Reality Tv As Popular Science: the Making of a Genre
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REALITY TV AS POPULAR SCIENCE: THE MAKING OF A GENRE by PAUL MYRON HILLIER (Under the Direction of James F. Hamilton) ABSTRACT This study addresses reality TV as popular science. Proposing that we might better understand this popular media form by locating it within a wider context, the project locates key traditions and practices that were drawn upon to help formulate reality TV in the United States in the history of social experiments. During the emergence of commercial forms of popular science in the nineteenth century, P.T. Barnum was an influential creator of a form of entertainment in which the object was to discern what was real in a manufactured amusement. By the 1950s and 1960s, both Candid Camera creator Allen Funt and behavioral psychologist Stanley Milgram formulated their projects as social experiments that placed unsuspecting people into carefully designed situations. Psychologist Phillip Zimbardo reconfigured social experiments in his Stanford prison experiment, paralleling similar uses in the public- television series An American Family, by studying social roles and types. All of these previous practices offered methods and rationales for what is known currently as reality TV, a genre that Mark Burnett helped develop by claiming to test and examine types of human behavior, and inform the ongoing making of a genre well-suited for the post- network era. Adding to more recent work of critical genre analysis, one of the contributions of this study is to explore social experiments as a genre. This study also documents the many characteristics shared by the scientific and commercial versions of social experiments, arguing that they have informed each other and have been responses to and products of the same social imperatives. The study concludes by reflecting on the value of critical genre analysis, as well as on how this example supports efforts to retheorize media participation from a matter of quantity to one of mode. INDEX WORDS: Reality TV, popular science, genre, social experiments, popular culture, entertainment, U.S. media history REALITY TV AS POPULAR SCIENCE: THE MAKING OF A GENRE by PAUL MYRON HILLIER B.A., Eckerd College, 2001 M.A., George Washington University, 2003 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2008 © 2008 Paul Myron Hillier All Rights Reserved REALITY TV AS POPULAR SCIENCE: THE MAKING OF A GENRE by PAUL MYRON HILLIER Major Professor: James F. Hamilton Committee: Horace Newcomb Louise Benjamin Carolina Acosta-Alzuru Ronald Bogue Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia December 2008 For Mary and Hannah iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Of the many things I’ve learned during this process, I now understand that my previous conception of luck was far too narrow. Luck isn’t picking winning lottery numbers or finding a rare portrait hidden behind a painting bought for a dime. Genuine luck is meeting someone like Jay Hamilton at a right moment in time. Jay has been a brilliant mentor, directing me in exceedingly productive avenues, never too busy to talk to me about both work and home, and has helped me negotiate every aspect of being a student and scholar. Everything noteworthy in this dissertation likely originated from him. My lucky streak extends to my committee as a whole, for not just my work, but my life has been greatly enriched by the following people. Far more than I think he is aware, Horace Newcomb has deepened and broadened my reasoning while being an exceptionally humbling model. You couldn’t dream up a more supportive person than Carolina Acosta-Alzuru, everyone’s Dr. A, who has a keen sense for guiding students to the critical root of anything. Louise Benjamin has taught me how a thoughtful historian works, providing sage advice and direction with great cheer. And I’ve never met anyone who can explain and insightfully distill the most complex of topics in such meaningful ways as Ron Bogue, and I’m certain that I’ll never meet anybody as approachable and welcoming. The Grady College is lucky to have Jeff Springston and Debbie Sickles, and I especially so, since they’ve assisted me immeasurably over the last four years. Many v other people – if not everyone – at Grady have supported me, as well, and I’m particularly indebted to Andy Kavoori, Joseph Dominick, and Jennifer Smith for helping me become a better teacher. And my fellow students at Grady have made Thoreau’s wise observation all so true, that “Those things for which the most money is demanded are never the things which the student most wants … for the far more valuable education which he gets by associating with the most cultivated of his contemporaries no charge is made.” Special thanks to Karen Sichler, who patiently listened to me complain more than any friend really should, and to the entire McNiven family for demonstrating what beautiful relationships look like and are all about. I was fortunate to have received a Graduate School dissertation completion assistantship, an award that has proven valuable, and I am quite grateful for this and more to the university. I also recognize that I’m in great debt to the citizens of the state of Georgia, who provided me with the means to explore my intellectual fancies and made this work possible. I sincerely honor and thank you all. Finally, during this process I’ve come to appreciate an important depth to luck, as I have such an amazing family. My mother and step-dad, Laura and Vance Vaughan, showered me, Mary, and Hannah with more love and support than I can simply express, while my in-laws John and Lila Werts did so in equal measure and in profoundly self- sacrificing ways. And my father and step-mom, Paul and Betty Hillier were great cheerleaders throughout, helpfully prodding me along to finish “the paper.” They all, along with my wonderful wife and our darling daughter, both of whom this work is dedicated and made for, in every precious sense of the word, make me, without a doubt, the luckiest person in the world. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................v PREFACE............................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1 (RE)LOCATING REALITY TV AS POPULAR SCIENCE............................7 APPROACHING REALITY TV ................................................................10 TOWARDS A CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL APPROACH TO REALITY TV........................................................................................15 STRATEGIES OF ANALYSIS ..................................................................18 OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS ........................................................................24 2 FROM BACON TO BARNUM: POPULARIZED SCIENCE AND POPULAR SLEUTHING IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY UNITED STATES ......................................................................................................32 HISTORICIZING POPULAR SCIENCE...................................................34 TOWARD SCIENCE AS A PROFESSION...............................................36 POPULARIZING SCIENCE ......................................................................38 THE RISE OF POPULAR ENTERTAINMENT .......................................42 POPULAR SLEUTHING AS COMMERCIAL ENTERTAINMENT ......45 A MARKETPLACE OF AMUSING FRAUDS.........................................49 vii POPULAR SCIENCE AND/AS THE STUDY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR... .......................................................................................50 3 SHOWING TRUTH: SOCIAL EXPERIMENTS AS A DRAMATIC FORM…......................................................................................................56 SOCIAL EXPERIMENTS AS A CONCEPT AND PRACTICE...............57 RECORDING TECHNOLOGIES, DECEPTION, AND MILGRAM’S SHOCKING DISCOVERIES ...............................................................61 ALAN FUNT AND ENTERTAINMENT AS EXPERIMENTS ...............65 SCIENTIFIC AND LITERARY NATURALISM AS A TECHNIQUE OF POPULAR SCIENCE ...........................................................................71 SCRIPTS, DECEPTION, PARTICIPATION, AND SOCIAL ROLE .......73 4 PARTICIPATION AS A PERFORMANCE: SOCIAL EXPERIMENTS AS THEATRICAL SCIENCE ..........................................................................81 PLAYING GUARDS AND PRISONERS AT STANFORD .....................82 SERIALIZING AN AMERICAN FAMILY...............................................90 INNOVATIONS IN POPULAR SCIENCE ...............................................94 THE INSTITUTIONAL STUDY OF SOCIAL ROLES AS TYPES AND THE CULTURE OF DISTANCE.........................................................98 5 STUDYING HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND SELLING REALITY: REALITY TV AS POPULAR SCIENCE...................................................................105 THE HISTORY OF REALITY TV ..........................................................106 MARK BURNETT’S PROFITABLE SOCIAL EXPERIMENT.............110 REALITY TV SOCIAL EXPERIMENTS AS POPULAR SCIENCE.....117 viii THE SOCIAL WORK OF REALITY TV SOCIAL EXPERIMENTS....121 6 FROM BARNUM TO BURNETT AND BEYOND.....................................127 KEY FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY.........................................................129 KEY CONTRIBUTIONS OF THIS STUDY ...........................................131 AVENUES FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ..............................................137