Compiling a Monolingual Dictionary for Native Speakers*
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The Generative Lexicon
The Generative Lexicon James Pustejovsky" Computer Science Department Brandeis University In this paper, I will discuss four major topics relating to current research in lexical seman- tics: methodology, descriptive coverage, adequacy of the representation, and the computational usefulness of representations. In addressing these issues, I will discuss what I think are some of the central problems facing the lexical semantics community, and suggest ways of best ap- proaching these issues. Then, I will provide a method for the decomposition of lexical categories and outline a theory of lexical semantics embodying a notion of cocompositionality and type coercion, as well as several levels of semantic description, where the semantic load is spread more evenly throughout the lexicon. I argue that lexical decomposition is possible if it is per- formed generatively. Rather than assuming a fixed set of primitives, I will assume a fixed number of generative devices that can be seen as constructing semantic expressions. I develop a theory of Qualia Structure, a representation language for lexical items, which renders much lexical ambiguity in the lexicon unnecessary, while still explaining the systematic polysemy that words carry. Finally, I discuss how individual lexical structures can be integrated into the larger lexical knowledge base through a theory of lexical inheritance. This provides us with the necessary principles of global organization for the lexicon, enabling us to fully integrate our natural language lexicon into a conceptual whole. 1. Introduction I believe we have reached an interesting turning point in research, where linguistic studies can be informed by computational tools for lexicology as well as an appre- ciation of the computational complexity of large lexical databases. -
Words of the World: a Global History of the Oxford English Dictionary
DOWNLOAD CSS Notes, Books, MCQs, Magazines www.thecsspoint.com Download CSS Notes Download CSS Books Download CSS Magazines Download CSS MCQs Download CSS Past Papers The CSS Point, Pakistan’s The Best Online FREE Web source for All CSS Aspirants. Email: [email protected] BUY CSS / PMS / NTS & GENERAL KNOWLEDGE BOOKS ONLINE CASH ON DELIVERY ALL OVER PAKISTAN Visit Now: WWW.CSSBOOKS.NET For Oder & Inquiry Call/SMS/WhatsApp 0333 6042057 – 0726 540316 Words of the World Most people think of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) as a distinctly British product. Begun in England 150 years ago, it took more than 60 years to complete, and when it was finally finished in 1928, the British prime minister heralded it as a ‘national treasure’. It maintained this image throughout the twentieth century, and in 2006 the English public voted it an ‘Icon of England’, alongside Marmite, Buckingham Palace, and the bowler hat. But this book shows that the dictionary is not as ‘British’ as we all thought. The linguist and lexicographer, Sarah Ogilvie, combines her insider knowledge and experience with impeccable research to show that the OED is in fact an international product in both its content and its making. She examines the policies and practices of the various editors, applies qualitative and quantitative analysis, and finds new OED archival materials in the form of letters, reports, and proofs. She demonstrates that the OED,in its use of readers from all over the world and its coverage of World English, is in fact a global text. sarah ogilvie is Director of the Australian National Dictionary Centre, Reader in Linguistics at the Australian National University, and Chief Editor of Oxford Dictionaries, Australia. -
THE LEXICON: a SYSTEM of MATRICES of LEXICAL UNITS and THEIR PROPERTIES ~ Harry H
THE LEXICON: A SYSTEM OF MATRICES OF LEXICAL UNITS AND THEIR PROPERTIES ~ Harry H. Josselson - Uriel Weinreich /I/~ in discussing the fact that at one time many American scholars relied on either the discipline of psychology or sociology for the resolution of semantic problems~ comments: In Soviet lexicology, it seems, neither the tra- ditionalists~ who have been content to work with the categories of classical rhetoric and 19th- century historical semantics~ nor the critical lexicologists in search of better conceptual tools, have ever found reason to doubt that linguistics alone is centrally responsible for the investiga- tion of the vocabulary of languages. /2/ This paper deals with a certain conceptual tool, the matrix, which linguists can use for organizing a lexicon to insure that words will be described (coded) with consistency, that is~ to insure that questions which have been asked about certain words will be asked for all words in the same class, regardless of the fact that they may be more difficult to answer for some than for others. The paper will also dis- cuss certain new categories~ beyond those of classical rhetoric~ which have been introduced into lexicology. i. INTRODUCTION The research in automatic translation brought about by the introduction of computers into the technology has ~The research described herein has b&en supported by the In- formation Systems Branch of the Office of Naval Research. The present work is an amplification of a paper~ "The Lexicon: A Matri~ of Le~emes and Their Properties"~ contributed to the Conference on Mathematical Linguistics at Budapest-Balatonsza- badi, September 6-i0~ 1968. -
CS474 Natural Language Processing Semantic Analysis Caveats Introduction to Lexical Semantics
CS474 Natural Language Processing Semantic analysis Last class Assigning meanings to linguistic utterances – History Compositional semantics: we can derive the – Tiny intro to semantic analysis meaning of the whole sentence from the meanings of the parts. Next lectures – Max ate a green apple. – Word sense disambiguation Relies on knowing: » Background from linguistics – the meaning of individual words Lexical semantics – how the meanings of individual words combine to form » On-line resources the meaning of groups of words » Computational approaches [next class] – how it all fits in with syntactic analysis Caveats Introduction to lexical semantics Problems with a compositional approach Lexical semantics is the study of – the systematic meaning-related connections among – a former congressman words and – a toy elephant – the internal meaning-related structure of each word – kicked the bucket Lexeme – an individual entry in the lexicon – a pairing of a particular orthographic and phonological form with some form of symbolic meaning representation Sense: the lexeme’s meaning component Lexicon: a finite list of lexemes Lexical semantic relations: Dictionary entries homonymy right adj. located nearer the right hand esp. Homonyms: words that have the same form and unrelated being on the right when facing the same direction meanings – Instead, a bank1 can hold the investments in a custodial account as the observer. in the client’s name. – But as agriculture burgeons on the east bank2, the river will shrink left adj. located nearer to this side of the body even more. than the right. Homophones: distinct lexemes with a shared red n. the color of blood or a ruby. pronunciation – E.g. -
{FREE} Pocket Oxford English Dictionary Ebook
POCKET OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Oxford Dictionaries | 1104 pages | 05 Sep 2013 | Oxford University Press | 9780199666157 | English | Oxford, United Kingdom Pocket Oxford English Dictionary by Catherine Soanes Daphne M. Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins. Julia Cresswell. Troublesome Words. Bill Bryson. Collins English Dictionary and Thesaurus Essential. Collins Dictionaries. Little Oxford English Dictionary. The Chambers Dictionary 13th Edition. Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs. Jennifer Speake. Your review has been submitted successfully. Not registered? Remember me? Forgotten password Please enter your email address below and we'll send you a link to reset your password. Not you? Reset password. Download Now Dismiss. Reserve online, pay on collection. Or, add to basket , pay online, collect in as little as 2 hours, subject to availability. Your order is now being processed and we have sent a confirmation email to you at. This item can be requested from the shops shown below. If this item isn't available to be reserved nearby, add the item to your basket instead and select 'Deliver to my local shop' UK shops only at the checkout, to be able to collect it from there at a later date. When will my order be ready to collect? Following the initial email, you will be contacted by the shop to confirm that your item is available for collection. Call us on or send us an email at. Unfortunately there has been a problem with your order. System Utilities. Pocket Oxford English Dictionary. All Versions. Pocket Oxford English Dictionary Overview. A Palm PDA dictionary program featuring the ninth edition of the Pocket Oxford English Dictionary, the world's longest- established and best-selling pocket English dictionary. -
The Art of Lexicography - Niladri Sekhar Dash
LINGUISTICS - The Art of Lexicography - Niladri Sekhar Dash THE ART OF LEXICOGRAPHY Niladri Sekhar Dash Linguistic Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India Keywords: Lexicology, linguistics, grammar, encyclopedia, normative, reference, history, etymology, learner’s dictionary, electronic dictionary, planning, data collection, lexical extraction, lexical item, lexical selection, typology, headword, spelling, pronunciation, etymology, morphology, meaning, illustration, example, citation Contents 1. Introduction 2. Definition 3. The History of Lexicography 4. Lexicography and Allied Fields 4.1. Lexicology and Lexicography 4.2. Linguistics and Lexicography 4.3. Grammar and Lexicography 4.4. Encyclopedia and lexicography 5. Typological Classification of Dictionary 5.1. General Dictionary 5.2. Normative Dictionary 5.3. Referential or Descriptive Dictionary 5.4. Historical Dictionary 5.5. Etymological Dictionary 5.6. Dictionary of Loanwords 5.7. Encyclopedic Dictionary 5.8. Learner's Dictionary 5.9. Monolingual Dictionary 5.10. Special Dictionaries 6. Electronic Dictionary 7. Tasks for Dictionary Making 7.1. Panning 7.2. Data Collection 7.3. Extraction of lexical items 7.4. SelectionUNESCO of Lexical Items – EOLSS 7.5. Mode of Lexical Selection 8. Dictionary Making: General Dictionary 8.1. HeadwordsSAMPLE CHAPTERS 8.2. Spelling 8.3. Pronunciation 8.4. Etymology 8.5. Morphology and Grammar 8.6. Meaning 8.7. Illustrative Examples and Citations 9. Conclusion Acknowledgements ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) LINGUISTICS - The Art of Lexicography - Niladri Sekhar Dash Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The art of dictionary making is as old as the field of linguistics. People started to cultivate this field from the very early age of our civilization, probably seven to eight hundred years before the Christian era. -
The Combinatory Morphemic Lexicon
The Combinatory Morphemic Lexicon Cem Bozsahin∗ Middle East Technical University Grammars that expect words from the lexicon may be at odds with the transparent projection of syntactic and semantic scope relations of smaller units. We propose a morphosyntactic framework based on Combinatory Categorial Grammar that provides flexible constituency, flexible category consistency, and lexical projection of morphosyntactic properties and attachment to grammar in order to establish a morphemic grammar-lexicon. These mechanisms provide enough expressive power in the lexicon to formulate semantically transparent specifications without the necessity to confine structure forming to words and phrases. For instance, bound morphemes as lexical items can have phrasal scope or word scope, independent of their attachment characteristics but consistent with their semantics. The controls can be attuned in the lexicon to language-particular properties. The result is a transparent interface of inflectional morphology, syntax, and semantics. We present a computational system and show the application of the framework to English and Turkish. 1. Introduction The study presented in this article is concerned with the integrated representation and processing of inflectional morphology, syntax, and semantics in a unified grammar ar- chitecture. An important issue in such integration is mismatches in morphological, syntactic, and semantic bracketings. The problem was first noted in derivational mor- phology. Williams (1981) provided examples from English; the semantic bracketings in (1a–2a) are in conflict with the morphological bracketings in (1b–2b). (1) a. -ity b. hydro hydro electric electric -ity (2) a. -ing b. G¨odel G¨odel number number -ing If the problem were confined to derivational morphology, we could avoid it by making derivational morphology part of the lexicon that does not interact with gram- mar. -
Which Dictionary for the Mathematical Scientist? NICHOLAS J
Which Dictionary for the Mathematical Scientist? NICHOLAS J. HIGHAM, C.Math., FIMA Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester We evaluate the most recent editions of eight major British and Oxford University Press does not produce a mid-size American dictionaries, concentrating on aspects of interest to the mathematical scientist. The di ctionaries are generally of very high dictionary (of order 200000 entries), so I have incl uded quality, but several have errors in their treatment of mathematical the small er Concise Oxford as well as the much larger terms. New Shorter Oxford. The Oxford English Dictionary is included for comparison because it is the pre-eminent ANYONE reading or writing in the mathematical sciences dictionary of the English language. comes across questions such as the following: l. What is the plural of modulus: moduli or moduluses? 2. Which of parameterize and parametrize is the correct History spelling? To appreciate English dictionaries it helps to know a 3. What is a gigaftop? little about their history. Dictionaries were preceded 4. When was the mathematician Abel born and what was historicall y by glossaries showing English equivalents of his nationality? Latin or French words, and plain lists of English words, 5. What is the meaning of mutatis mutandis? both often being compiled by schoolmasters. The first 6. Who was Procrustes (as in the "orthogonal Procrustes English dictionary was Robert Cawdrey's "A Table problem")? Alphabeticall ... " of 1604, which contained 2500 "hard 7. When should you use "special" and when "especial" ? words" with brief definitions, some of them just 8. What are the differences between mind-bending, synonyms. -
Words and Phrases Guide
ACT Parliamentary Counsel’s Office WWoorrddss aanndd PPhhrraasseess GGuuiiddee A Guide to Plain Legal Language December 2016 The ACT Parliamentary Counsel’s Office has endeavoured to ensure that the material in this guide is as accurate as possible. If you believe that this guide contains copyrighted work in a way that constitutes a copyright infringement, or if you are a copyright owner who is not appropriately acknowledged in this guide, please tell us so that we can make the necessary corrections. We may be contacted at [email protected] Contents Page Some thoughts iv How to use this guide v Classification of entries viii References xxiii Alphabetical list of words and phrases A–W Use of figures Other–1 Words and Phrases: A Guide to Plain Legal Language December 2016 iii Some thoughts ‘Make everything as simple as possible—but no more simple than that.’ Albert Einstein ‘(L)aws are not abstract propositions. They are expressions of policy arising out of specific situations and addressed to the attainment of particular ends.’ Justice Felix Frankfurter ‘The main aim of communication is clarity and simplicity. Usually they go together— but not always. ‘Communication is always understood in the context and experience of the receiver—- no matter what was intended. ‘If unnecessary things add to clarity or simplicity they should be retained.’ Edward De Bono ‘Legislation should be written so that it is feasible for the ordinary person of ordinary intelligence and ordinary education to have a reasonable expectation of understanding and comprehending legislation and of getting the answers to the questions he or she has. -
Online English Dictionaries: Friend Or Foe?
Online English Dictionaries: Friend or Foe? Gao Yongwei Keywords: online dictionary, e-lexicography, English-Chinese lexicography. Abstract The emergence of online English dictionaries in the past two decades has not only changed the lookup habit of many people and but also influenced the way dictionaries are compiled and presented. The traditional role played by paper dictionaries has been challenged, as witness the sharp decrease of the sales of the so-called “dead-tree” dictionaries and the steady diminishing in their readership. In consequence, many paper dictionaries have been gathering dust on bookshelves in bookstores, libraries or private studies. The ever-increasing popularity of online dictionaries has even made some alarmists suggest the possible demise of paper dictionaries. However, the future of dictionary-making and that of bilingual lexicography in particular is not as dismal as what people usually think. The lexicographical information presented in online dictionaries may prove to be a bonanza for bilingual lexicographers. This paper attempts to research into the major online English dictionaries that are available today, and their advantages and disadvantages will also be discussed. The scene of online English-Chinese dictionaries will also be investigated, and opportunities presented to English-Chinese dictionary-makers in the digital era will be explored. According to most current English reference books, a dictionary is usually defined as “a book that gives a list of words in alphabetical order and explains what they mean”. However, technological advances have already redefined what a dictionary is. Many dictionaries that are being used today are no longer “books” in the traditional sense of the word as they can be found in electronic devices (e.g. -
Kernerman Kdictionaries.Com/Kdn DICTIONARY News
Number 19 y July 2011 Kernerman kdictionaries.com/kdn DICTIONARY News Integrating phonetic transcription in a Brazilian Portuguese dictionary Luiz Carlos Cagliari 1. The dictionary in everyday work. It is always common for a phonetician to K Dictionaries has developed a series of dictionaries for learners transcribe his or her own language. When doing that, all kinds of various languages, including Portuguese/French. This of sound variation are registered, according to the speakers’ dictionary was based on European Portuguese, whose words pronunciation. On the other hand, when doing phonology, the had a phonetic transcription with European pronunciation. A sound patterns are interpreted following theories in order to group of lexicographers from the University of São Paulo, under get an abstract sound system of the language. In this case, the the supervision of Ieda Maria Alves, adapted the Portuguese phonetic variation is accommodated into their phonemes. The entries to Brazilian vocabulary, and another team from UNESP phonological transcription does not represent a pronunciation (São Paulo State University) at São José do Rio Preto, under of the language, in the same sense as phonetic transcription the supervision of Claudia Xatara, adapted to Brazilian the does. Moreover, phonological transcription does not relate to Poruguese translations of the French entries. language in the same way as orthography does. According In line with the change from European to Brazilian to the rules of writing systems, orthography has the function Portuguese, I gathered a group of students to be involved in of neutralizing the phonetic variation of a language on the modifying the phonetic transcription. The collaborators were word pronunciation level, allowing all speakers to read. -
Nicholas J. Higham, Handbook of Writing for the Mathematical
Index \Kindly look her up in my index, Doctor," murmured Holmes without opening his eyes. | ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE, A Scandal in Bohemia (1891) A suffix “t” after a page number denotes a table, “f” a figure, “n” a footnote, and “q” a quotation at the opening of a chapter. Aspects of TEX are indexed under LATEX. Definitions of technical terms can be found in the glossary. a or an, 30 an or a, 30 a or the, 24, 76–77 analog tools, 3 abbreviations, 30–32 and, comma before final, 53–54 abstract, 99–101 antonyms, 69 citing references in, 100 apostrophes, 50–51 generic, 101 appendices, 117 mathematics in, 100 article processing charge (APC), publication peculiarities, 102 199, 211 structured, 101 articles (the, a, an), 24, 30, 76–77 acknowledgments, 115 arXiv repository, 202 acronyms, 30, 32 preprints active voice, 32–33 BibTEX entries for, 179 adjectives, 34 reference format, 121 absolute, 32 asides, see also publication Adobe Acrobat, 147, 208, 311 peculiarities adverbs, 33–34 brief history of scholarly affect versus effect, 38 publishing, 215 -age words, 34–35 glossary for mathematical -al words, 34–35 writing, 21 algorithms, typesetting of, 168 oral examination procedure, alphabet 262 choosing notation from, 11 Oxford commas, 54 Greek, 297 spotlight factor, 98 alternate versus alternative, 38 ten commandments of good altmetrics, 295 writing, 61 341 342 Index aspell, 191 book, 263–273 AucTEX (Emacs package), 184, 270 audience, 265 audience, analyzing, 90–91, 225 captions for table of contents, author list 271 order of, 96–99 coauthorship, 265–266 publication