Native American Tribes and Leaders Leaders ● Red Cloud ○ Oglala­Sioux chief ○ Namesake war fought in northern Wyoming ■ Signed Treaty of Laramie to end Red Cloud's war ■ that treaty led to life on Indian reservations ○ offered Sam Deon protection ○ shot Bull Bear in the head ○ Charles Wesley Allen wrote part of his “autobiography” ○ Wagon Box fight ○ letter to president asking if VT McGillycuddy be removed from office ○ attacked Fort Phil Kearney ○ Fetterman Massacre ○ Oglala Lakota chief ○ namesake war is over Powder River (Montana/Wyoming border) ○ married Pretty Owl ○ son Running Doe ● Crazy Horse ○ surrendered to US troops under General Crook ○ resisted imprisonment at Camp Robinson ○ Battle of Platte Bridge ○ Battle of Red Buttes ■ Those two battles were after the Sand Creek Massacre of his allies ○ Battle of the Hundred in the Hand ○ title of “shirt wearer” ○ birth name means “among the trees” ○ shot in the mouth by No Water ○ married Black Shawl ○ faced Anson Mills at Slim Buttes ○ faced Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn ○ led Crow and Shoshone at the Battle of the Rosebud ○ Last Sun Dance of 1877 honored this man ○ body was first taken to Camp Sheridan after he died by his parents, but true place of his remains is now unknown ● Sacagawea ○ major guide during the Lewis and Clark expedition ○ married to French trapper Charboneau ○ son Jean­Baptiste was carried on her back during expedition with Corps of Discovery ○ Jean­Baptiste educated by Clark at the Saint Louis Academy ○ birthed a daughter Lizette ■ died of an unknown sickness ○ died in 1812 ○ may have married into Comanche tribe and died in 1884 ○ may have taken on the name Porivo and lived at Ft. Bridger in Wyoming ○ of the Shoshone tribe ○ Crunelle sculpture of her in Bismarck, ND capitol ● Tecumseh ○ his father died in Lord Dunmore’s War ■ died at the battle of Point Pleasant ○ founded a settlement after having a vision from the Master of Life ○ namesake war started when a Lenape chief died ■ that war included a faction called the Red Sticks ■ stemmed from the Treaty of Fort Wayne ○ his alleged killer used a political slogan containing his name saying “Rumpsy Dumpsy” ○ brother named Tenskwatawa ○ defeated by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe ○ brother called the prophet ○ Shawnee chief ○ killed by Richard Mentor Johnson in the War of 1812 ■ this led to Johnson becoming Martin Van Buren’s VP ○ joined British general Henry Procter ○ attacked Ft. Meigs ○ resisted William Dudley’s force ○ led part of Bluejacket’s Force ○ defeated at the battle of Fallen Timbers ○ criticized chiefs who signed the Treaty of Greenville ○ died at the Battle of Thames ○ mother moved him to Missouri where he was raised by his sister who trained him to become a warrior ○ predicted the New Madrid earthquakes ○ name meant “Shooting Star” ○ set up Prophetstown ● Sitting Bull ○ accused Charles Dawes and John Logan of doing business while drunk ○ killed by Red Tomahawk ○ took bad advice of Kicking Bear ○ imprisoned for a time at Fort Randall ○ James McLaughlin antagonized him ○ lived at Standing Rock ○ associated with Gall ○ prophecy of “soldiers falling from the sky” at Rosebud ○ Hunkpapa Sioux chief ○ defeated Custer w/ Crazy Horse at Little Bighorn ○ received a gardening hoe at one meeting ○ financed by the wealthy Catherine Weldon ○ surrender at Fort Buford ○ killed by the police in South Dakota for connections w/ the Ghost Dancers ○ completed a tour with Buffalo Bill Cody’s Show ○ Lakota Sioux leader ● Black Hawk ○ General Henry Atkins fought him in his namesake war ○ Ft Dixon ○ exploits of Shabonee in his namesake conflict ○ Ft Armstrong was his base ■ that was located on Rock Island ○ rivalry with Keokuk ■ stemmed from aid of the US in the War 1812 ○ sent to Ft. Monroe after he was finally defeated ○ many members of his tribe were killed at the Bad Axe Massacre ○ led Sauk and Fox Indians ○ namesake 1832 war in Iowa and Illinois ○ Namesake War: ■ Gov. John Reynolds ■ Lifetime of Ma­ka­tai­me­she­kia­kiak ■ Fortress Monroe was where he was imprisoned ■ his base was on Rock Island ● Geronimo ○ revolted against mismanagement of Colonel George Crook ○ joined the Dutch Reformed Church ■ wanted to “take the white man’s road” ■ kicked out of the Church for gambling ○ Surrendered at the Skeleton Canyon conference to Nelson Miles ■ didn’t go back to Arizona as promised ○ placed on reservation called “Hell’s Forty Acres” ○ leader of the Chiricahua Apache ● Pontiac ○ John Bradstreet proposed treaties with this man ■ those were opposed by Thomas Gage ○ retreated to the Maumee River after winning one battle ○ won at Bloody Run ○ defeated by Bouquet at Bushy Run ○ made peace with Sir William Johnson ○ killed by a member of the Peoria ○ subject of a tragedy written by British soldier Robert Rogers ○ Francis Parkman wrote Conspiracy of this man ○ forced killed Captain James Dalyell ○ General Amherst put 200 pound bounty on him ○ killed at Cahokia ○ Namesake Rebellion in 1763­64 ■ Paxton Boys Massacre ■ Siege of Ft. Miami ■ Siege of Ft. Pitt ■ Siege of Ft. Detroit ● fought the British ■ Proclamation of 1763 was a response to it ■ Devil’s Hole Massacre ■ Battle of Bloody Run ■ Henry Gladwin defended a key outpost ■ smallpox infected blankets given to Indians ● done by Amherst at Ft. Pitt ■ occurred in the Great Lakes Region ○ Ottawa Chief ● Hiawatha ○ Leader and Co­founder of the Iroquois Confederacy ○ Longfellow wrote about him in The Song of Hiawatha ○ The Hiawathan belt, whose design would later form the flag of the Iroquois Confederacy, is named after him Tribes ● Lokata ○ same thing as Sioux ○ most prominent leader was part of its Hunkpapa group ○ Wakan Tanka ■ also called Great Mystery ■ that was the primary religious entity of this group ○ retained control over the Powder River ○ Treaty of Ft. Laramie ○ Great Plains tribe of Native Americans massacred at Wounded Knee ○ Leaders include: ■ Sitting Bull ■ Red Cloud ■ Crazy Horse ○ this tribe defeated Custer at Little Bighorn ● Shoshone ○ First National Forest named after this tribe ○ Ancestors called the Numa people ○ Some moved south to Texas and became the Comanche ○ Bear river massacre occurred when US troops killed over 400 Shoshone ○ Fought against US in Snake War from 1864­1868 ○ Joined the Bannock tribe to fight the Bannock war against US in 1878 ○ Fought the Sheepeater Indian war ○ Mike Daggot led a group of them that murdered 4 settlers in Nevada ● Shawnee ○ Fort Ancient Culture ○ Lenape are their “grandfathers” ○ chief Cornstalk ○ Lord Dunmore’s War ○ battle of Point Pleasant ○ Leaders: ■ Cornstalk ■ Tecumseh ■ Blackfish ■ Blue Jacket ■ Black Hoof ■ Black Bob ■ Charles Linney ■ The Prophet ○ Treaty of St. Louis ○ settled in the Shenandoah Valley ○ Treaty of Easton ○ Took part in Braddock’s (French and Indian) war ○ joined the Cherokee in the Chickamauga Wars ○ Treaty of Fort Meigs created three reservations: ■ Wampoughaneta ■ Hog’s Creek ■ Lewistown ○ Namesake Methodist mission in Gum River Kansas ● Sauk ○ Chief Blackhawk was Sauk ○ Used a clan system named after animals and plants ○ Settled near Saginaw Bay, Michigan ■ Often called "yellow­earth" due to the color of the soil in Saginaw area ○ Keokuk is another famous Sauk leader ○ Fought two wars against the French ■ Lost to French General Edmund Gaines in Blackhawk war ○ Sac and Fox are the two parts of this tribe when they split up ○ Jim Thorpe, the famous football player, is half Sauk ● Apache ○ one leader nicknamed “Red Sleeves” ○ John Carleton’s California column defeated this tribe at a pass in the Civil War ○ Jicarilla branch defeated John Davidson at Cieneguilla ○ Bascom Affair sparked a war ○ Pinal and Aravaipa branches ○ Camp Grant Massacre ○ Crook replaced by Miles to subdue a rebellion of its Chiricahua Branch ○ Leaders Include ■ by Striped Arrows ■ by Cochise ■ Geronimo ● was exiled to Ft. Pickens, Florida ● known as Goyathlay ■ Magnas Coloradas ● lends his name to county in SE Arizona ○ western native American tribe ○ Alma Massacre ■ started by this tribe’s member, Victorio ○ Battle of Cibecue Creek ■ after the arrest of Nochaydelkline ● Ottawa ○ Wiigwaasabaak was record of their history ○ Saugeen Complex ○ “Third Stopping Place” was Detroit ○ Council of Three Fires ○ fought against Mascouten ○ Treaty of Detroit ○ fought in the French and Indian War under Pontiac ○ Seneca School, Oklahoma ○ Lived on Manitoulin and Cockburn Islands ○ Leaders: ■ Pontiac ● Cherokee ○ Were given farm tools for signing the Treaty of Holston ○ Their language has lasted do to a syllabary created by Sequoyah ○ Fought Georgia in the Supreme Court Case Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ○ Forced to walk the Trail of Tears to Oklahoma ○ Fought on the side of Great Britain during the French and Indian War ○ John Ross led them through the Civil War ○ Originally lived in modern day Georgia ● Iroquois Confederacy ○ Made up of six nations ■ Mohawk ■ Oneida ■ Onondaga ■ Cayuga ■ Seneca ■ Tuscarora ○ Broken up by the American Revolution ■ The Tuscarora and Oneida sided with the colonists ■ The Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga, and Cayuga sided with the British ○ Sided with the British during the French and Indian War ○ Hiawatha was one of their greatest leaders ○ Lived in longhouses ○ Those tribes loyal to the British launched the Cherry Valley Massacre during the American Revolution ● Mayan Civilization ○ Made the long count calendar that was believed by many to predict the end of the world in December 2012 ○ Known for their astronomy ○ Suddenly collapsed between the 8th and 9th centuries for an