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Political Agency and Youth Subjectivities in Tactic, Guatemala

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Political Agency and Youth Subjectivities in Tactic, Guatemala Enacting Youth: political agency and youth subjectivities in Tactic, Guatemala By Lillian Tatiana Paz Lemus Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Anthropology August, 9th, 2019 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Edward F. Fischer, Ph.D. Lesley Gill, Ph.D. Arthur Demarest, Ph.D. Debra Rodman, Ph.D. DEDICATION To the loving memory of my grandmother, Marta Guzmán de Lemus, who I miss daily. Tactic will always be our home because she made sure we were always loved and fed under her roof. I am very proud to be introduced as her granddaughter whenever I meet new people in town. To Edelberto Torres-Rivas. He wanted to hear about young people’s engagement in our political life, but I was never able to show him the final text. We would have discussed so much over this. I will forever miss our banter and those long meals along our friends. To the many young Guatemalans who strive to make our country a better place for all. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Through the long journey of the doctoral studies, I have had the great fortune of being surrounded by wonderful people who provided the needed support and help to see this project to fruition. Dissertations are never an individual accomplishment, and while the mistakes are entirely my own, there is much credit to give the many people who interacted with me through the years and made this possible First, I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Professor Edward F. Fischer. Ted always had a word of encouragement through this bumpy ride, and I am deeply grateful for all his pep-talks and update emails. To the members of my Committee, Professors Arthur Demarest, Lesley Gill, and Debra H. Rodman, thanks for taking time from their hectic agendas to meet with me and give your feedback. I have taken with me their advice and inquisitive comments and will carry them to my future academic endeavors. Appreciation is due to the Faculty and Staff of the Anthropology Department and the Center for Latin American Studies at Vanderbilt University. I am indebted to Helena Simonett and Avery Dickins de Girón for all their work to support graduate students’ research through the summer research grants from the Tinker Foundation. The financial support from Vanderbilt University through the doctoral scholarship, the Harold Stirling Vanderbilt scholarship and the summer grant from the College of Arts and Science, made this project possible. My work in Tactic would not have been possible without the help of many people and institutions that graciously open their doors for me. I would like to thank the young men and women of La Mesa and the Oficina Municipal de la Juventud, present and past, who not only shared their lives with me but constantly challenged my political positions, knowledge, and understanding of our history. Several topics in the dissertation would not exist had they not made such tough questions. Special thanks go to Adela, Álvaro, Aracely, Carlos, Dalia, David, Edna, Edvin, Griselda, Harold, Henry, Hugo, Leyzer, Magaly, Magner, Mayron, Nataly, Nelson, Noé, Noelia, Otto, Raúl and Sulmi for the fun and challenging moments. Additionally, I would like to commemorate the lives of Concha Ponce and Tita Arrué, who were always happy to share their knowledge of Tactic and their experience as educators. Fieldwork would have not been possible without the support of the whole Lemus Guzmán clan, but especially Tía Chita and Tía Negry who fed and cared for me; their presence was, and still is, a foundational stone of my well-being. iii Throughout the fieldwork and research, I was fortunate to have scholars and friends who shared their work with me, and their contribution is now part of this text. Sarah Foss gave me access to her research about the archival records of Tactic’s development projects in the 1960s. Gustavo Arriola Quan answered many questions regarding the statistical data used in this dissertation. José María Lemus Orantes shared his archival and paleographic work with me. Luis Ernesto Velásquez was my software consultant and made two beautiful maps for me. During my years as a student at Vanderbilt University, I was able to meet incredible people who have become part of my extended family. My love goes to the best cohort ever. Carla Hernández Garavito, Brian McCray, Sarah Levithol, and Scotti Norman, we have had quite a ride, and I am glad to have shared this boat with them (I’m on a boat!). To the Guatemalan posse, Ixchel Espantzay, Iyaxel Cojti, and Felipe Girón, gracias muchá. The final writing was made easier by my delinquent crew (you know who you are). A special seink yús goes to Scotti for being the best writing partner a girl could ask for, and to Carla for guiding me through the mysteries of graduate bureaucracy. To my dear Vandy friends Amanda Garrison, Caissa Revilla, Dan O'Malley, Emma Banks, Gabriela Oré, Gloria Pérez, Keitlyn Alcántara, Marlon Escamilla, Rosemary Lieske, Sarah Foss, Tristan Call, and Werner Hertzog, I am forever grateful for your company and friendship through these years. My life in Nashville was made brighter by Shelley Darling, who always had an open door for us. Massive thanks to Alma Paz-San Miguel for allowing me into her family and giving me a home in Nashville. Carlos Girón, I will owe him beers for the rest of our lives. In Guatemala, the Department of Anthropology and Sociology at Universidad del Valle de Guatemala has been always been a second home to me. I want to recognize the mentorship of professors Didier Boremanse, Linda Asturias and Marion Popenoe de Hatch through my undergraduate studies; their work was and is an inspiration. After returning to work at UVG, I have been lucky to have the support of Andrés Álvarez Castañeda, Lorena Argueta de Castañeda, Alejandra Colom, Ángel del Valle, Aracely Martínez, Ana Vides, Ramón Zamora, and Cristina Zilbermann de Luján. In particular, I want to acknowledge Andrés for making it possible for me to do the job while conducting fieldwork and writing; thanks for always having my back! To the students of Anthropology and Sociology, thanks for their patience and cheers through the process. I am indebted to those who engaged in research with me during the past six years, especially: Aiken Chew, Alejandra Barrios, Ana Lucía Morales, Gaby Sofi Dávila, Jennifer González, Juan José López, Marielos Ceballos, Pablo Yon, Paulina Garzaro, Ramón Zamora, and Silvia Sánchez. A shout out iv goes to Analu for jumping on board with my last-minute proposals and keeping track of the fieldwork playlist. Graduate school and life, in general, would have been more difficult without the constant friendship of David García, Gustavo Arriola, Hugo Rabbia, Karen Lorenti, Karen Pereira, María Castro, and Pamela Escobar. I thank them for remaining close despite my tendency to fall out of communication. Finally, no words can encompass the enormous gratitude and love I carry for my nuclear and extended family; the Paz, Lemus, and Velásquez have been there for me in more ways than I can count. Guillermo Paz and Marta Lemus who are my foundational rock. Sometimes we are like water and oil, thankfully we always emulsify. Mito and Martis who love me despite the weirdness. Joaquín, the bright light of my afternoons. Luis, who ventured into Nashville with me and stayed by my side through this whole journey; thanks for being there for me in the good and bad days (you carry my heart in your heart). To all of you, as Cerati would say, gracias totales. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................................... ix Chapter I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Exploring agency in anthropology .......................................................................................................... 3 Youth studies and their approach to agentic actions ........................................................................... 9 Enacting youth: citizenship and agency ............................................................................................... 14 A brief overview of Youth in Guatemala .............................................................................................. 16 Building the dissertation ........................................................................................................................ 21 The methodology ................................................................................................................................. 24 The structure of the dissertation and Elizabeth’s story.................................................................... 29 • Elizabeth, the life of a young Poqomchi’ woman ................................................................................ 32 II. Tactic and its history ............................................................................................................................
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