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Marlene-Havn-Saether.Pdf (1.771Mb) Zoku Politicians and the Individual Level A case study of parties’ relationships to interest groups in Japan today Marlene Havn Sæther A thesis presented for the degree of Master of Political Science Department of Political Science University of Oslo Autumn, 2020 Word count: 35 700 ii © Marlene Havn Sæther 2020 Zoku Politicians and the Individual Level: A case study of parties’ relationships to interest groups in Japan today Word count: 35 700 http://www.duo.uio.no iii iv Abstract Political parties and interest groups represent two important organized political actors in democracies. Much focus has been put on the two, but separately. Yet their interaction also represents a vital party of democracy. The research on party-interest group relationships in western democracies represents a vital part in understanding how democracies work. Research has shown that historically close party-interest group relationships have in many cases declined in strength and that parties in many cases employ less formal ties to a wide variety of interest groups. Still, scholars find variety both across, and within, countries. The clear majority of research done on party-interest group relationships has been conducted on long-lasting democracies in the West, more specifically Western-Europe. This raises the question of whether the same framework, and conclusions, are also valid for long-lasting democracies beyond the geographical scope of the West. In this thesis, I present a case study of seven parties in Japan – the only Asian country to be included in the ranks of long-lasting western democracies. Japan presents an interesting object of study as the country has had a one-party dominance hardly seen in any other long-lasting western democracies. Through this study, I find that while Japanese parties appear to have relationships with a wide variety of interest groups, they are relatively stronger than their western counterparts. At the same time, certain elements within the Japanese context appear not to immediately follow the patterns of the general party population in long-lasting western democracies. Rather, there appear to be qualities of the party organization and the party system in Japan that indicate there still remains a side to party-interest group relationships in Japan that is left uncovered. v vi Acknowledgements The process of writing this thesis has been challenging in many ways, perhaps even more so due to the situation unfolding in the world. I started writing this thesis in the spring full of vigour and hopefulness after six months in Japan, but quickly realised it would be more challenging than I anticipated. I am therefore very grateful to my academic supervisor Professor Elin Haugsgjerd Allern, your encouragements have helped immensely. I am thankful for our many discussions and your engagement in this thesis. I have been privileged to write under your guidance, and any future students would be lucky to do the same. I would also like to thank Professor Uekami Takayoshi of Kokugakuin University for his valuable input on the rabbit hole that is Japanese politics. I fear I would have been lost if not for your valuable answers. Throughout my seven years at the University of Oslo, and during my time in Japan I have been lucky to get to know a number of incredible people and I will surely look back on this time fondly. These two years have especially been tough and interesting, and I am indebted to my friends for their support and encouragement. In Japan they say ‘friends are known first in hardships’, which is fitting to describe the ones who have tackled this degree with me – Erlend, Iselin, Helge and Alban — thank you for being there. To Silje and Håvard, thank you for helping me through this thesis with both ice cream and proofreading. In addition, I wish to express my gratitude to Professor Tomoko Okazaki Hansen, my interest in Japan and my proficiency in the Japanese language would never have come this far if not for you. Finally, to my family, thank you for always cheering me on no matter what I have chosen to pursue in life. Any errors or shortcomings in this thesis are entirely my own. vii viii Contents 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research Question and Aim of Thesis ............................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Political Parties and Interest Groups ............................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Outline............................................................................................................................................................ 5 2.0 Japan: Political Institutions, Parties and Interest groups ........................ 7 2.1 Parliamentary Government and Executive System........................................................................................ 8 2.2 Parties and Party System ............................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Party Organization ....................................................................................................................................... 11 2.4 Interest Groups in Japan .............................................................................................................................. 12 2.5 Bureaucracy and Public Policy Making ........................................................................................................ 16 2.6 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 3.0 Research and the Current State of Affairs ............................................... 19 3.1 Long term Party Development and Party-Interest Group Relationships ..................................................... 19 3.2 Persisting Links or a Gradual distancing: Empirical Studies ........................................................................ 23 3.2.1 Labour Unions and Parties ................................................................................................................... 24 3.2.2 General Development of Party-Interest Group Relationships ............................................................ 25 3.2.3 Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 27 3.3 Party-Interest Group Relationships in Japan ............................................................................................... 28 3.3.1 Political Cleavage and Ideology in a Conservative Electorate ............................................................. 28 3.3.2 Catch-all Meets Cadre, or Neither? ..................................................................................................... 29 3.3.3 Traditional Allies and Their Development ........................................................................................... 30 3.3.4 How are Party-Interest Group Relationships in Japan today?............................................................. 34 3.3.5 Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 36 4.0 Framework for The Thesis ........................................................................ 38 4.1 Defining Party-Interest Group Relationships ............................................................................................... 38 4.2 The Three Faces of Party Organization ........................................................................................................ 40 4.3 Factors Shaping Party-Group Relationships ................................................................................................ 42 4.3.1 Ideology and Political Cleavage ........................................................................................................... 42 4.3.2 Political Institutions ............................................................................................................................. 43 4.3.3 Ideology and resources ........................................................................................................................ 46 4.4 The Japanese Context and Party-Interest Group Relationships................................................................... 47 4.4.1 What to expect? ................................................................................................................................... 50 4.5 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................... 51 5.0 Data and Methods ....................................................................................... 53 5.1 Case Study .................................................................................................................................................... 53 ix 5.2 The Data ....................................................................................................................................................... 55 5.3 Operationalization ....................................................................................................................................... 57 5.4 Summary .....................................................................................................................................................
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