THE PACT MOLOTOV· Rlbbentrop and ITS CONSEQUENCES

THE PACT MOLOTOV· RlBBENTROP AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

Demetrius Dvoichenko-Marko History and Geography Department Monmouth CoUege West Long Branch, New Jersey on64

ABSTRACf: Adolf Hitler stunned the world by announcing the conclusion of a nonaggression pact with his arch-enemy, Communist Soviet Union, on August 23, 1939, with Stalin (Dzugashvivli) himself in attendance.I Thus Hitler violated the spirit and letter of the Anti Communist ideology..Stalin had abandoned hope that coUective security could ever be used effectively to contain Nazi aggression and this was one of the reasons he kept British and French missions cooling their heels in Moscow. The purpose of Stalin was to divide the enemies of international communism by promoting a war between Germany and the West. In fact

Stalin's main interest was to make sure that these various powers did not unite against the Soviet Union. An agreement with Nazi Germany had the advantage that the Nazis were willing to hand over to Russia the Baltic states and parts of Poland, which Britain and France refused to do. Stalin may also have found the single-minded, ruthless Hitler more attractive than the vacillating western statesmen, who until recently had embraced appeasement. Everything points to the conclusion that Stalin favored an agreement with Hitler.2

The western statesmen forgot the lesson of Rapallo and their efforts to negotiate an alliance with the Soviet Union failed. Ribbentrop went to Moscow, signed a pad which included a secret clause defIning German and Soviet spheres of influence and dividing Poland between them. The pact meant the neutrality of the Soviet Union, an end to any threat of a British French-Soviet agreement to block German designs of conquest, the isolation of Poland, and a Soviet-German economic cooperation. This was a clear example of power politics dividing Europe into two spheres between two great powers just like after the Peace Treaty of Tilsit in 1807 which divided Europe between Emperor Napoleon of France and Emperor Alexander I of the Russian Empire. Later

When Naploeon and Alexander I met at Erfurt in 1808, Napoleon agreed that Fmland, Moldavia, and Wallachia should be incorporated into Russia, which in return would recognize as King of Spain the brother of Napoleon.]

In certain ways history tends to repeat itself because Ribbontrop, Molotov, and Stalin agreed to a pact of friendship and established their respective spheres of interest in Eastern Europe. Earlier on March 21, 1939, Nazi Germany gained control of Memel (Klaipeda) from Lithuania. The rest .

Finland, Estonia Lativa. and Bessarabia were granted to the Soviet Union. Lithuania was reserved for Germany - although in a subsequent secret agreement of September 28, after the faU of Poland, Germany transferred this

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claim to Russia in return for a larger share of Poland.~ The Romanians from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina who did not flee when Romanian troops withdrew were not allowed to opt in favor of their old A Romanian diplomat agrees tbat as the result of article 2 of the secret protocol an era 01 citizenship and were obliged to stay on.9 Soviet expansion bas begun Bessarabia was an integral part of the principality of Moldavia and at the Peace Treaty of the Soviet Union bas acquired, rust from Hiller's hands, also the 'rights' to Buchrest on May 16, 1812, just thirty-seven days before the invasion of the Russian Empire by 10 incorporate the Baltic States, the territory of Vilna and Bessarabia, and Napoleon and his European satellites , tbe Turkisb Ottoman Empire disregarding the integrity present them to the world as being sacred Soviet territories.' of Moldavia and previous agreements of suzerainty carried out tbe rust division if Moldavia. The eastern art of Moldavia between tbe River Prut and Dnester (Nistru) was turned over to Hitler allowed Soviet Union to move westward and in exchange he received Soviet food, raw the Russian Empire under the name of Bessarabia. The former Vilayets and Turkish fortresses materials, and petroleum. This process or horse trading aUowed Hitler a free hand in the West of Khotin (Hotin), Bendery (Tighina), Ackerman (Moncastro, Cetates Alba, Belgorod and tbe Soviet Union Dnestrovslry), Killa (Chilia), and Izmail were returned to their former owners of Moldavia. The Turks promised to stop tbe taxation of Wallachia and the other part of Moldavia between the got half of Poland, the Baltic states, Bessarabia. And few military men will river Prot and the Carpathian mountains for a period of two years.II After the Peace Treaty disagree that Soviet possessions of these buffer areas saved Moscow, of Bucharest, Besarabia remained as part of the Russian Empire until the 'Sfatul Taril' ('The Stalingrad, and possibly the whole East Front for the Allies.6 Country's Council') in Kishinev decided to reunite the Moldavian Democratic Republic of Bessarabia with the rest of Moldavia in the Kingdom of Romaina in 1918. In response to this The delimitation and establishment of the German and Soviet spheres was settled in Moscow event the Soviet Union created the Moldavian Autonomous Republic 1924-1940 in Trananislria on September 28,1939, and it was called the German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty. with the capital in Balta. It is a weD known fact that outside of Bessarabia along the left bank For strategic reasons in order to provide a better defense for Leningrad the Soviet Union of the Dniester south of Mogilev are located villages which bear typical Moldavian names such invaded Finland on November 30, 1939, and promptly was expeDed from the League of Nations. as Botusani. Dubosari, Butor, Slobozia, etc. Also MogiIev, Ovidiopo~ and Ananiev had Nazi Germany occupied Denmark and proceeded to conquer Norway. Encouraged by his originally a Romanian majority of population.12 As the result of the Mololov-Ribbentrop Pact victories in Scandinavia, Hitler invaded Netherlands, Belgium, and France in May of 1940. The and the Soviet ultimatum of June 26, 1940, the Moldavian Soviet Autonomous Republic was Balkan Entente was shaky after the shift in the balance of power after the fall of France. No abolished and only the southeast region on Tiraspol was incorporated in the new Soviet Socialist help could have been expected from the West particularly France which for a long time was the Republic of Moldavia. Moldavia was fragmented into several parts. Moldavia between the Prut keystone of Romania's alliances. On June 26. 1940, a Soviet ultimatum demanded Bessarabia River and the Carpathian Mountains with Jassy (Iasi) and Suceava remained in Romania while and a part of Bukovina from the Kingdom of Romania. According to the seaet protocol under Northern Bukovina-Hertza with Chernovitay (Cernauti) and the southern Buceag with lamail, article 3 agreed upon by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 the Soviet claims on chilia, and Belgorod Dnieatrovslry (Cetatea Alba, Ackerman) were incorporated into the Soviet Bessarabia were acknowledged as weD as the Jack of interest on the part of Germany for that Socialist Republic of the Ukraine. The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was reduced to the area. However HitJer was annoyed because the Soviet demand included a part of Bukovina in northern region of Beltsy (Balti), the ,central region of Kishinev (Chisinau), the southeastern addition to Bessarabia. The Romanian Crown Council was called and with one opposing vote region of Tiraspol, and the southern region of KaguI (Cahul). This fragmentation of Moldavia of the weD known scholar Professor Iorga send the foDowing telegram to Moscow: was later sanctioned by the Peace Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1947.

The Romanian government, in order to avoid the grave consequences of a recourse to force, and opening of hostilities in this part of Europe, is FOOTNOTES constrained to accept the evacuation conditions specified in the note of the Soviet government.... Because the Red Army marched into the newly acquired 1. Pinson, R.5., MODERN GERMANY ITS HISTORY AND CIVIUZA1l0N, New York. regions without regard to the timetable speDed out by Moscow, it turned the 1989, p.52O; see also Campeano, Zeno, "The Soviet-German Pact of August 1939. Its Builtup retreat of the officials and the army unib into a TOUt.' and Consequences' in THE TRAGIC PUGIIT OFA BORDER ~: BASSARABIA AND BUCOVINA, ed. Manoliu-Manea, Maria, Humboldt State University Press, The annexation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina by the Soviet Union in June of 1940 California, 1983, p.98. caused the transfer from the Kingdom of Romania to the Soviet Union an area of land amounting 19,446 square miles with 3,700,(XX) inhabitants. Out of these Bessarabia alone 2. Gilbert, Felix, THE END OF THE EUROPEAN ERA 1890 TO THE PRESENT, New covered 17,146 square miles and included a population of 3,200,(XX). Northern Bukovina was York - London, 1970, p33. only an area of 2,300 square miles and a population of only half a million. Refugees that managed to cross into the Kingdom of Romania amounted to JOO,(XX) and 15O,(XX) people 3. Boldur, A.V., 1918 LE RECrr DU TEMOIN (L'UNION DE LA BESSARABIA AVEC crossed into the areas occupied by the Soviet Union. According to the Molotov-Ribbentrop LA ROUMANIE), Rome, 1978, p.88. pad BO,(XX) Germans were allowed to depart from Bessaralia and 3O,(XX) were evacuated from Northern Bukovina.' George Cioranescu adds to these facts that 4. Rodes, Jobo E., THE QUEST FOR UNITY: MODERN GERMANY, 1848-1970. New York. 1971, p.275.

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5. Campeano, Zeno,~, p.l02.

6. Bernstein, Victor H., FINAL JUDGEMENT THE STORY OF NUREMBERG, New York, 1947, p.12l.

7. Ioanitiu. Mircea, "The Russian Ultimatum of 1940" in THE TRAGIC PLIGHT OF A BORDER AREA. BESSARABIA AND BUCOVINA. ed. Manoliu-Manea, Maria, Humboldt State University Press, California, 1983, p.l09.

8. Dallin. David J., SOVIET RUSSIA~S FOREIGN POLICY 1939-1942, New Haven., cr., 1947, pp.239-240. '

9. Cioraneacu. George, BESSARABIA DISPUTED LAND BElWEEN EAST AND WEST, Munich, Germany, 1985, p.127.

10. Kazakov, N.J., ·Vnesbnaia Politib Pered Voinoi 1812 Goda" ("The Foreign Policy Before the War of 1812") 1812 GOD. KSTOPIATIDESIATELET YOU OTECHESTVENNOI VOINY, SBORNIK STATEI (1821 TOWARDS THE HUNDERTFIFTY SINCE THE FATIlERlAND WAR. COLLEcnON OF ARTICLES), Moscow, 1962, p.139; see also Udal'tsova, A. D., ISTORIA MOLDAVII (HISTORY OFMOLDAVIA), Kishinev, 1951, YoU, p314; also Cherepnia eds., ISTORlA MILDAVSKOI SSR (HISTORY OF THE MOLDAVIAN SSR), Kishinev, 1965, VoU, p351; also Narochnitskii, A.L. eds., VNESHNIAIA POLmKA ROSSU XIX I NACHAIA XX VEKA; OOKUMENTY ROSSISKOGO MINlSTERSTVA INNOSTANNYKH DEL (THE FOREIGN POLICY OF RUSSIA IN THE NINETEENTHANDTHEBEGINNINGIFTHElWENTIETHCENTURY. DOCUMENTS OF THE RUSSIAN MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS). Moscow, 1962, VoI.VI, pp.406 418; also Punin, L.P., FELDMARSHAL KUTIJZOV, Moscow, 1957, p.1l8.

11. Bukharov, D., ROSSIA I TURTSIA (RUSSIA AND TIJRKEY) St. Petersburg. 1878, pp. 6O-{j3; see also Udal'tsova, ~ pp. 314-317.

12. Giurescu. c.c., ISTORIA ROMANILOR DIN CELE MAl VECHI TIMPURIPANA LA MOARTEA REGELUI FERDINAND (HISTORY OF THE ROMANIANS FROM ANCIENT TIMES UP TO THE DEATH OF KING FERDINAND), Bucharest. 1944, p.381; see also Nandris. Grigore, "RomaniDan EDlea in 18th Century Russia" REVUE DES EruDES ROUMAINES, Paris. 1953, Vol. I, pp. 44-70.