DOCSLIB.ORG

Nitrogen Fixation in Acacias

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nitrogen Fixation in Acacias nitrogen fixation in acacias CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Research Papers in Economics Many a tree is found in the wood, And every tree for its use is good; Some for the strength of the gnarled root, Some for the sweetness of fl ower or fruit. Henry van Dyke, Salute the Trees He that planteth a tree is the servant of God, He provideth a kindness for many generations, And faces that he hath not seen shall bless him. Henry van Dyke, Th e Friendly Trees Nitrogen Fixation in Acacias: an Untapped Resource for Sustainable Plantations, Farm Forestry and Land Reclamation John Brockwell, Suzette D. Searle, Alison C. Jeavons and Meigan Waayers Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research 2005 Th e Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. Its mandate is to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries and to commission collaborative research between Australian and developing country researchers in fi elds where Australia has a special research competence. Where trade names are used, this constitutes neither endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by the Centre. aciar monograph series Th is series contains results of original research supported by ACIAR, or deemed relevant to ACIAR’s research objectives. Th e series is distributed internationally, with an emphasis on developing countries. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research 2005 Brockwell, J., Searle, S.D., Jeavons, A.C. and Waayers, M. 2005. Nitrogen fi xation in acacias: an untapped resource for sustainable plantations, farm forestry and land reclamation. ACIAR Monograph No. 115, 132p. 1 86320 489 X (print) 1 86320 490 3 (electronic) Editing and design by Clarus Design, Canberra Foreword Acacias possess many useful attributes — they are Over the past two decades, Australian scientists adapted to a wide range of warm-temperate and and their counterparts in partner countries have tropical environments including arid and saline sites, pursued the domestication of acacias through a and infertile and acid soils. Th e species most used in wide range of studies. Important outcomes include a forestry come from Australia or nearby countries, greater understanding of both the acacias and their but others in cultivation are from India, Myanmar, symbiotic micro-organisms, and the development of Arabia, Africa, tropical America and Hawaii. techniques for exploiting effi cient symbioses. Th ese developments are summarised in this review. Although acacias have been an important element of agricultural systems in Africa for centuries, more We compliment the authors of this publication. extensive cultivation commenced after Australian Th eir account is a valuable compilation of widely species were introduced into India for fuelwood dispersed information, enhanced by their capacity around 1850, and later to southern Africa for to assess its merit and relevance. Th ey conclude tanbark production. Th is latter role subsequently that improved nitrogen fi xation is a potential diff used, on a smaller scale, to other countries bonus whenever acacia is cultivated, and that including Brazil and China. the magnitude of the bonus will depend on both eff ective inoculation and good silviculture. Some hundred years later, the cultivation of acacias has again blossomed. Tropical species are attracting ACIAR is pleased to continue its strong support for attention for their potential to provide wood for the domestication of these important trees through industrial and domestic purposes, and the use of a the publication of this review. Th e publication is also variety of species for land rehabilitation, especially available on ACIAR’s website at <www.aciar.gov.au>. in Australia, is expanding rapidly. Th e ability of legumes to fi x atmospheric nitrogen effi ciently has been exploited with conspicuous success in agriculture — pastures based on Peter Core, Director, Australian Centre for subterranean clover are a notable Australian International Agricultural Research example. Such successes, and the prominence of acacias in many natural ecosystems, have fuelled hopes that eff ective nitrogen fi xation by cultivated acacias would enhance the growth of both the acacia Alan Brown, Honorary Research Fellow, CSIRO and associated crops. Forestry and Forest Products 5 Contents Foreword ....................................................................................................................................5 Dedication .................................................................................................................................9 Preface ..................................................................................................................................... 11 Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. 13 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 15 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 17 2. Th e plant ............................................................................................................................ 18 Utilisation .............................................................................................................................. 19 Distribution ........................................................................................................................... 24 Plant taxonomy ...................................................................................................................... 24 Root and nodule morphology ............................................................................................... 28 3. Th e bacteria ...................................................................................................................... 29 Acacia rhizobia in nature ....................................................................................................... 29 Taxonomy of acacia rhizobia ................................................................................................. 31 Diversity of acacia rhizobia ...................................................................................................34 Comment on the taxonomy and diversity of acacia rhizobia .............................................. 36 Root infection and nodule formation ...................................................................................36 Rhizobial products ................................................................................................................. 37 7 nitrogen fixation in acacias 4. Th e symbiosis .................................................................................................................. 39 Measurement of nitrogen fi xation ....................................................................................... 41 Consideration of procedures for measuring N fi xation .......................................................43 Nitrogen fi xation in glasshouse and nursery ....................................................................... 44 Nitrogen fi xation in the fi eld ................................................................................................ 45 Environmental factors aff ecting nitrogen fi xation in the fi eld ........................................... 49 Mycorrhizal factors aff ecting nitrogen fi xation in the fi eld ................................................ 58 Rhizobial factors infl uencing nitrogen fi xation in the fi eld ................................................ 60 5. Enhancement of the symbiosis ............................................................................... 69 Th e need for inoculation ........................................................................................................69 Responses to rhizobial inoculation of acacias in fi eld and nursery .................................... 69 Inoculants .............................................................................................................................. 72 Breeding and selection for enhanced acacia symbiosis ....................................................... 77 6. Exploitation of the symbiosis .................................................................................. 78 Natural exploitation .............................................................................................................. 78 General exploitation .............................................................................................................. 79 Intercropping ......................................................................................................................... 79 Land reclamation: principles and practice — the Australian experience ............................82 7. General conclusions and prognosis ....................................................................... 89 Th e plant ................................................................................................................................. 89 Th e bacteria ............................................................................................................................ 90 Th e symbiosis ........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Macnaughton Crescent Structure Plan  /Rw0Df1dxjkwrq&Uhvfhqw.Lqurvv   0Dufk 
    MACNAUGHTON CRESCENT STRUCTURE PLAN /RW0DF1DXJKWRQ&UHVFHQW.LQURVV 0DUFK 3HHW/LPLWHG 'RFXPHQW6WDWXV VERSION COMMENT PREPARED BY REVIEWED BY REVIEW DATE APPROVED BY ISSUE DATE )LQDOY &OLHQW5HYLHZ 06 6' -+ )LQDOY 6XEPLVVLRQ 06 6' -+ )LQDOY &LW\&RPPHQWV 00 -+ -+ )LQDOY &LW\6XEPLVVLRQBIRU$GYHUWLVLQJ 00 -+ -+ )LQDOY &LW\6XEPLVVLRQ (QYLUR8SGDWHV BIRU$GYHUWVLQJ 00 -+ -+ )LQDOY :$3&6FKHGXOHRI0RGLILFDWLRQV±)HE -+ -+ -+ MACNAUGHTON CRESCENT STRUCTURE PLAN LOT 9021 MACNAUGHTON CRESCENT, KINROSS MARCH 2017 3UHSDUHGIRU 3HHW/LPLWHG /HYHO6W*HRUJHV7HUUDFH 3(57+:$ 7 ) (SHUWK#SHHWFRPDX 3UHSDUHGE\ &UHDWLYH'HVLJQ3ODQQLQJ %URZQ6WUHHW ($673(57+:$ 7 ) (LQIR#FUHDWLYHGSFRPDX ,Q&ROODERUDWLRQ:LWK (PHUJH$VVRFLDWHV 6XLWH5DLOZD\5RDG 68%,$&2:$ 7 ) (DGPLQ#HPHUJHDVVRFLDWHVFRPDX 5LOH\&RQVXOWLQJ 32%R[=6W*HRUJHV7HUUDFH 3(57+:$ 7 (MRQULOH\WUDIILF#JPDLOFRP 7DEHF :LFNKDP6WUHHW ($673(57+:$ 7 ) (LQIR#WDEHFFRPDX &UHDWLQJ&RPPXQLWLHV -HUVH\6WUHHW -2/,0217:$ 7 ) (LQIR#FUHDWLQJFRPPXQLWLHVFRPDX 'LVFODLPHUDQG&RS\ULJKW 7KLVGRFXPHQWZDVFRPPLVVLRQHGE\DQGSUHSDUHGIRUWKHH[FOXVLYHXVHRI3HHW/LPLWHG,WLVVXEMHFWWRDQGLVVXHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHDJUHHPHQWEHWZHHQ3HHW/LPLWHGDQG&'3 &'3DFWVLQDOOSURIHVVLRQDOPDWWHUVDVDIDLWKIXODGYLVRUWRLWVFOLHQWVDQGH[HUFLVHVDOOUHDVRQDEOHVNLOODQGFDUHLQWKHSURYLVLRQRISURIHVVLRQDOVHUYLFHV7KHLQIRUPDWLRQSUHVHQWHGKHUHLQKDVEHHQFRPSLOHGIURPDQXPEHURIVRXUFHVXVLQJDYDULHW\RIPHWKRGV ([FHSWZKHUHH[SUHVVO\VWDWHG&'3GRHVQRWDWWHPSWWRYHULI\WKHDFFXUDF\YDOLGLW\RUFRPSUHKHQVLYHQHVVRIWKLVGRFXPHQWRUWKHPLVDSSOLFDWLRQRUPLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQE\WKLUGSDUWLHVRILWVFRQWHQWV
    [Show full text]
  • (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) in the Integrated Control of Acacia Species in South Africa
    Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds 919 4-14 July 1999, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA Neal R. Spencer [ed.]. pp. 919-929 (2000) The Potential Role of Bruchophagus acaciae (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) in the Integrated Control of Acacia Species in South Africa R. L. HILL1, A. J. GORDON2, and S. NESER3 1Richard Hill & Associates, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand 2Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch, 7599 South Africa 3Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa Abstract Australian acacias invade watersheds and riverbeds in South Africa, reducing water flows and threatening environmental and economic values. Acacia mearnsii is the most widespread and important weed but also forms the basis of an important industry. A. dealbata, and to a lesser extent A. decurrens are also problems. All belong to the Section Botrycephalae of the sub-genus Heterophyllum. Short term control is achieved locally by removing plants, and by using herbicides, but seed-feeding control agents may provide an acceptable solution in the long term. Larvae of Bruchophagus acaciae (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) develop in the seeds of acacias. It was described from New Zealand, but is an Australian species. We explore whether B. acaciae has a role as a con- trol agent for acacias in South Africa. Seed was collected from 28 Australian species of Acacia growing in New Zealand. Attack was restricted to four of the seven species with- in the Section Botrycephalae, and two cases of attack on Acacia rubida (Section Phyllodineae; n=9). Apart from a wasp reared from one seed, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Wattles of the City of Whittlesea
    Wattles of the City of Whittlesea PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY ON PRIVATE LAND SERIES Wattles of the City of Whittlesea Over a dozen species of wattle are indigenous to the City of Whittlesea and many other wattle species are commonly grown in gardens. Most of the indigenous species are commonly found in the forested hills and the native forests in the northern parts of the municipality, with some species persisting along country roadsides, in smaller reserves and along creeks. Wattles are truly amazing • Wattles have multiple uses for Australian plants indigenous peoples, with most species used for food, medicine • There are more wattle species than and/or tools. any other plant genus in Australia • Wattle seeds have very hard coats (over 1000 species and subspecies). which mean they can survive in the • Wattles, like peas, fix nitrogen in ground for decades, waiting for a the soil, making them excellent cool fire to stimulate germination. for developing gardens and in • Australia’s floral emblem is a wattle: revegetation projects. Golden Wattle (Acacia pycnantha) • Many species of insects (including and this is one of Whittlesea’s local some butterflies) breed only on species specific species of wattles, making • In Victoria there is at least one them a central focus of biodiversity. wattle species in flower at all times • Wattle seeds and the insects of the year. In the Whittlesea attracted to wattle flowers are an area, there is an indigenous wattle important food source for most bird in flower from February to early species including Black Cockatoos December. and honeyeaters. Caterpillars of the Imperial Blue Butterfly are only found on wattles RB 3 Basic terminology • ‘Wattle’ = Acacia Wattle is the common name and Acacia the scientific name for this well-known group of similar / related species.
    [Show full text]
  • Acacia Saligna RA
    Risk Assessment: ………….. ACACIA SALIGNA Prepared by: Etienne Branquart (1), Vanessa Lozano (2) and Giuseppe Brundu (2) (1) [[email protected]] (2) Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Italy [[email protected]] Date: first draft 01 st November 2017 Subsequently Reviewed by 2 independent external Peer Reviewers: Dr Rob Tanner, chosen for his expertise in Risk Assessments, and Dr Jean-Marc Dufor-Dror chosen for his expertise on Acacia saligna . Date: first revised version 04 th January 2018, revised in light of comments from independent expert Peer Reviewers. Approved by the IAS Scientific Forum on 26/10/2018 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Branquart, Lozano & Brundu PRA Acacia saligna 8 9 10 Contents 11 Summary of the Express Pest Risk Assessment for Acacia saligna 4 12 Stage 1. Initiation 6 13 1.1 - Reason for performing the Pest Risk Assessment (PRA) 6 14 1.2 - PRA area 6 15 1.3 - PRA scheme 6 16 Stage 2. Pest risk assessment 7 17 2.1 - Taxonomy and identification 7 18 2.1.1 - Taxonomy 7 19 2.1.2 - Main synonyms 8 20 2.1.3 - Common names 8 21 2.1.4 - Main related or look-alike species 8 22 2.1.5 - Terminology used in the present PRA for taxa names 9 23 2.1.6 - Identification (brief description) 9 24 2.2 - Pest overview 9 25 2.2.2 - Habitat and environmental requirements 10 26 2.2.3 Resource acquisition mechanisms 12 27 2.2.4 - Symptoms 12 28 2.2.5 - Existing PRAs 12 29 Socio-economic benefits 13 30 2.3 - Is the pest a vector? 14 31 2.4 - Is a vector needed for pest entry or spread? 15 32 2.5 - Regulatory status of the pest 15 33 2.6 - Distribution
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Weeds, Adelaide Region
    Sustainable Landscapes Project Interim integrated weed list for the greater Adelaide region incorporating: • Weeds of National Significance • SA Urban Forest Biodiversity Program environmental weed list • CRC for Australian Weed Management factsheet: Alternatives to invasive garden plants, Greater Adelaide Region 2004 • CSIRO ten most serious invasive garden plants for sale in South Australia # Many of the plants in the following list may not cause problems if properly contained, but when planted or dumped near remant native vegetation can easily escape and become invasive. We recommend that these plants only be planted in areas where they do not cause problems, and even then that they be carefully maintained and monitored. Plant species common as environmental weeds of the Adelaide region * non-native (exotic) species ** proclaimed species # CSIRO invasive Trees and tall shrubs Common name Scientific name Where it is a problem Cootamundra wattle Acacia baileyana hills silver wattle Acacia dealbata hills early black wattle Acacia decurrens hills Flinders Ranges wattle Acacia iteaphylla Acacia longifolia var. hills sallow wattle longifolia # golden wreath wattle Acacia saligna all areas tree of heaven *Ailanthus altissima plains, hills Irish strawberry tree *Arbutus unedo hills tree lucerne / tagasaste *Chamaecytisus palmensis plains, hills, creek cotoneaster *Cotoneaster spp. creek, hills May hawthorn *Crataegus monogyna creek, hills ** azzarola Crataegus sinaica creek, hills *Fraxinus angustifolia ssp. creek, hills # desert ash oxycarpa pincushion hakea Hakea laurina hills tree tobacco *Nicotiana glauca all areas ** # olive *Olea europaea all areas (Olives can be grown for agricultural purposes) Cape Leeuwin wattle Paraserianthes lophantha creek, hills, coast ** # Aleppo pine *Pinus halepensis plains, hills,mallee radiata pine *Pinus radiata hills sweet pittosporum Pittosporum undulatum plains, hills, creek myrtle-leaf milkwort *Polygala myrtifolia hills, coast poplar *Populus spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Methods Results
    Papers and Proceedings Royal Society ofTasmania, Volume 1999 103 THE CHARACTERISTICS AND MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS OF THE VEGETATION AND FLORA OF THE HUNTINGFIELD AREA, SOUTHERN TASMANIA by J.B. Kirkpatrick (with two tables, four text-figures and one appendix) KIRKPATRICK, J.B., 1999 (31:x): The characteristics and management problems of the vegetation and flora of the Huntingfield area, southern Tasmania. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 133(1): 103-113. ISSN 0080-4703. School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University ofTasmania, GPO Box 252-78, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7001. The Huntingfield area has a varied vegetation, including substantial areas ofEucalyptus amygdalina heathy woodland, heath, buttongrass moorland and E. amygdalina shrubbyforest, with smaller areas ofwetland, grassland and E. ovata shrubbyforest. Six floristic communities are described for the area. Two hundred and one native vascular plant taxa, 26 moss species and ten liverworts are known from the area, which is particularly rich in orchids, two ofwhich are rare in Tasmania. Four other plant species are known to be rare and/or unreserved inTasmania. Sixty-four exotic plantspecies have been observed in the area, most ofwhich do not threaten the native biodiversity. However, a group offire-adapted shrubs are potentially serious invaders. Management problems in the area include the maintenance ofopen areas, weed invasion, pathogen invasion, introduced animals, fire, mechanised recreation, drainage from houses and roads, rubbish dumping and the gathering offirewood, sand and plants. Key Words: flora, forest, heath, Huntingfield, management, Tasmania, vegetation, wetland, woodland. INTRODUCTION species with the most cover in the shrub stratum (dominant species) was noted. If another species had more than half The Huntingfield Estate, approximately 400 ha of forest, the cover ofthe dominant one it was noted as a codominant.
    [Show full text]
  • South West Region
    Regional Services Division – South West Region South West Region ‐ Parks & Wildlife and FPC Disturbance Operations Flora and Vegetation Survey Assessment Form 1. Proposed Operations: (to be completed by proponent) NBX0217 Summary of Proposed Operation: Road Construction and Timber Harvesting New road construction – 3.75km Existing road upgrade – 14.9km New gravel pit construction – 2ha (exploration area) Contact Person and Contact Details: Adam Powell [email protected] 0427 191 332 Area of impact; District/Region, State Forest Block, Coupe/Compartment (shapefile to be provided): Blackwood District South West Region Barrabup 0317 Period of proposed disturbance: November 2016 to December 2017 1 2.Desktop Assessment: (to be completed by the Region) ‐ Check Forest Ecosystem reservation. Forest Ecosystems proposed for impact: Jarrah Forest‐Blackwood Plateau, Shrub, herb and sedgelands, Darling Scarp Y Are activities in a Forest Ecosystem that triggers informal reservation under the FMP? The Darling Scarp Forest Ecosystem is a Poorly Reserved Forest Ecosystem and needs to be protected as an Informal Reserve under the Forest Management Plan (Appendix 11) ‐ Check Vegetation Complexes, extents remaining uncleared and in reservation (DEC 2007/EPA 2006). Vegetation Complex Pre‐European extent (%) Pre‐European extent (Ha) Extent in formal/informal reservation (%) Bidella (BD) 94% 44,898 47% Darling Scarp (DS) Figures not available Corresponds to Darling Scarp Forest Ecosystem extent Gale (GA) 80% 899 17% Jalbarragup (JL) 91% 14,786 32% Kingia (KI) 96% 97,735 34% Telerah (TL) 92% 25,548 33% Wishart (WS2) 84% 2,796 35% Y Do any complexes trigger informal reservation under the FMP? Darling Scarp complex as discussed above Y Are any complexes significant as per EPA regionally significant vegetation? Gale (GA) complex is cleared below the recommended retention of 1,500ha (Molloy et.al 2007) ‐ Check Threatened flora and TEC/PEC databases over an appropriate radius of the disturbance boundary.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom Class Family Scientific Name Common Name I Q a Records
    Kingdom Class Family Scientific Name Common Name I Q A Records plants monocots Poaceae Paspalidium rarum C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida latifolia feathertop wiregrass C 3/3 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida lazaridis C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Astrebla pectinata barley mitchell grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cenchrus setigerus Y 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Echinochloa colona awnless barnyard grass Y 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida polyclados C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cymbopogon ambiguus lemon grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Digitaria ctenantha C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Enteropogon ramosus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon avenaceus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eragrostis tenellula delicate lovegrass C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Urochloa praetervisa C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Heteropogon contortus black speargrass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Iseilema membranaceum small flinders grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Bothriochloa ewartiana desert bluegrass C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Brachyachne convergens common native couch C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon lindleyanus C 3/3 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon polyphyllus leafy nineawn C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sporobolus actinocladus katoora grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cenchrus pennisetiformis Y 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sporobolus australasicus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eriachne pulchella subsp. dominii C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Dichanthium sericeum subsp. humilius C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Digitaria divaricatissima var. divaricatissima C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eriachne mucronata forma (Alpha C.E.Hubbard 7882) C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sehima nervosum C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eulalia aurea silky browntop C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Chloris virgata feathertop rhodes grass Y 1/1 CODES I - Y indicates that the taxon is introduced to Queensland and has naturalised.
    [Show full text]
  • Acacia Hilliana X Stellaticeps
    WATTLE Acacias of Australia Acacia hilliana Maiden x Acacia stellaticeps Kodela, Tindale & D.Keith Source: W orldW ideW attle ver. 2. Source: W orldW ideW attle ver. 2. Published at: w w w .w orldw idew attle.com Published at: w w w .w orldw idew attle.com B.R. Maslin B.R. Maslin Source: W orldW ideW attle ver. 2. Source: W orldW ideW attle ver. 2. Published at: w w w .w orldw idew attle.com Published at: w w w .w orldw idew attle.com B.R. Maslin B.R. Maslin Source: W orldW ideW attle ver. 2. Published at: w w w .w orldw idew attle.com See illustration. Family Fabaceae Distribution Scattered in north-western W.A. from the NW edge of the Pilbara region N to Anna Plains Stn, adjacent to Eighty Mile Beach. Description Spreading, multistemmed, resinous, glabrous shrub 0.3–0.4 m high and 1–2 m across, ±flat-topped or low-domed, not noticeably aromatic. Bark grey. Branchlets obscurely tuberculate, obscurely ribbed. Phyllodes solitary or occasionally 2 or 3 in clusters, mostly linear to narrowly oblong, acute with innocuous to coarsely pungent points, 15–30 (–35) mm long, (1–) 1.5–2.5 (–3) mm wide, flat, rather wide spreading, mostly straight or shallowly recurved, often finely longitudinally wrinkled when dry, dull green to sub-glaucous; longitudinal nerves 3 to numerous, very obscure; gland obscure, 0.5–2 mm above pulvinus. Inflorescences simple, erect; peduncles 10–25 (–30) mm long; spikes obloid to short cylindrical, 10–15 mm long, golden.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Unit Master
    Land Unit Information Sheet Land system name: Ludgate Land unit: LE3 General description This land unit represents the numerous shallow closed depressions, which occur throughout the Ludgate land system and range in size from hundreds of hectares to very small, so small that they cannot be delineated at a map scale of 1:100 000. Grey Vertosols (uniform, cracking clay soils) are predominant, however the area and depth of clay seem to have a major influence on the density and composition of the native vegetation. Acacia cambagei (gidgee), A. farnesiana (mimosa bush), Eucalyptus coolabah (coolabah), Eremophila bignoniiflora (eurah) together with Astrebla species (Mitchell grass) and Brachyachne convergens (native couch) are common on the deep, self-mulching clay soils, whereas the smaller areas with shallow clays, and slightly saline areas tend to have only coolabah, mimosa bush and a ground cover of annual plant species. Invariably, Eucalyptus brownii (Reid River box) and E. whitei (White's ironbark) fringe the depressions. Regional ecosystem 10.3.15 is predominant. Site characteristics Landform element Average slope Plain 0% Site drainage Soil permeability Poorly drained Slowly permeable Flooding risk Inundation risk Low Very high Potential recharge to groundwater Soil depth Low Variable; >1,5m Present land use Grazing, wetlands Susceptibility to land degradation processes Sheet erosion Gully erosion Wind erosion Salting Very low Very low Low High This information has been generated from the Desert Uplands Land Resource Database. The Environmental Protection Agency accepts no liability for any decisions or actions taken on the basis of this information. State of Queensland. Environmental Protection Agency 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • Acacia Willdenowiana H.L.Wendl
    WATTLE Acacias of Australia Acacia willdenowiana H.L.Wendl. Source: W orldW ideW attle ver. 2. Published at: w w w .w orldw idew attle.com See illustration. Source: Australian Plant Image Index (a.5141). Source: Australian Plant Image Index (a.10083). Source: W orldW ideW attle ver. 2. ANBG © M. Fagg, 1982 ANBG © M. Fagg, 1983 Published at: w w w .w orldw idew attle.com B.R. Maslin Source: W orldW ideW attle ver. 2. Published at: w w w .w orldw idew attle.com See illustration. Acacia w illdenow iana occurrence map. O ccurrence map generated via Atlas of Living Australia (https://w w w .ala.org.au). Common Name Grass Wattle, Two-winged Acacia Family Fabaceae Distribution Sporadic from near Coorow S to near Stirling Ra. (Stirling Ra. is E of Cranbrook), south-western W.A. Description Erect shrub 0.3–0.6 m high with a rush-like habit, sometimes to 1 m high or stems scrambling. Stipules minute. Phyllodes continuous with branchlets, bifariously decurrent forming opposite wings with each one extending to the next below; wings 1–5 (-15) mm wide, grey-green to glaucous, glabrous, rarely hairy; free portion of phyllode 5–20 (–50) mm long, acute, with a nerve close to upper margin; gland absent. Inflorescences racemose; raceme axes 2–11 cm long, commonly narrowly winged, if wings expand the peduncles appear simple and axillary; peduncles twinned, 6–15 mm long, glabrous; heads globular, 13–21-flowered, white, cream or pale lemon yellow; buds normally acute to subacute. Flowers 5-merous; sepals united.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Gulf, Queensland
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]