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The Depopulation of the Bulgarian Villages

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The Depopulation of the Bulgarian Villages Bulletin of Geography. Socio–economic Series No. 17 (2012): 99–107 BULLETIN OF GEOGRAPHY. SOCIO–ECONOMIC SERIES journal homepages: http://www.bulletinofgeography.umk.pl http://versita.com/bgss ISSN 1732–4254 semiannual The depopulation of the Bulgarian villages Chavdar Mladenov1, Margarita Ilieva2 1Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography, Sofia 1113, G. Bonchev, Bl. 3, Bulgaria; e-mail: [email protected] (corresponding author), 2Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography, Sofia 1113, G. Bonchev, Bl. 3, Bulgaria; Kazimierz Wielki University, Institute of Geography, 15 Mińska, 85‒438 Bydgoszcz, Poland; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Mladenov, C. and Ilieva, M., 2012: The depopulation of the Bulgarian villages. In: Szymańska, D. and Biegańska, J. editors, Bulletin of Geography. Socio–economic Series, No. 17, Toruń: Nicolaus Copernicus University Press, pp. 99–107. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-012-0010-8 Abstract. The depopulation process in Bulgaria, especially in rural areas, is in- Article details: tensifying due to deepening unfavourable trends in the dynamics of demographic Received: 14 October 2011 processes. Depopulation is a typical process in the fourth phase of demographic Revised: 25 November 2011 transition in rural areas of Bulgaria. The death rates exceed birth rates in the rural Accepted: 21 March 2012 areas in the mid-1970s. The size of rural population and the number of villages in the country has been decreasing in the last decades. A large part of the villages were affected by depopulation processes during the period 1985‒2007. A high de- population level is observed in border and mountainous regions. The depopulation generates an array of different negative trends in the spatial aspect – in socio-eco- nomic development, technical and social infrastructure, as well as the erasure of many small villages. The regional development plans need to embed measures for infrastructural development in order to attract and retain residents, utilise natural Key words: Bulgaria, demographic processes, and cultural-historical heritage, and to stimulate economic activities and the devel- demographic transition, opment of various types of tourism, etc. demographic crisis, © 2012 Nicolaus Copernicus University Press. All rights reserved. depopulation, village. Contents: 1. Introduction ........................................................................... 99 2. Material and research results: analysis of depopulation........................................ 100 3. Conclusions ............................................................................ 107 References ............................................................................. 107 1. Introduction synthesised display of the demographic crisis. As a term it has geographical essence for depopulation is Depopulation study is a very important scientific always a process in a certain area (territory). The term and applied problem. The relevance of this problem ‘depopulation’ signifies a decrease in the total popula- has been constantly increasing in Bulgaria as a result tion number (as a result of natural and/or migration of the ongoing negative demographic processes, the decrease). The catastrophic character of that process socio-economic transformation, the reproductive has not yet been studied because of a lack of detailed and migration behaviour change, as well as the role statistical data and representative field research data of family, the religion, etc. Depopulation is the visible for a low-level territorial unit (settlements). © 2012 Nicolaus Copernicus University Press. All rights reserved. Unauthenticated Download Date | 12/6/17 1:21 PM 100 Chavdar Mladenov, Margarita Ilieva / Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 17 (2012): 99–107 areas (in the mid-1970s) compared to the country 2. Material and research results: as a whole (the beginning of the 1990s). This fourth analysis of depopulation phase was fueled also by crisis of socio-economic situation in the country during the 1990s as well as Depopulation analysis allows researchers to iden- emigration. tify the reasons which provoke it, the probability for The size of rural population in Bulgaria has been depopulation and its geographic span (Fig. 1). The decreasing constantly throughout the second half of depopulation process in Bulgaria, as well as in other the 20th century as a result of many factors (Fig. 2). countries, especially in rural areas, is intensifying The relative share of rural population is also declin- due to deepening unfavourable trends in the dynam- ing – from 75.3% (1946), 35.2% (1985) to 29.3% ics of demographic processes (Szymańska, 2009; (2007). The analysis shows that during this period Szymańska et al., 2009). These negative trends are the negative trends have worsened – the number and a result of multiple interconnected factors which have share of population loss in the villages in the periods been exercising their influence for a long time – the between censuses have risen (Table 1). These negative intensive rural-to-urban migration in the acceler- trends have continued during recent years and as a re- ated industrialisation period 1950s–1970s, constantly sult the number of the rural population has decreased lowering birth rates, decrease of rural demographic by higher rates than the total population of the coun- potential, slow rural economic development, negative try (Fig. 3). demographic processes in the recent decades, etc. The number of villages has also been decreas- The term ‘depopulation’ from a geographical point ing – from 5,927 (1946), 5,146 (1985) to 5,052 (2007). of view in this paper stands for population decrease Historically, this is due to changes in national bound- and deterioration of demographic structures to a scale aries (until 1940), foundation of new settlements (as which leads to permanent impossibility of population a result of refugee waves), urbanisation, foundation of reproduction in rural areas. Depopulation is a typical new industrial settlements in mining regions (which process in the fourth phase of demographic transition were statistically considered rural), etc. Some villages in rural areas of Bulgaria, where death rates exceed were erased from the National Settlements register birth rates. This phase began much earlier in the rural because of their incorporation into nearby towns Depopulation Regressive Ageing reproduction DEPOPULATION External Internal Age structure factors factors Wars Epidemics Nature Religion Natural Migration catastrophes Tradition Psychological decrease Culture Economical Political Urbanisation Fig. 1. Major depopulation factors and consequences Source: Mladenov, Ch. 2009: Geographical analysis of the demographic crisis in Bulgaria – research work qualifying for ‘Doctor of Sciences’ degree Unauthenticated Download Date | 12/6/17 1:21 PM Chavdar Mladenov, Margarita Ilieva / Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 17 (2012): 99–107 101 6000 processes – from 130 (2001) to 170 (2007). The names of 38 villages were erased from the National 5000 Settlements register during the period 2001‒2007, 4000 24 of them in 2007. 3000 The depopulation process can also be demon- Thousands strated by the change in the structure settlements by 2000 size. Villages in Bulgaria are divided into 5 categories 1000 according to the Administrative and Settlements 0 Arrangement Act (1995): very small (population up 1946 1956 1965 1975 1985 1992 2001 to 200 people), small (200‒1,000 people), medium (1,000‒2,000 people), large (2,000‒5,000 people) and Fig. 2. Number of rural population in Bulgaria according to census data (in thousand people) very large (more than 5,000 people). The number of very large villages in Bulgaria has decreased from Source of data: National Statistical Institute 10 (1985) to 2 (2007), and therefore the large and very large villages are combined in one category in this Table 1. Changes in number of rural population in the study – as villages with more than 2,000 inhabitants. periods between censuses The analysis shows that in the period between 1946 A B C D E F and 2007 the number of villages in Bulgaria has de- a –236.5 –652.6 –737.4 –518.0 –365.9 –328.4 creased by 15%. The most drastic decrease is that of the b –23.6 –72.5 –73.8 –51.8 –50.2 –41.1 number of large villages (more than 4 times), which is c –0.5 –1.5 –1.8 –1.5 –1.7 –1.6 due mostly to obtaining urban status, and the number Explanation: A – 1947‒1956; B – 1957‒1965; C – 1966‒ of medium villages (more than 2.7 times). Only the ‒1975; D – 1976‒1985; E – 1986‒1992; F – 1993‒2001; number of small settlements has been increasing – it a – total (thousand people); b – relative change throughout doubled during the period 1946‒2007 while the fast- the certain period (thousand people); c – average annual est increase was registered after1985 (Table 2). change throughout the certain period (thousand people) The number of villages has decreased by 94 dur- Source of data: National Statistical Institute ing the period 1985‒2007, 16 of them became urban settlements. Because of population changes, 1,295 villages have moved into another category. The ma- ( cities) or obtaining urban status themselves. After jority of those settlements (1,252 villages or 24.8% 1990, some of those previously incorporated villages of the total number of villages in the country) have separated from the urban centres for various reasons. lost population and therefore have moved into the The number of unpopulated villages has been rising
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