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Decapod Larvae from a Nearshore Area of Northeastern Newfoundland (Crustacea, Decapoda)

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Decapod Larvae from a Nearshore Area of Northeastern Newfoundland (Crustacea, Decapoda) NAFO Sci. Coun. Studies, 30: 75–87 Decapod Larvae from a Nearshore Area of Northeastern Newfoundland (Crustacea, Decapoda) H. J. Squires 122 University Ave., St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 1Z5 G. P. Ennis and G. Dawe Science Branch, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, P. O. Box 5667 St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5X1 Abstract Nine species of decapod larvae, including lobster (Homarus americanus), from the plankton were identified in a nearshore study area in northeastern Newfoundland. Charac- teristics including illustrations for field identification of larvae of these species are given. Occurrences of Stages I–IV Zoea and Megalopa of the more abundant species indicate possibly more than one spawning or hatching during summer. Evidence of oogenesis being equal to embryogenesis is presented for the species Eualus pusiolus and Crangon septemspinosa in this area. The occurrence of larvae of Caridion gordoni gives a most north- erly record for this species in the western North Atlantic. Key Words: Cancer, Caridion, Crangon, Eualus, larvae, pagurus, plankton, spawning Introduction include the use of a diver-operated machine-driven plankton collector, with a 50 cm diameter #2 mesh Decapod crustacean larvae, among other plankton net. Five-minute tows were made from sur- plankton, were taken by plankton collectors from face to bottom in depths up to 9 m and not more inshore in a lobster fishing area at St. Chad's, than 20 m from shore for the most part. A series of Bonavista Bay, northeastern Newfoundland (Fig. 1), 3–7 tows were made in succession in each instance in summer 1971. The primary objective of the sur- in a specified location. (A time difference in towing vey was to determine the distribution of lobster lar- the plankton net occurred on 18–20 August when vae near shore under various conditions of wind and some 30 minute surface tows were made). weather (Ennis, 1983). The samples, however, con- tained other decapod larvae which were kept with Total number of specimens of decapod larvae appropriate documentation. in the collection was 7 616 taken in 306 tows. Total plankton comprised mostly calanoid copepods, fish Zoea of shrimps, hermit crabs and crabs were eggs and larvae and several other planktonic spe- collected and identified in a preliminary way. Final cies. Some adult decapod crustaceans were also identification and occurrences of Stage I Zoea lar- collected but not in the plankton net. vae in particular throughout the summer form the subject of the present paper. All larvae collected For this paper most species were identified by have previously been described in literature, but it examining specimens with a dissecting microscope is noted that recognition characters and drawings at not more than 80X magnification, but some check- of Stage I or II Zoea larvae of each species given ing was done with specimens stained in Acid Rose, here would be valuable for field identification. mounted in glycerol on a slide and examined at 100X and 430X magnification. Materials and Methods Results Samples from plankton surveys conducted dur- ing May to September 1971 in St. Chad's, Bonavista Specimens of the following species were exam- Bay, Newfoundland were studied for decapod lar- ined and measured, and accompanying documen- vae. These surveys as described by Ennis (1983), tation included in tables and graphs. 76 Sci. Counil Studies No. 30, 1997 Fig. 1. Map of area of investigation at St. Chad's, Bonavista Bay, indicating the sampling area where plank- ton hauls were conducted in the survey. Only 16 areas provided data (14–29, 39), mostly from 14–20. Family Alopidae present species by Lebour (1930) with accompa- nying figures, but had previously been recognized Caridion gordoni (Bate, 1858) by Hansen (1908). The larvae looks like a pandalid, Fig. 2a because of its short carapace compared to the length of its abdomen (Fig. 2a), but is quite unlike The larvae of this species had been described it in other respects. In an overall view, the first im- by Sars (1900), who thought they belonged to pression is that the exopods on maxillipeds are very Pandalus borealis. The larvae were referred to the long. In Stage II and III Zoea the eyes are spread SQUIRES et al.: Decapod Larvae from Nearshore Newfoundland 77 Fig. 2. Drawings of Stage 1 Zoea of a) Caridion gordoni; b) Eulas pusiolus; c) Crangon septemspinosa; d) Pagurus arcuatus; e) Chionoecetes opilip; and f) Cancer irroratus from collections at St. Chad's, Newfoundland. Scale, each line = 1 mm. apart sideways rather than merely forward. Also the pereopods are merely buds and the segmentation rostrum is as long as the carapace and thin and of the tip of the antennal scale shows its primitive styliform, the telson is deeply notched and the pe- development. It has no supraorbital spines in Stage nultimate segment of the endopod of the maxillipeds I Zoea but they are present in Stage II–IV Zoea. is somewhat inflated. The fifth abdominal somite has Mandible has unusual long spike-like incisor in a postero-lateral pair of spines. In Stage I Zoea the Stage I Zoea. 78 Sci. Counil Studies No. 30, 1997 Total lengths of specimens examined (8 only) examined (4). This may mean they do not carry eggs were: Stage I Zoea, 2.8–3.0 mm, Stage II Zoea, 3.5 externally over the winter. Some Stage I Zoea were mm, and Stage III Zoea, 4.1 mm. No other stages captured in September (Fig. 3), a further indication were obtained. Lengths recorded by Lebour (1930) that multiple spawning occurs spread throughout for eastern Atlantic specimens were: Stage I Zoea, the warm summer from June–September. Zoeal 3 mm, Stage II Zoea, 4 mm, and Stage III Zoea, stages later than Stage I appeared early in the sum- 5 mm, apparently greater than lengths observed mer. Stages up to IV were present in early July, but here except in Stage I. Megalopa were not seen until mid-August (Fig. 3). Two peaks of occurrence appeared in each zoeal Adult specimens have not been taken previ- stage from II to IV. Periods between moultings were ously as far north in North America as these not clear from these results. (Squires, 1990), but are reported from south of New- foundland and off Nova Scotia. Also they are known The occurrence of more than one hatching pe- from Greenland, and from Norway extending to the riod during the summer has been demonstrated pre- Bay of Biscay in Europe. Larvae were taken off Ply- viously in a shallow warm water area for Crangon mouth, England, before adults were encountered, septemspinosa at Port au Port Bay, Newfoundland and it was thought that the adults frequented rocky (Squires, 1965; 1970), and possibly for the same bottom where trawling was not possible (Lebour, species in the present paper, as well as for 1930). Larvae were reported from Fortune Bay and E. pusiolus. the Gulf of St. Lawrence by Frost (1936). Family Pandalidae Family Thoridae Pandalus borealis Krøyer, 1938 Eualus pusiolus (Krøyer, 1941) Only one specimen (Stage II Zoea) of this spe- Fig. 2b cies was taken in a tow at 9 m depth, temperature 6.0°C. Recognition characters are: no postero-lat- The larvae of this species have been described eral spines on abdominal somites 4 or 5, supra- by Bull (1939) and Pike and Williamson (1961). It is orbital spine in Stage II Zoea, antennal scale setae recognizable by its small size, very short rostrum at least 15, exopods on first to third pereopods, and and no spines on the abdominal somites (Fig. 2b). total length of 5–7 mm at Stage II Zoea. Other char- As the pereopods develop, exopods are present on acters of this and other Zoeae of this species are the first three pairs. In the present collection total as in Squires (1993). lengths were as follows (numbers measured are in parentheses): Stage I Zoea, 2.2–2.4 mm (15); Stage Family Crangonidae II Zoea, 2.5–3.2 mm (14); Stage III Zoea, 3.2–3.8 mm (20); Stage IV Zoea, 3.4–4.3 mm (20), and Crangon septemspinosa Say, 1818 Megalopa, 4.2–4.3 mm (23). These lengths are simi- Figure 2c lar to those obtained for the species in the eastern Atlantic by Pike and Williamson (1961). The larvae of this species have been described by Needler (1941). Recognition characters Total number of specimens of larvae of E. are: third abdominal somite with mid-dorsal pleura pusiolus examined from this collection was 450, projecting as a spine in all zoeae, first pereopod most of which were in Stage I Zoea. Occurrences with propodus somewhat inflated and with dactyl of the larvae of this species during 7 June–20 beginning to form a subchelate claw, pereopod I August showed four major peaks of abundance of only with exopod. Very small larvae. Megalopa with Stage I Zoea (Fig. 3), possibly indicating produc- the appearance of a small adult. tion of four batches of eggs and/or four periods of hatching during the summer. Ovigerous females in Total lengths of zoeae were as follows (num- the collection of adults examined supported this bers measured in parentheses): Stage I Zoea, 2.2– view. Those females carrying eggs showing eye 2.6 mm (32); Stage II Zoea, 2.3–3.0 mm (21); Stage spots had large ova in the ovaries, indicating that III Zoea, 3.0–3.6 mm (21); Stage IV Zoea, 3.4–4.0 the time for oogenesis was about the same as for mm (23); Megalopa, 4.0–4.3 mm (6). These lengths embryogenesis. It is therefore possible that after the were slightly larger at the early zoeal stages than eggs carried externally are hatched, the ova will be those obtained by Needler (1941) but are otherwise shortly extruded as the next batch.
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