Food Systems PORTLAND PLAN BACKGROUND REPORT FALL 2009 PLANNING AND SUSTAINABILITY COMMISSION RECOMMENDED DRAFT DECEMBER 14, 2010 Acknowledgments Food Systems Bureau of Planning and Sustainability (BPS) PROSPERITY AND BUSINESS SUCCESS Mayor Sam Adams, Commissioner-in-charge Susan Anderson, Director SUSTAINABILITY AND THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Joe Zehnder, Chief Planner Steve Dotterrer, Principal Planner Eric Engstrom, Principal Planner DESIGN, PLANNING AND PUBLIC SPACES Gil Kelley, Former Director, Bureau of Planning Primary Authors NEIGHBORHOODS & HOUSING Amanda Rhoads, City Planner, BPS Heidi Guenin, Community Service Aide, BPS TRANSPORTATION, TECHNOLOGY AND ACCESS Contributors Steve Cohen, Food Policy and Programs Manager, BPS EDUCATION AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT Gary Odenthal, Technical Services Manager, BPS Carmen Piekarski, GIS Analyst, BPS Portland Multnomah Food Policy Council HUMAN HEALTH, FOOD AND PUBLIC SAFETY The Food Policy Council is a citizen-based advisory council to the City of Portland and Multnomah County. The Council brings citizens QUALITY OF LIFE, CIVIC ENGAGEMENT AND EQUITY and professionals together from the region to address issues regarding food access, land use planning issues, local food purchasing ARTS, CULTURE AND INNOVATION plans and many other policy initiatives in the current regional food system. The Food Policy Council has been in conversation with BPS since 2007 regarding the Portland Plan. Two Council committees, the Land Use Committee and Food Access Committee, provided input to the development of this document in 2008, while the Urban Food Initiative/Portland Plan Committee reviewed text in 2009. Additional Reviewers Richard Benner, Portland Multnomah Food Policy Council; Suzanne Briggs, Kaiser Permanente; Rachel Bristol, Tammy VanderWoude, Oregon Food Bank; Erin Copley; Justin Davidson, FarmUP; Noelle Dobson, Amy Gilroy, Heidi Guenin, Community Health Partnership; Amelia Hard, The Historic Portland Public Market Foundation; Debra Lippoldt, Growing Gardens; Corliss McKeever, African American Health Coalition; Jeremy O’Leary, Portland Peak Oil; Robin Scholetzky, Portland Multnomah Food Policy Council; Ryan Wist, Scenic Fruit Company To help ensure equal access to City programs, services and activities, the City of Portland will reasonably modify policies/procedures and provide auxiliary aids/services to persons with disabilities. Call (503) 823-7700 with such requests. www.PDXPlan.com TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 6 FOOD ACCESS ................................................................................................................. 17 Grocery Stores ............................................................................................................... 18 Restaurants and Fast Food ............................................................................................ 28 Food Assistance and Charitable Food............................................................................ 33 Direct Marketing.............................................................................................................. 39 Retail food environment index (RFEI)............................................................................. 51 Food Access Conclusions and Policy Examples ............................................................ 54 URBAN AGRICULTURE .................................................................................................... 57 Community Gardens....................................................................................................... 59 Urban Farming Operations ............................................................................................. 65 Other Urban Agriculture.................................................................................................. 69 Urban Agriculture Conclusions and Policy Examples ..................................................... 77 ADDITIONAL FOOD TOPICS ............................................................................................ 81 Institutional Purchasing................................................................................................... 81 Food Processing............................................................................................................. 83 Food Waste Recycling.................................................................................................... 85 Food in the Economy...................................................................................................... 85 Additional Food Topics Conclusions and Policy Examples............................................. 92 POLICY CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................... 94 APPENDIX: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................... 97 FIGURE AND MAP INDEX Figures and Tables Table 2-1: Section Organization ......................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 3.1 Overweight and Obesity of Adults in the Oregon and US, 1995-2007 .........................................14 Figure 3.2: Obesity and Overweight, Portland Metropolitan Area, 2007 ....................................................... 11 Figure 3.3: Percent of population consuming less than five servings of fruits and vegetables per day .......... 12 Table 3-1: Have you ever been told by a doctor that you have diabetes? ....................................................... 15 Figure 3.4 Diabetes-related Mortality Rate by Race or Ethnicity, Multnomah County...................................... 15 Figure 3.5 Diabetes Prevalence by Race/Ethnicity, Oregon, 2004-2005 ......................................................... 16 Table 3-2: Mean number of lost years to premature death from diabetes........................................................ 16 Table 4-1: Food and beverage store data for the Portland Metropolitan Statistical Area................................. 19 Figure 4.1: Poverty Rates and Food Deserts.................................................................................................... 22 Figure 4.2: Length of time respondents travel to grocery store (one way)………………………………………..29 Figure 4.3: Method of transport to grocery store…………………………………………………………………….29 Table 5-1: Restaurant-related economic data for the Portland Metropolitan Statistical Area........................... 31 Figure 5.1: Multnomah County Fast Food Outlets and Chain Restaurants and Percent of Population at Less than 100% of Federal Poverty Level ........................................................................................................ 32 Food Background Report Page 1 of 98 Figure 6.1: Percentage of Households Reporting Indicators of Adult Food Insecurity, by Food Security Status, 2007………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..38 Figure 6.2: Food Stamp Usage in Oregon, 1995 – November 2008.................................................................36 Figure 7.1: Number of Operating Farmers Markets ..........................................................................................40 Figure 7.2: Ways Public and Farmers Markets Benefit Communities...............................................................41 Figure 7.3: Benefit of Farmers Markets to Community (Customer’s View) .......................................................41 Table 8-1: Retail Food Environment Index (RFEI) of selected cities. ...............................................................53 Table 8-2: Retail Food Environment Index (RFEI) of Portland quadrants.........................................................54 Table: Where is Agriculture allowed in Portland? .............................................................................................58 Table 10-1: Portland Community Gardens Program compared to other western cities....................................61 Figure 10.1: Age of Portland Community Gardeners ............................................................................70 Figure 10.2: Community Gardeners’ Reported Income Level..........................................................................62 Table 10-2: Portland community gardeners express why they participate........................................................63 Figure 10.3: Length of Travel to Garden by Portland Community Gardeners ..................................................63 Figure 10.4: Mode of Travel for Portland Community Gardeners .....................................................................64 Table 12-1: Top Goals of School Garden Organizers (frequency over 50%) ...................................................72 Table 15-1: Food manufacturing and wholesale data for the Portland Metropolitan Statistical Area. ..............83 Figure 17.1: Yearly Food Expenditures, Portland MSA in 2005 dollars............................................................86 Figure 17.2: Food Expenditures, Portland MSA 1986-1987........................................................................98 Figure 17.3: Food Expenditures, Portland MSA 2004-2005 .............................................................................87 Figure 17.4: Away-From-Home Food Expenditures by Outlet Type .................................................................87