2) 57 12. Stress by Dimensions 68 13. NCR Group Breakdown 70 14. The Density of Ties Between Groups & Selected Leaders 75 15. Political Preferences:Conservative vs. Liberal 81 16. Inter-Leader Links in Matrix Form 179 17. Distance Scores Matrix ... 188 viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Scree Test 67 2. Multidimensional Representation of NCR Leaders 69 3. The Network Ties of the New Right ...... 78 ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The political mobilization of Christian fundamentalists 1 in the late 1970's into the movement I will label "the New Christian Right" (NCR) has sparked much interest. There has been much written in our newspapers about its colorful personalities and sometimes bizarre actions. Political groups like the American Civil Liberties Union have taken the group to task for what is perceived as the movement's poten- tial threat to our constitutional rights. Other religious traditions have criticized the New Christian Right for what seems like its total disregard for the American pluralist tradition. Even within its own tradition the NCR has come under attack for its
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