SYSTEMATICS OF LARVAL ERYTHRAEIDAE (ACARINA) OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN BY MUHAMMAD KAMRAN M.Sc. (Hons.) Agri. Entomology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLGY DEPARTMENT OF AGRI. ENTOMOLGY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN 2009 The controller of examinations, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. We, the supervisory committee, certify that the content and form of thesis submitted by Mr. Muhammad Kamran, Regd. No. 96-ag-1513, have been found satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for evaluation by the External Examiner (s) for the award of degree. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Chairman: __________________________________ (DR. MUHAMMAD AFZAL) Member: __________________________________ (DR. MUHAMMAD HAMMID BASHIR) Member: ___________________________________ (DR. SHEHBAZ TALIB SAHI) Who always pray to see the bud of their wishes Bloom into a flower All the praises are attributed to the sole creator of the whole universe Almighty ALLAH, The Most Beneficent, The Most Merciful and The Most Compassionate, Who bestowed on me the power of vision and wisdom to unravel the mysteries of the universe in a more systematic way what people call it SCIENCE. It is only by the grace of ALLAH Almighty that makes me able to material contribution to already existing ocean of knowledge. I invoke Allah’s blessings and peace for my beloved Prophet MUHAMMAD (Peace Be upon Him), who is forever torch of guidance and knowledge for humanity as a whole and whose moral and spiritual teachings enlightened my heart and mind. I wish to extend the most sincere thanks and deep sense of obligations to my supervisor, Dr. Muhammad Afzal (Associate Professor), Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (Pakistan). This manuscript has found its way to a significant completion due to his dynamic supervision and masterly advice. I feel much pleasure to express the heartiest gratitude and sincere appreciation to Dr. M. Hamid Bshir (Assistant Professor) for his generous guidance, kind behavior, cooperation and valuable suggestions on this piece of work. In spite of his multifarious duties I enjoyed his friendly company which made the research period unforgettable era. I wish to record my sincere appreciation to Dr. Shahbaz Talib Sahi (Associate Professor), Department of Plant Pathology, member of supervisory committee for his affectionate behaviour and moral support through out the course of my studies. The author is very thankful to Dr. Muhammad Ashfaq (T.I.) (Professor and Chairman), Department of Agricultural Entomology, for his scholarly guidance and untiring help for successful completion of research. It is very difficult to record my appreciation and thanks for Dr. Mansoor ul Hassan (Associate Professor), Mr. Abu Bakar Muhammad Raza (Assistant Professor), Dr Muhammad Altaf Sabri (Assistant Professor), Mr. Muhammad Sagheer (Lecturer), Mr.Jamshaid Iqbal Chishti ( Agriculture Officer), Mr. Asif Aziz (Lecturer) and Mr. Bilal Saeed Khan (Lecturer) for their moral support, encouragement and critical insight during some tough hours of research. Their love and inspiration is always a source of inspiration for me. This piece of acknowledgement is incomplete without expressing my obligation and indebtedness to my affectionate Parents, Brothers and Sisters, for their encouragement, moral and financial support during the period of research and studies and their day and night prayers which contributed a lot to achieve the present position. May Almighty ALLAH infuse me to fulfill their noble inspirations, expectations and further edify my competence. CONTENTS Chapt. No. Title Page. No. 1 Introduction 1 2 Review of Literature 4 3 Materials & Methods 15 4 Morphology & Terminology 20 5 Results & Discussion 29 Genus Erythraeus Latreille 29 Key to the species of Genus Erythraeus Latreille(larvae) 31 from Punjab, Pakistan Erythraeus (Z) perpusillus n. sp. 32 Erythraeus (Z) longipedus Saboori & Nowzari, 2001 39 Erythraeus (E) shojaii Saboori & Babolmorad, 2000 40 Erythraeus (E) walii n. sp. 41 Erythraeus (E) layyahensis n. sp. 48 Erythraeus (E) loomerus n. sp. 55 Genus Leptus Latreille 63 Key to species of genus Leptus Latreille (larvae) from 65 Punjab, Pakistan. Leptus aphidus n. sp. 66 Leptus pakistanensis n. sp. 73 Leptus nearcticus Fain, Gummer & Whitaker, 1987 80 Leptus lugenus n. sp. 81 Leptus eslamizadehi Saboori, 2002 88 Leptus multanensis n.sp. 89 Leptus hospeticus Haitlinger, 2002 96 Genus Pollux Southcott 98 Key to species of genus Pollux (larvae) Southcott from 99 Punjab, Pakistan. Pollux okaraensis n. sp. 100 Pollux kovalamicus Haitlinger, 2002 107 Pollux jhangensis n. sp. 108 Polux punctatus n.sp. 115 Pollux workandae Southcott, 1961 122 Genus Abrolophus Berlese 124 Key to species of genus Abrolophus (larvae) from Punjab, 126 Pakistan Abrolophus alfalfus n. sp. 127 Abrolophus bohadani Haitlinger, 2003 135 Abrolophus faisalabadensis n. sp. 136 Abrolophus khanjanii Haitlinger & Saboori, 1996 143 Abrolophus pyrillus n. sp. 144 Abrolophus thripsus n. sp. 151 Discussion about dendrograms and phenetic affinities among 159 the different species of each genus 6 Summery 181 Literature Cited 183 LIST OF TABLES FIG. NO TITLE PAGE. NO Metric data of Erythraeus perpusillus, new species 34 1 Metric data of Erythraeus walii, new species 43 2 3 Metric data of Erythraeus layyahensis, new species 50 Metric data of Erythraeus loomerus, new species 57 4 Metric data of Leptus aphidus, new species 68 5 Metric data of Leptus pakistanensis, new species 75 6 Metric data of Leptus lugenus,new species 83 7 Metric data of Leptus multanensis,new species 91 8 9 Metric data of Pollux okaraensis,new species 102 Metric data of Pollux jhangensis, new species 110 10 Metric data of Pullux punctatus, new species 117 11 Metric data of Abrolophus alfalfus, new species 129 12 Metric data of Abrolophus faisalabadensis, new species 138 13 Metric data of Abrolophus pyrillus, new species 146 14 15 Metric data of Abrolophus thripsus, new species 153 Prevalence of 36 characters in 6 species of the genus 165 16 Erythraeus Latreille (Erythraeidae) from Pakistan 17 Amalgamation steps ( genus Erythraeus Latreille) 167 18 Prevalence of 34 characters in 7 species of the genus Leptus 169 Latreille (Erythraeidae) from Pakistan 19 Amalgamation steps ( genus Leptus Latreille) 171 20 Prevalence of 36characters in 5species of the genus Pollux 173 Southcott (Erythraeidae) from Pakistan 21 Amalgamation steps ( genus Pollux Southcott) 175 22 Prevalence of 38 characters in 6 species of the genus 177 Abrolophus Berlese (Erythraeidae) from Pakistan. 23 Amalgamation steps ( genus Abrolophus Berlese) 179 LIST OF FIGURES FIG. NO. TITLE PAGE NO. General morphology of family Erythraeidae 24-28 1 Erythraeus perpusillus, new species 36-38 2 3 Erythraeus walii, new species 44-47 Erythraeus layyahensis, new species 52-54 4 Erythraeus loomerus new species 59-61 5 Leptus aphidus, new species 70-72 6 Leptus pakistanensis, new species 77-79 7 Leptus lugenus, new species 85-87 8 9 Leptus multanensis, new species 93-95 Pollux okaraensis, new species 104-106 10 Pollux jhangensis, new species 112-114 11 Pollux punctatus new species 119-121 12 Abrolophus alfalfus new species 132-134 13 Abrolophus faisalabadensis new species 140-142 14 Hauptmannia pyrillus, new species 148-150 15 16 Abrolophus thripsus, new species 155-157 Dendrogram of 6 species of the genus Erythreaus from 168 17 Pakistan Dendrogram of 7 species of the genus Leptus from Punjab, 171 18 Pakistan 19 Dendrogram of 5 species of the genus Pollux from Punjab, 176 Pakistan 20 Dendrogram of 6 species of the genus Abrolophus from 180 Punjab, Pakistan LIST OF MAPS MAP. NO. TITLE PAGE NO. Agro-ecological zones of Punjab province 19 1 Species Distribution , Genus Erythraeus Latreille in Punjab 62 2 3 Species Distribution , Genus Leptus Latreille in Punjab 97 Species Distribution , Genus Pollux Southcott in Punjab 123 4 Species Distribution , Genus Abrolophus Berlese in Punjab 158 5 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Mites are minute but mighty creatures, microscopic in size, belonging to the order Acarina, class Arachnida, subphylum chelicerata of phylum Arthropoda. They are biologically the most diverse, abundant and succcessful arachnids and have supremacy over insects in adaptability due to high dispersal power, feeding habits, fecundity, small size and various mode of reproduction. These cryptic creatures have universal distribution from inconceivable to conceivable locations i.e., plants, mountains, deserts, glasshouses, fresh water, salt water, springs & stored product of all kinds, organic debris, bodies of animals as an ecto and endoparasites, from free living to parasitic forms, univoltine to multivoltine species, may live in germ of grains and leaf galls. Around 7,000 species of plant feeding mites are known worldwide which occur in five families namely Tetranychidae, Tenuipalpidae, Tarsonemidae, Eriophyidae and Tuckerillidae (Chhillar et al. 2007). They feed and desap plant cells, inject toxins into them, form galls on different plant parts and transmit viral diseases. Severe infestation may results in the reduction of fruit size, lowering plant vigour, defoliation, ultimately total loss of crop and cause heavy economic losses to the farmers and traders. Some species of mites of the families Eriophyidae and Tetranychidae are responsible for transmitting plant viruses and cause viral diseases in cultivated crops, vegetables and fruit plants