Establishment of Waste Network for Sustainable Solid Waste Management Planning and Promotion of Integrated Decision Tools in the Balkan Region
(BALKWASTE)
LIFE07/ENV/RO/686
Action 3: Evaluation of waste infrastructure in the Bulgarian target region – Razlog Municipality
Sofia, December 2010 2nd Revision
Main authors: Lucia Ilieva, Margarita Hristova, Iskra Kuncheva, Velika Chimeva (CSDCS) Contributors: Kyriakos Elaiopoulos, Tudor Dau (EFCon), George Katsanos, Eleni Feleki, Christos Venetis (Euroconsultants), Fotis Kourmousis, Dimitra Poulia (NTUA)
ABREVIATIONS
MOEW Ministry of Environment and Water MSW Municipal Solid waste NSI National Statistical Institute RIOSW Regional Inspectorate of Environment and Water PUDOS Programme for Actions related to environment OP Operational programme MW Municipal waste WM Waste management
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 3
1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 5
1.1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 6 1.2. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 8 1.3. TOURISM 9 1.4. TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE 10
2. DETAILED DATA FOR MUNICIPALITIES INCLUDED IN THE WM PROJECT 13
2.1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 13 2.2. ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 17
3. WASTE MANAGEMENT STAKEHOLDERS 20
4. WASTE QUANTITIES 21
5. WASTE COLLECTION 24
6. SEPARATION AT SOURCE SCHEMES 26
7. WASTE TREATMENT 29
8. COSTS 35
9. CONCLUSIONS 37
10. REFERENCES 44
11. ANNEX I – RAZLOG REGIONAL LANDFILL PROJECT 46
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 2 Executive Summary
The report provides a detailed picture of the waste infrastructure in the target region of Razlog and the proposed construction of regional landfill. This landfill will be a modern in regard to technology installation corresponding to the undertaken engagements of the country towards the European community. The common vision is for considerable improvement and preservation of the environment especially in the situation of fast developing tourism and sport in the region.
Detailed data about the municipalities and WM stakeholders, which will use the new regional landfill, is provided. Waste quantities for each settlement are defined. The collected data shows, that the average quantity of collected waste (kg/per inhabitant) differs strongly from the average for Bulgaria in three of four municipalities (Bansko, Yakoruda and Belitsa). The places concerned (four municipalities) are enumerated with data about the number of inhabitants in each settlement and corresponding waste quantities generated per year. The quantity of the generated waste shows lasting and steady growth of about 4 % annually.
The capacity of waste collection is larger that the average per country because of the touristic character of the region. Generally the information shows that the separate collection is being applied in the large settlements and not in small villages. In the reporting data also the percentage of the assimilation of the materials – mainly paper and glass – from the separate collection is shown. Still the resource of recycled waste is not being used fully. The regional targets for Razlog region are much lower than the national ones. MEW estimated that the construction of waste pre-treatment facilities was not economically viable and would lead to excessively high investment and operational costs for the population in regions generating less than 22 000 t/yr (or less than 20 000 t/yr waste for separation). Therefore in Razlog it was not envisaged to construct separation installations for the incoming waste in the regional landfill.
In determination of the waste composition the following several particularities in the region should be considered: There are typical for the rural regions waste from
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 3 animal products; In the region mainly wooden material is being used as energy source, which generates specific waste ; No attempts have been made, nor have projects been developed for further treatment of waste as composting, separation etc.; The separate collection of waste has being partially developed and gradually has being introduced in big settlements only. Still the percentage of packaging waste let for further recycling is low.
The served area coverage is at 100% and is described in Chapter IV. In Bansko and Razlog municipalities 1100 liter vessels Bever type and 110 liter barrels Meva type are being used. In Belitsa and Yakoruda municipalities 4 м³ containers and 110 liter barrels Meva type are being used. The served area coverage Organized collection for all places in the municipality is offered, but with insufficient frequency. The service is carried by municipal companies or by selected private company in accordance with Public Procurement Act. The carried out studies show that the organic component in the waste, generated in the small municipalities in Razlog region, is predominant. In this application in order to find a solution to the European legislation and for the purposes of decreasing of biologically degraded waste to depot, the composting should be considered as a variant for usage of the deposited waste.
The strong side of the existing waste management system in the Razlog region is the existence of structured organization and experts interested in the results in the field of waste management. The weak sides are illustrated by a number of problems that are enumerated and analyzed in details. By means of the proposed Project for Razlog regional landfill (presented in Annex I) and all accompanying activities the overcoming to a great extend of the existing problems is possible. After the fact that the Razlog project for regional landfill was recognized to be the best WM practice in Bulgaria, the project team decided to incorporate installation for pre-treatment of the waste despite the fact that the total waste quantity is 13480 t/y. The last version of the project foresees such installation for mechanical pre-treatment.
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 4 1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
A. THE MUNICIPALITY OF RAZLOG
Territory - 375.77 sq. km Number of population centers - 8 Population -23,018 Administrative center - Razlog town
The Municipality of Razlog is one of the most dynamically developing municipalities in Bulgaria, holding the sixth place according its territory and fifth regarding its population within the region of Blagoevgrad. It occupies an area of 440.314 square km, with total population of 21 652 people, which represent 6.4 % of the whole population in the region. The unique location of the Razlog Hollow in the midst of the three most impressive mountains of the Balkan Peninsula Rila, Pirin and the Rhodopes gives the region an exceptional and extraordinary atmosphere. The region can be reached by automobile transport only - from Sofia via Blagoevgrad (150 km), from Plovdiv via Velingrad (120 km) and from Drama via Exochi – Ylinden (120 km).
The gorgeous valley of the Mesta-Nestos River that runs though the region is a natural link with the Drama region to the south in Greece. The area is rich in curative mineral water. The nearby National Parks of Rila and Pirin are a true paradise of unspoiled nature - a mix of century old fir woods, sunny meadows and impressive rock formations. Over 127 endemic species and 130 kinds of herbs and wild flowers are only part of the great biodiversity of the area. Pirin’s landmarks are the Imperial Eagle, the Wild Goat and the Edelweiss. Rila is the realm of the red deer, the wood-
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 5 grouse and a habitat of endemics like the Rila cowslip and pine-spruce. Rivers are abundant in mountain chub, Rainbow and Balkan trout.
The Municipality of Razlog and all local and regional authorities from the region have active contacts and/or signed agreements for cooperation with partners from the two neighboring border regions. Regardless of the put efforts, the cooperation and good neighborhood between the Blagoevgrad region and the border region from the FYROM suffer a number of problems. To a large extent, these problems are connected to the region’s characteristics. On the other hand, these characteristics are an important factor for the identification of the spheres for cooperation that represent both sides’ interests.
Some of the general characteristics may be defines as the following:
• A clearly expressed difference in the living standards and economic structure and development in the region. An extremely large contrast can be seen in the Macedonian side;
• Different employment levels for each of the border regions, yet the situation in Bulgaria is more positive in this relation;
• Extensive illegal immigration through the border line;
• Undervalued, unused efficiently, neglected education and cultural heritage in both countries.
The main strategic goal for an equal development of the Southwest planning region is the achievement of a regional economic growth, which will provide more and more quality work places, will improve the quality of life, will keep the natural and cultural- historical heritage, and will keep and restore the environment.
- It is typical for the municipalities from the region to redirect sharply their priorities and development objectives, as well as the reconsideration of the resources. Unfortunately, the educational system responds hard and slowly to this re- orientation.
1.1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
Razlog Municipality comprises of 8 settlements – the town of Razlog, which is the
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 6 municipal center, and 7 other villages: Banya, Bachevo, Godlevo, Gorno Draglishte, Dolno Graglishte, Dobarsko, and Eleshnitsa. During the last ten years, the economic development in Razlog Municipality is intensive, despite of the economical pre- structuring on-going processes. The entrepreneurship initiatives are relatively well developed, and for the past five years they have contributed a lot to the accelerated pre-structuring of the municipal economy. These are all activities that mostly refer to the small business profile – a fact that needs to be taken under consideration in determination of the municipal economic development support measures. Razlog Municipality, respectively the town of Razlog as its economic center, is defined as dynamically developing, yet with non-homogeneous pre-structuring economy, but still having gained its market share, and having its large potential for future development and opportunities for becoming the local center of growth.
According to the census conducted in 2001, the number of the population in the municipality is 22 197 people. Women represent slightly advantage in number – 50.4%. In the municipality of Razlog, as well as the whole Blagoevgrad region, the negative demographic processes are not so strongly expressed, as in other regions in the country. During the last few years the natural population growth is negative, but the level is much lower than the average for the country. Also, the percentage of the active population is higher than the average for the country. This is due to the better age structure of the rural population in the municipality, compared to the country’s structure as a whole. The relative percentage of the economically active population for 2001 is 60.6% - higher than the average for the country. The educational structure of the population in the municipality shows a good human resources quality, which can contribute as a factor for successful economic development. The percentage of people who have graduated high school and university is the highest – 46.7%, followed by the ones who have primary education – 27.5%, people with primary or lower education are 19.6% and the illiterates are 0.9%. The highest share of people who have graduated higher education is in the town of Razlog – 46.8%, compared to the share in the villages – 35.3%.
The unemployment level in Razlog Municipality as of February 2006, according to the information provided by the National Statistical Institute, is 8.16%. The registered unemployment rate is lower than the average for the country – 11.50% for the same
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 7 period. During the past years, the unemployment level has dropped down from 20.12% in 2000. The dynamic change in the unemployment rate continues during 2006 as well. The educational structure of the unemployed people shows that 186 of them have higher education, 301 have secondary vocational education, 57 have high-school diplomas, 445 of them have primary or lower education. The labour force professional qualification level is not adequate to the labor market demands. A large part of the labour force has relatively high educational level, but still at the same time it suffers the lack of contemporary professional competency elements, it is characterized with narrow professional specialization, which determines its low mobility and adaptability.
1.2. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Razlog municipality could be defined as dynamically developing economic center with balanced economic structure. The town has already seized its own market share and has great potential for future development and possibilities exist for its becoming a local economic center. It falls into the same group of economic centers as Bansko, Simitli, Sandanski, Petrich and Gotse Delchev.
Razlog is among the municipalities, which have attracted the largest share of foreign investments in Blagoevgrad district. The reasons are related mainly to the transport- geographic location of the municipality, the qualified work force as well as with the existence of free fund of buildings – municipal property. The structure of the direct foreign investments considerably differs from the one of Blagoevgrad district. In Razlog municipality the most significant investment projects are in the sphere of the: high technologies – Michigan Magnetics, USA, Ameritech, Incoms Telecom Holding AD, Austria; furniture industry – Hamefa, Holland; sewing industry – Alpitex Company, Italy, Abatis, Greece; tourism – tourist complexes, hotels and SPA centers.
The attracted foreign investments in Razlog municipality play a significant role in the development of some traditional industries, in the creation of new work places and in settling on new markets. Those constitute an important factor for finding solution to the unemployment problem. The improved business climate in Razlog municipality as
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 8 well as the active policy of backing of the investors, carried out by the municipality, is a factor, which will be favorable for attracting of direct foreign investments in the years to come on its territory.
1.3. TOURISM
Razlog municipality has a great potential for the development of different forms of tourism – winter, spa, rustic, hunting, route. There is a good tourist material base on the territory of the municipality as well as well marked tourist routes into the mountains, which favors walking tourism. There are a tourist association, tourist house, chalets, hunting & fishing association, water basins and trout reserves functioning in the municipality. The development of as a tourist center should be bounded with the objects of informative tourism in the vicinity of the municipality, which have already obtained international recognition as Rila monastery, Melnik, Nikopolis ad Nestrum, Kovachevitsa, Dolen.
The preserved unique cultural traditions and monuments on the territory of the municipality should find their place in the tourist products, which will be offered on the territory of the municipality and the region as a whole. The golf course under construction in Razlog will have an impact on attracting tourists as it will offer more varied possibilities for entertainment in the free time. An exceptional investment interest for developing rustic tourism in the village of Dolno Dragliste exists. There is also an investment interest in provision of tourist services in the village of Bachevo. In this connection it is necessary the tourist infrastructure to be improved, the matter of the concession of the mineral springs “Baniste” to be settled, a building and regulation plan of the countryside of Perivol to be developed, the sewerage network in the village to be further constructed and the functioning water-conduit to be reconstructed.
Razlog has an advantage compared to the other tourist settlements in the region as better developed industrially in regard to specialization in different catering activities and services to be offered to the tourist companies. It is possible to strive for creation and development of a regional tourist cluster in the coming years, through which the
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 9 more successful development and good market positions of the companies, working in the sphere of tourism as well as of those providing services, to be guaranteed. Nature-orientated tourist activities include hiking, biking and horse-riding, green schools, fishing and picnics. Such services are offered by some hotels, horse riding clubs and the Visitor Center in Dobarsko. The higher category hotels Katarino (3 km from Razlog), Aspa Villa and Roman Spa (in the village of Banya) offer spa and fitness services, which are open to the public.
Options for accommodation in the region of Razlog range from the four stars Katarino Spa Hotel to the two and tree stars hotels in Razlog, and the villages of Banya, Dobarsko and Godlevo A cheaper alternative are the Yavorov and Dodarsko Mountain Chalets, as well as the cozy guest houses and rooms for rent in most of the settlements. Restaurants at hotels and traditional taverns decorated in typical Bulgarian style offer original rustic atmosphere and local meals and drinks. Exceptional culinary tasting of home-made food can be organized upon request in the villages of Bachevo, Dobarsko and Gorno Draglishte.
The exuberant culture of the Razlog region reflects in treasured traditions, holidays and lifestyle - a mix of ancient rituals, Christian-orthodox ceremonies and authentic folklore customs. Of exceptional interest is the Kukeri carnival (banishing of evil spirits) celebrated with lots of music, dancing and colorful costumes. Especially intriguing are the Kukeri revels in Razlog and Eleshnitsa, as well as the traditional horse races (koushii) at the St. Theodore’s Day in Bachevo. Singing performances of local amateur folk groups in Godlevo, Dobarsko and Bachevo are strongly admired. Gorno Draglshte and Dobarsko are popular for crafts demonstrations and local customs remakes.
1.4. TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
The road network in Razlog municipality has total length of 75.5 km from which 35 km belong to the national road network and 40.5 km are municipal roads. Through the municipality passes secondary road II – No. 19, connecting the region with the town of Simitli and the international road E-79, respectively with Kulata border crossing, Republic of Greece. The secondary road II – No. 84 connects Razlog
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 10 municipality with the towns of Velingrad and Septemvri and from there to first-rate road I – No. 8 and Trakia highway, thus providing connection to the central and eastern parts of the country. The density of the roads from the national road network in the municipality is 79.9 km per 1000 sq m, of the municipal roads – 92 km/1000 sq m respectively. As a whole the road network in the municipality is not in good condition for exploitation. Most of the municipal roads are in need of tenantable repair.
For the future development of Razlog municipality and the rest of the municipalities in the upper part of Mesta river – Bansko, Belitsa and Yakoruda – it is necessary the roads II-19 and II-84, integrating the region in national and regional aspect, to be reconstructed and kept in good condition thus ensuring its connections to the main international transport axes – Corridor No. 4 and Corridor No. 8. The opening of the new border pass Ilinden will contribute to attracting more foreign investments and broadening of the economic and social collaboration with the regions in North Greece, but this is related to applying measures for improvement of the regional and local road infrastructure so that the new necessities and requirements of the business in the region should be answered. The reconstruction of road E-79 is financed and realized under the PHARE Program – trans-border collaboration. Razlog municipality is a beneficiary and not executor under this project. The development of tourism on the territory of the municipality also necessitates the development of road connections, providing access to the new touristic places.
The road transport is the main type of transportation on the territory of the municipality. It plays key role for the development of tourism in the region and requires additional investments. The development of tourism in the municipality necessitates reconstruction and covering with permanent road surface of the roads “Predela – Bansko”, village of Dobarsko – village of Godlevo and the countryside of Predela – countryside of Kulinoto – Bansko. It is also necessary transport access to the countryside of Katarino, Sarovitsa and Ravnako, where the construction of new tourist infrastructure and sport installations for sport and entertainment is eminent, to be provided.
The main street network on the territory of the settlements in the municipality is with
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 11 asphalt surface, but its condition is unsatisfactory. A large part of the streets in the villages is narrow and do not favor urbanization activities. Through the municipality passes the narrow-line railway connecting the town of Septemvri with the village of Dobriniste. The railway is of regional importance. The railway stations Bansko, Razlog, Belitsa, Yakoruda and Dobriniste has a free capacity available, but do not offer a good quality of the transport services. The mountainous relief and the specifics of the settlement network as well as the lack of good transport access of the railway stations predetermine their small regions of service provision. A mutual interest of the municipalities along the railway for its inclusion in the tourist products in the region exists. In this connection Orpheus Association has been founded for managing of the narrow-line railway.
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 12 2. DETAILED DATA FOR MUNICIPALITIES INCLUDED IN THE WM PROJECT
The municipalities – beneficiaries are located in the southwestern part of Bulgaria and are neighbors. The region includes Rila mountain (highest point on the Balkan Peninsula – peak Musala, 2925 m), Pirin mountain and Rodopa mountain or parts of those mountains. There is one big river – Mesta and the inhabitants are concentrated in its valleys. The beautiful and preserved nature is considered as important resource. The climate varies from temperate to Mediterranean in the southern parts.The regional landfill for MSW will be located on the territory of Razlog municipality as central one for the four municipalities.
2.1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
The general information of the population in the municipalities is presented in the following tables.
Table 1: Number inhabitants per settlement in Razlog Municipality for the period from 2004 to 2008
Settlement 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Village of Bachevo 1 667 1 662 1 667 1 656 1 748
Village of G. Dragliste 1 032 1 017 1 002 996 1 014
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 13 Village of D. Dragliste 646 640 645 638 661
Village of Banya 2 784 2 812 2 811 2 824 3 021
Village of Eleshnitsa 1 540 1 515 1496 1 478 1 580
Village of Dobarsko 653 655 646 641 663
Village of Godlevo 578 572 561 557 582
Town of Razlog 12 604 12 569 12 524 12475 13 421
Table 2: Population of Bansko municipality as of February 2008
Settlement Number of inhabitants
Town of Bansko 9 177
Town of Dobrinist 2 941
Village of Filipovoсело 658
Village of Kremen 282
Village of Mesta 256
Village of Obidim 124
Village of Osenovo 99
Village of Gostun 70
Total for the municipality: 13 607
Table 3: Number inhabitants per settlement in Belitsa Municipality for the period from 2004 to 2008
07.08. Settlement 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Difference 2008
Belitsa 3459 3415 3412 3394 3367 3333 3328 - 131
Kraiste 2148 2197 2195 2231 2268 2283 2331 + 183
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 14 Dagonovo 731 720 713 715 712 710 711 - 20
G. Kraiste 1069 1088 1094 1112 1121 1120 1144 + 75
Babyak 815 813 814 812 799 794 776 - 39
Kusyovo 333 329 301 296 288 288 287 - 46
Chereshovo 282 278 278 276 281 283 281 - 1
Ortsevo 230 225 228 225 224 221 216 - 14
Palatik 253 245 241 244 252 257 253 0
Zlataritsa 191 171 160 155 152 152 135 - 56
Lyutovo 246 237 237 235 235 235 240 - 6
Galabovo 129 127 123 115 110 103 89 - 40
Total 9886 9845 9796 9810 9809 9779 9791 - 95
Table 4: Table of the population in Yakoruda municipality according to permanent and current address
Year 2007 Year 2007
Settlement Total according to Total according to permanent address current address
Village of Smolevo 591 569
Village of Konarsko 1040 993
Village of Cherna Mesta 416 394
Village of Yurukovo 1180 1178
Town of Yakoruda 6240 5809
Village of Avramovo 732 686
Village of Bel kamen 604 582
Village of Buntsevo 534 549
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 15 Year 2006 Year 2006
Settlement Total according to Total according to permanent address current address
590 566
Village of Smolevo 1048 1002
Village of Konarsko 420 396
Village of Cherna Mesta 1186 1179
Village of Yurukovo 6280 5854
Town of Yakoruda 732 690
Village of Avramovo 608 585
Village of Bel kamen 526 542
Year 2005 Year 2005
Settlement Total according to Total according to permanent address current address
598 581
Village of Smolevo 1051 1000
Village of Konarsko 421 397
Village of Cherna Mesta 1183 1172
Village of Yurukovo 6335 5923
Town of Yakoruda 720 683
Village of Avramovo 610 583
Village of Bel kamen 542 558
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 16 Razlog municipality lays in the group of municipalities with population from 20 000 to 30 000 persons. Predominant are the municipalities with population from 10 000 to 20 000 persons – Bansko and Yakoruda. With population from 6 000 to 10 000 persons is Belitsa municipality. For the period 1985 - 1992 Blagoevgrad district is the only one in the country with positive growth in population (about 7.5 thousand persons or 0.31% average annual rate of growth). For the years between the last two censuses (1992 - 2001) a detention in the population in the district has been registered till 1996, after which a process of decrease started (about 8 thousand persons or average annual rate – 0.26%). The average annual rate of с population growth in the country for 1992 - 2003 is – 0.69%.
The population in the villages of the district has been decreasing since the middle of the fifties. For the period 1992 - 2003 the villages have lost about 5 % from their inhabitants. The expectations are that with the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union and the development of alternate tourism and of the economy in the district in principle the population in the villages will increase. The demographic development of the four municipalities is characterized by the following trends – preservation of the total population, growth of the inhabitants in the towns and decrease of those in the villages; favorable for the economic development of the region age structure, educational level and qualification of the population.
2.2. ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
In regard to their economic development the municipalities could be divided in two groups:
1 – Razlog and Bansko – municipalities with comparatively heterogeneous economic structures and economic power, but with great future potential for development and possibilities for becoming local centers of growth;
2 – Belitsa and Yakoruda – municipalities with inherited monoculture and less developed economy.
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 17 Structural determining industrial branches in the district are:
а – Food industry, which companies are engaged mainly in vegetables, tobacco products, production of alcoholic beverages. The food industry is one of the most perspective branches of the local economy with broad export potential; b – Sewing industry, which has become extremely important for the district’s economy in recent years. Prevailing are small and micro companies, mainly with the participation of foreign investors (Greek, German, French), which create new own or mixed enterprises in the district. A number of those companies are competitive and produce high quality confection, knitted goods, underwear for export. Due to the relatively low investments, put into its development, the branch is very mobile and with perspectives of short duration for development in the municipalities; c – Woodworking and furniture industry – the development of the branch is based on use of local raw materials and has perspectives. The branch has marked export potential; d – Electronics and electric engineering – represented mainly by radio electronic and communication techniques. As an example for development of high technologies in the district Razlog municipality could be pointed out, where a relatively large foreign investment has been made by Michigan Magnetics AD during the privatization of the former state enterprise Magnitni glavi. With American investments another enterprise has been founded in the sector of high technologies – Ameritech in the village of Banya – for production of telemetric equipment for export on the American markets; e – Industry for building materials – production and processing of marble, gneiss, woodwork and other building materials; h – Foundry and production of machine components – characterized by decrease and small enterprises; g – Tourism – with great potential for development in the four municipalities. Main persons are:
1 – Bansko municipality with the town of Bansko – ski resort of international importance with the best hotels’ infrastructure both for winter and summer tourism; village of Dobriniste – balneological resort of local importance;
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 18 2 – In the region of Razlog municipality have been differentiated: mountainous resort countryside Predel (summer and ski tourism); town of Razlog itself known for the kukeri celebrations; village of Banya, village of Dobarsko – a popular place for all types of tourism. Of special importance on the territory of the municipality is Bayuvi dupki – Dzhindzheritsa Reserve. Perspective for the region is the development of golf tourism;
3 – Mountaneous countryside Semkovo (Belitsa municipality) – summer recreational and winter ski tourism;
4 – Mountainous resort countryside Trestenik (Yakoruda municipality) – summer recreational and minimal winter ski tourism; in the municipality’s region renown are the Yakoruda mineral springs near which there is a swimming and hotel infrastructure on a small scale.
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 19 3. WASTE MANAGEMENT STAKEHOLDERS
The planning activities are carried out by the mayors of Razlog, Bansko, Belitsa and Yakoruda and the corresponding municipal councils. The coordination activities as well as the required accounting are carried out by the vice-mayors and the experts in the Territorial planning and Ecology Departments with the municipal administrations. Experts from the Ecology Departments carry out the function of a special unit for control of the execution of the service as well as imposing fines and sanctions for infringements. The mayors of the municipalities organize the management of waste activities for the waste created on their territory according to the Waste Management Act by providing conditions where each owner of domestic waste is serviced by licensed persons, authorized for waste management activities.
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 20 4. WASTE QUANTITIES
According to the Annual statements for waste of the municipalities for 2007 the quantities domestic waste, generated by the population and deposited into the municipal depots, amount to: Razlog municipality – 9851 tons, Bansko municipality – 18 500 tons, Belitsa municipality - 8 750 tons, Yakoruda municipality – 6 800 tons. Data for the existing condition in the waste management sphere:
Table 5: Generation of MSW
Reporting data for generation of domestic waste on the territory of Bansko municipality
Domestic waste Construction Year Total waste waste
t t t
2005 16316 1800 18116
2006 18000 4000 22000
2007 18000 4000 22000
Data for the generated MSW by Belitsa municipality
t t t
2007 8750
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 21
Data for the generated SMW by Yakoruda municipality
t t t
2005 7800 - 7800
2006 6900 - 6900
2007 6800 - 6800
Data of the generated MSW on the territory of Razlog municipality
t t t
2007 9851 -
Total quantity MSW for the four municipalities
2007 43401
According to the data of the National Statistic Institute’s offices for civil status the data for the number of inhabitants as of the moment is determined at:
Table 6
No. MUNICIPALITY NUMBER OF REMARK INHABITANTS
01 RAZLOG 22 803 Additionally from seasonal visiting of the hotel part
24 000
02 BANSKO 12 908 Additionally from seasonal visiting of the hotel part
34 000
03 BELITSA 10 314
04 YAKORUDA 10 897
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 22 According to the data from the applied Waste management programs by the municipal offices the data for the domestic waste quantities, generated by the population and deposited in the municipal depots, amount to:
Table 7
No. MUNICIPALITY QUANTITY IN Т
01 RAZLOG 9851
02 BANSKO 18 500
03 BELITSA 8 569
04 YAKORUDA 10 200 – 10 400
Interpretation of the collected data: The collected data shows, that the average quantity of collected waste (kg/per inhabitant) differs strongly from the average for Bulgaria in three of four municipalities (Bansko, Yakoruda and Belitsa).
Table 8
No. MUNICIPALITY QUANTITY
(kg/inh./year)
01 RAZLOG 432
02 BANSKO 1433
03 BELITSA 830
04 YAKORUDA 945
The cause of this is the great number of tourists in the three municipalities during the winter high season (October-March), where the number of population increases up to three times. In Razlog the quantities of collected waste are close to the average for the country (468 kg/inh./year - 2007), but the expectations are in the next decade to increase with the development of tourism in this municipality.
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 23 5. WASTE COLLECTION
In Bansko and Razlog municipalities 1100 liter vessels Bever type and 110 liter barrels Meva type are being used. In Belitsa and Yakoruda municipalities 4 м³ containers and 110 liter barrels Meva type are being used. The served area coverage is at 100%. Organized collection for all places in the municipality is offered, but with insufficient frequency. The service is carried by municipal companies or by selected private company in accordance with Public Procurement Act. Due to the usage of mainly wood material as energy source a typical waste is being generated after its burning, which at present is collected along with the domestic waste.
As usual, the mayors of the municipalities are responsible for: 1 – provision of vessels for domestic waste preservation – containers, garbage cans etc.; 2 – collection of the domestic waste and their transportation to the depots or other installations and equipment for their diffusion; 3 – cleaning of the street lanes, pavements, alleys, park areas etc.; 4 – choice of site, construction, maintenance, exploitation, closing and monitoring of the depots for domestic and construction waste or other installations and equipment for diffusion of domestic and construction waste; 5 – separate collection of domestic waste inclusive of packaging waste by determining the sites for location of the necessary elements of the separate collection system and sorting out of packaging; 6 – organization of the activity for collection and preservation of the motor vehicles
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 24 out of use on the sites for temporary preservation as well as determination of the location and number of those sites; 7 – prevention of throwing away of waste at forbidden for this purpose places and/or creation of illegal dung-hills; 8 – determination of sites for change of worked-out motor oils and notification of the public of this; 9 – organization of the activities for collection and temporary preservation of WEEE and its handing over for preliminary treatment, secondary use, recycling, usage and/or diffusing in case of signed contract, financed by organization for utilization of WEEE or by producers or importers of electric and electronic equipment, executing their obligations individually, or by the Programme for Management of Activities Related to Environment (PUDOS) 10 – determination of sites for placing of vessels for collection of unfit for usage batteries.
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 25 6. SEPARATION AT SOURCE SCHEMES
According to data from the Waste management programs partially separate collection of waste has been organized mainly in the large settlements as follows:
Table 9
No. MUNICIPALITY COLLECTION TYPE
01 RAZLOG PARTIALLY SEPARATED
02 BANSKO PARTIALLY SEPARATED
03 BELITSA PARTIALLY SEPARATED
04 YAKORUDA PARTIALLY SEPARATED
The data from the reports made by the offices related to the waste management show the following composition of waste:
Table 10: Composition of waste
Waste type Volume density Volume Quantity Weight
kg/m³ percentages waste percentages % kg/m³ %
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 26 1. Paper and 55 16,71 9,19 3,72 board
2. Textile 90 4,7 4,23 1,71
3. Plastic 85 4,51 3,83 1,55
4. Rubber, leather 135 1,75 2,36 0,96
5. Wood 225 1,97 4,43 1,79
6. Food and 275 29,9 82,22 33,31 animal waste
7. Metal 450 2,45 11,02 4,46
8. Glass 675 0,64 4,32 1,75
9. Other 335 37,37 125,19 50,72
TOTAL - 100% 246,81 100%
Interpretation:
Generally the information shows that the separate collection is being applied in the large settlements and not in small villages. In the reporting data also the percentage of the assimilation of the materials – mainly paper and glass – from the separate collection is shown. Understandably the metal waste quantity is insignificant because of the lack of big enterprises of metal proceeding industry. On the grounds of contractual relationships the separate collection of waste in the main municipal centers have been realized. Still the resource of recycled waste is not being used fully. The activity for treatment of waste is financed by garbage fee through the municipal budgets. The used technical means are varied and generally aged.
No specialized study, showing the exact morphological and chemical composition of waste, exists. Up till now the information entered into the cards of National monitoring system is determined approximately on the grounds of evaluation made by the experts of the municipality. In determination of the waste composition the following several particularities in the region should be considered:
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 27 • In the waste composition there are typical for the rural regions waste from animal products.
• The ideas for treatment of sediments from waste water treatment station have not been considered.
• In the region mainly wooden material is being used as energy source, which generates specific waste.
• No attempts have been made, nor have projects been developed for further treatment of waste as composting, separation etc.
• The separate collection of waste has being partially developed and gradually has being introduced in big settlements only. Still the percentage of packaging waste let for further recycling is low.
Trends in the parameters
• The permanent inhabitants in the region, shown in the initial data, show trend for gradual slow aging and decrease. This is related to the character of employment in the region.
• Seasonal and considerable change in the number of inhabitants and generating waste during the winter period.
• The morphological composition changes during the year and in winter predominant is the “city” type waste instead of the waste from the rural regions during the remaining periods of the year.
• The quantity of the generated waste shows lasting and steady growth of about 4 % annually. This could be established from the enclosed analyses to the Programs of the municipalities.
The treated quantity of waste is about 330 kg/inhabitant, which is lower than the design norm. The difference remains as a reserve during the exploitation period of the installation.
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 28 7. WASTE TREATMENT
The mayor of the corresponding municipality is obliged to take actions for determination of a new site for construction of a new installation for disposal of waste upon his notification of capacity’s exhaustion of the depot in action or after expiration of the exploitation term of the respective installation.
In the Razlog region, the status of the problems in regard to MSW treatment proves the necessity of construction of a modern installation for waste treatment in conformity with the general requirements. Up to now no study has been carried out in the region and no modern ideas have been developed. On behalf of the municipal authorities and the control authorities of MEW – RIEW settlements by compromise in regard to the requirements have been implemented, which partially satisfy the new regulatory requirements, but the environmental parameters are not protected and the existing depots are not being treated in accordance with the regulatory requirements. The whole waste management process has not been economically studied. The costs for waste treatment on the principle of experimental solutions are covered by garbage fee.
Interpretation:
The main waste treatment characteristics at present in Razlog are:
• Waste is transported to determined municipal depots and processed under the terms of previous regulations;
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 29 • The depots are organized without real control over the delivered waste, without measuring devices /the quantity of the disposed waste is subjectively calculated/;
• The depots are located on the territory without any study of covering the restrictions in Regulations Nos. 7, 8 and do not have the necessary barriers. There are no systems for collection and diffusion of infiltrate, naturally waste gas is being discharged, which at certain condition – humidity and temperature - self-ignites and has additional harmful impact on the air purity as well as creates danger of forest and field fires;
• The depots are treated incidentally with unspecialized and ineffective technical means, because of which the existing volume could not be used adequately;
• The existing landfills are located in the few suitable for the purpose areas, close to roads, without undertaking the necessary protections /green belts/ and present unpleasant view for the numerous tourists and guests of the region;
• For the existing dung-hills the bringing and servicing infrastructure has not been constructed /in most cases/. The roads for access are mostly macadam type covering without the necessary engineering installations, power lines and water conduits are missing, also the objects for servicing the activity are missing – on the sites mainly and only vans for the guards are placed;
• In some areas of the existing depots, due to low control, construction waste has been deposited and left untreated, which quantity has increased very fastly in the region; some close territories are being used as temporary or permanent depots for soil compound, which generally shows not-good and ineffective usage of the territories for waste purposes.
Recycling potential:
The regional targets for recycling of the municipal waste in Bulgaria are defined considering the specific characteristics of the regions The targets are differentiated, so as to guarantee that at national level they will be achieved without imposing of “unbearably” high investment and operational costs for the population in regions,
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 30 where the construction of special separation facilities is not cost efficient.
The recycling targets in regions, where construction of facilities is not envisaged will be achieved through other measures, including household composting and “green” waste sites, separate collection, etc. The regions are divided into 3 groups:
o 23, where construction of separation installations, recycling and composting facilities are cost efficient and are envisaged.
o 29, where composting facilities construction is only envisaged. Razlog is in this group.
Table 11: Regional targets for recycling and recovery of municipal waste Region 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Razlog 7,35% 7,39% 7,43% 7,47% 7,51%
The regional targets for Razlog region are much lower than the national ones. MEW estimates that the construction of waste pre-treatment facilities is not economically viable and would lead to excessively high investment and operational costs for the population in regions generating less than 22 000 t/yr (or less than 20 000 t/yr waste for separation). Therefore in Razlog it was not envisaged to construct separation installations for the incoming waste in the regional landfill.
After the fact that the razlog project for regional landfill was re4cognised to be the best WM practice in Bulgaria, the project team decided to incorporate installation for pre-treatment of the waste despite the fact that the total waste quantity is of 13480 t/y. The last version of the project foresees such installation for mechanical pre- treatment with the following parameters:
- Separation of metal waste by magnets with capacity of 760 t/y;
- Glass – 1900 t/y
- Plastics – 3700 t/y
- Paper – 5120 t/y
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 31 - Non-recyclable waste for landfilling – 2000 t/y
The carried out studies show that the organic component in the waste, generated in the small municipalities in Razlog region, is predominant. In this application in order to find a solution to the European legislation and for the purposes of decreasing of biologically degraded waste to depot, the composting should be considered as a variant for usage of the deposited waste. A part of the preliminary treatment of waste prior to depositing in the regional landfill is the separation from the common flow of waste of specific waste flows, inclusive of out-of-use motor vehicles, out-of-use electric and electronic equipment, worked-up motor oils, unusable batteries and accumulator batteries as well as different types hazardous domestic waste – paints, varnish, medicines etc. This is possible in public collection centers for each of the municipalities – for Razlog municipality it is possible to be located on the territory of the landfill, for Yakoruda and Belitsa municipalities – as a part of the reloading station and for Bansko municipality – at a suitable site close to the municipal center.
The current recycling potential of Razlog is shown on the next table:
Table 12: Summary for Razlog region
Total area Population Waste Waste for Waste for Cost for (km2) Quantity separation composting construction (T/year) (T/year) (T/year) of composting facilities (Euro)
1564,45 54333 21189,87 19805,43 1384,44 210 000
There are not any recycling enterprises on the Razlog territory. Some small factories treat waste from wood processing industry producing eco-pellets and eco-briskets. The separation of packaging waste exists in Razlog and the villages of Bachevo, Bania and Eleshnitsa encompassing 19313 inhabitants.
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 32 Disposal routes
The municipal waste is transported to the existing Razlog landfill, which is situated in the Sedarch valley. The distances from the settlements where the MW is collected are as follows: Razlog - 5 km.
Villages: Bachevo – 10 km. Gorno Draglishte – 18 km. Dolno Draglishte – 16 km. Bania – 10 km. Dobarsko – 25 km. Eleshnitza – 23 km. Godlevo – 9 km.
Resort zones: Predel – 17 km. Boikov rid – 13 km. Redenka – 13 km. Betlovoto – 14 km. Katarino – 9 km. Shipoko – 11 km. Kulinoto – 19 km. Tisheto – 13 km.
Since June 2009 the existing Razlog municipal landfill is used as common landfill for four municipalities: Razlog, Bansko, Belitsa and Yakorouda. By the end of 2009 the municipalities of Bansko, Belitsa and Yakorouda presented to MEW their projects for closing and recultivation of their local landfills. It was decided that till the opening of the new Razlog regional landfill the existing one will be used for disposing of the MW of all four municipalities. After the opening of the new landfill, the old will be closed and recultivated. The distances and routes are as follows:
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 33 Bansko- route 19, route 84, route BLG3212 to Sedarch valley. Yakouruda – route 84, route BLG2211, route BLG3212 to Sedarch valley. Belitza – route 84, route BLG2211, route BLG3212 to Sedarch valley.
All disposal routes are organized in a manner to pass over towns and villages in the region.
Existing Razlog landfill
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 34 8. COSTS
As usual in Bulgaria, the waste tax is calculated as 2 pro-miles of the property (real estate tax). The increase of the property tax and waste fee will not be substantial considering the market real estate prices in Bulgaria. These two taxes have been falling behind the rapid development of prices in Bulgaria through the recent years, thus they do not pose significant burden for the owners of property. The sole concern from the approved legal change stays with the waste fee. In fact, it can easily be called tax not just fee, since the revenue collected from it is allocated for certain reasons – garbage collection, trucking and disposal.
Currently there are a few basic problems from the existence of waste tax:
- The municipality is spending the collected money without any control by the civil society.
- The waste tax is used by the municipality not only for the collection and disposal of garbage but for keeping the city clean.
The waste management costs for Razlog for 2009 are:
• 279 915 BGN (143118 E) for waste collection and transporting to the landfill, which means 23326 BGN/per month (11926 E).
• 33887 BGN (17326 E) for landfill maintenance, which means 2824 BGN/ per month (1444 E).
For the construction of Razlog regional landfill:
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 35 • The costs for the recycling facilities of construction waste and the „recycling centres” are included in the costs for construction of the 1st stage of the landfills.
• The costs for construction of the 1st stage of the landfills is defined from the existing feasibility studies and/ or designs if they are in place and from the quantity of generated waste, if there are no designs.
• The costs for construction of the transfer station are defined according to its capacity. For the transfer stations, at which pre-treatment and composting facilities of the incoming waste are envisaged to be constructed, the finances for these facilities are included in the costs defined.
• The cost of the technical assistance for design preparation, construction supervision, project management and other expenditures eligible for funding according article 11 of the Decree №249 of the Council of Ministers on October 17th 2007 for acceptance of the detailed rules for eligibility of expenditures under Operational Programme Environment 2007-2013, co- financed by Cohesion Fund and European Fund for Regional Development of the European Union, is included in the construction cost of the 1st stage.
Table 13: Necessary financial resources for construction of the 1st stage of the regional system for municipal waste management
1ST STAGE SEPARATION COMPOSTING TRANSFER OF THE REGION INSTALLATION TOTAL FACILITY STATIONS REGIONAL / MBT LANDFILS (EURO) (EURO) (EURO) (EURO) (EURO) (7) = (1) (3) (4) (5) (6) (3)+(4)+(5)+(6) 0,00 210 000,00 0,00 4 440 4 650 000,00 Razlog 000,00
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 36 9. CONCLUSIONS
The report provides a detailed picture of the waste infrastructure in the target region of Razlog:
1. The places concerned (four municipalities) are enumerated with data about the number of inhabitants in each settlement (Tables 1 – 4) and corresponding waste quantities generated per year (Tables 7 and 8). The quantity of the generated waste shows lasting and steady growth of about 4 % annually. This could be established from the enclosed analyses to the Programs of the municipalities.
2. The capacity of waste collection is larger that the average per country (see Table 8) because of the touristic character of the region. Generally the information shows that the separate collection is being applied in the large settlements and not in small villages. In the reporting data also the percentage of the assimilation of the materials – mainly paper and glass – from the separate collection is shown. Understandably the metal waste quantity is insignificant because of the lack of big enterprises of metal proceeding industry. On the grounds of contractual relationships a separate collection of waste in the main municipal centers has been realized. Still the resource of recycled waste is not being used fully. The regional targets for Razlog region are much lower than the national ones. MEW estimated that the construction of waste pre-treatment facilities was not economically viable and would lead to excessively high investment and operational costs for the population in regions generating less than 22 000 t/yr (or less than 20 000 t/yr waste for separation).
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 37 Therefore in Razlog it was not envisaged to construct separation installations for the incoming waste in the regional landfill.
3. In determination of the waste composition the following several particularities in the region should be considered: There are typical for the rural regions waste from animal products; In the region mainly wooden material is being used as energy source, which generates specific waste ; No attempts have been made, nor have projects been developed for further treatment of waste as composting, separation etc.; The separate collection of waste has being partially developed and gradually has being introduced in big settlements only. Still the percentage of packaging waste let for further recycling is low.
4. The served area coverage is at 100% and is described in Chapter IV. In Bansko and Razlog municipalities 1100 liter vessels Bever type and 110 liter barrels Meva type are being used. In Belitsa and Yakoruda municipalities 4 м³ containers and 110 liter barrels Meva type are being used. The served area coverage Organized collection for all places in the municipality is offered, but with insufficient frequency. The service is carried by municipal companies or by selected private company in accordance with Public Procurement Act.
The strong side of the existing waste management system in the Razlog region is the existence of structured organization and experts interested in the results in the field of waste management.
The weak sides are illustrated by the following problems:
• the low value of garbage fee, which does not correspond to the actual costs for waste collection and waste transportation;
• the insufficient number of collection vessels, the non-good condition of the available ones;
• the amortized transportation means;
• the uncontrolled disposal of domestic waste and the creation of uncontrolled landfills;
• the insufficient public understanding and back-up;
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 38 • during the waste management process the accent does not fall on the main purposes for minimization, separate collection, recycling of waste.
The following main problems have been established during the process of analyzing the existing conditions in Razlog as well as considering the recommendations made by the control authorities in the sphere of environmental protection:
• Lack of unified standards and approaches in waste collection in the municipal centers and smaller settlements of the region;
• Lack of adequate separate waste collection and still insufficient usage by means of waste recycling;
• Lack of the necessary technical solutions and investments for adequate waste management;
• Lack of incoming control over the waste by composition and quantity;
• Lack of suitable and especially specialized engineering means for servicing of the local municipal dung-hills;
• A significant number of non-regulated dung-hills are being created, which permanently, which permanently harm the environment in regard to all danger emanating factors;
• Permanent damage of all elements of the environment – soil, air, water, direct or indirect impact on the remaining elements of the environment through the main contaminants from the activity;
• Harmful impact on the cleanness and the possibilities for use of water riches of the region as well as for the improvement of the qualities of drinking and irrigation waters;
• Contrast between the wonderful surrounding nature, cultural, historical landmarks and the wrongful and dangerous for the environment treatment and preservation of waste. This indirectly would have a negative impact on the development of the tourist business and sport tourism in the region;
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 39 • Lack of common coordination in the region for settlement of the problems at present due to the technical impossibility for more effective and adequate development of the activities for use and treatment of waste.
In consequence of this in the region restrictions are being created, which have a negative effect on the general development of the region, as:
• Necessity of urgent actions for observing the provisions of the Law and the European directives for execution of the program for construction of regional depots till the middle of 2011;
• Necessity of urgent actions, design and investments in closing the existing municipal dung-hills and of the non-regulated ones within one year till the end of 2010;
• Danger of financial consequences – fines and sanctions as well as other general consequences of non-observation of the undertaken engagements and schedules in accession process;
• In case of continuation of the deposing activity permanent damages will be caused to the elements of the environment, which will require mobilization of more considerable investments for their elimination;
• Requirement for training of personnel for exploitation of the new project as well as of a specialized unit for training, control and management of the investment project;
• Character of the population and considerations of its financial status as well as the possibility for covering the costs for waste treatment especially in the small rural regions. The restrictions in changing the garbage fee impacts the character, volume and technical installations for the future volume in view of their bearability by the population;
• Necessity of subsequent coordination of the regional authorities and administrations within the waste treatment package as a whole – collection, transportation /or by means of a reloading station and new transport means/, treatment to the depot’s site, separation of waste, usage of additional installations /type incinerators or plants/, joint management of the depot etc. In
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 40 this direction it is expected the created structure with leading organization Razlog municipalities and partners – the three municipalities to commence active work.
Possibilities for problems’ solution
By means of the proposed Project for Razlog regional landfill (presented in Annex I) and all accompanying activities the overcoming to a great extend of the above described problems is foreseen as follows:
• developing of joint approach between the administrations for coordination of the waste management activities, which definitely will increase the effectiveness of the input investments;
• by the stated within the project’s scope sub-objects also the engagements of the country for setting the region in better ecological status namely closing of existing municipal regulated dung-hills, closing of non-regulated dung-hills, creation of possibilities for indebt treatment of waste by means of installations for separation and preliminary treatment;
• the implementation of modern technical solutions by the project will provide the opportunity to declare with highest level of assurance and confidence that the matters of preserving all elements of the environment will be settled;
• by implementation of modern technologies for waste treatment in debt and recycling of the possible resources;
• by minimization of the total waste quantity.
During the period of implementation of the project as well as during the realization of the investment project the following activities, connected to it will be realized:
• increase of the territorial scope for implementation of separate collection of waste – contract between the municipalities and Ecopack – Bulgaria AD - an organization for separate collection of waste from paper, plastic, glass and metal packaging;
• optimization of the processes of waste collection and waste transportation;
• expected development of additional treatment of waste and their recycling;
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 41 • subsequent activities for closing and re-cultivation of the existing municipal depots;
• liquidation of the non-regulated depots and dung-hills in the region for the account of the municipalities.
Potential correspondence of available technologies in relation to the actual economic and waste management status of the project target area:
The Razlog region has been analyzed and discussed during several meetings with local municipal waste experts and the representatives of the team, which has been elaborated the Project for Razlog regional landfill - presented in Annex I and officially recognized as the best waste project for Bulgaria (Publication of MEW, Dec.2009).
The carried out studies show that the organic component in the waste, generated in the small municipalities in Razlog region, is predominant. In this application in order to find a solution to the European legislation and for the purposes of decreasing of biologically degraded waste to depot, the composting should be considered as a variant for usage of the deposited waste.
Presentation of a structure of the technology for pre-treatment in the Project for Razlog regional landfill:
After the fact that the Razlog project for regional landfill was recognized to be the best WM practice in Bulgaria, the project team decided to incorporate installation for pre-treatment of the waste despite the fact that the total waste quantity is 13480 t/y.
The last version of the project foresees such installation for mechanical pre-treatment with the following parameters:
- Separation of metal waste by magnets with capacity of 760 t/y;
- Glass – 1900 t/y
- Plastics – 3700 t/y
- Paper – 5120 t/y
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 42 - Non-recyclable waste for landfilling – 2000 t/y
Razlog regional depot is considered for construction in all local and national programs, which expresses the summarized intention of the central and control bodies and the local authorities to construct a modern in regard to technology installation corresponding to the undertaken engagements of the country towards the European community. The common vision is for considerable improvement and preservation of the environment especially in the situation of fast developing tourism and sport in the region.
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 43 10. REFERENCES
EU Legislation 1. Reference Document on the Best Available Techniques for Waste Treatment Industries, 2006 (BREF code WT).
Nationals Legislation and documents 1. 2. Waste Management Act /2003
2. Ordinances and orders connecting with the special Acts
3. Strategy for development of Razlog Municipality 2007-2013
Local documents 1. Municipal Development Plan for Razlog Municipality - 2007-2013 2. Plan for Development of South-West Planning Region – 2007-2013 3. Waste Management Programme of Razlog Municipality – 2007-2013 4. Waste Management Programme of Bansko Municipality – 2007-2013 5. Waste Management Programme of Belitsa Municipality – 2007-2013 6. Waste Management Programme of Yakoruda Municipality – 2007-2013 7. Preliminary study report for the project of Razlog Regional Landfill for non- hazardous waste – made by Consortium SJ project – Megalit, Sofia 8. Results from the sociological research on the territories to be served by the Razlog regional landfill 9. Cost/benefit analysis of the Project for Razlog regional landfill - made by Consortium SJ project – Megalit, Sofia
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 44 10. Financial and risk analyses for project for construction of Razlog regional landfill - made by Consortium SJ project – Megalit, Sofia 11. EIA-report for project for construction of Razlog regional landfill - made by Consortium SJ project – Megalit, Sofia 12. Explanation note to the Concept for project for construction of Razlog regional landfill - made by “KBC Ecotech” Ltd, Sofia
Links 1. European Federation of Waste Management and Environmental Services
2. Ministry of Environment and Water Bulgaria
3. Executive Environment Agency
4. Regional Inspectorate of Environment and water Blagoevgrad
5. http://razloginfo.com - Portal of Razlog (BG)
6. http://razlog.freehostia.com - (BG)
7. http://www.razlog-bg.com/ - (BG)
8. Razlog Valley Forum - (EN)
9. www.razlog.bg/en-municipal-council.html
10. www.deporazlog.eu
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 45 11. ANNEX I – RAZLOG REGIONAL LANDFILL PROJECT
General description
The project for construction of the Regional Depot for the Municipalities of Razlog, Bansko, Belitsa, and Yakoruda is part of the National Waste Management Programme – Group 6, No 53 and will be implemented by the Municipality of Razlog in cooperation with the Municipalities of Bansko, Belitsa, and Yakoruda. The leading organization and the partners unite their efforts for the organization, preparation and financing of an investment project for a Regional Depot – Razlog and an Enterprise for Preliminary Waste Processing, as well as subsequent processing and commissioning.
The partnership among the four municipalities and uniting the efforts for the project development, construction and exploitation of a regional waste depot date back to 06.04.2004, when the first meeting of the mayors of the Municipalities of Razlog, Bansko, Belitsa and Yakoruda was held. The meeting was attended by experts from the Ministry of Environment and Water, as well as local environment experts. The meeting discussed the actions that the municipalities need to undertake for the realization of the National Waste Management Programme. On this very first meeting an agreement was expressed for the establishment of an non-profit organization, based in the town of Razlog, whose aim would be the joint waste management.
The establishment of Mesta – 4 Organization was backed by the Municipal Councils of the four Municipalities, with decisions from the councils’ sittings. The founding meeting for the establishment of Mesta – 4 Non-Profit Organization was held on
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 46 11.11.2004. The organization develops and passes its statutes, and its main goal is the protection of environment from the harmful impact of wastes by uniting the efforts of the four member Municipalities for ensuring and providing investments for the realization of the normative functions and government responsibilities.
With Decision No 2638/09.10.2006 of Blagoevgrad District Court, Mesta – 4 NPO was registered in Registry 5 of NPLE. In 2007, a partnership project was realized under the PHARE Programme, scheme of the Ministry of Economy and Energy, Encouraging Public-Private Partnership BG 2004/016-711.11.04/ЕSC/G/PPP/A-018 “Applicability of PPP for the Construction of Regional Depot”.
The leading organization is the Municipality of Razlog, while the partnering organizations are the Municipalities of Bansko, Belitsa, Yakoruda. During the realization of this project a series of meetings, trainings and seminars were held for the improvement of the administrative capacity for development and application of policies in the field of waste management. The survey for applicability and feasibility was assigned to consultants, as well as a risk analysis, as a result of which a report was drafted and published.
The possibility for receiving technical assistance for the preparation of an investment project for the construction of a Regional Depot and an Enterprise for Preliminary Waste Processing under Priority Axe 2 under OP Environment 2007-2013 is favourable for the achievement of the goals of the municipalities that are part of the Organization and Mesta-4 Organization.
The meetings and discussions of the representatives of the four Municipalities lead to a decision for the development of a partnership project, where the leading organization is the Municipality of Razlog, while the other three municipalities are partners.
A Partnership Agreement describing the obligations and responsibilities of the partners was signed. The four Municipalities are willing to unite their efforts for the successful realization of all the stages of the project – pre-project research, project development, construction and exploitation.
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 47
LIST OF PARTICIPATING SETTLEMENTS:
Razlog Municipality with the following mayoralties: Banya Bachevo Godlevo Gorno Draglishte Dobarsko Dolno Draglishte Eleshnitsa Bansko Munisipality with the following mayorlaties: Dobrinishte Kremen Mesta Obidim Osenovo Filipovo Gostun Belitsa municipality with the following mayorlaties: Kraishte Dagonovo Semkovo resort Yakoruda municipality with the following mayorlaties: Avramovo Bel Kamen Buntsevo Konarsko Smolevo Jurukovo Belmeken resort Treshtenik resort The leading municipality is Razlog.
Project goals:
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 48 Overall goal of the project: Improvement of the condition of environment in the municipalities of Razlog, Bansko, Belitsa, Yakoruda, through development of environment infrastructure for integrated management, utilization and defuse of wastes Specific goal: Development of a quality integrated investment project for Regional Depot – Razlog and an Enterprise for Preliminary Waste Processing, with which the Municipality of Razlog could apply for financing for an infrastructure project under the Priority Axe 2 under OP Environment 2007-2013. Territorial range: serving all populated areas and new settlement formations on the territory of the municipalities of Razlog, Bansko, Belitsa and Yakoruda. Concrete goals:
· Researches and analyses of technical and economic alternatives and selection of a variant for achieving best efficiency from the activity, as well as proving the eventual economic tolerance of the fees for the population, by sticking to the conditions under the Operational Programme. · Project development for a modern technological depot for domestic waste, of regional character, for depositing and primary processing of waste generated on the territory of the four municipalities. · Drafting full technical documentation for assigning the construction of the Regional Depot and Enterprise for Primary Waste Processing through meeting high technological and ecological standards, with proved economic efficiency and tolerance for the construction of the site, using modern technological equipment and mechanization. · Fulfilment of the engagements taken by the Republic of Bulgaria during the accession process, on a regional level, and in accordance with the range and time frames, as well as meeting the requirements under the Environment Protection Act, in its part referring to Waste Management. · Implementation of high technology and economically efficient technologies and methods for sorting and recycling of the resources contained in the waste, which could contribute for the improvement for the overall condition of the environment, and the minimization of the risks for harmful effects on the main elements of the environment.
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 49 The project envisages activities related to research, project development, technical and economic analysis, preparation of tender documentation, in accordance with the drafted projects for participation in an open procedure under the Public Procurement Act, for construction and preparation of forms for financing under the Operational Programme Environment, as well as fulfilment of coordination procedures, whose final result shall be the readiness for the realization of the construction.
The main project activities are as follows: 1. Geodetic photographing of the sites suggested for research – 3 sites. 2. Geological and hydro-geological survey on the sites. 3. PPP research and project schemes on the main task. 4. Technical and economic research and preparation for a position of the project team for the selection of a main project. 5. Control introduction of the Contracting Authority to the results form the proposal of the project team and coordination of the decision. 6. Project for the main variant in the part Preliminary Design, by following the requirements of Regulation 4 from the Spatial Development Act. 7. Subsidiary projects for the procedures for the coordination process until receiving permission for construction.
The draft decision for Regional Depot and Waste Processing Enterprise should contain:
А/ Reception zone – entrance control, radioactive waste control checkpoint, electronic scale with electronic reporting and cards, site laboratory for waste disposal admissibility testing, administrative-public sector, garage – workshop, shelter for site equipment /compactor/, point for washing and disinfection of the equipment’s wheels, purifying facilities for infiltrate treatment, zone for dunghill gas combustion, auxiliary zones for stores and FLM, infrastructure site networks.
B/ Disposal zone – roads and loading platforms for access to the cells, cells for waste disposal with geological and polyethylene /high solidity/ barrier, protection layers, drainage system for protection of the cells from underground waters, drainage
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 50 system for infiltrate collection, installation for infiltrate transporting to the purifying facility, installation for detection, collection and transportation of dunghill gas. C/ Outside connections – outside water main, sewerage system for treated wastewater until closing in a special receptacle, outside wiring, outside route for access throughout the year, outside phone installation if technically possible. D/ Projects for closing of existing and still functioning municipal depots
E/ Project for the Regional Depot’s exploitation
F/ Project for re-cultivation and closure of the new depot after the exhaustion of its capacity
G/ Organization of the territory for preliminary processing and waste separation. A proposal for the installation of facility for waste separation, composting, installation for treatment of biodegradable components /e.g. generators of electricity from biogas, heating station, etc./, as well as processing of the residual waste (after sorting out non-ferrous and ferrous metals) through chemical treatment and subsequent processing into construction materials for road and park surfaces, water supply and sewerage facilities, etc. for the needs of the municipalities.
H/ Due to increased necessity, the possibility for a separate cell or zone for construction waste is given. In view of its efficient use, solutions and technology should be proposed for the possible utilization of the waste through grinding or use for grounding material, etc.
I/ Project for a control re-load station, if the economic research proves its cogency.
Four technical specifications have been drafted and attached for the activities under the project, which are envisaged for assigning to external contractors though the organization of procedures under the Public Procurement Act and the Ordinance for the Award of Small Public Procurement Contracts. Publicity and information related activities are planned, in accordance with the requirements under OP Environment. Through the implementation of the described activities and measures, the main requirements and recommendations are realized for the preservation and protection
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 51 of the environment from the harmful impact of wastes for the whole cycle – collection, transportation, primary processing, disposal and re-cultivation of waste, proving the economic efficiency of the variant survey. The municipal programmes for waste management, as well as the recommendations of the regulatory bodies, envisage also activity for the restoration of the environment parameters in the zone of the used municipal depots. Further technological processing of waste through their separate collection is also envisaged. The closing of the multiple illegal waste depots in the smaller towns and villages also remains as a main task for the Municipalities, which would be done according to other methods and financing for illegal depots in the respective regions.
EIA – REPORT
In the EIA report of the investment proposal for construction of a regional depot for non-hazardous waste – Razlog and enterprise for preliminary treatment of waste for the municipalities of Razlog, Bansko, Belitsa and Yakoruda in the land of the village of Banya a review of the presented investment proposal and its impact on the environment and health of the people has been made. The report is drawn in conformity with the requirements of Environmental Protection Act from 25.09.2002, amended SG issue 105/09.12.2008, Regulation of the way and manner for evaluation of the impact on the environment, adopted with Decree of the Council of Ministers from 07.03.2003, amended SG issue 3/10.01.2003 and other acts, regulations, rules and regulative acts in regard to the environment. All statements from the carried out consultations with the competent authorities have been considered in the drawing of the report.
Location
The investment proposal concerns the treatment of waste of the municipalities of Razlog, Bansko, Belitsa and Yakoruda. Its construction will be done on terrains in the land of the village of Banya, Razlog municipality. In view of achieving the purposes preliminary design studies for two site have been done – in the countryside “Krivoser” and “Ibidimitsi”, located approximately 2 km north-east of the village of Bany on the way to the village of Dobarsko.
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 52
Site No.1 considering the configuration of the terrain consists of properties Nos.000053 and 000044 namely: 175,12 dka from property No.000053; category of land in case of non-watering conditions – IX; way of steady use – pasture with bushes; public municipal property; 59.08 dka from property No.000044; category of land in case of non-watering conditions – IX; way of steady use – pasture, common; public municipal property; The area of both properties totally is 234.20 dka. The whole area of the site as per the pre-design studies is 270.5 dka. The additional area of 36.3 dka has been formed by inclusion of neighboring terrains private and municipal property, located along the left bank of Draglishka River and the south border of property No.000053.
Site No.2 Located on land property No.000059 with area of 58.12 dka in the countryside “Ibidimitsi”; category of land in case of non-watering conditions – IX; way of steady use – pasture bushes, common; public municipal property; Additional area has been added to the site from the neighboring property amounting to 37.68 dka. The total area of the site is 95.2 dka.
Main activities, installations and equipment on the site of the investment proposal
The investment proposal is related to the treatment of mixed solid domestic waste, construction waste, non-hazardous industrial waste and inert waste. The main installation of the investment is the regional depot for non-hazardous waste. The enterprise for treatment of waste includes separation installation and site for composting. The quantity waste for depositing is 38 000 t/y, which by putting into exploitation of the separation installation is expected to be minimized to 27 000 t/y.
The investment proposal foresees cells for depositing of solid domestic, construction and non-hazardous industrial waste and a separate cell for depositing of inert waste.
Cells for disposal Area Cells for disposal Site of non-hazardous Other activities (volume) of inert waste waste
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 53 dka (number/serial (number/serial 3 number by number by (m ) situation) situation) Installation for separation of separately 270,5 4 pieces collected waste Site No. 1, 1 piece countryside 1 195 Cells Nos. 1, 2, 3 Installation for Cell No. 5 “Krivoser” 000 and 4 composting of green waste Municipal collection center Installation for Site No. 2, 3 pieces 95,2 1 piece separation of countryside Cells Nos. 2, 3 separately “Ibidimitsi” 293 400 Cell No. 1 and 4 collected waste
Receiving area
For management of the process of waste receiving a zone is being differentiated, in which all necessary buildings and equipment related to the depot’s exploitation will be located.
Depositing zone The depositing zone for the proposed site No.1 includes the construction of four cells for depositing of non-hazardous waste – solid domestic, construction and non- hazardous industrial waste and one cell for depositing of inert waste, conforming to the requirements of Regulation No.8 of Ministry of Environment and Waters. With the purpose of protection of the land foundation from the influence of the waste body and the separated from it infiltrate laying of insulation on the bottom, the slopes and the internal banks of the surrounding embankments is foreseen. The lower insulating screen represents a package of natural and artificial materials. For the infiltrated through the waste body waters the construction of drainage net of pipes, transporting the captured infiltrate to a main collector ending in a water treatment installation for cleaning the infiltrate as per the requirements of II category
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 54 water receiver, is foreseen. For both sites the leading of the clean surface water will be done by a system of guarding channels, taking them to the water receiver.
Collection and taking away the biogas For catching of the formed biogas the construction of gas-taking system in the process of its filling and end re-cultivation is foreseen. It consists of a horizontal and a vertical part. The gas wells of the new depot are being constructed parallel to its filling and the system of taking away the gas – at closure of the respective cell.
The re-cultivation of the depot is done in stages and each cell, where the depositing of non-hazardous waste has ended, is subject to re-cultivation. Two types of re- cultivation are foreseen – final for the outside slopes of the closed cell and temporal for the slope on the side of the working cell. The final re-cultivation is technical and biological.
Water supply of the sites The water supply network on the depot’s site ensures the anti-fire consumption – Q max. sec. = 10 l/s. The water supply network is powered by an outside water-conduit. The ensured water quantities and pressure are insufficient for covering the anti-fire needs. In the receiving zone a pump station with Q = 1,5 l/s and H = 85 m with management on level from pressure reservoir is foreseen. The pressure reservoir is with two chambers with volume of 115 m³. From it the buildings and the anti-fire hydrants on the site are supplied.
Enterprise for preliminary treatment of waste The enterprise for preliminary treatment of waste foresees the construction of an installation for separation and an installation for composting of green waste.
Installation for separation The separation is a process, during which from the separately collected waste a part is separated: paper, plastic, glass and metal for recycling and the remaining unused part goes to the depot for sanitation. Additionally hazardous waste is separated – batteries, mercury lamps etc. Through separation the total flow of waste, coming into depot, is reduced by 30 %.
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 55 Two main activities are carried out during the use of the sorting installation: • Additional sorting of the separately collected waste, received by means of the containers put for this purpose on the territory of the municipality; • Preliminary preparation and sorting of solid domestic waste prior to their final depositing or further processing into subsequent end-product.
Site for composting of green waste Foreseen for construction within the boundaries of the depot.
Municipal collection center On the site of the regional depot Razlog at a second stage the construction of a municipal collection center, where voluminous waste (old furniture, used electric and electronic equipment, construction waste) will be collected, is foreseen. A place for temporary preservation of tires, containers for hazardous waste from the households, containers for second-hand materials is foreseen. The area of the municipal collection center is 5000 m².
After putting into exploitation of an installation for separation of waste a decrease of the generated waste of about 30 % is expected. Accepted is an average annual quantity. The equipment and the installation for biological treatment of bio-degradable waste (composting of separately collected green waste from maintenance of parks and gardens, the so called green waste, foreseen for treatment at a further stage) will fulfill the requirements for minimization of the harmful impact on human health and environment. Recommendable in accordance with the Reference document on the best available techniques for waste treatment industries, 2006 during the sorting of the incoming waste the following to be carried out: Visual inspection of the arriving waste for separation of the voluminous metal non- metal parts in order mechanical damages to be avoided (as described in Section 4.1.1.3) Use of magnetic separators with the purpose of fulfilling the requirements of the end- users (as described in Sections 4.5.3.3 and 4.5.3.4)
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 56 Lose infrared spectroscopy to be applied for sorting of plastic with the purpose of decreasing the content of organic chlorine and some metals, included in the structure of plastic (as described in Section 4.5.3.10 – close infrared spectroscopy).
Conclusion The foreseen in the investment project methods for treatment of waste (separation and composting) conform to the requirements of the specialized reference document Reference Document on the Best Available Techniques for Waste Treatment Industries, 2006 (BREF code WT).
Alternatives by technologies: In result of the carried out preliminary pre-design studies alternatives by technologies with use of different type installations and equipment have been reviewed. The alternative proposals correspond to the presented solutions in the two comparable documents for best existing techniques. For the technical solutions the morphological and chemical composition of the domestic waste components of the municipalities Razlog, Bansko, Belitsa and Yakoruda has been considered. The made proposal for depositing of waste after preliminary separation (just mechanical) is the optimal solution, which solely will achieve the requirements of the Deposition directive. The waste has minimal preliminary treatment and will generate biogas and infiltrate analogously to the mixed deposited solid waste. Recycling is not a key element in this alternative, which does not conform to the hierarchy for waste management. The alternative for the mechanical separation is mechanical-biological treatment, where besides the mechanical separation there is also biological treatment, after which modified fuels from waste (RDF) from high caloric fraction of solid domestic waste are generated. The implementation of such installation for the municipalities in question however is economically unattainable because of its high annual costs. In the proposed scheme for treatment of waste for the first site the composting of waste from maintenance of parks and gardens (so called green waste) is foreseen. As an alternative to composting of green waste is the construction of two installations for composting of separately collected bio-degradable waste. One of them is for composting of separately collected green waste and the other one – for composting
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 57 of separately collected bio-degradable food waste from large commercial premises (restaurants, hotels, markets etc.). From the made studies the construction of a second installation for composting is not e3xpected to be economically beneficial due to lack of the necessary quantities food waste.
A zero alternative: According to the obligations, undertaken by Republic of Bulgaria, all depots, which could not be adjusted in conformity to Regulation No.8 from 24 August 2004 for the terms and conditions for construction and exploitation of depots and other equipment and installations for use and diffusion of waste, should be closed till 16 July 2009. Because of this “A zero alternative” for treatment of waste of the municipalities of Razlog, Bansko, Belitsa and Yakoruda does not exist. The accrual of deposited domestic waste without separation condemns not only the present generations, but also the future ones from the applicable regions to prolonged exposition to generated contaminants in the atmosphere, most significant of which are the greenhouse gases methane and carbon dioxide.
The region of the investment proposal does not fall in the territory of the designed and constructed European ecological network Nature – 2000. Towards the elements of the National ecological network it will have a neutral impact due to remoteness and sure protection by surrounding ridges and ravines. As a whole it could be concluded that the activities related to the investment proposal (regional depot for solid domestic waste and the obligatory constructed treatment installation) will have restricted but returnable negative impact both on the elements of the National ecological network and the typical flora and fauna of the surrounding environment.
During the exploitation – The impact of the depot for non-hazardous waste – town of Razlog and the enterprise for preliminary treatment of waste as a whole has a positive significance for the environment. Danger of contamination of the lands exists also for the light fractions, which heap on the depot in case of strong winds, which will be avoided in future after the growing if the green belt around the depot.
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 58 The conclusion that the investment proposal “Construction of regional depot for non- hazardous waste – Razlog and enterprise for preliminary treatment of waste for the municipalities of Razlog, Bansko, Belitsa and Yakoruda on properties Nos. 000044, 000053 in the land of the village of Banya, Razlog municipality”, will not lead to negative health effect in short-term and long-term. The analysis for conformity to the requirement to the national legislature for construction, exploitation, re-cultivation and closing of waste depots (Regulation No. 7/2004 and Regulation No.8/2004) as well as the requirements of the European regulations – Directive of the Council of EC 1999/31 shows that the investment proposal satisfies the regulations for protection of the environment and consistent development. On the grounds of the analysis measures for prevention or diminishing the negative impact on the environment, plan for execution of those measures as well as proposal for monitoring have been proposed. The authors of the report for evaluation of the impact on the environment of the investment proposal on the grounds of the evaluation and analysis made in conformity with the legislation for the environment recommend to the esteem REES of RIOSV – Blagoevgrad to approve the execution of the investment proposal for construction of regional depot for non-hazardous waste – Razlog and enterprise for preliminary treatment of waste for the municipalities Razlog, Bansko, Belitsa and Yakoruda on properties No. 000044, 000053 in the land of the village of Banya, Razlog municipality.
Investment proposal The purpose of the investment proposal is the construction of Regional depot for non- hazardous waste – Razlog and enterprise for preliminary treatment of waste for the municipalities of Razlog, Bansko, Belitsa and Yakoruda on territories in the land of the village of Banya, Razlog municipality. The main purpose of the investment is the improvement of the condition of the environment in the municipalities of Razlog, Bansko, Belitsa and Yakoruda by means of development of ecological infrastructure for integrated management, use and management of waste. Obligatory is the observation of the internationally accepted hierarchy for waste management following the Directive 2008/98 on waste:
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 59 1. Prevention 2. preparing for re-use 3. recycling 4. other recovery, e.g. energry recovery 5. disposal
The following principles have been followed in searching of solution for waste diffusion: Local solution – finding of a solution for waste management closest to the person, generating the waste. Economic accessibility and consistency – achievement of permanent results through economically accessible solutions. Ecological conformity – lawful management of all types generated waste. Minimization of waste at all levels: design, production, consumption. Technical stability – use of standardized systems and measurements for efficiency and economic effectiveness. Transparency – competitive assignment of services in the manner and provisions of Public Procurement Act. Participation and control by the population – notification of the public and attracting the public and all interested parties for achieving the above purposes. “The polluter pays principle” – the revenue towards the system should cover 100 % of the necessary costs. Budget financing is not allowed for these services. The needed revenue should be paid by all persons, generating waste according to the quantity and nature of those. The legal precondition direct payments from the industry for depositing of construction, industrial and hazardous waste exists.
After analysis of the present services for waste management “economically accessible ecologically conformable solution” for diffusion of waste is being searched for. The fees, representing the price of provision of service, should be economically bearable for the persons, generating waste. A time schedule for growth of the fees is allowed, which is limited by their socially bearable amount for each year till their amount reaches a value, covering 100 % of the costs. In order to avoid the infringement of the principle a clear quantitative definition of the criteria for social bearability is necessary. According the international practice, brought forward in the
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 60 study of the World bank for countries with gross national product similar to those of Bulgaria this criteria is 0.5 % - 1.4 % from the GNP per capita of the population. For GNP/capita of the population from 10000 BGN/capita of the population the economically bearable fee for an average household is evaluated at 100 BGN per household per year.
Prognosis for generation and composition of non-hazardous waste by municipalities A prognosis for the generation of non-hazardous waste on the territory of the studied municipalities has been made for a further period of 5 years and the results are shown in the table below:
PROGNOSIS Measure Population Tourists Industry Total Population number 55,251.00 44,995.00 100,246.00 Basko municipality 13,607.00 35,000.00 48,607.00 Belitsa municipality 9,791.00 1,620.00 11,411.00 Razlog municipality 21,417.00 5,375.00 26,792.00 Yakoruda municipality 10,436.00 3,000.00 13,436.00 Households number 18,417.00 0 0 18,417.00 Basko municipality 4,535.67 4,535.67 Belitsa municipality 3,263.67 3,263.67 Razlog municipality 7,139.00 7,139.00 Yakoruda municipality 3,478.67 3,478.67 Annual waste t/year 24,973.45 13363.515 3000 38,086.10 Basko municipality 4,762.45 12,250 1000 18,012.45 Belitsa municipality 3,426.85 567 500 4,493.85 Razlog municipality 7,495.95 1,881 1000 10,377.20 Yakoruda municipality 3,652.60 1,050 500 5,202.60
Norm of generation Domestic waste mt/year/person 0.35 Non-hazardous industrial waste mt/year
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 61 Razlog mt/year 1000 Bankso mt/year 1000 Belitsa mt/year 500 Yakoruda mt/year 500
A growth in the generation of waste of 2 % annually is foreseen, which growth will be compensated by a growth in waste from packagings subject to separate collection and recycling. Morphological analysis of waste has not been made, the morphological composition of the solid domestic waste shown in the tender documentation has been used:
Morphological composition
Component Volume Quantity Volumetric Weight type density waste
kg/m³ % kg/m³ % Paper and board 55 16.71% 9.1905 3.72% Textile 90 4.70% 4.23 1.71% Plastic 85 4.51% 3.8335 1.55% Rubber, leather 135 1.75% 2.3625 0.96% Wood 225 1.97% 4.4325 1.80% Food and 275 29.90% 82.225 33.32% animal waste Metal 450 2.45% 11.025 4.47% Glass 675 0.64% 4.32 1.75% Other 335 37.37% 125.1895 50.72% TOTAL 100.00% 246.8085 100.00% Average density 247
It is necessary a solution for diffusion of average quantity waste with large content of biologically degradable and inert waste to be found.
Alternatives for diffusion of waste:
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• Prevention, re-usage – Re-usage and recycling of waste could be offered in local public collection centers, which could be a part or re-loading station for the municipalities from the region. • Separate collection and recycling – executed through sorting of mixed waste, separate collection of each fraction or paper/board, glass, plastic. Development of contractual collaboration of the municipalities with licensed organization for recycling of waste from packaging is being proposed. • Usage – possible variants for usage are composting, production of RDF /burnable material on the basis of waste/ and its burning in the cement works or power stations. • The variants as incineration are rejected as ecologically and economically unacceptable due to the quantities and the composition of waste. The processes of plasma gasification and • Pyrolysis has not been considered at all due to their high costs even for large quantities waste. Proposed is the development of the domestic composting. • Diffusion by introduction of preliminary treatment – an installation for mechanical – biological treatment seams economically inaccessible due to its inherent annual costs. It is proposed the preliminary treatment to be done in public collection centers where all waste with hazardous characteristics, those subject to recycling and difficult for collections to be taken out from the usual collection vessels. • Disposal – The minimal capital expenses, necessary for the ecologically steady diffusion of waste in conformity with the regulative requirements for disposal of waste are too high for Razlog municipality and for any from small to medium municipality individually. Therefore the installation for disposal of waste will be a regional one.
In regard to hazardous waste it is sensible an installation for temporary preservation of hazardous waste in the public collection centers of each of the municipalities, which could be a part of reloading station, to be included. This proposal takes under consideration the planned construction of National center for diffusion of hazardous waste. The main installation of the investment – the regional depot – is foreseen as a
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 63 class depot for non-hazardous waste – domestic, construction and non-hazardous industrial waste. Considering the serious volume of the investments, the great social significance as well as the long period of return of the investment and its low effect as a normal period of initial exploitation is accepted a period of 15 – 20 years. This means that on the ground of the concrete design solution a development by stages could be formulated. During the design only the first stage could be separated for a complete execution and for the next stages preparation land works, construction of the infrastructure for the whole object could be done.
CSDCS - Club “Sustainable Development of Civil Society” 64