Show Daily Official Show Daily of the 70Th International Astronautical Congress

Oct. 22, 2019 DAY 2 SHOW DAILY OFFICIAL SHOW DAILY OF THE 70TH INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTICAL CONGRESS

Space chiefs endorse continued cooperation in lunar exploration

eaders of several national space agencies more when we work together,” he said during a executive director for piloted spaceflight at Ros- endorsed continued cooperation in space session that included representatives from Can- cosmos. “International cooperation is important.” Lexploration, including missions to the moon, ada, Europe, India, Japan and Russia. Krikalev said at a later news conference that and said that effort should not come into conflict The European Space Agency is likely the next Russia’s contribution to the Gateway will proba- with separate work to address climate change. agency to make a decision on cooperation, at its bly involve some kind of transportation system, Speaking at a panel of agency leaders during next ministerial meeting in Spain in late Novem- such as the crewed spacecraft Roscosmos has the 70th International Astronautical Congress here ber. Those decisions, ESA Director General Jan been developing for several years, providing an Oct. 21, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said Woerner said, will include producing additional alternative to NASA’s Orion to get crews to the he expected more countries to join the agency’s service modules for the Orion spacecraft and Gateway. “We think the redundant transportation return to the moon after commitments made providing modules for the lunar Gateway. system and one of the modules for Gateway earlier this year by Canada and last week by Japan. Russia is also weighing its role in NASA’s lunar “We need international partners. We can all do programs, including the lunar Gateway. “We are The heads of several of the world’s leading space planning to participate in the Gateway, but we don’t agencies shared the stage Oct. 21 at the IAC. JEFF FOUST have a final decision how,” said Sergey Krikalev, CRAIG VANDER GALIEN FOR SPACENEWS

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CRAIG VANDER GALIEN FOR SPACENEWS DAY 2 SHOW DAILY

Pence calls on “freedom-loving” nations to join U.S. in exploring space

ice President Mike Pence the final frontier,” he said. told an international audi- He cited as examples of that inter- Vence that the United States est by several nations in cooperation intends to lead in space but seeks on the NASA-led Artemis program, cooperation in space exploration including Australia and Canada. Last with “freedom-loving” nations. week, the Japanese government Pence, speaking at the opening announced its intent to work with ceremony of the 70th International the U.S. on both the lunar Gateway Astronautical Congress here Oct. 21, and lunar landing missions. made no new announcements about Pence repeated the theme of national space policy or international working with “freedom-loving” cooperation in his remarks, instead countries and a favorable reg- reiterating the Trump administra- ulatory environment. “As more tion’s theme of renewed American nations gain the ability to explore leadership in space. space and develop places beyond “Under President Donald Trump’s Earth’s atmosphere, we much also leadership, America is leading in ensure that we carry into space our space once again,” Pence said, a shared commitment to freedom, theme he returned to several times rule of law and private property,” in a speech that lasted under 20 he said. “We will use all legal and minutes. “He believes, as I do, that’s diplomatic means to create a stable it’s America’s destiny to be the leader and orderly space environment amongst nations in our adventure that drives opportunity, creates U.S. Vice President Mike Pence told the audience at the International Astro- into the great unknown.” prosperity and ensures our secu- nautical Congress that the U.S. wants to lead in space, but seeks to work with Pence, though, said that the United rity on Earth.” like-minded nation. States was willing to cooperate with Pence’s American-centric com- other nations in space exploration. ments got a lukewarm reaction at stronger reaction when he congrat- family members representing Mike “The United States of America will times from a diverse international ulated the crew of Apollo 11, who Collins and the late Neil Armstrong. always be willing to work closely audience. A handful of people also received the International Astro- “It’s an honor to be with all of you, with like-minded freedom-loving walked out at the beginning of his nautical Federation’s World Space and to remember the extraordinary nations as we lead mankind into speech, protesting his views on Award on the 50th anniversary of contributions that you, Buzz, and your social issues. this historic mission. Buzz Aldrin family members made to mankind JEFF FOUST Pence, though, got a much attended the ceremony, along with 50 years ago,” Pence said. SN

would be our participation in the program.” That IGA could be extended in some way, such as might explain why government should fund space Bridenstine and others, though, didn’t spec- through memoranda of understanding among exploration to young climate change activists like ify when those general commitments would be the partners, to encompass lunar missions. Greta Thunberg. turned into firm, binding agreements of some Woerner noted it took eight years to negoti- Woerner argued that space was essential kind. Part of that uncertainty, he said, depends on ate the original IGA for the space station. “I don’t to the study of climate change, noting that the the efforts in various countries to win approval, want to wait eight years,” he said. “We should greenhouse effect was traced back to studies of and funding, for their contributions. try whenever we can to use the IGA for the ISS.” Venus, where a runaway greenhouse effect caused “It’s kind of like a jigsaw puzzle,” he said. “It Bridenstine agreed. “Extending the IGA is extreme heating of its atmosphere. “This shows takes some time to put it together, but all the the quickest way to make it happen,” he said. already that climate change has a direct link to pieces will come together. We just have to con- “As long as well agree, we can keep moving exploration,” he said. “Space is helping Greta.” tinue to work on it.” forward.” Bridenstine notes that many space tech- Those agencies expect that cooperation on The wide-ranging panel discussion also nologies can also be applied on Earth to reduce the lunar Gateway and other aspects of lunar brought up whether space exploration, including greenhouse gas emissions, such as batteries and exploration will be governed by the same inter- human missions to the moon, could be justified solar panels. “If we are worried about greenhouse governmental agreement, or IGA, currently used given growing concerns about climate change. gas emissions, how can you not explore space? CRAIG VANDER GALIEN FOR SPACENEWS by the partners on the International Space Station. One question posed to the panel asked how they That’s the question.” SN

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ConsenSys Space announces crowdsourced SSA data system

to the underlying data or algo- “TruSat is an effort rithms by which the positions are derived. “We architected the — an experiment, TruSat system to be better in both truthfully — in respects,” he said. Users will be able to submit their producing SSA satellite observations through the data that can TruSat software with full transpar- ency regarding the observations be widely, if not and the processes by which satel- globally, trusted lite orbits are derived from them. Over time, Israel said, TruSat will and made freely offer a “confidence assessment” accessible for any of observations, based on the ob- application.” server and their past track record of accuracy, to refine the orbital Brian Israel, ConsenSys co-founder elements calculated for each object. and former general counsel of TruSat will initially work with Planetary Resources the worldwide community of hobbyists who already track objects, including classified satellites not included in Air Force catalogs, and Several organizations plan to share that information in online cooperate with ConsenSys Space TruSat will offer software to allow individuals, such as satellite tracking hobbyists, to forums. Those people have an on TruSat, including the Secure report satellite positions. “intrinsic motivation” to help out World Foundation and the Uni- with a project like this, Israel said, versity of Texas. However, the venture linked to a former particular researchers studying based on interviews the company company doesn’t see TruSat as a space mining company space sustainability. did with a number of them, and are competitor to the Air Force’s own Aannounced Oct. 21 a very “TruSat is an effort — an exper- willing to help refine the system catalog or other efforts, like the different project, using block- iment, truthfully — in producing before expanding it to a wider Commerce Department’s plans chain technology to provide SSA data that can be widely, if not audience. for an open-architecture data crowdsourced space situational globally, trusted and made freely Later, TruSat plans to offer repository of SSA data. awareness (SSA) data. accessible for any application,” other incentives for people to par- “Those services have different ConsenSys Space, established said Brian Israel, co-founder of ticipate in satellite tracking work. applications,” Israel said, with an by blockchain company Consen- ConsenSys Space and the former That could include “missions” emphasis on space traffic man- Sys after it acquired Planetary general counsel of Planetary Re- to observe specific objects, with agement. Instead, TruSat will Resources nearly a year ago, sources, in an interview. participants eligible for mission serve researchers studying space rolled out a project called TruSat The project is intended to patches. Israel said the system sustainability. “The gap that we during an event here tied to the address concerns that SSA data could offer additional “gamifi- see is a source of SSA data that is 70th International Astronautical that’s available today, notably by cation” elements in the future to both widely trusted and doesn’t Congress. the U.S. Air Force, is tightly con- encourage participation. have any strings attached.” TruSat will offer software to trolled. “When the data is controlled The use of blockchain is es- Israel said ConsenSys Space allow individuals, such as satel- from sensor to output by a single sential to the TruSat system, the plans to use TruSat, and its block- lite tracking hobbyists, to report institution, like the Defense De- company argues, to ensure data chain technology, for other space satellite positions. The project will partment, trust in the results is submitted is not tampered with, applications. “Our mission and make orbital information on those linked to trust in that institution, particularly for an open system vision is to build collaboration objects, derived from that tracking and it’s hard to find an institution like this. “The most concrete use platforms to democratize, diversify data, freely available to users, in trusted by all people all the time,” case for blockchain technology and decentralize space endeavors,” he said. is when the parties involved can’t he said. “TruSat is our first step in Moreover, SSA data is treated agree on an institution they all that process, but it’s not the only

JEFF FOUST as a “black box,” with no access trust,” Israel said. one we plan.” CRAIG VANDER GALIEN FOR SPACENEWS SN CONSENSYS TRUSAT SCREEN GRAB

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MILO Institute invites partners to join missions to moon, near-Earth objects

he nonprofit MILO Institute is beginning to reveal some of the universities Tand government agencies around the world signing onto its plan to share the cost of deep space science missions across multiple organizations. At an Oct. 22 Milo Institute news conference at the 2019 International Astronautical Congress here, Ian Jones, Goonhilly Earth Station CEO, Gordon Osinski, director of the Institute for Earth and Space Exploration at Western University in Canada, and Richard Ambrosi, University of Leicester professor of space instrumentation and space nuclear power systems, will discuss the importance of international cooperation. The MILO Institute, a research collaborative led by Arizona State University with support from Lockheed Martin and Lockheed Martin subsidiary GEOShare, was unveiled at the 2018 International Astronautical Congress in Bre- men, Germany. The organization’s premise is that many worthwhile space science missions don’t receive the government backing they need “There is more compelling space science that should be getting done that needs to get done but is simply not getting done,” GEOShare CEO Lon Levin said during an Oct. 21 presentation at the 2019 International Astronautical to reach orbit. Congress. “There is more compelling space science that should be getting done that needs to get done but is simply not getting done,” GEOShare CEO Lon members to perform compelling science on intend to have financial commitments for the Levin said during an Oct. 21 presentation at the the surface of the moon at a small fraction of inaugural mission by the end of 2019, although 2019 International Astronautical Congress here. the traditional mission cost,” according to a Milo funds to develop and then operate the mission If organizations pool their resources, more Institute white paper on mission opportunities. would be phased over the mission duration.” missions could fly and more engineers, scien- Lockheed Martin was one of nine companies Instruments onboard NEOShare satellites tists and students would have opportunities to NASA selected last year in the Commercial Lunar could gather data on asteroid and comet surface participate, said David Thomas, MILO Institute Payload Services program to bid on task orders geology, mineralogy, ice-volatile-organic inven- executive director and CEO of the ASU Research to send payloads to the lunar surface. tory, density and other properties, according to Enterprise called ASURE. “We believe that the Lockheed Martin does not yet have a task MILO Institute white papers. consortium model allows entities from around order to perform one of those missions but “we “Using reasonable assumptions about launch the world to participate at a fraction of the total feel very good about our prospects,” Linn said. and spacecraft delta-V capabilities, we have iden- mission cost,” he added. In addition, the Milo Institute will invite tified more than 100 currently known asteroids A scientific panel will ensure MILO Institute members to perform close flybys of asteroids and and 20 currently known comets to consider missions perform “decadal level science,” Levin comets in a mission called NEOShare, and travel studying up close. Some of the flyby spacecraft said. The MILO Institute also is aiming for speed to Apophis, before 2029 when the asteroid will could be retargeted to a second flyby object after and cost control, seeking to perform missions come within 30,000 kilometers of Earth’s surface. their first encounter.” within five years that cost $200 million or less, “We would like to send probes to Apophis Since the MILO Institute was formed one Levin said. before it gets here,” Levin said. year ago, its leaders have held discussions with Lunar missions would fly either alongside NEOShare could involve 20 to 30 organizations universities, space agencies and other govern- NASA payloads or, if there were enough of them, to send at least six cubesats and small satellites to ment agencies around the world. alone on the McCandless Lunar Lander, said Tim different near-Earth objects. Members will have “We’re seeing an enormous amount of in- Linn, Lockheed Martin Space Systems senior opportunities to participate at various levels, terest in joining the MILO Institute as well as manager and chief systems engineer. “depending on what each organization wants to people signing up to join us,” Levin said. Eleven “This is an opportunity for MILO Institute achieve, from just access to the science data to full organizations have signed memorandums of development of one or more of the spacecraft,” understanding with the MILO Institute and more

CRAIG VANDER GALIEN FOR SPACENEWS DEBRA WERNER according to a MILO Institute white paper. “We memorandums are being drafted, he added. CONSENSYS TRUSAT SCREEN GRAB SN

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ESA to request €12.5 billion budget from member states in November

he European Space Agency will ask its 22 member states to commit to funding a T budget of 12.5 billion euros ($13.9 billion) for the next three years. ESA Director-General Jan Woerner told a news conference Oct. 17 that the proposal will be put to the next ESA Ministerial Council to be held Nov. 27-28 in Seville, Spain. The November conference will see member states discuss ESA’s future work and funding. If finalized and accepted, the commitment would be an increase over the $12 billion secured at the previous triennial ministerial in 2016. The spending proposal is spread across four pillars consisting of a mixture of mandatory and optional programs. Preliminary numbers would see each of science and exploration, applications, and enabling ESA is negotiating contracts for new European Service Modules for NASA’s Orion crew transport vehicle, as a contribution to the and support receive about a third of Gateway and Artemis programs. the ESA budget, with space safety and security receiving 7%. ESA is currently in intense nego- “The idea was and is that Ariane Political variables in ESA budget Science and exploration will tiations with Airbus for the delivery 6 would be 50% cheaper than Ariane Asked about the political un- cover existing commitments such of a third European Service Module 5. When this decision was made… certainties among member states, as the International Space Station for NASA’s Orion crew transport this 50% decrease would have been Woerner noted that the Spanish but could include new lunar and vehicle for beyond low Earth orbit. an excellent position in the interna- government appears committed to Mars projects. ESA will engage in A further batch order of six is under tional launcher market. increased spending despite a general both autonomous initiatives and negotiation, in line with NASA’s “Now what we see is that the election next month. Spain is the those through international coop- contracting for Orion command market is further developing with fifth largest member state in terms eration, including NASA’s Gateway modules. lower prices and this is of course a of contribution to the ESA budget. and potentially a Mars sample-return NASA is also looking to ESA in- challenge for us. So therefore, we have Addressing the issue of the United mission. volvement in the Gateway via the to see what we can do to prepare for Kingdom’s expected exit from the Despite uncertainties regard- ESPRIT module and the International a future with cheaper launchers, or European Union, Woerner down- ing funding for NASA’s Artemis Habitat (iHab) module elements of whether we need some support for played potential issues, stating that it program and its timeline, Woerner the officially named Lunar Orbital Vega and Ariane 6 to be competitive,” was “not a big headache,” regarding stated that what mattered for ESA Platform – Gateway. Woerner said. the budget question. One potential was information received in official This participation could lead “It’s clear the other launchers issue was with Belgium, with Woerner messages. The ESA DG engaged in to the offer from NASA that “in the worldwide get some support in this describing the political situation as recent communications with NASA future also there may a European or that way from the public side, “not so clear.” Administrator Jim Bridenstine and astronaut on the surface of the whether it will be by nice contracts or The ESA director-general said Scott Pace, U.S. National Space Council moon,” Woerner noted. whatever assistance,” Woerner added. he is hopeful of securing a “near executive secretary. Assistance for Ariane 6, Vega C ESA is looking into reusability double-digit” increase in the space “The Americans are looking On space transportation, ESA with parachute systems and the science budget. That figure, however, forward that we deliver not only the is looking to get Ariane 6 and Vega ‘Space Rider’ reusable end-to-end is preliminary. third, but more European Service C completed and on the market. integrated space transportation ESA budget negotiations and Modules,” Woerner says. Asked by if the Ariane 6 would be system. The agency is also look- deliberations will continue for the 40 subsidized as with the predecessor ing at micro launchers, albeit with days leading the November minis- ARIANEGROUP ANDREW JONES Ariane 5, Woerner replied: less intensity. terial, this time called ‘Space19+.’ SN

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001-007_IAC ShowDaily-DAY TWO 2019.indd 6 10/21/19 5:56 PM Five upgrades ArianeGroup wants Europe to consider for Ariane 6

urope’s Ariane 6 rocket is a year away from its maiden flight, but prime contractor ArianeGroup is already preparing upgrades its E says can be introduced in the launcher’s first three years of service. The 3.6-billion-euro Ariane 6 program, funded 89% by the European Space Agency and 11% by ArianeGroup and its industry partners, is on track to succeed the Ariane 5 heavy-lift rocket while costing around half as much to produce, Patrick Bonguet, ArianeGroup’s head of the Ariane 6 program, told SpaceNews. Bonguet said ArianeGroup is preparing to pitch a Continuous Im- provement Program, or CIP, for Ariane 6 at the European Space Agency’s ministerial conference next month in Seville, Spain. “We think now that this launcher has some further potential to evolve, to decrease costs and improve performance and mission capability,” he said. ESA ministerial conferences occur every three years, and are where its 22 member states decide on funding levels for pan-European space programs. Bonguet declined to say how much funding ArianeGroup is seeking at the ministerial. But the company has already started several Ariane 6 upgrades in anticipation of future ESA support, he said. Gaining ESA funding at the ministerial will ensure Ariane 6 continues to evolve in its early years. Bonguet listed five improvements ArianeGroup will seek funding for at the ministerial. — Caleb Henry

Enhanced payload adaptor 6’s expendable Vulcain 2.1 first-stage more than 5,000 kilograms straight While the Ariane 5 mainly engines and Vinci second-stage to GEO. The APU will also enable An Ariane 6 rocket with the Inno- launches geostationary engines. Prometheus, in addition sequential spacecraft separations vative Carbon Ariane Upper Stage 1 (Icarus), also known as the black satellites two at a time, the Ariane to being reusable, leverages exten- to prevent the risk of collisions. upper stage. 6 is designed to launch a wider sive 3D printing with the goal of range of satellites, including low costing 1 million euros to manu- Black upper stage Earth orbit smallsat constellations facture (a tenth the cost of Ariane In May, ESA tasked Ari- Simpler solid rocket boosters and small geostationary satellites. 5’s Vulcain engine). Bonguet said 4aneGroup and German Ariane 6 uses two or four Bonguet said ArianeGroup wants a spinoff technologies like electrical company MT Aerospace with de- 5solid roket boosters, with the “reinforced” payload adaptor to fit valves and 3D-printed parts from veloping a prototype upper stage number attached determining how these trends. A reinforced adaptor Prometheus could reduce the cost using carbon composites instead much the rocket can ultimately lift. would support more rideshares of Ariane 6’s expendable engines. of aluminum. The successor to the Bonguet said the dual-use nature for small satellites, and heavier prototype is the Innovative Car- of solid rocket booster technology combinations of GEO satellites, Auxilliary Power Unit bon Ariane Upper Stage, or Icarus, for military applications prevents he said, by making more of the Ariane 6’s upper stage includes made of carbon-fiber reinforced naming specific improvements, rocket fairing’s volume fillable 3a small propulsion system plastic. Icarus, also referred to as but that ArianeGroup wants ESA with satellites. called the Auxiliary Power Unit, the “black upper stage” due to its funding for “simplifying the design” or APU, to deliver satellites directly coloring, won’t be ready until at and “improving the manufacturing Prometheus engine spinoffs into circularized geosynchronous least 2025, but Bonguet said Ar- processes.” Europropulsion, a 50-50 The first Prometheus reusable orbit instead of a typical elliptical ianeGroup could, through CIP, joint venture between ArianeGroup 2engine is on track for com- transfer orbit. Direct injection implement a “composite cylin- and Avio, builds the boosters, with pletion by the end of 2020, with spares satellites from using their drical structure” in 2023 “without Avio supplying the motor cases and ground testing to follow. Ariane- fuel for orbit raising, thereby ex- waiting for the complete black ArianeGroup bringing the nozzles. Group is preparing the engine for tending their lives. Bonguet said upper stage.” The carbon fiber A second Arianegroup-Avio joint use in the 2030s, but Bonguet said ArianeGroup wants to increase technologies will make Ariane venture called Regulus (60% Avio, the company can start applying how many minutes the APU can 6 lighter, enabling the rocket to 40% ArianeGroup) produces the ARIANEGROUP Prometheus technology to Ariane run so that Ariane 6 can fast-track carry heavier payloads. propellant. SN

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001-007_IAC ShowDaily-DAY TWO 2019.indd 7 10/21/19 5:56 PM 008-012_IAC ShowDaily-DAY TWO 2019.indd 8 8 |SPACENEWS design andadvanced manufacturing lightweight andefficient structural escape systemdesign technology, a involves new, simplified launch Latest reports claimtheproject space program. the maincontractor for theChinese and Technology Corporation (CASC), under theChinaAerospace Science Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT) developed by theChinaAcademy of into translunarinjection. the Long March 5, can send 8.2 tons orbit, or 70tons tolow Earth orbit. tons of payload into lunartransfer is designed to send at least 25 metric to 2,700tons of thrust.Thelauncher 2,200 metric tons, producing close and have a mass at liftoff of around prototype will be 87 meters long first-stage YF-100K engines. cores will eachhave seven clustered vehicles. Thethree, 5-meter-diameter boosters andLong March 7launch which power theLong March 5side engines—newer versions of those stage. YF-100K RP-1/liquid oxygen ter-diameter Long March 5core cluding that usedfor thefive-me- launcher heritage technology, in- will usenewgeneration Long March space ambitions. spaceflight aspectsof thecountry’s which is responsible for human Manned Space Agency (CMSA), a review organized by the China ameter core boosterstagespassed for components for 5-meter-di News, technology andengineering the ChineselanguageChinaSpace low Earthorbit. facilitate human spaceflight beyond C launcher for crewed moonmissions China makes progress onnew SHOWDAILY Feasibility studies began in 2016. The newlaunch vehicle isbeing China’s largest current rocket, The report states that thelauncher The unnamed launch vehicle According toanOct.11report from ANDREW JONES launch vehicle designed to development of anewlarge hina ismakingprogress inthe A 2 DAY - Academy of Space Technology is beingdeveloped by theChina moon andback. Apollo 8-stylemission around the the newspacecraftandcrew on an would have thecapability tosend for acrewed lunarlanding,but carry all theinfrastructure needed new launcher would not be able to 14 and 20 tons respectively. The developed, with amassof around craft are understood tohave been standard Long March 5. a successful return-to-flight of the station. Thisschedule depends upon constructing China’s planned space launcher primarily designed for launch of the Long March 5B, a flight in 2020, aboard the maiden expected tohave anuncrewed test deep space.Theunnamedcraftis allow missions tothemoon and craft isindevelopment that would to achieve independent spaceflight. and become only thethird country to sendYang Liwei into orbit in2003 spacecraft toLEO. to loft the7,600-kilogram Shenzhou This wasdeveloped during the1990s Long March 2Ftolaunch astronauts. China currently usesthehypergolic SPACEFLIGHT EXPANDING RANGE OF HUMAN next-generation crewed spacecraft. including to the moon—using a future crewed spaceflight missions— new launch vehicle isintended for the Zhuhai Airshow last year that the Exhibition inZhuhai, southern China. ternational Aviation and Aerospace unveiled late 2018at theChinaIn- of theunnamedlaunch vehicle was tanks for the5-meter-diameter cores. from CALT showed manufactured technology. The two-module spacecraft Two versions of the newspace A next-generation crewed space That combination allowed China A CALT researcher, toldpress at A model of the conceptual design A Septembersocial mediapost - - mission requirements. lar design to allow it to meet various spacecraft will benefit from a modu shield requiring replacement. The partially reusable, with the heat promotional video. the service andcrew modules ina recently released footage showing (CAST), anotherCASC subsidiary. It China’s unnamednext-generation crewedspacecraft Components ofcoresforanewChinesecrew-rated launcher The spacecraft will be capable of The crew module will feature - crewed missions tothemoon. expected tobeinvolved infuture over 100metric tons toLEOandis March 9will becapable of launching per-heavy-lift launcher. TheLong it isdeveloping aSaturn V-class, su the 2016Long March 7testlaunch. plate version of thecrew module on nauts. Chinatestedascale, boiler carrying between four tosixastro - China haspreviously stated that 10/21/19 5:59 PM S N - -

CALT/CAST

ISPACE DAY 2 SHOW DAILY Japan agrees to join NASA-led Artemis program

he Japanese government plans to join NASA in its TArtemis program of lunar exploration, although the details about how it will contribute remain to be worked out. In an Oct. 18 statement posted on Twitter, the office of Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe said that his government’s Strategic Head- quarters for National Space Policy had decided the country would join NASA in its plans to return humans to the moon, one that could lead to Japanese astronauts one day setting foot there. “At long last, Japan too will turn over a new page leading to lunar and space exploration,” Abe said in an English-language statement. “Today, we decided on a policy of participating in the U.S.’s challenging new venture, as an ally connected to the U.S. by strong bonds.” In a separate Japanese-language document, the government outline several reasons for participating Besides major projects like the lunar Gateway, Japan’s decision to cooperate with NASA on lunar exploration could create new op- in the NASA-led effort, including portunities for companies like ispace, a Japanese startup developing lunar landers. diplomacy and security, international competitiveness, commercial opportunities and support for later interested in contributing elements those countries that also plan to The agreement could also open missions to Mars. to the lunar Gateway. In previous participate in Artemis. new opportunities for Japanese “The program aims at maintaining statements by the Multilateral Co- “We’re not going to do anything companies to participate in lunar a space station orbiting the moon, ordination Board, which oversees new. We’re going to use that same exploration. Among those compa- manned exploration of the lunar issues regarding the International system as we move forward,” Sumara nies is ispace, which is developing surface, and other undertakings, Space Station, the Japanese space Thompson-King, NASA’s general commercial lunar landers and is and Mars and other destinations are agency JAXA proposed “habitation counsel, said during a panel dis- also partnered with a U.S.-based also in our sights,” Abe’s office said. functions” for the Gateway’s second cussion at a University of Nebraska entity, Draper, to offer similar ser- The Japanese statement said phase, after the initial return to the College of Law space law conference vices to NASA through the agen- Japan would work with NASA and lunar surface in 2024. here Oct. 18. “We’re going to build cy’s Commercial Lunar Payload other partners to coordinate its Japan becomes the second ma- upon the collaboration and coor- Services program. participation in several ways. That jor spacefaring nation to announce dination that we have already been “We welcome this development includes offering technologies that its intent to cooperate on Artemis. engaged to get the space station with great optimism for the future could support the early lunar Gate- In February, Canada announced it operational.” of lunar exploration, as well as the way, providing logistics services with would develop a robotic arm for the The announcement came just relationship between Japan and the its next-generation HTV-X cargo Gateway, spending about $1.5 billion before the 70th International As- United States,” Takeshi Hakamada, vehicle, sharing data used for the over the next 24 years. tronautical Congress (IAC), which chief executive of ispace, said in selection of lunar landing sites and Both countries are partners on began Oct. 21. The potential roles a statement to SpaceNews. “We other lunar transportation services. the ISS, which is governed by an for both traditional partners, like firmly believe the Draper-ispace The statement didn’t explic- intergovernmental agreement, or those involved in the ISS, as well partnership can complement the itly state whether Japan was still IGA. That agreement, or something as emerging space nations is likely U.S.-Japan efforts for a sustain- like it, is likely to be the basis for to be a major subject of discussion able return to the moon at the JEFF FOUST formalizing cooperation among during the conference. commercial level.” SN CALT/CAST ISPACE

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Q&A Who’s Gunter?

paceflight Historian, At first, Usenet was still a thing. I Nerd, Physicist and got in contact with other people Editor of Gunter’s Space interested like Jonathan McDowell, Page. That’s the Twitter for example. When I wrote a new bio for Gunter Krebs, the page for my website, I published it Ssoftware developer based in Frankfurt in this Usenet group and it began who has a devoted following among to grow. For a long time, I didn’t aerospace engineers, researchers realize how many readers I had. into doing a subscription model and organizations give me infor- and journalists because his website I didn’t track it. Over the years, it for this website but the European mation before it is published. That provides up-to-date information on grew more and more. I started to bureaucracy is difficult for internet makes it easier. space activity, including satellites get feedback from people in the businesses. In most other countries, and launches. aerospace industry who told me you would pay the Value Added Have you ever thought about Krebs has been publishing Gunt- they were using my website. Tax (VAT) on your earnings from quitting? er’s Space Page since 1996, sharing an internet website in one country. For a very short period I thought it at first with a small Usenet group What was your goal? In the European Union, I would about this but never seriously and now with some 2,400 unique At first, it was this idea that if I pub- have to differentiate between ev- considered stopping. I think I will visitors on an average weekday. lish my information, I can get more ery European Union country and do it for some time still. If I can get “Gunter’s site is a treasure,” Jon- established publications to do better, pay the Value Added Tax for every this subscription model working, athan McDowell, an astronomer to create a little bit of competition customer in that person’s country. I can spend a little less time in the and spaceflight historian at the so the quality might rise. As I dug It is horrible. I’m not very good in day job and can invest more time Harvard-Smithsonian Center for deeper and deeper into the topic bureaucratic things. on the Space Page. Astrophysics who publishes his and found more and more infor- own newsletter, Jonathan’s Space mation, I didn’t care what the other When did you consider adopting What you would charge for your Report, said by email. “He is the best publications did. Then, I simply tried a subscription model? website? source for images of satellites, while to find more information and put I have been evaluating this for a For professionals, the price would I focus more on numerical data.” it all in one place. number of years now. It is hard to be somewhat higher. But I still have Krebs spoke with SpaceNews find people in Germany who are the idea that it should be available correspondent Debra Werner just What is your day job? competent to help me. I’ve talked for a broad audience including ahead of the IAC. I am a programmer at an internet with advisers but few people are hobbyists. I’m thinking about what agency doing e-business websites. working on this issue. It is really the best price would be to earn a What made you begin Gunter’s It’s a little bit different from what a problem. living on it and allow many people Space Page? I’m doing for the Space Page. But to access it. It was a long time ago. I was about it has been a very good way to How large is your audience now? 20 years old in my physics studies. I earn a living. Hard to say. I do some tracking. On People get so much information was very interested in spaceflight. At working days, it averages about 2,400 for free they are often reluctant the time, I bought a copy of Jane’s With increased space activity, is unique visitors. On the weekends, to pay. Space Directory. It was pretty ex- Gunter’s Space Page taking up it’s a little bit less. It is a pretty large I would like to have some way to pensive for me as a student at the more of your time? audience. offer at least a limited amount of time. It was interesting but I was a Yes. Especially since the small sat- free access for everyone, perhaps little bit underwhelmed because I ellites like cubesats have become How much time do you spend a certain number of free pages per had already found some informa- popular, the scope of the website on your website? week or per month. Above that, I tion that was more correct than has grown. It takes a lot more time It’s hard to say. It averages some would charge a subscription fee. what was published. At the time, now. There are many more projects hours per day but it depends a little Some young people who have used I also discovered the internet and to research. Now, we have to deal bit on the activities happening in this website told me that it helped started to publish my collection of with rockets launching 60, 70, 80 or the business. them get careers in aerospace. information on a website named sometimes 100 satellites at once. It That’s a nice thing. I don’t want Gunter’s Space Page. I didn’t think should be more like a full-time job. Do you have any help? to lose this opportunity to inspire a lot of how to name it. I do it mainly by myself. Over the young people. Do you get paid to do this? years, I have met a lot of people Did you have many readers at first? No. I get some donations from working in this area. Now, many It sounds like you love doing it.

It has grown from the beginning. time to time. I already looked people from different countries I do. Otherwise I wouldn’t do it. SN SPACENEWS GRAPHIC

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