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Globalization and Environmental Discourse in the Araucania Region of Chile Niall Stephens University of Massachusetts Amherst, [email protected]

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Globalization and Environmental Discourse in the Araucania Region of Chile Niall Stephens University of Massachusetts Amherst, Nstephen@Comm.Umass.Edu University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Open Access Dissertations 2-2013 Remember Where We Came From: Globalization And Environmental Discourse In The Araucania Region Of Chile Niall Stephens University of Massachusetts Amherst, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Stephens, Niall, "Remember Where We Came From: Globalization And Environmental Discourse In The Araucania Region Of Chile" (2013). Open Access Dissertations. 709. https://doi.org/10.7275/dwfc-dr31 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/709 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REMEMBER WHERE WE CAME FROM: GLOBALIZATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISCOURSE IN THE ARAUCANIA REGION OF CHILE. A dissertation presented by NIALL STEPHENS Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY February 2013 Communication © by Niall Stephens 2013 All Rights Reserved REMEMBER WHERE WE CAME FROM: GLOBALIZATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISCOURSE IN THE ARAUCANIA REGION OF CHILE. A dissertation presented by NIALL STEPHENS Approved as to style and content by: ______________________________________________ Henry Geddes, Chair ______________________________________________ Emily West, Member ______________________________________________ Sonia Alvarez, Outside Member ______________________________________________ Lisa Henderson, Department Head Communication DEDICATION To my Mapuche friends and my Chilean friends. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to Henry Geddes, the chair of my dissertation committee, who was extremely generous with his time, and who always listened to my ideas patiently and took them seriously. Thanks also to committee members Emily West, and Sonia Alvarez, both of whom have been extremely supportive. Thanks to Paula Chakravartty, who helped me get this project off the ground, and to the other faculty in the Communication department who worked with me and encouraged me. Thanks to the organizations that helped me fund my fieldwork: to the Fulbright foundation; to the University of Massachusetts Center for Latin American Caribbean and Latino Studies (CLACLS); and to the Anca Romantan Memorial Fund for Graduate Research. Thanks also to the many people in Chile – subjects of this research or otherwise – who took the time to help me in so many different ways. Thanks, finally, to my family. Without them this project would not be what it is. I especially thank my parents, Sarah and Cathal, and my mother in law, Arlene. After all and above all, thanks to my loving, beloved wife Talaya. v ABSTRACT REMEMBER WHERE WE CAME FROM: GLOBALIZATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISCOURSE IN THE ARAUCANIA REGION OF CHILE. FEBRUARY 2013 NIALL STEPHENS, B.A. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN A.L.M., HARVARD UNIVERSITY Ph.D. UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Henry Geddes Based on an ethnographic investigation, the dissertation examines the emergence and significance of discourses around “the environment” in the Lake District of the Araucanía region of Chile ( Araucanía Lacustre ). These are understood as part of the discursive aspect of globalization – the process by which the territory and its population are integrated ever more tightly into the networks of global market society – and considered in conjunction with discourses around Mapuche indigenous identity. Drawing on media- cultural studies, actor network theory, and medium theory, the analysis seeks to advance an ecological concept of communication that does not privilege human consciousness and agency. Communication is argued to be the principle by which space (physical and metaphysical) is configured and connected. Through a discussion of the physical and human geography of the territory it is argued that discourse is mutually immanent with material realities, including human practice and pre-discursive, nonhuman elements (chapter 3). The connection between environmental discourse and Mapuche culture is examined through the stereotype of the ecologically virtuous indigenous subject – a stereotype whose significance is changing as parallel neoliberal multicultural and vi sustainable development discourses boost the prestige of both Mapuche culture and ecological responsibility, even as the steady expansion of market society undermines both (Chapter 2). A program run by an NGO, funded by the Chilean state, and intended to market the agro-ecological produce of Mapuche small farmers to tourists, provides a concrete case of the intersection of neoliberal multiculturalism with environmental discourse (Chapter 4). The concept of “postmaterialism” is adapted, with a critical edge, in an exploration of the environmental activism and a certain dissatisfaction with modernity among college educated immigrants to the District from Santiago, North America and Europe (chapter 5). The process of globalization, through which Mapuche campesinos come to use environmentalist discourses, involves interactions among old and new information technologies, transportation technologies, and the non- anthropogenic realities of physical space-time and geography (chapter 6). The dissertation concludes with a normative argument about the ethical and epistemological inadequacy of globalizing market society. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................................................................................v ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................vi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………..…………………… 1 Remember Where We Came From……………………….……………………….3 Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………………4 Communication……………………………………………………………4 Mediation and Space……………………………………………..………..8 Critical Realism…………………………………………………….……..9 Communication and Power………………………...…………………….11 The Case……………………………………………….…………………………16 Method………………………………………………………………………...…24 Data Collection: Observation…………………………………………….26 Data Collection: Interviews……………………………...………………27 Overview of Chapters…………………………………………………………....28 2. MYTH IS REALITY: THE ECOLOGICAL NATIVE ……….……………..…….…32 History of the Trope………………………..………………………………...…..33 Positive Content………………………………………………………………….37 Ralco Dam Controversy……………………………………………….…..….….46 The Neoliberal Multicultural Regime…………………………………….……...48 Public Rhetoric…………………………………………………………….……..50 viii Private Comments………………………………….………………...…………..52 Conclusion……………………………………………………...…..…..….....….54 3. THE DISTRICT: TOPOGRAPHY, NAMES, HISTORY …………....……………...57 An “envelope of space-time”.................................................................................59 Configuration of Space-Time.................... ………………...………....................62 The Discursive-Material Volcano...... ……………………………………...........68 Neoliberal Multiculturalism in Geographical Space..............................................70 Graffiti............................. …………………………………………………..........73 Association of District with “Nature”...........………………………………….....74 Discourse Around “Nature”...................................................................................75 Discourse around “Ecology”...... …………………………………………….......78 Conclusion.............………………………………………………....……............80 4. TRANSLATIONS……………………………………………………………..….…..84 Globalization, Government and Communication... …….……….........................84 Description of the PTAM.................…………………………..............................86 CET SUR: Of NGOs, Neoliberalism, and Governmentality.................................88 Background of CET Sur........................…………………….........……....90 The Protocol Comes Through the Network.... ………………………………......94 Kom Kelluhyain.........……………………………………………………...….....94 First Translation: the Elaboration of the Protocol...... …………………….…......98 Second Translation: the Grant Proposal..............................................................101 CET SUR: the Subversive Goal...........................................................................105 Implentation: Unsuccessful Translation...... …………………….......................108 ix Conclusion...............……………………………………………........................110 5. AMENITY MIGRANTS………………………...........................…………………..113 Tinquilco Case…………………………………………………………….……114 Who Are The Amenity Migrants?.................... ………………………..............117 Environmental Activism………………………………………………….…….119 Modernity-Coloniality………………………………………….………........…124 Postmaterialism………………………........................……………………..…..129 Quality of Life and a Different Kind of Postmaterialism………………..……..137 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..….139 6. MEDIATING TECHNOLOGIES AND ECOLOGICAL DISCOURSES…..….…...142 No to Hydroelectric Projects……………………………………………………144 Coca Cola: “reasons to believe in a better world”…… ………..………………146 Kom Kelluhayin’s Production Protocol……………………………….....……. 150 Mediation of Everything…………………………………………….…........….155 Technologies……………………………………………………………............156 Transportation……………………………………………………………....…..157 The Internet…………………………………………….………………….....…159 Mobile Phones…………..………………………………………………...……160
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