Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status

Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation ProjectTurtles of the IUCN/SSC of the World Tortoise – 2012and Freshwater Checklist Turtle Specialist Group 000.243 A.G.J. Rhodin, P.C.H. Pritchard, P.P. van Dijk, R.A. Saumure, K.A. Buhlmann, J.B. Iverson, and R.A. Mittermeier, Eds. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v5.2012 © 2012 by Chelonian Research Foundation • Published 31 December 2012

Turtles of the World, 2012 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status

Tu r t l e Ta x o n o m y Wo r k i n g Gr o u p * *Authorship of this article is by this working group of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, which for the purposes of this document consisted of the following contributors:

Pe t e r Pa u l v a n Di j k 1, Jo h n B. Iv e r s o n 2, H. Br a d l e y Sh a f f e r 3, Ro g e r Bo u r 4, a n d An d e r s G.J. Rh o d i n 5

1Co-Chair, IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, Virginia 22202 USA [[email protected]]; 2Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana 47374 USA [[email protected]]; 3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 USA [[email protected]]; 4Laboratoire des Reptiles et Amphibiens, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France [[email protected]]; 5Chairman Emeritus, IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Chelonian Research Foundation, 168 Goodrich St., Lunenburg, Massachusetts 01462 USA [[email protected]]

Ab s t r a c t . – This is our 6th annual compilation of an annotated checklist of all recognized and named taxa of the world’s modern chelonian fauna, documenting recent changes and controversies in nomenclature, and including all primary synonyms, updated from our previous five checklists (Turtle Taxonomy Working Group 2007b, 2009, 2010, 2011; Rhodin et al. 2008). We continue to provide an updated comprehensive listing of important aspects of taxonomy, names, distribution, and conservation status of all turtles and tortoises of the world. We strive to record the most recent justified taxonomic assignment of terminal taxa in a hierarchical framework, providing annotations, including alternative possible arrangements, for some recently proposed changes. We provide com- mon English names and detailed distributional data for all taxa, listing occurrence by countries and many smaller political or geographic subunits (states or regions), including indications of native, extirpated, and introduced (modern or prehistoric) populations. We also include current published and draft IUCN Red List status determinations for all turtles, as well as CITES listings. The diversity of turtles and tortoises in the world that has existed in modern times (since 1500 AD), and currently generally recognized as distinct and included on this checklist, now consists of 331 species. Of these, 56 are polytypic, representing 121 additional recognized subspecies, or 452 total taxa of modern turtles and tortoises. Of these, 9 species and 2 subspecies, or 11 taxa (2.4%), are extinct. As of the current IUCN 2012 Red List, 134 turtle species (58.8% of 228 species listed, 40.5% of all 331 recognized species) are officially regarded as globally Threatened (Critically Endangered [CR], Endangered [EN], or Vulnerable [VU]). We record additional draft Red List evaluations by the IUCN Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG) of the 103 previously “unevaluated” species, and updated draft re-evaluations of previously listed species, allowing us to evaluate the overall current threat levels for all turtles and tortoises. Of the 331 total species of turtles and tortoises, 101 (30.5%) are CR or EN, 155 (46.8%) are Threatened (CR, EN, or VU), and 164 (49.6%) are Threatened or Extinct. If we provisionally adjust for predicted threat rates of Data Deficient species, then ca. 53% of all turtles are Threatened. If we include Extinct species, and also adjust for Data Deficient species, then ca. 57% of all modern turtles and tortoises are either already Extinct or Threatened. Turtles are among the most endangered of the major groups of vertebrates, surpassing birds, mammals, cartilaginous or bony fishes, and amphibians.

Ke y W o r d s . – Reptilia, Testudines, turtle, tortoise, chelonian, taxonomy, nomenclature, genera, species, subspecies, primary synonyms, suprageneric hierarchy, systematics, common names, distribution, introduced species, conservation status, IUCN Red List, CITES, threatened species, extinction

The diversity of all turtles and tortoises (chelonians) 121 additional recognized subspecies, or 452 total taxa of in the world that has existed in modern times (since 1500 modern chelonians. Of these, 9 species plus 2 subspecies, AD), and currently generally recognized as distinct by spe- or 11 total taxa, of tortoises and freshwater turtles have cialists in turtle taxonomy and systematics, consists of ap- become extinct since 1500 AD (see Table 1), leaving us proximately 331 species, of which 56 are polytypic, with currently with 322 species and 119 additional subspecies, 000.244 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

or 441 total taxa of living turtles and tortoises. Of all living by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature turtle taxa, 7 species are marine turtles, leaving 315 species (ICZN 1999). and 434 total taxa of modern living freshwater and terres- However, for the higher-level suprageneric catego- trial turtles and tortoises. ries used in this checklist, we have also provided some The 452 total turtle and tortoise taxa recognized synonyms and previously-used names for the same or on this checklist are based on a listed synonymy of included groupings whose usage may not necessarily 1208 separate named turtle and tortoise species and correspond to nomenclatural guidelines under the ICZN. subspecies, counting both new descriptions and nomina Since the ICZN does not regulate names above the su- nova replacement names, but not nomina nuda or ex perfamily rank, our listings of these names are intended errore typographical error names. In this checklist we to document historical use to aid understanding and re- present a full taxonomic listing of all recognized taxa, solving the difficult questions of what names are most including synonymized names, and provide annotations appropriately used for these suprageneric categories and concerning recently described new taxa, nomenclatural to what author they should be attributed. For example, and taxonomic updates, and significant taxon-related the names we list under the Order-level name for turtles controversies or developments. (Testudines) are not all strict synonyms, as some were New names added to this 2012 checklist are Testudo proposed at different levels of groupings, from “Family” australis Girard 1858 (= Gopherus sp. indeterminate), Testudo to Order to various supra-ordinal categories. Many were panama Perry 1810 (= Trachemys venusta), and Terrapene utilized primarily for including various fossil turtle-like longinsulae Hay 1908c † (= Terrapene ornata). ancestors in an expanded concept of turtles, including As there is always some disagreement among experts some rank-free Phylocode names. The names we list in as to which taxa are distinct and valid, and at what system- other infra-ordinal suprageneric categories are not al- atic level or rank (species or subspecies), these numbers ways strict synonyms either, as based on nomenclatural are variable depending on the authorities presenting their acceptability or availability of the utilized group name, data or interpretations. For prior discussions and listings but instead provide a partial historical record for names of all recognized modern turtle taxa, with extensive an- previously used for the same or similar grouping. Our notations regarding areas of recent taxonomic change, in- formatting in terms of the use of standardized endings stability, or controversy, see the previous publications by and attribution of authorship of names of some groups the Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (TTWG 2007a,b, (e.g., Trionychia, Kinosternoidea) does not always fol- 2009, 2010, 2011), Rhodin et al. (2008), and the turtle low a strict application of the ICZN, being more of a checklist produced for CITES by Fritz and Havas (2007). partial use and deference to the Phylocode for these su- The latter is also an excellent source for full synonymies, prafamilial categories. including nomina nuda, ex errore names, and type locali- A prime purpose of this annual checklist is to record ties. taxonomic changes published in the literature, to evaluate The Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (TTWG) func- the strength of the data supporting those proposed changes, tions under the auspices of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and and to recommend whether the community should adopt Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG), which or reject the proposed changes. The very first checklist operates under the umbrella of the IUCN (International (TTWG 2007b) was compiled on the ‘last published revi- Union for Conservation of Nature) and its Species Sur- sion’ principle, though reflecting some alternative arrange- vival Commission (SSC). Our checklist of modern turtle ments through our use of the ‘Xxxx or Yyyy’ arrangement. taxa was first compiled by the TTWG (2007b), and has As the checklist has matured over the years and is increas- since been updated annually to reflect more recent chang- ingly adopted as the taxonomic standard by other groups es as required by subsequent publications with taxonomic and entities (IUCN Red List, Reptile Database, and others), novelties or proposed changes, as well as adding primary and informs nomenclatural deliberations in CITES, ITIS, synonyms for all recognized taxa (Rhodin et al. 2008; and other institutions, the TTWG author team has increas- TTWG 2009, 2010, 2011). This checklist is the 6th in- ingly felt a need to evaluate both the scientific merit and stallment in this series and is current through 29 Decem- the wider implications of adopting proposed taxonomic ber 2012. novelties. Evaluations have always been on a case-by-case This list includes all primary description names, syn- basis, bringing the diverse perspectives of the authorship onyms, and nomina nova that we are aware of, but excludes team to bear on the merits of each proposed change. We nomina nuda (with a few exceptions), typographical ex er- have considered drafting criteria for adoption or rejection, rore names, and subsequent usage and new combination but concluded that every case is unique, making it unre- names. Original and synonymized taxon names (including alistic and undesireable to rely on a single set of “rules”. higher-category names) are listed using their original spell- Instead, we have formulated guidelines and considerations ing and genus-species combination as used by the author at of what increases (or decreases) the scientific credibility of the time of first publication of the name. Our synonymies a proposed taxonomic novelty, and therefore the likelihood for genus- and species-level taxa follow, to our best efforts, of its adoption into (or rejection from) the TTWG turtle the strict and established nomenclatural rules established checklist. Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.245

We have previously (TTWG 2007a) presented proac- Publications that present results and taxonomic conclu- tive guidelines for researchers proposing taxonomic novel- sions that are in strong conflict with recently published stud- ties; these remain valuable guidance also when we evaluate ies of the same taxon or group present a particular challenge; new published names or arrangements. But updating the these tend to become subject to extensive deliberations among checklist has required additional considerations, which we the TTWG team, comparing and contrasting the methodol- describe here. None of these are all-or-nothing decisions; ogy, level of data support, and other relevant aspects of the instead, almost every proposed taxonomic novelty, and competing analyses of the taxon or group. These situations the underlying supporting data as presented in the publica- may be resolved, at least for a year or two, by adopting an tion, falls somewhere on a continuum between ‘adopt un- ‘Xxxx or Yyyy’ arrangement in the checklist until further data reservedly’ and ‘reject outright’. The collective weight of become available, allowing us to choose with confidence one evidence supporting the proposed change (availability of over the other arrangement at a later date. name; strength of supporting evidence; phylogenetic con- Some studies report clear, convincing results based text; agreement with other studies; effect on taxonomic sta- on thorough analysis, but stop short of making explicit bility) is deliberated (often very extensively) by the TTWG team, and these deliberations lead to conclusions (often, but not always, unanimous) on whether to 1) adopt or reject a Table 1. Freshwater turtles and tortoises that have gone extinct since 1500 AD (9 species, 2 subspecies, 11 taxa), with approximate proposed taxonomic change, 2) include it as an ‘Xxxx or or known extinction dates. Yyyy’ arrangement, or 3) suspend adoption until additional, independent supporting or alternative data are published. Kinosternidae First and foremost, we evaluate whether a proposed Kinosternon hirtipes megacephalum Viesca Mud Turtle taxonomic change meets the ICZN criteria for nomencla- Mexico (Coahuila); ca. 1970 tural validity. Published names gain much greater credibil- Testudinidae ity by being published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal Aldabrachelys gigantea daudinii or or equivalent publication standard. Dipsochelys dussumieri daudinii Next, studies that draw a variety of characters into Daudin’s Giant Tortoise Seychelles (Mahé?); ca. 1850 their analysis, and report reasonable concordance be- Chelonoidis abingdonii tween different datasets (morphology and morphom- Pinta Giant Tortoise, Abingdon Island Giant Tortoise etry; mitochondrial and nuclear DNA; biogeography; Ecuador (Galápagos: Pinta [Abingdon]); 24 June 2012 ecology and behavior), are more convincing than analy- Chelonoidis nigra ses of a single character set (e.g., only mtDNA, or only Floreana Giant Tortoise, Charles Island Giant Tortoise Ecuador (Galápagos: Floreana [Charles]); ca. 1850 geographic distribution patterns). Studies that present Chelonoidis phantastica strongly conflicting datasets may or may not provide Fernandina Giant Tortoise, Narborough Island Giant Tortoise convincing evidence for monophyly; particularly when Ecuador (Galápagos: Fernandina [Narborough]); ca. 1960 one data set conflicts with several other independent Cylindraspis indica ones, there may be strong support for one alternative Reunion Giant Tortoise Réunion; ca. 1840 hypothesis and its taxonomic implications. However, in Cylindraspis inepta general, character conflict may often suggest that addi- Mauritius Giant Domed Tortoise tional data are needed before taxonomic changes should Mauritius (Mauritius); ca. 1735 be endorsed and accepted. Cylindraspis peltastes Sampling should be comprehensive and effective in Rodrigues Domed Tortoise Mauritius (Rodrigues); ca. 1795 taxonomic, geographic, and numeric contexts. Preferably Cylindraspis triserrata every (known) taxon within the group of interest, plus ad- Mauritius Giant Flat-shelled Tortoise equate outgroups, should be sampled from multiple spec- Mauritius (Mauritius); ca. 1735 imens from across the geographic range, and where ap- Cylindraspis vosmaeri propriate also incorporating one or more series of multiple Rodrigues Giant Saddleback Tortoise Mauritius (Rodrigues); ca. 1795 specimens from a specific known population to indicate Pelomedusidae within-population variability. Studies that only evaluate Pelusios seychellensis a taxonomic or geographic subset of the relevant group, Seychelles Mud Turtle or only make changes to some taxa without consistently Seychelles (Mahé); ca. 1950 evaluating the relevance of these changes to related taxa, While beyond the time-frame of extinctions for modern turtles, it is are less likely to be convincing and therefore adopted. worth noting the findings of White et al. (2010), who documented Specifically, a study that elevates a particular subspecies to the continuing existence of a giant horned tortoise of the extinct species rank, without examining whether other subspecies family Meiolaniidae on Efate Island, Vanuatu, in the southwestern also warrant species rank, or that leaves the species with its Pacific Ocean, as recently as 3100–2800 years before present. They named it ?Meiolania damelipi and provided clear evidence of human remaining subspecies apparently paraphyletic with regard butchering and consumption of these animals, representing the final to the elevated species, is unlikely to be adopted until fur- human-induced extinction event for that spectacularly unique and ther supporting and clarifying information is published. evolutionarily distinct deep lineage of chelonians. 000.246 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Table 2. The top 25 turtle-rich countries (including ties) for all turtle taxa Table 3. The top 25 turtle-rich countries (including ties) for only (species and subspecies) or species per country, including freshwater freshwater and terrestrial turtle and tortoise taxa (species and subspe- and terrestrial turtles and tortoises and native sea turtle populations. cies) or species per country, excluding sea turtles. Taxa (sp. & ssp.) Species Taxa (sp. & ssp.) Species 1. USA, 88 1. USA, 58 1. USA, 82 1. USA, 52 2. Mexico, 64 2. Mexico, 47 2. Mexico, 58 2. Mexico, 41 3. India, 41 3. Brazil, 35 3. India, 36 3. Brazil, 30 4. Indonesia, 39 China, 35 4. Indonesia, 33 China, 30 5. Brazil, 35 Indonesia, 35 5. Brazil, 30 5. Indonesia, 29 China, 35 6. India, 33 China, 30 6. India, 28 7. Australia, 34 7. Colombia, 32 7. Vietnam, 29 7. Colombia, 27 Vietnam, 34 Myanmar, 32 8. Australia, 28 Myanmar, 27 9. Colombia, 33 Vietnam, 32 Colombia, 28 Vietnam, 27 Myanmar, 33 10. Australia, 30 Myanmar, 28 10. Ecuador, 26 11. Thailand, 31 Ecuador, 30 11. Thailand, 27 Thailand, 26 12. Ecuador, 30 Thailand, 30 12. Ecuador, 26 12. Australia, 24 13. Bangladesh, 29 13. Bangladesh, 27 13. Bangladesh, 24 13. Bangladesh, 22 14. Venezuela, 26 14. Venezuela, 24 14. Venezuela, 21 14. Congo (DRC), 20 15. Malaysia, 24 15. Congo (DRC), 23 15. Congo (DRC), 20 15. Laos, 19 South Africa, 24 Malaysia , 23 Malaysia, 20 Malaysia, 19 17. Congo (DRC), 23 17. South Africa, 22 South Africa, 20 Venezuela, 19 18. Peru, 21 18. Peru, 20 18. Laos, 19 18. South Africa, 18 19. Cambodia, 19 19. Cambodia, 19 19. Peru, 16 19. Cambodia, 15 Laos, 19 Laos, 19 20. Cambodia, 15 Nepal, 15 Tanzania, 19 21. Guatemala, 18 Nepal, 15 Peru, 15 22. Guatemala, 18 Tanzania, 18 22. Bolivia, 14 22. Bolivia, 14 23. Honduras, 17 23. Papua New Guinea, 17 Tanzania, 14 23. Guatemala, 13 Papua New Guinea, 17 24. Congo (ROC), 16 24. Guatemala, 13 Tanzania, 13 25. Congo (ROC), 16 Gabon, 16 25. Congo (ROC), 12 25. Angola, 12 Gabon, 16 Guyana, 16 Namibia, 12 Argentina, 12 Guyana, 16 Honduras, 16 Congo (ROC), 12 Madagascar, 16 Gabon, 12 Nicaragua, 16 Namibia, 12 Panama, 16

taxonomic and nomenclatural recommendations, such as The International Commission on Zoological No- 'we therefore synonymize taxon X with taxon Y, and el- menclature (2012) has recently emended the Code re- evate taxon Z from subspecies to full species rank'. We garding accepted methods of electronic publication of note such cases, but generally prefer not to translate those new names. The revision disallows publication on opti- results into changed taxonomic arrangements with poten- cal disks after 2012, but permits electronic publication tially novel combinations appearing in print for the first after 2011 only after the work (not the new name) is first time. registered in ZooBank (http://zoobank.org/; The Offi- Finally, nomenclatural and taxonomic changes often cial Registry of Zoological Nomenclature)1. The work have disruptive effects for legislation and other ‘users’ of must state the date of publication and provide evidence checklists. A degree of disruption is inevitable as phylo- that the registration has occurred. In addition, ZooBank genetic knowledge accumulates; but we are more likely to must register the precise electronic archive where the adopt proposed changes that have significant ‘disruptive’ work is to be published, as well as the ISSN or ISBN effects on widely-used names if such changes are strongly of the work (new article 8.5). In addition, amendments supported by robust data; in contrast, we are inclined to to the Code also clarify that preliminary electronic ver- suspend adoption of novel names and arrangements if they sions of works due for publication on paper are unavail- are based on weaker data sets or do not greatly improve able (Art. 9.9), and that abstracts of meetings, presenta- our overall phylogenetic understanding. As an example, tion texts and posters are unavailable for nomenclatural we would be reluctant to adopt a proposal to transfer a purposes (Art. 9.10). Amended Art. 21.8 and new Art. single species out of an established genus to form a new, 21.9 clarify that preliminary electronic versions do not monotypic genus, a move that would involve new names bring forward the date of publication, unless the elec- and combinations without significant improvement of our tronic version meets the requirements for availability of understanding of the overall relationships of the group of electronic publications under Art. 8. This revision will species. We repeat our recommendation (TTWG 2007a) clearly have implications for taxonomic papers pub- that taxonomy should not be driven by politics or oppor- lished in electronic journals after 2011. Few new turtle tunism, and that the wider implications of taxonomic and taxa or taxonomic acts have been described in electron- nomenclatural decisions be understood and carefully con- sidered. 1 This publication (TTWG 2012) is registered in ZooBank. Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.247 ic-version-only journals to date, but that is likely to we list them in phylogenetic order from most to least inclu- change. Authors intending to publish taxonomic papers sive. All original names include authorship, year, and page in electronic archives are cautioned to read the text of number. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature Comments on names that have undergone recent taxo- (2012) carefully, and to follow the guidelines precisely, nomic change or are associated with instability or uncer- at risk of having their work inadmissible. tainty or other changes are indicated by superscript num- Our checklist includes all currently recognized named bers that refer to annotations at the end of this and earlier taxa (species and subspecies) of modern turtles (extant af- checklists. See the Annotations section at the end of the ter 1500 AD). By “currently recognized” we mean those checklist for a detailed explanation of the scheme used. taxa that have not been demonstrably refuted or justifiably Turtle taxa that have gone extinct within modern times synonymized in published literature, or whose resurrec- (since 1500 AD) are labeled in bold as Extinct, and are also tion is yet to receive acceptance. We have attempted to listed in Table 1. As of 2012 this includes 9 species and describe all recent published taxonomic recommendations 2 subspecies, or 11 taxa (2.4% of all modern turtle taxa) in our annotations, even though we have not included all that are extinct. Turtle taxa that were originally described proposed changes in the checklist. based on recent fossil, subfossil, or archeological material, Since there are sometimes also different interpretations but subsequently recognized as representing extant taxa or for some genera and polytypic species as to which names synonymized with modern turtle taxa, are included on the are valid and whether to lump or split the contained taxa, we checklist and marked with a cross (†). occasionally list recent alternative name usages. Our most The underlined text in parentheses in the checklist important criterion for accepting proposed changes is that (CBFTT Account) indicates those taxa for which accounts they be accompanied by adequate data and sound arguments have been published in this monograph series in the TFTSG justifying the taxonomic revision. Consequently, some pro- project on Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and posed taxonomic changes from lists or publications with un- Tortoises (CBFTT). The TFTSG and Chelonian Research supported or untested revisions have not been incorporated. Foundation will gradually publish CBFTT accounts for all We also list and annotate recent systematic papers that do non-marine turtle and tortoise species—accounts also in- not necessarily commit nomenclatural or taxonomic acts, clude recognized subspecies within the account, but some but that present data on phylogenetic or phylogeographic re- subspecies have separate accounts and are so indicated. As lationships that either serve to further support currently un- of 31 December 2012 we have published 68 accounts cov- derstood relationships, or are indicators of distinct lineages ering 88 taxa; these are available online as downloadable or potential taxonomic changes to come. Occasionally we doi-designated pdf’s (www.iucn-tftsg.org/cbftt/). also include annotations concerning dates of publication or The checklist includes English common names for all other bibliographic considerations. taxa. We have tried to provide the most commonly used Currently recognized modern turtles and tortoises names, although occasionally we have provided two or (genera and terminal taxa, including species and subspe- more names. We do not support the practice of designat- cies) are listed in bold italics. Original description names ing “official” or “standard” common names for species, and synonymized names are in non-bold italicized text. as that is the domain for scientific Latin names. Instead, Higher suprageneric group-level names are listed in bold common names tend to evolve and vary from area to area non-italic text and are presented in an indented phyloge- and over time, as well as with language and cultural con- netic hierarchy. For competing alternative generic names, text. Native vernacular names for certain species are often

Table 4. Summary of new taxa (*) included in this 2012 checklist and major taxonomic changes from TTWG 2011. See the an- notations for a full discussion of all these changes; minor changes associated only with overlooked or previously synonymized names or dates of authorship or other primarily nomenclatural changes are not listed here, but only in the annotations. TTWG 2011 TTWG 2012 Change Cheloniidae Cheloniidae: Carettinae * and Cheloniinae * subfamilies recognized Chrysemys Hydrochelys * synonymized forgotten genus name synonymized Trachemys venusta Testudo panama * synonymized forgotten species name synonymized Emys orbicularis hellenica Emys orbicularis hoffmani Schreiber deleted subsequent use of name removed Terrapene ornata ornata Terrapene longinsulae † * synonymized extinct species synonymized Geoemydidae Geoemydidae: Geoemydinae * and Rhinoclemmydinae * subfamilies recognized Mauremys caspica siebenrocki Mauremys caspica subspecies synonymized Mauremys caspica ventrimaculata Mauremys caspica subspecies synonymized Mauremys caspica caspica Mauremys caspica monotypic species Chelonoidis petersi Chelonoidis chilensis species synonymized Gopherus sp. indeterminate Testudo australis * synonymized forgotten species name synonymized Kinixys belliana belliana Kinixys belliana monotypic species Kinixys belliana domerguei Kinixys zombensis domerguei subspecies transferred Kinixys belliana nogueyi Kinixys nogueyi subspecies elevated to species Kinixys belliana zombensis Kinixys zombensis subspecies elevated to species Kinixys zombensis Kinixys zombensis zombensis nominal subspecies recognized Chelidae Chelidae: Chelinae *, Hydromedusinae *, and Chelodininae * subfamilies recognized 000.248 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

extensive and imprecise, and we do not list such names ously supplied to us by the MTSG. Based on these data, here. However, in the conservation arena, the use of rea- we list sea turtle distributions in three distributional cat- sonably widely recognized and appropriately descriptive egories: 1) nesting: native regularly nesting populations, 2) common names is critically important for communica- foraging: native permanently foraging or regularly migrat- tion purposes, and so we include English common names ing populations (but no evidence yet of regular nesting), here. Though also important for the global conservation and 3) vagrant: temporarily foraging or migrating animals community, we do not include Spanish or French com- not necessarily considered native. mon names. We include current IUCN Red List conservation status We also summarize distributions for all taxa on the for all species. The status categorizations listed here are checklist, listing all nations and territories in which they current as of the IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesTM, occur as native populations (see Tables 2 and 3 for the top version 2012.2 (www.iucnredlist.org). Many species that turtle-rich nations and the Appendix for full distributional were determined to be Least Concern in 1996 were never data). For several larger nations we also list political or geo- formally listed (as per IUCN Red List protocol at the time), graphic subunits (e.g., states, provinces, regions, or larger but the original determinations prepared by the TFTSG in islands). We attempt to also indicate nations or territories 1996 are still available and are now indicated here. As where species have been extirpated or where they occur as many species on the Red List need updating, either be- non-native introduced or invasive species, or where there cause their previous evaluations are more than ten years are uncertainties as to occurrence. old, or because of recent conservation status changes, we For introductions, we attempt to distinguish between have also included the results of TFTSG draft assessments two forms: (1) modern introductions (since ca. 1500 AD) for those species (as of December 2012) to indicate their for those species that appear to have relatively well-es- current provisional status, which should be released on the tablished or potentially reproducing populations in extra- official IUCN Red List site in the near future. The TFTSG limital areas primarily as a result of relatively recent trade is the official global IUCN Red List Authority responsible for food or pets or planned conservation introductions (la- for continuously updating IUCN Red List assessments beled “introduced” or “modern”), and (2) earlier historic of all tortoises and freshwater turtles, and this process is or prehistoric introductions for those species that appear handled through multiple consensus-building workshops to have native populations, but where population genet- and consultations. For a few species from the South Afri- ics studies find evidence of founder effects suggestive of can region we have also added draft Red List assessments possible introduction by humans, or other dispersal events, done by the South African Reptile Conservation Assess- during the last ca. 2000–3000 years (labeled “prehistoric ment (SARCA) committee (Hofmeyr et al., in press). introduction?”). Finally, we include status listings on CITES (Conven- For freshwater and terrestrial turtles and tortoises, we tion on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild compiled native and introduced distributions from a combi- Fauna and Flora) Appendices I, II, or III, current as of the nation of multiple published and database sources. For na- 22 December 2011 listing. As such, this document brings tive distributions we used Iverson (1992) and Fritz and Ha- together most important aspects of taxonomy, names, dis- vas (2007) as starting points, added data from our extensive tribution, and conservation status of all turtles and tortoises database compiled by Buhlmann et al. (2009), and added of the world. further data from the IUCN Red List, our TFTSG-organized It is important to note that this list does not consti- IUCN Red Listing workshops, our published CBFTT spe- tute an official recommendation by the TTWG or the cies accounts, and several other country-specific books and TFTSG or the IUCN regarding the validity or non-va- articles by multiple authors. For introduced species, we used lidity of any included or excluded taxonomic names or Kraus (2009) as a starting point and added data from other systematic relationships, as such matters are generally publications and online sources and databases. Finally, we best left to specialists working in these areas. However, also solicited and received input from many members of we have tried to be consistent in our listing of what ap- the TFTSG for corrections and additions to all the native pear to be valid taxa and relationships, based on criteria distributions and introductions data. Despite this effort, it is of published scientific descriptions and proposed taxo- likely that we have committed some errors of omission or nomic changes accompanied by data and sound argu- commission, and we request that any corrections or updates mentation (TTWG 2007a). be brought to our attention so that they can be included in Our hope is that through this process, the TTWG and future versions of this checklist. the TFTSG may help stabilize and guide the fluid state of For sea turtles, we compiled distributions from a chelonian systematics and nomenclature, and provide a combination of IUCN Red List data, CMS (Convention standard reference source for updated taxonomy, system- on Migratory Species) listings, and the extensive listings atic relationships, distribution, and conservation status of of nesting sites and foraging ranges that the IUCN/SSC all turtles and tortoises. The list should also provide an Marine Turtle Specialist Group (MTSG) includes in its impetus for ongoing and future work aimed at clarify- SWOT mapping application (The State of the World’s Sea ing and resolving areas of taxonomic disagreement and/ Turtles) (http://seaturtlestatus.org/learn/maps/all), gener- or uncertainty. It is further foreseen that the TTWG itself Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.249 may expand and evolve as necessary into a more global Of the 331 species recognized as distinct on our endeavor. checklist, 103 are not yet officially listed on the IUCN Please help the TTWG and the TFTSG keep this Tur- Red List. Most of these apparently “unevaluated” spe- tles of the World checklist up-to-date by e-mailing any or cies have in fact already been evaluated by the TFTSG, all of us (addresses noted above) and including pdf’s of first in 1996, when Least Concern (LC) species were not any relevant articles about new taxonomic or distributional formally listed (as they are now), and then more recently information and/or revisions that should be included and through a series of draft assessments. Of these 103 spe- annotated here in upcoming checklists, whether you are an cies, the TFTSG evaluated 53 as Least Concern in 1996 author on a paper providing updated information, or have (J.L. Behler and C. Hilton-Taylor, in litt.), and these are become aware of data that you believe should be included. marked as such on this checklist. Also please inform us of any errors or discrepancies in any Further status assessments have more recently been of our data, especially for geographic distributions (native accomplished through an ongoing series of regional IUCN or introduced) in countries or states, and for cited refer- Red Listing workshops held by the TFTSG. These work- ences and names, so that we may update or correct as nec- shops have assessed both previously unevaluated species essary. For sea turtle distribution data, please also submit and updated older previously evaluated species. Since additions and corrections via the SWOT website. We want 1999 the TFTSG has held Red Listing workshops in or this checklist to be as accurate, up-to-date, and compre- for Asia, Mexico, the Mediterranean, India, Madagascar, hensive as possible, and ask for your assistance to help us Australia, New Guinea, USA, northern South America, accomplish this goal. southern South America, the Galápagos Islands, and Asia A summary of all major taxonomic changes in this a second time. Additionally, SARCA has produced draft checklist as compared to our previous one is provided in Red List assessments for South Africa. Although not yet Table 4; all minor changes are only included in the annota- official IUCN Red List evaluations, we can use all these tions. draft evaluations to determine overall threat rates to all turtles and tortoises. The current assessments that are Conservation Status based on the findings and results of these workshops, but have not yet been finalized and published on the IUCN To assess and summarize the current conservation sta- Red List, are included in this checklist as ‘TFTSG Draft tus of turtles and tortoises in the broadest strokes, we pro- 2011’ and ‘TFTSG Draft 2012’ status. vide an update and analysis of the most current IUCN Red Combining the formal listed assessments with draft List (www.iucnredlist.org), as well as provide provisional status evaluations for previously unlisted species and conservation status of species still under evaluation. The draft updated assessments for currently listed but out- official determinations of conservation status of turtles are dated assessments, yields the following total current provided to the IUCN Red List by the TFTSG, which is status numbers for all 331 species of turtles and tortois- continuously producing draft assessments for previously es: 9 Extinct (EX), 54 Critically Endangered (CR), 47 unevaluated taxa as well as previously evaluated taxa Endangered (EN), 54 Vulnerable (VU), 43 Near Threat- needing updates (necessary every 10 years). Knowing the ened (NT), 83 Least Concern (LC), 34 Data Deficient overall conservation status and percentage of threatened (DD), and 7 Not Evaluated (NE). This yields 101 spe- species of turtles is important in understanding how se- cies (30.5%) that are Critically Endangered or Endan- riously they are endangered, and how they compare with gered, and 155 (46.8%) that are Threatened (Critically other imperiled organisms. Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable). If we also in- The current IUCN Red List (version 2012.2) formal- clude Extinct species among the Threatened categories ly lists 228 turtle species, 19 separate subspecies, and 2 (or more generally, “gone or nearly gone”), then 164 regional subpopulations, using a slightly different taxon- turtle species, or 49.6% of all currently recognized mod- omy from the one presented in this checklist. Of the 228 ern turtle and tortoise species, are either already extinct species listed, 6 are Extinct (EX), 1 Extinct in the Wild or threatened with extinction. (EW), 32 Critically Endangered (CR), 44 Endangered We can provisionally adjust these numbers to account (EN), 58 Vulnerable (VU), 36 Near Threatened (NT), 1 for Data Deficient species which may also be Threat- Conservation Dependent (LR/cd; an old category being ened. We follow the calculation method of determining phased out), 39 Least Concern (LC), and 11 Data Defi- percentage of Threatened species utilized by Hoffmann cient (DD). et al. (2010): the number of Threatened species is di- By IUCN Red List protocol, Threatened species are vided by the number of data-sufficient species, i.e., the defined as those in the three categories of Critically En- total number of species minus those Not Evaluated and dangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable, meaning that 134 minus those that are Data Deficient. This assumes that species are officially regarded as Threatened (58.8% of the Data Deficient species will have the same percentage of 228 species listed, 40.5% of all species), with 76 species Threatened species as data-sufficient species. Using this (33.3% of those listed, 23.0% of all species) considered calculation methodology, 53.4% of all assessed data-suf- Critically Endangered or Endangered. ficient turtles and tortoises are Threatened, and 56.6% are 000.250 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Threatened or Extinct. For comparison, using the same CHECKLIST methods, Hoffmann et al. (2010) determined that 41% of amphibians, 33% of cartilaginous fishes, 25% of mam- Phylogenetic Hierarchical Order and Content of mals, and 13% of birds were Threatened. Turtles were Suprageneric Categories used in this Checklist surpassed only by cycads, with 62% of their 300+ species Te s t u d i n e s ...... 331 spp., 452 taxa Threatened. • Cr y p t o d i r a ...... 250 spp., 360 taxa No matter how we analyze these various percentages __Ch e l y d r i d a e ...... 4 spp., 4 taxa of threatened species, turtles and tortoises, with anywhere _Ch e l o n i o i d e a ...... 7 spp., 7 taxa from 47 to 53% of all their modern species Threatened, are __Ch e l o n i i d a e ...... 6 spp., 6 taxa among the most endangered of any of the major groups of ___Ca r e tt i n a e ...... 3 spp., 3 taxa ___Ch e l o n i i n a e ...... 3 spp., 3 taxa vertebrate species, more than birds (ca. 13%), mammals __De r m o c h e l y i d a e ...... 1 sp., 1 taxon (ca. 21–25%), cartilaginous and bony fishes (ca. 17–31%), _Ki n o s t e r n o i d e a ...... 26 spp., 39 taxa or amphibians (ca. 30–41%), and paralleled among the __De r m a t e m y d i d a e ...... 1 sp., 1 taxon larger vertebrate groups only by the primates (ca. 48%) __Ki n o s t e r n i d a e ...... 25 spp., 38 taxa (www.iucnredlist.org, Hoffmann et al. 2010). ___Ki n o s t e r n i n a e ...... 22 spp., 35 taxa ___St a u r o t y p i n a e ...... 3 spp., 3 taxa _Te s t u d i n o i d e a ...... 181 spp., 269 taxa Acknowledgments. — We extend special thanks to __Em y d i d a e ...... 51 spp., 92 taxa James Parham, a major contributor and co-author on ear- ___Deirochelyinae ...... 40 spp., 67 taxa lier versions of the checklist, and a source of ongoing in- ___Em y d i n a e ...... 11 spp., 25 taxa cisive input and analytic debate. Specific thanks also for __Pl a t y s t e r n i d a e ...... 1 sp., 3 taxa __Ge o e m y d i d a e ...... 69 spp., 90 taxa extensive detailed input from Holger Vetter, Peter Uetz, ___Ge o e m y d i n a e ...... 60 spp., 76 taxa and Scott Thomson. ___Rh i n o c l e m m y d i n a e ...... 9 spp., 14 taxa We thank various members of the IUCN/SSC Tor- __Te s t u d i n i d a e ...... 60 spp., 84 taxa toise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (TFTSG) _Tr i o n y c h i a ...... 32 spp., 41 taxa as well as other individuals who have provided pertinent __Ca r e tt o c h e l y i d a e ...... 1 sp., 1 taxon __Tr i o n y c h i d a e ...... 31 spp., 40 taxa data or references or helped in various ways with in- ___Cy c l a n o r b i n a e ...... 7 spp., 9 taxa put or review of this and earlier checklists: Kraig Adler, ___Trionychinae ...... 24 spp., 31 taxa Matt Aresco, Mark Auliya, Ernst Baard, Albert Ber- • Pl e u r o d i r a ...... 81 spp., 92 taxa tolero, John Bickham, Ortwin Bourquin, Jim Buskirk, __Ch e l i d a e ...... 54 spp., 61 taxa Eng Heng Chan, Andrew DiMateo, David Emmett, Ale- ___Ch e l i n a e ...... 20 spp., 21 taxa ___Hy d r o m e d u s i n a e ...... 2 spp., 2 taxa jandro Fallabrino, Balazs Farkas, Oscar Flores-Villela, ___Ch e l o d i n i n a e ...... 32 spp., 38 taxa Uwe Fritz, Arthur Georges, Justin Gerlach, Steve Gotte, __Pe l o m e d u s i d a e ...... 19 spp., 23 taxa Ute Grimm, Brian Henen, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Marga- __Po d o c n e m i d i d a e ...... 8 spp., 8 taxa retha Hofmeyr, Marinus Hoogmoed, Dale Jackson, Fred Janzen, Bob Jones, Ross Kiester, Gerald Kuchling, Minh Te s t u d i n e s Batsch 1788 (4:4) (6) Le, Thomas Leuteritz, Peter Lindeman, Jeff Lovich, Testudinata Klein 1751:96 (pre-Linnaean name) Rod Mast, Russ Mittermeier, Robert Murphy, Hans- Testudines Linnaeus 1758:194 Dieter Philippen, Peter Praschag, Awal Riyanto, Jose Testudinata Klein in Behn 1760:tab.gen. Vicente Rueda-Almonacid, Ray Saumure, Chuck Schaf- Testudines Batsch 1788:437 Testudinea Batsch 1796:179 fer, Jason Schaffer, Sabine Schoppe, Norman Scott, Will Cheloniens Brongniart 1800a:196 Selman, Shi Haitao, Franco Souza, Phil Spinks, Bryan Chelonii Latreille 1800:xi Stuart, Robert Thomson, Oguz Türkozan, and Bruce Chelonia Ross and Macartney 1802:tab.iii Weissgold. Distributional data on sea turtles from the Cataphractae Link 1807:51 IUCN/SSC Marine Turtle Specialist Group (MTSG) and Testudinata Oppel 1811:3 SWOT (The State of the World’s Sea Turtles) was grate- Perostia Rafinesque 1814:66 fully received from Bryan Wallace. Cataphracta Hemprich 1820:101 The Panaphil Foundation provided partial funding Chelonea Fleming 1822:268 support for PPvD, and HBS was partially supported by a Fornicata Haworth 1825:373 Chelynae Wagler 1828:861 grant from the NSF (DEB-0817042). TFTSG-organized Sterrichrotes Ritgen 1828:269 IUCN Red Listing workshops and other redlisting efforts Chelonites Burmeister 1837:730 have been generously supported by the Frankel Family Chelonides Swainson 1839:112 Foundation, Conservation International, the Turtle Con- Tylopoda Mayer 1849:197 servancy, the Moore Family Foundation, George Meyer Testudina Fry 1850:21 and Maria Semple, Matt Frankel, the Turtle Conserva- Chersemydes Strauch 1862:11 tion Fund, Chelonian Research Foundation, the Galapa- Rhynchochelones Dollo 1886:79 gos Conservancy, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser- Cheloniae Hoffmann 1890:372 vice. Testudoformes Chang 1957:50 Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.251

Chelonomorpha Kuhn 1960:30 Chelydra emarginata Agassiz 1857a:417 Casichelydia Gaffney 1975:4 Devisia mythodes Ogilby 1905:11 Testudinomorpha Laurin and Reisz 1995:197 Chelydra laticarinata Hay 1916:72 † (nomen sup- Pantestudines Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004:996 pressum) Chelydra sculpta Hay 1916:73 † (nomen suppressum) (2:5) • Cr y p t o d i r a Cope 1868b (2:20) Chelydra osceola Stejneger 1918:89 Cryptoderes Duméril and Bibron 1834:354 (1:3) Cryptodera Lichtenstein 1856:1 (2:20) ____Macrochelys Gray 1856a Cryptodira Cope 1868b:282 Macrochelys Gray 1856a:200 Macroclemys Gray 1856b:48 (nomen novum) Gypochelys Agassiz 1857a:248 __Ch e l y d r i d a e Gray 1831d (3:3) Chelydrae Gray 1831d:4 M. temminckii (Troost in Harlan 1835) (3:4) Chelydridae Swainson 1839:113 Alligator Snapping Turtle Chelydradae Gray 1869a:178 USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missis- ____Chelydra Schweigger 1812 (1:2) sippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas) Chelydra Schweigger 1812:292 IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd (1996) Chelonura Fleming 1822:270 (senior homonym) TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Ophichelone Jarocki 1822:21 CITES: Appendix III (USA) Rapara Gray 1825:210 Testudo planitia Gmelin 1789:1045 (nomen suppressum) Saurochelys Latreille 1825:92 Chelonura temminckii Troost in Harlan 1835:158 Cheliurus Rafinesque 1832:64 Emysaurus Duméril and Bibron 1835:348 Devisia Ogilby 1905:11 _Ch e l o n i o i d e a Baur 1893b Chelonii Oppel 1811:8 C. acutirostris Peters 1862 Chlonopteria Rafinesque 1814:66 South American Snapping Turtle Cheloniae Schmid 1819:14 Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Cauca, Chocó, Edigitata Haworth 1825:373 Córdoba, Magdalena, Nariño, Sucre, Valle del Cauca), Oiacopodae Wagler 1828:861 Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Pterodactyli Mayer 1849:199 IUCN: Not Evaluated Chelonioidea Baur 1893b:672 TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened (South America regional) __Ch e l o n i i d a e Oppel 1811 (3:5) (7) (8) (9) Chelydra serpentina acutirostris Peters 1862:627 Chelonii Oppel 1811:8 (partim) Cheloniadae Gray 1825:212 C. rossignonii (Bocourt 1868) Carettidae Gray 1825:212 Central American Snapping Turtle Mydae Ritgen 1828:269 Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chelonidae Bonaparte 1832:312 Chiapas, Tabasco, Veracruz) Cheloniidae Cope 1868b:282 IUCN: Vulnerable A2d (2007) Emysaurus rossignonii Bocourt 1868:121 ___Ca r e tt i n a e Gray 1825 (7) Carettidae Gray 1825:212 (2:5) C. serpentina (Linnaeus 1758) Carettinae Deraniyagala 1952:57 North American Snapping Turtle, Common Snapping Turtle Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Sco- ____Caretta Rafinesque 1814(8) tia, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan), USA (Alabama, Caretta Rafinesque 1814:66 Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Thalassochelys Fitzinger 1835:121 Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Caouana Cocteau and Bibron 1838:30 Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michi- Halichelys Fitzinger 1843:30 gan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Eremonia Gray 1873h:408 Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, C. caretta (Linnaeus 1758) (4:5) Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Loggerhead Sea Turtle Carolina, Souh Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Nesting: Aruba, Australia (Queensland, Western Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming) Australia), Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belize, Ber- Introduced: China, Japan (mainland), Taiwan, USA muda, Bonaire, Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Rio (Arizona, California, Nevada, Oregon) de Janeiro, Sergipe), Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, IUCN: Least Concern (2012) China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curacao, Testudo serpentina Linnaeus 1758:199 Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Egypt, France, Greece, Testudo serpentaria Wiedemann 1802:191 (nomen Haiti, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Libya, novum) Madagascar, Mauritania, Mexico, Montserrat, Chelydra lacertina Schweigger 1812:293 (senior Mozambique, Myanmar, New Caledonia, Oman, homonym) Panama, Papua New Guinea (Trobriand Islands), 000.252 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sierra CITES: Appendix I, as Cheloniidae spp. Leone, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tunisia, Testudo viridisquamosa Lacépède 1788:92 (partim, Turkey, Turks and Caicos, USA (Alabama, Florida, nomen dubium et rejectum) (3:6) Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Testudo viridisquamosa Bonnaterre 1789:20 (partim, South Carolina, Texas), US Virgin Islands, Vanuatu, nomen dubium et suppressum) Venezuela, Yemen Testudo bomarii Meyer 1790:82 (partim, nomen Foraging: Albania, Algeria, Anguilla, Antigua and Bar- dubium et novum et oblitum) (3:8) buda, Argentina, Bahrain, Barbados, British Virgin Testudo mydas minor Suckow 1798:30 (partim, no- Islands, Canada, Chile, Comoros, Croatia, Djibouti, men dubium et suppressum) Dominica, Eritrea, Fiji, French Guiana, Gambia, Thalassochelys (Colpochelys) kempii Garman 1880:123 Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guinea-Bissau, Guatemala, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Iran, Jamaica, Kenya, L. olivacea (Eschscholtz 1829a) Malta, Martinique, Mauritius, Monaco, Montenegro, Olive Ridley Sea Turtle, Pacific Ridley Sea Turtle Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Nesting: Angola, Australia (Northern Territory), Saba, St. Eustatius), Nicaragua, North Korea, Bangladesh, Benin, Brazil (Bahia, Espirito Santo, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Sergipe), Brunei, Cameroon, Colombia, Congo Qatar, Réunion, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Samoa, Saudi (ROC), Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sint Maarten, Slovenia, Guinea, French Guiana, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Korea, Sudan, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and (Java, Papua), Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Tobago, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, USA (Cali- Mexico (Baja California Sur, Chiapas, Guerrero, fornia, Hawaii, Oregon), Vietnam, Western Sahara Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Sinaloa), Vagrant: Angola, Benin, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Ecuador, El Salvador, Panama, Peru, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Great Britain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Guinea, Iraq, Ireland, Ivory Coast, Kuwait, Liberia, Tobago, Vanuatu, Vietnam Malaysia, Maldives, New Zealand, Nigeria, Thai- Foraging: Bahrain, Cambodia, Cape Verde, China, land, Togo, Tuvalu Comoros, Congo (DRC), Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, IUCN: Endangered A1abd (1996) Gambia, Guinea, Iran, Iraq, Israel (Southern), Ku- CITES: Appendix I, as Cheloniidae spp. wait, Liberia, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritius, New Testudo caretta Linnaeus 1758:197 Caledonia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Testudo marina Garsault 1764:pl.675 (senior hom- Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singa- onym) (4:5) pore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Testudo cephalo Schneider 1783:303 Timor-Leste, United Arab Emirates, USA (Hawaii), Testudo caouana Lacépède 1788:95 (nomen rejectum) (3:6) Venezuela, Yemen Testudo nasicornis Lacépède 1788:103 (nomen Vagrant: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Canada, Chile, rejectum) (3:7) Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Testudo caouana Bonnaterre 1789:20 Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Japan, Martinique, Testudo lauanna Meyer 1790:82 (nomen novum et Mauritania, Micronesia, Morocco, Namibia, New oblitum) (3:8) Zealand, North Korea, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Caretta nasuta Rafinesque 1814:66 Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Caretta atra Merrem 1820:18 South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, Uruguay, US Chelonia pelasgorum Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833:pl.6 Virgin Islands Caouana elongata Gray 1844:53 IUCN: Vulnerable A2bd (2008) Thalassochelys corticata Girard 1858:431 CITES: Appendix I, as Cheloniidae spp. Caretta gigas Deraniyagala 1933:66 Testudo mydas minor Suckow 1798:30 (partim, no- men dubium et suppressum) ____Lepidochelys Fitzinger 1843 (8) Chelonia multiscutata Kuhl 1820:78 (nomen sup- Lepidochelys Fitzinger 1843:30 pressum) Cephalochelys Gray 1873h:408 Chelonia olivacea Eschscholtz 1829a:3 Colpochelys Garman 1880:120 Chelonia dussumierii Duméril and Bibron 1835:557 (nomen novum) L. kempii (Garman 1880) Cephalochelys oceanica Gray 1873h:408 Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle, Atlantic Ridley Sea Turtle Thalassiochelys tarapacona Philippi 1887:85 Nesting: Mexico (Tamaulipas, Veracruz), USA (Texas) Thalassochelys controversa Philippi 1899:731 Foraging: USA (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Flor- Caretta remivaga Hay 1908a:194 ida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, ___Ch e l o n i i n a e Oppel 1811 (7) Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia) Chelonii Oppel 1811:8 (partim) Vagrant: Algeria, Anguilla, Bahamas, Bermuda, British Cheloniadae Gray 1825:212 Virgin Islands, Canada, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Mydae Ritgen 1828:269 France, Ireland, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain Chelonidae Bonaparte 1832:312 IUCN: Critically Endangered A1ab (1996) Cheloniidae Cope 1868b:282 Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.253

Testudo marina vulgaris Lacépède 1788:54 (nomen ____Chelonia Brongniart 1800 (3:5) (8) rejectum) (3:6) Chelonia Brongniart 1800b:89 Testudo viridisquamosa Lacépède 1788:92 (partim, Chelone Brongniart 1805:610 (nomen novum) nomen dubium et rejectum) (3:6) Chelonias Rafinesque 1814:66 (nomen novum) Testudo viridisquamosa Bonnaterre 1789:20 (partim, Chelona Fleming 1828:149 (nomen novum) nomen dubium et suppressum) Mydas Cocteau and Bibron 1838:22 Testudo macropus Gmelin 1789:1038 Mydasea Gervais 1843:457 Testudo bomarii Meyer 1790:82 (partim, nomen Euchelonia Tschudi 1846:22 dubium et novum et oblitum) (3:8) Megemys Gistel 1848:8 (nomen novum) Testudo chloronotus Bechstein 1800:107 Euchelys Girard 1858:447 Testudo rugosa Daudin 1801:37 (senior homonym) Midas Herrera 1901:68 (nomen novum and suppressum) Testudo cepediana Daudin 1801:50 Chelonia virgata Schweigger 1812:291 C. mydas (Linnaeus 1758) (1:4. 3:5) (9) (10) Caretta cepedii Merrem 1820:18 (nomen novum) Green Sea Turtle Caretta esculenta Merrem 1820:18 Nesting: American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua Caretta thunbergii Merrem 1820:19 (nomen novum) and Barbuda, Aruba, Ascension, Australia (Northern Chelonia lachrymata Cuvier 1829:13 Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), Bahamas, Chelonia maculosa Cuvier 1829:13 Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, British Virgin Chelonia bicarinata Lesson 1831b:301 Islands, Cayman Islands, China, Cocos (Keeling) Is- Chelonia marmorata Duméril and Bibron 1835:546 lands, Colombia, Comoros, Congo (ROC), Costa Rica, Chelonia formosa Girard 1858:456 Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Dominican Repub- Chelonia tenuis Girard 1858:459 lic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Chelonia albiventer Nardo 1864:1420 Eritrea, French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Chelonia agassizii Bocourt 1868:122 (1:4) Southern Territories, Gambia, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Chelonia lata Philippi 1887:84 Guam, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, In- Chelonia mydas carrinegra Caldwell 1962:4 dia, Indonesia, Iran, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Lebanon, Madagascar, Malaysia, Martinique, Mauritania, May- ____Eretmochelys Fitzinger 1843 (3:5) (8) otte, Mexico (Baja California, Campeche, Michoacán, Eretmochelys Fitzinger 1843:30 Quintana Roo, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Herpysmostes Gistel 1868:145 Veracruz, Yucatán), Micronesia, Montserrat, Mozam- Onychochelys Gray 1873h:397 bique, Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius), Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua E. imbricata (Linnaeus 1766) (1:5, 3:9) (9) New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Hawksbill Sea Turtle Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent Nesting: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, and the Grenadines, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Australia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sint Maarten, Sri Lanka, Brazil, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Suriname, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad Virgin Islands, Cameroon, Cayman Islands, China, and Tobago, Turkey, Turks and Caicos, USA (Florida, Colombia, Congo (ROC), Costa Rica, Cuba, Cu- Hawaii), US Virgin Islands, Vanuatu, Venezuela, racao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Vietnam, Yemen Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Fiji, Foraging: Bahrain, Benin, Bermuda, British Indian French Guiana, French Southern Territories, Gabon, Ocean Territory, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea- Cape Verde, Chile, Christmas Island, Congo (DRC), Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Cook Islands, Djibouti, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Greece, Iran, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Liberia, Guatemala, Guinea, Iraq, Israel, Ivory Coast, Kuwait, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Martinique, Liberia, Libya, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico (Campeche, Yucatán), Micronesia, Montser- Namibia, New Caledonia, Nigeria, Niue, Palau, Qatar, rat, Mozambique, Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire, Sint Samoa, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, South Eustatius), Nicaragua, Oman, Palau, Panama, Papua Africa, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, United Arab New Guinea, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Saint Emirates, Uruguay, Wallis and Futuna, Western Sahara Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Vagrant: Algeria, Canada, Italy, Kiribati, Malta, Northern Grenadines, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Mariana Islands, Morocco, Nauru, New Zealand, Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sint Maarten, Solomon Portugal, Saint Helena, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Islands, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Spain, Tokelau, Tuamotu, Tunisia, Tuvalu Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos, IUCN: Global: Endangered A2bd (2004); Hawaiian USA (Florida, Hawaii), US Virgin Islands, Vanuatu, Subpopulation: Least Concern (2012) Venezuela, Vietnam CITES: Appendix I, as Cheloniidae spp. Foraging: American Samoa, Ascension, Bahrain, Benin, Testudo mydas Linnaeus 1758:197 Bermuda, Brunei, Cambodia, Cook Islands, Djibouti, Testudo macropus Walbaum 1782:112 (nomen il- French Polynesia, Gambia, Ghana, Guam, Iraq, legitimum) Israel, Kuwait, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Testudo viridis Schneider 1783:299 Myanmar, Nigeria, Northern Mariana Islands, Paki- Testudo japonica Thunberg 1787:178 stan, Peru, Réunion, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Society 000.254 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Togo, Toke- acán, Oaxaca), Mozambique, Netherlands Antilles lau, Tonga, Tuamotu, Tuvalu, United Arab Emirates, (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius), Nicaragua, Panama, Papua Wallis and Futuna, Yemen New Guinea (Northern), Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Vagrant: Algeria, Angola, Cape Verde, Chile, Comoros, Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Congo (DRC), Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Morocco, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Sint Maarten, Namibia, Nauru, New Caledonia, North Korea, Pit- Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, cairn Island, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Uruguay Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, USA (Florida), IUCN: Critically Endangered A2bd (2008) US Virgin Islands, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam CITES: Appendix I, as Cheloniidae spp. Foraging: Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Belize, Bru- Testudo imbricata Linnaeus 1766:350 nei, Cambodia, Canada (British Columbia, New Testudo nasicornis Bonnaterre 1789:21 (3:7) Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia), Chile, Chelonia radiata Cuvier 1829:14 China, Comoros, Congo (DRC), Croatia, Cyprus, Chelonia griseam Eschscholtz 1829b:13 Egypt, Fiji, France, Gambia, Great Britain, Greece, Chelonia pseudomydas Lesson 1831b:299 Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Chelonia pseudocaretta Lesson 1831b:302 Kenya, Kiribati, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Madagas- Caretta bissa Rüppell 1835:4 (1:5, 3:9) car, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Eretmochelys squamata Agassiz 1857a:382 Micronesia, Montenegro, Monaco, Morocco, Myan- Caretta squamosa Girard 1858:442 (nomen novum) mar, Namibia, Nauru, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Caretta rostrata Girard 1858:446 Korea, Palau, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Onychochelys kraussi Gray 1873h:398 Samoa, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tonga, Tunisia, ____Natator McCulloch 1908 (8) Turkey, Turks and Caicos, Tuvalu, Uruguay, USA Natator McCulloch 1908:127 (Alaska, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New N. depressus (Garman 1880) Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Flatback Sea Turtle Island, South Carolina, Washington) Nesting: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Vagrant: Bahrain, Denmark, Djibouti, Eritrea, Iceland, Western Australia) Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Maldives, Norway, Oman, Paki- Foraging: Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) stan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Vagrant: Indonesia (Java, Lesser Sundas), Timor-Leste United Arab Emirates, Yemen IUCN: Data Deficient (1996) IUCN: Critically Endangered A1abd (2000) CITES: Appendix I, as Cheloniidae spp. CITES: Appendix I Chelonia depressa Garman 1880:124 Testudo coriacea Vandelli 1761:1 Natator tessellatus McCulloch 1908:127 Testudo arcuata Catesby 1771:40 Testudo lyra Lacépède 1788:111 (nomen rejectum) (3:6) __De r m o c h e l y i d a e Fitzinger 1843 (9) Testudo lyra Bonnaterre 1789:22 Sphargidae Gray 1825:212 Testudo marina Wilhelm 1794:133 (junior homonym) Dermatochelydae Fitzinger 1843:30 Testudo tuberculata Pennant in Schoepff 1801:123 Athecae Cope 1871:235 Testudo lutaria Rafinesque 1814:66 (junior homonym) Athecata Lydekker 1889:223 Sphargis mercurialis Merrem 1820:19 (nomen Dermochelyidae Lydekker 1889:223 novum et suppressum) Dermatochelys porcata Wagler 1833:pl.1 (nomen ____Dermochelys Blainville 1816 novum) Dermochelys Blainville 1816:111 Dermochelys atlantica Duméril and Bibron 1835:561 Sphargis Merrem 1820:19 Sphargis coriacea schlegelii Garman 1884:303 Coriudo Fleming 1822:271 Sphargis angusta Philippi 1899:728 Scytina Wagler 1828:861 (nomen novum) Dermochelis Cuvier 1829:14 (nomen novum) _Ki n o s t e r n o i d e a Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004 Dermatochelys Wagler 1830:133 (nomen novum) Kinosternoidea Joyce, Parham, and Gauthier 2004:1003 Chelyra Rafinesque 1832:64 __De r m a t e m y d i d a e Gray 1870e (9) D. coriacea (Vandelli 1761) Dermatemydae Gray 1870e:714 Leatherback Sea Turtle Dermatemydidae Baur 1888b:595 Nesting: Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia (Northern Territory), Bahamas, Bangladesh, ____Dermatemys Gray 1847 Barbados, Benin, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Cam- Dermatemys Gray 1847:55 eroon, Colombia, Congo (ROC), Costa Rica, Cuba, Chloremys Gray 1870c:50 Curacao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Limnochelone Werner 1901b:297 El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, French Guiana, Ga- bon, Ghana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guy- D. mawii Gray 1847 (CBFTT Account) ana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia (Java, Papua), Central American River Turtle Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Malaysia, Martinique, Mexico Belize, Guatemala, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Quin- (Baja California Sur, Guerrero, Jalisco, Micho- tana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz) Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.255

IUCN: Critically Endangered A2abd+4d (2006) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) CITES: Appendix II Cinosternum baurii Garman 1891:141 Dermatemys mawii Gray 1847:55 Kinosternon bauri palmarum Stejneger 1925:463 Emys berardii Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril 1851:11 K. chimalhuaca Berry, Seidel, and Iverson in Rogner 1996 (1:7) Dermatemys abnormis Cope 1868a:120 Jalisco Mud Turtle Dermatemys salvinii Gray 1870c:50 Mexico (Colima, Jalisco) Limnochelone micrura Werner 1901b:298 IUCN: Least Concern (2007) Kinosternon chimalhuaca Berry, Seidel, and Iverson __Ki n o s t e r n i d a e Agassiz 1857a in Rogner 1996:23 Cinosternoidae Agassiz 1857a:249 Kinosterna Gray 1869a:180 K. creaseri Hartweg 1934 Kinosternidae Hay 1892:560 Creaser’s Mud Turtle Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatán) IUCN: Least Concern (2007) ___Ki n o s t e r n i n a e Agassiz 1857a Kinosternon creaseri Hartweg 1934:1 Cinosternoidae Agassiz 1857a:249 Kinosternina Gray 1869a:180 K. dunni Schmidt 1947 (CBFTT Account) Kinosterninae Lindholm 1929:277 Dunn’s Mud Turtle Colombia (Chocó, Valle del Cauca [?]) ____Kinosternon Spix 1824 IUCN: Vulnerable B1+2c (1996) Kinosternon Spix 1824:17 TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Cinosternon Wagler 1830:137 (nomen novum) Kinosternon dunni Schmidt 1947:109 Monoclida Rafinesque 1832:64 Uronyx Rafinesque 1832:64 K. durangoense Iverson 1979 (1:6) Swanka Gray 1844:32 Durango Mud Turtle Thyrosternum Agassiz 1857a:418 Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango) Platythyra Agassiz 1857a:420 IUCN: Data Deficient (2007) Cinosternos Herrera 1901:35 (nomen suppressum) Kinosternon flavescens durangoense Iverson 1979:212 K. acutum Gray 1831d (CBFTT Account) K. flavescens Agassiz 1857a (1:6) Tabasco Mud Turtle Yellow Mud Turtle Belize, Guatemala, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Ta- Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, basco, Veracruz) Veracruz?), USA (Arizona, Arkansas?, Colorado, IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, New Kinosternon scorpioides acuta Gray 1831d:34 Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas) Cinosternum berendtianum Cope 1865:189 IUCN: Least Concern (2011) Cinosternon effeldtii Peters 1873:603 Cinosternon flavescens Agassiz 1857a:260 Kinosternon flavescens spooneri Smith 1951:195 K. alamosae Berry and Legler 1980 Alamos Mud Turtle K. herrerai Stejneger 1925 Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora) Herrera’s Mud Turtle IUCN: Data Deficient (2007) Mexico (Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz) Kinosternon alamose Pritchard 1979:556 (nomen IUCN: Near Threatened (2007) suppressum) Kinosternon herrerai Stejneger 1925:462 Kinosternon alamosae Berry and Legler 1980:1 K. hirtipes Wagler 1830 (3:11) K. angustipons Legler 1965 Rough-footed Mud Turtle Narrow-bridged Mud Turtle Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Distrito Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama Federal, Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, México, IUCN: Vulnerable B1+2c (1996) Michoacán, Morelos, Zacatecas), USA (Texas) Kinosternon angustipons Legler 1965:617 IUCN: Least Concern (2007) K. arizonense Gilmore 1923 (1:6, 3:10) K. h. hirtipes Wagler 1830 (3:11) Arizona Mud Turtle Valley of Mexico Mud Turtle Mexico (Sonora), USA (Arizona) Mexico (Distrito Federal, México, Morelos) IUCN: Least Concern (2007) Cinosternon hirtipes Wagler 1830:137,figs.29-30(3:11) Kinosternon arizonense Gilmore 1923:2 † (3:10) Kinosternon flavescens stejnegeri Hartweg 1938:1 K. h. chapalaense Iverson 1981 Lake Chapala Mud Turtle K. baurii Garman 1891 Mexico (Jalisco, Michoacán) Striped Mud Turtle Kinosternon hirtipes chapalaense Iverson 1981:6 USA (Alabama?, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia) 000.256 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

K. h. magdalense Iverson 1981 Southern White-lipped Mud Turtle San Juanico Mud Turtle Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, Cal- Mexico (Michoacán) das, Cauca, Cesar, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Kinosternon hirtipes magdalense Iverson 1981:6 Huila, Magdalena, Nariño, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, K. h. megacephalum Iverson 1981 (Extinct) Panama, Peru (Tumbes) Viesca Mud Turtle Cinosternum brevigulare Cope 1885:389 (junior Mexico (Coahuila [extinct]) homonym) Kinosternon hirtipes megacephalum Iverson 1981:6 Cinosternum postinguinale Cope 1887:23 (nomen novum) Cinosternum spurrelli Boulenger 1913:1030 K. h. murrayi Glass and Hartweg 1951 Mexican Plateau Mud Turtle K. oaxacae Berry and Iverson 1980 Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Oaxaca Mud Turtle Durango, Guanajuato, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca) Zacatecas), USA (Texas) IUCN: Data Deficient (2007) Kinosternon murrayi Glass and Hartweg 1951:50 Kinosternon oaxacae Pritchard 1979:557 (nomen suppressum) K. h. tarascense Iverson 1981 Kinosternon oaxacae Berry and Iverson 1980:313 Pátzcuaro Mud Turtle Mexico (Michoacán) K. scorpioides (Linnaeus 1766) (CBFTT Account) Kinosternon hirtipes tarascense Iverson 1981:6 Scorpion Mud Turtle Argentina (Formosa, Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán), Belize, K. integrum LeConte 1854 Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Mexican Mud Turtle Bahia, Ceará, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mexico (Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hi- Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio dalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Grande do Norte, Rondônia, Sergipe, Tocantins), Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamauli- Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlántico, pas, Zacatecas) Bolívar, Caldas, Caquetá, Casanare, Cesar, Chocó, IUCN: Least Concern (2007) Córdoba, Guainía, Magdalena, Meta, Norte de Kinosternum integrum LeConte 1854:183 Santander, Putumayo, San Andrés, Sucre, Vaupés, Cinosternon rostellum Bocourt 1876a:391 Vichada), Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Cinosternon guanajuatense Dugès 1888:107 Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico Cinosternum scorpioides integrum mexicana Siebenrock (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, 1907:579 (nomen illegitimum) Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán), Nicara- gua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru (Amazonas, Huánuco, K. leucostomum Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Loreto, Madre de Dios, Ucayali), Suriname, Trinidad, Duméril 1851 Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure, Aragua, Bolívar, White-lipped Mud Turtle Cojedes, Falcón, Guárico, Lara, Monagas, Portu- Belize, Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, guesa, Sucre, Táchira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia) Caldas, Cauca, Cesar, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundina- IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] marca, Huila, Magdalena, Nariño, Santander, Sucre, TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern (South America regional) Tolima, Valle del Cauca), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, K. s. scorpioides (Linnaeus 1766) (1:8) Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatán Scorpion Mud Turtle [?]), Nicaragua, Panama, Peru (Tumbes) Argentina (Formosa, Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán), Bolivia, IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern (South America regional) Ceará, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio K. l. leucostomum Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Grande do Norte, Rondônia, Sergipe, Tocantins), Duméril 1851 Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca, Atlán- Northern White-lipped Mud Turtle tico, Bolívar, Caldas, Caquetá, Casanare, Cesar, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Chocó, Córdoba, Guainía, Magdalena, Meta, Norte Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, de Santander, Putumayo, Sucre, Vaupés, Vichada), Yucatán [?]), Nicaragua Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Cinosternon leucostomum Duméril and Bibron in Peru (Amazonas, Huánuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Duméril and Duméril 1851:17 Ucayali), Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela (Amazonas, Swanka maculata Gray 1869a:182 Apure, Aragua, Bolívar, Cojedes, Falcón, Guárico, Cinosternum brevigulare Günther 1885:17 (senior Lara, Monagas, Portuguesa, Sucre, Táchira, Trujillo, homonym) Yaracuy, Zulia) Cinosternum cobanum Günther 1885:18 Testudo scorpioides Linnaeus 1766:352 Kinosternon mopanum Neill 1965:117 Testudo tricarinata Retzius in Schoepff 1792:9 (senior homonym) K. l. postinguinale Cope 1887 Testudo retzii Daudin 1801:174 Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.257

Kinosternon longicaudatum Spix 1824:17 Kinosternon brevicaudatum Spix 1824:18 K. s. subrubrum (Bonnaterre 1789) (3:6) Kinosternon shavianum Bell 1825a:302 Eastern Mud Turtle Monoclida retziana Rafinesque 1832:64 (nomen novum) USA (Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Cinosternum scorpioides integrum brasiliana Siebenrock Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jer- 1907:579 (nomen illegitimum) sey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Kinosternon scorpioides pachyurum Müller and Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia) Hellmich 1936:100 Testudo subrubra Lacépède 1788:132 (nomen rejectum) (3:6) Kinosternon scorpioides seriei Freiberg 1936:169 (1:8) Testudo subrubra Bonnaterre 1789:27 Kinosternon panamensis Schmidt 1946:5 Testudo pensilvanica Gmelin 1789:1042 Kinosternon scorpioides carajasensis Cunha 1970:1 (1:8) Terrapene boscii Merrem 1820:27 Kinosternon (Kinosternon) doubledayii Gray 1844:33 K. s. abaxillare Baur in Stejneger 1925 Kinosternon (Kinosternon) oblongum Gray 1844:33 Central Chiapas Mud Turtle Kinosternon punctatum Gray 1856a:198 Mexico (Chiapas, Tabasco) Swanka fasciata Gray 1869a:183 Kinosternon abaxillare Baur in Stejneger 1925:462 K. s. hippocrepis Gray 1856a K. s. albogulare Duméril and Bocourt 1870 (CBFTT Mississippi Mud Turtle Account) USA (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, White-throated Mud Turtle Oklahoma, Texas) Colombia (San Andrés [prehistoric or modern introduc- Kinosternon hippocrepis Gray 1856a:198 tion?]), Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicara- Kinosternon louisianae Baur 1893c:676 gua, Panama Cinosternon albogulare Duméril and Bocourt 1870:24 K. s. steindachneri Siebenrock 1906b (11) Florida Mud Turtle K. s. cruentatum Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and USA (Florida) Duméril 1851 Cinosternum steindachneri Siebenrock 1906b:727 Red-cheeked Mud Turtle Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, ____Sternotherus Bell in Gray 1825 (1:9) Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tamaulipas, Vera- Sternothaerus Bell 1825a:305 (partim, nomen sup- cruz, Yucatán) pressum) Cinosternon cruentatum Duméril and Bibron in Sternotherus Bell in Gray 1825:211 [Bell 1825b] Duméril and Duméril 1851:16 (nomen conservandum) Kinosternum mexicanum LeConte 1854:182 Aromochelys Gray 1856a:199 Kinosternum triliratum LeConte 1860:6 Ozotheca Agassiz 1857a:251 Kinosternon cruentatum consors Stejneger 1941:458 Goniochelys Agassiz 1857a:420

K. sonoriense LeConte 1854 S. carinatus (Gray 1856a) (CBFTT Account) Sonora Mud Turtle Razor-backed Musk Turtle Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora), USA (Arizona, California USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Okla- [extirpated], New Mexico) homa, Texas) IUCN: Near Threatened (2011) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) Aromochelys carinata Gray 1856a:199 K. s. sonoriense LeConte 1854 Ozotheca triquetra Agassiz 1857a:420 Sonora Mud Turtle Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora), USA (Arizona, Califor- S. depressus Tinkle and Webb 1955 (1:10) (CBFTT Account) nia [extirpated], New Mexico) Flattened Musk Turtle Kinosternum sonoriense LeConte 1854:184 USA (Alabama) Kinosternum henrici LeConte 1860:4 IUCN: Critically Endangered A2bce+4bce (2011) Sternotherus depressus Tinkle and Webb 1955:53 K. s. longifemorale Iverson 1981 Sonoyta Mud Turtle S. minor (Agassiz 1857a) Mexico (Sonora), USA (Arizona) Loggerhead Musk Turtle Kinosternon sonoriense longifemorale Iverson 1981:6 USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Virginia) K. subrubrum (Bonnaterre 1789) (3:6) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) Eastern Mud Turtle, Common Mud Turtle USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, S. m. minor (Agassiz 1857a) Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Loggerhead Musk Turtle Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia) Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Goniochelys minor Agassiz 1857a:424 Tennessee, Texas, Virginia) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) S. m. peltifer Smith and Glass 1947 000.258 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Stripe-necked Musk Turtle Emydidae Bell 1825a:302 USA (Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missis- Emydae Swainson 1839:113 sippi, Tennessee, Virginia) Sternotherus peltifer Smith and Glass 1947:22 ___Deirochelyinae Agassiz 1857a (3:12) Deirochelyoidae Agassiz 1857a:355 S. odoratus (Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801) Deirochelyinae Gaffney and Meylan 1988:201 Musk Turtle, Stinkpot, Common Musk Turtle Canada (Ontario, Québec), USA (Alabama, Arkansas, ____Chrysemys Gray 1844 (12) Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Hydrochelys Wagler 1821:12 (nomen oblitum) Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Chrysemys Gray 1844:27 (nomen protectum) Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, C. dorsalis or C. picta dorsalis Agassiz 1857a (1:11, 4:6) North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Southern Painted Turtle Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, USA (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Illinois, Louisiana, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin) Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) Introduced: USA (Florida) Testudo odorata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille IUCN: Least Concern (2011), as C. picta dorsalis 1801:122 Chrysemys dorsalis Agassiz 1857a:439 (1:11, 4:6) Testudo glutinata Daudin 1801:194 Kinosternum guttatum LeConte 1854:185 C. picta (Schneider 1783) (1:11, 4:6) (13) Ozotheca tristycha Agassiz 1857a:392 Painted Turtle Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New ___St a u r o t y p i n a e Gray 1869a Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec, Sas- Staurotypina Gray 1869a:180 katchewan), Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Alabama, Staurotypinae Siebenrock 1907:531 Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, ____Claudius Cope 1865 Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minne- Claudius Cope 1865:187 sota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hamp- shire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North C. angustatus Cope 1865 Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Narrow-bridged Musk Turtle Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Belize, Guatemala, Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Oax- Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, aca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz) Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming) IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Introduced: Germany, Indonesia, Philippines, Spain, USA Claudius angustatus Cope 1865:187 (California) Claudius megalocephalus Bocourt 1868:122 IUCN: Least Concern (2011)

____Staurotypus Wagler 1830 C. p. picta (Schneider 1783) (1:11) (13) Staurotypus Wagler 1830:137 Eastern Painted Turtle Stauremys Gray 1864b:127 Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Québec), USA (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maine, S. salvinii Gray 1864b Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jer- Pacific Coast Giant Musk Turtle sey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca) Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia) IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Testudo picta Schneider 1783:348 Staurotypus (Stauremys) salvinii Gray 1864b:127 Testudo cinerea Bonnaterre 1789:25 Staurotypus marmoratus Fischer 1872:265 Claudius severus Cope 1872:24 C. p. bellii (Gray 1830e) (4:7) Western Painted Turtle S. triporcatus (Wiegmann 1828) Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Northern Giant Musk Turtle Saskatchewan), Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Arizona, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz) Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Da- Terrapene triporcata Wiegmann 1828:364 kota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming) Claudius pictus Cope 1872:26 Emys bellii Gray 1830e:12 (4:7) Emys oregoniensis Harlan 1837:382 _Te s t u d i n o i d e a Fitzinger 1826 Chrysemys nuttalii Agassiz 1857a:451 (nomen novum) Testudinoidea Fitzinger 1826:5 Chrysemys pulchra Gray 1873a:147 Chrysemys treleasei Hurter 1911:235 __Em y d i d a e Rafinesque 1815 (3:12) C. p. marginata Agassiz 1857a Emidania Rafinesque 1815:75 Midland Painted Turtle Emydes Schmid 1819:11 Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.259

Canada (Ontario, Québec), USA (Alabama, Illinois, IUCN: Vulnerable A2bce+4ce (2011) Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, New York, Ohio, CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Pennsylvania, Tennessee, West Virginia) Graptemys flavimaculata Cagle 1954:167 Chrysemys marginata Agassiz 1857a:262 G. geographica (LeSueur 1817) (2:18) (14) ____Deirochelys Agassiz 1857a Northern Map Turtle, Common Map Turtle Deirochelys Agassiz 1857a:252 Canada (Ontario, Québec), USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, D. reticularia (Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801) Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mis- (CBFTT Account) sissippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Chicken Turtle Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin) Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, IUCN: Least Concern (2011) South Carolina, Texas, Virginia) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Testudo geographica LeSueur 1817:86 TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Emys lesueurii Gray 1830e:12 (2:18, 4:7) Emys megacephala Holbrook 1836:51 D. r. reticularia (Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801) Eastern Chicken Turtle G. gibbonsi Lovich and McCoy 1992 (4:8) (CBFTT Account) USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Missis- Pascagoula Map Turtle sippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia) USA (Mississippi) Testudo reticularia Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille IUCN: Endangered A2bce+4ce (2011) 1801:124 CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Testudo reticulata Daudin 1801:144 (nomen novum) Graptemys gibbonsi Lovich and McCoy 1992:293

D. r. chrysea Schwartz 1956 G. nigrinoda Cagle 1954 (CBFTT Account) Florida Chicken Turtle Black-knobbed Map Turtle, Black-knobbed Sawback USA (Florida) USA (Alabama, Mississippi) Deirochelys reticularia chrysea Schwartz 1956:467 IUCN: Least Concern (2011) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. D. r. miaria Schwartz 1956 Western Chicken Turtle G. n. nigrinoda Cagle 1954 USA (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Northern Black-knobbed Map Turtle Oklahoma, Texas) USA (Alabama, Mississippi) Deirochelys reticularia miaria Schwartz 1956:467 Graptemys nigrinoda Cagle 1954:168

____Graptemys Agassiz 1857a (14) G. n. delticola Folkerts and Mount 1969 Graptemys Agassiz 1857a:252 Southern Black-knobbed Map Turtle USA (Alabama) G. barbouri Carr and Marchand 1942 Graptemys nigrinoda delticola Folkerts and Mount Barbour’s Map Turtle 1969:677 USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia) IUCN: Vulnerable A2bcde (2011) G. oculifera (Baur 1890a) (CBFTT Account) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Ringed Map Turtle, Ringed Sawback Graptemys barbouri Carr and Marchand 1942:98 USA (Louisiana, Mississippi) IUCN: Vulnerable B2ab(iii) (2011) G. caglei Haynes and McKown 1974 CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Cagle’s Map Turtle Malacoclemmys oculifera Baur 1890a:262 USA (Texas) IUCN: Endangered A2c+4c; B2ab(iii) (2011) G. ouachitensis Cagle 1953 (14) (15) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Ouachita Map Turtle Graptemys caglei Haynes and McKown 1974:18 USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kan- sas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, G. ernsti Lovich and McCoy 1992 (CBFTT Account) Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, West Escambia Map Turtle Virginia, Wisconsin) USA (Alabama, Florida) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) IUCN: Near Threatened (2011) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Graptemys ernsti Lovich and McCoy 1992:293 G. o. ouachitensis Cagle 1953 (15) Ouachita Map Turtle G. flavimaculata Cagle 1954 (CBFTT Account) USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Yellow-blotched Map Turtle, Yellow-blotched Sawback Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mis- USA (Mississippi) sissippi, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, 000.260 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin) Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Graptemys pseudogeographica ouachitensis Cagle 1953:2 Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia) IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) G. o. sabinensis Cagle 1953 (1:12) (15) TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Sabine Map Turtle USA (Louisiana, Texas) M. t. terrapin (Schoepff 1793) Graptemys pseudogeographica sabinensis Cagle 1953:2 Northern Diamondback Terrapin USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, New G. pearlensis Ennen, Lovich, Kreiser, Selman, and Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Maryland, Rhode Qualls 2010 (4:8) Island, Virginia) Pearl River Map Turtle Testudo terrapin Schoepff 1793:64 USA (Louisiana, Mississippi) Testudo concentrica Shaw 1802:43 IUCN: Endangered A1bcde+A4bcde (2011) Testudo ocellata Link 1807:52 CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Emys concentrica polita Gray 1830e:11 (4:7) Graptemys pearlensis Ennen, Lovich, Kreiser, Selman, Emys macrocephalus Gray 1844:26 (junior homonym) and Qualls 2010:104 M. t. centrata (Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille 1801) (5:5) G. pseudogeographica (Gray 1831d) (14) (15) Carolina Diamondback Terrapin False Map Turtle Bermuda, USA (Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, South USA (Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Ken- Carolina) tucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Testudo centrata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South 1801:145 Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin) Emys concentrica livida Gray 1831d:27 Introduced: USA (Florida, Virginia) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) M. t. littoralis Hay 1905 CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Texas Diamondback Terrapin USA (Texas) G. p. pseudogeographica (Gray 1831d) (2:19) Malaclemmys littoralis Hay 1905:18 False Map Turtle USA (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Min- M. t. macrospilota Hay 1905 nesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Ornate Diamondback Terrapin South Dakota, Tennessee, Wisconsin) USA (Florida) Emys pseudogeographica Gray 1831d:31 Malaclemmys macrospilota Hay 1905:16

G. p. kohnii (Baur 1890a) M. t. pileata (Wied 1865) Mississippi Map Turtle Mississippi Diamondback Terrapin USA (Arkansas, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missis- USA (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas) sippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas) Emys pileata Wied 1865:17 Malacoclemmys kohnii Baur 1890a:263 M. t. rhizophorarum Fowler 1906 G. pulchra Baur 1893c Mangrove Diamondback Terrapin Alabama Map Turtle USA (Florida) USA (Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi) Malaclemys tuberculifera Gray 1844:29 (nomen IUCN: Near Threatened (2011) oblitum) CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Malaclemmys littoralis rhizophorarum Fowler Graptemys pulchra Baur 1893c:675 1906:112

G. versa Stejneger 1925 M. t. tequesta Schwartz 1955 Texas Map Turtle Eastern Florida Diamondback Terrapin USA (Texas) USA (Florida) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) Malaclemys terrapin tequesta Schwartz 1955:158 CITES: Appendix III (USA), as Graptemys spp. Graptemys pseudogeographica versa Stejneger ____Pseudemys Gray 1856a (3:13) (16) 1925:463 Pseudemys Gray 1856a:197 Ptychemys Agassiz 1857a:252 ____Malaclemys Gray 1844 Nectemys Agassiz 1857b:642 (nomen novum) Malaclemys Gray 1844:28 Malacoclemmys Agassiz 1857a:437 (nomen novum) P. alabamensis Baur 1893a (CBFTT Account) Alabama Red-bellied Cooter M. terrapin (Schoepff 1793) (5:5) USA (Alabama, Mississippi) Diamondback Terrapin IUCN: Endangered B1+2c (1996) Bermuda, USA (Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Flor- TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered ida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pseudemys alabamensis Baur 1893a:224 Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.261

Northern Red-bellied Cooter P. concinna (LeConte 1830) (3:13) (CBFTT Account) USA (Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, River Cooter North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia) USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Introduced: South Korea Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, IUCN: Near Threatened (2011) Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Testudo rubriventris LeConte 1830:101 Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) Emys irrigata Bell in Duméril and Bibron 1835:276 IUCN: Least Concern (2011) Emys rivulata Gray 1844:22 (junior homonym) Pseudemys rubriventris bangsi Babcock 1937:293 P. c. concinna (LeConte 1830) (1:13, 3:13, 4:9) Eastern River Cooter P. texana Baur 1893a (16) USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Texas Cooter Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, USA (Texas) Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South IUCN: Least Concern (2011) Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) Pseudemys texana Baur 1893a:223 Testudo concinna LeConte 1830:106 Emys annulifera Gray 1830e:12 (4:7) ____Trachemys Agassiz 1857a (1:18, 3:14, 5:6) Emys hieroglyphica Holbrook 1836:47 Trachemys Agassiz 1857a:252 Emys mobilensis Holbrook 1838a:53 Callichelys Gray 1863c:181 Emys labyrinthica Duméril and Bibron in Duméril Redamia Gray 1870c:35 and Duméril 1851:13 Ptychemys hoyi Agassiz 1857a:433 T. adiutrix or T. dorbigni adiutrix Vanzolini 1995 (5:6) Emys orthonyx Wied 1865:23 Maranhao Slider Pseudemys vioscana Brimley 1928:66 Brazil (Maranhão, Piauí) Pseudemys elonae Brimley 1928:67 IUCN: Endangered B1+2c (1996) Pseudemys concinna metteri Ward 1984:34 TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Trachemys adiutrix Vanzolini 1995:111 P. c. floridana or P. floridana floridana (LeConte 1830) (1:14, 3:13, 4:9) T. callirostris or T. ornata callirostris (Gray 1856b) (5:6) Coastal Plain Cooter (CBFTT Account) USA (Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, North Colombian Slider Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia) Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Córdoba, Testudo floridana LeConte 1830:100 La Guajira, Magdalena, Santander, Sucre), Venezuela (Carabobo, Falcón, Yaracuy, Zulia) P. c. suwanniensis Carr 1937 (1:15, 3:13) IUCN: Not Evaluated Suwannee Cooter TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable USA (Florida) Pseudemys floridana suwanniensis Carr 1937:4 T. c. or T. o. callirostris (Gray 1856b) (1:19, 5:6) Colombian Slider P. gorzugi Ward 1984 (1:16) (16) Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Rio Grande Cooter Córdoba, La Guajira, Magdalena, Santander, Sucre), Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamauli- Venezuela (Zulia) pas), USA (New Mexico, Texas) Emys callirostris Gray 1856b:25 IUCN: Near Threatened (2011) Pseudemys concinna gorzugi Ward 1984:29 T. c. or T. o. chichiriviche (Pritchard and Trebbau 1984) (1:19, 5:6) P. nelsoni Carr 1938a (3:13) (CBFTT Account) Venezuelan Slider Florida Red-bellied Cooter Venezuela (Carabobo, Falcón, Yaracuy) USA (Florida, Georgia) Pseudemys scripta chichiriviche Pritchard and Treb- Introduced: British Virgin Islands (Tortola), USA (Texas) bau 1984:8 IUCN: Least Concern (2011) Deirochelys floridana Hay 1908b:346 † (nomen dubium) T. decorata (Barbour and Carr 1940) Trachemys jarmani Hay 1908b:351 † (nomen dubium) Hispaniolan Slider Pseudemys nelsoni Carr 1938a:307 Dominican Republic, Haiti IUCN: Vulnerable B1+2c (1996) P. peninsularis or P. floridana peninsularis Carr 1938b Pseudemys decorata Barbour and Carr 1940:409 (1:17, 3:13, 4:9) Peninsula Cooter T. decussata (Bell in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830) USA (Florida) Cuban Slider IUCN: Least Concern (2011), as P. peninsularis Cayman Islands, Cuba Pseudemys floridana peninsularis Carr 1938b:105 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996]

P. rubriventris (LeConte 1830) T. d. decussata (Bell in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830)(2:17) 000.262 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Eastern Cuban Slider Cuba T. nebulosa (Van Denburgh 1895) (1:18) Testudo rugosa Shaw 1802:28 (partim, nomen Baja California Slider dubium and junior homonym) Mexico (Baja California, Sinaloa, Sonora) Emys decussata Bell in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830:76 IUCN: Not Evaluated [Bell 1830a] (2:17) Emys vermiculata Gray 1844:25 T. n. nebulosa (Van Denburgh 1895) (1:18) Emys jamao Vilaró 1867a:121 Baja California Slider Emys gnatho Vilaró 1867b:204 Mexico (Baja California) Pseudemys decussata plana Barbour and Carr Chrysemys nebulosa Van Denburgh 1895:84 1940:405 T. n. hiltoni (Carr 1942) (1:18) T. d. angusta (Barbour and Carr 1940) Fuerte Slider Western Cuban Slider Mexico (Sinaloa, Sonora) Cayman Islands, Cuba Pseudemys scripta hiltoni Carr 1942:1 Pseudemys decussata angusta Barbour and Carr 1940:402 T. ornata (Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830)(1:18, 1:19, 4:10, 5:6) Pseudemys granti Barbour and Carr 1941:59 Ornate Slider Mexico (Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa) T. dorbigni (Duméril and Bibron 1835) (1:20, 5:6) IUCN: Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) (2007) D’Orbigny’s Slider Emys ornata Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830:76 Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Corrientes, Entre [Gray 1830c] Rios, Santa Fe), Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina), Uruguay T. scripta (Thunberg in Schoepff 1792) (3:15) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Pond Slider, Common Slider TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Mexico (Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas), USA (Alabama, Emys dorbigni Duméril and Bibron 1835:272 Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Clemmys (Rhinoclemmys) orbignyi Fitzinger Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, 1835:124 (nomen novum) Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Okla- Clemmys dorbignyi Boulenger 1886b:424 (nomen homa, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, novum) West Virginia) Pseudemys dorbignyi brasiliensis Freiberg 1969:301 (1:20) Introduced: Multiple global locations, most apparently Trachemys scripta elegans (see below) T. emolli or T. grayi emolli (Legler 1990) (1:18, 5:6) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) Nicaraguan Slider Costa Rica, Nicaragua T. s. scripta (Thunberg in Schoepff 1792) (3:15) IUCN: Not Evaluated Yellow-bellied Slider Pseudemys scripta emolli Legler 1990:91 USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia) T. gaigeae (Hartweg 1939) (CBFTT Account) Introduced: South Korea, USA (Florida) Big Bend Slider Testudo scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792:16 (3:15) Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango), USA (New Testudo serrata Daudin 1801:148 (senior homonym) Mexico, Texas) Emys occipitatis Gray in Griffith and Pidgeon 1830:75 IUCN: Vulnerable A2ce+4ce (2011) [Gray 1830c] Emys vittata Gray 1830e:11 (4:7) T. g. gaigeae (Hartweg 1939) (1:18) Big Bend Slider T. s. elegans (Wied 1839) Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila), USA (New Mexico, Red-eared Slider Texas) Mexico (Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas), USA (Alabama, Pseudemys scripta gaigeae Hartweg 1939:1 Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, T. g. hartwegi (Legler 1990) (1:18) Nebraska, New Mexico [eastern], Ohio, Oklahoma, Nazas Slider Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia) Mexico (Coahuila, Durango) Introduced: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, Pseudemys scripta hartwegi Legler 1990:89 Victoria), Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Belgium, Bermuda, Bulgaria, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, T. grayi or T. venusta grayi (Bocourt 1868) (1:18, 4:10) (6) Cambodia, Canada (Ontario), Cayman Islands, Chile, Gray’s Slider China (Hong Kong), Colombia, Cyprus, Czech El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Chiapas, Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Oaxaca) Egypt, Finland, France, French Polynesia, Germany, IUCN: Not Evaluated Great Britain, Greece, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guyana, Emys grayi Bocourt 1868:121 (senior homonym) Honduras, Hungary, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Emys umbra Bocourt 1876b:26 (nomen novum) Papua, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Ireland, Israel, Italy, Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.263

Japan (mainland, Ryukyu Archipelago), Latvia, Testudo terrapen Lacépède 1788:129 (nomen rejectum) (3:6) Malaysia (East, West), Martinique, Mexico, Micro- Testudo terrapen Bonnaterre 1789:30 nesia, Myanmar, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, Testudo palustris Gmelin 1789:1041 (senior homonym) New Zealand, Nicaragua, Northern Mariana Islands Testudo fasciata Suckow 1798:40 (senior homonym) [Saipan], Palau, Panama, Philippines (Cebu, Luzon, Testudo rugosa Shaw 1802:28 (partim, nomen Mindanao), Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Réunion, dubium and junior homonym) Russia, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles (Mahé), Singapore, Emys rugosa livida Gray 1831d:30 Sint Maarten, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Pseudemys felis Barbour 1935:205 South Korea, Spain (Balearic Islands, Continental), Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, T. venusta or T. ornata venusta (Gray 1856b) (1:18, 4:6, 4:10, 5:6) (18) Thailand, Trinidad, USA (Arizona, California, Colo- Meso-American Slider rado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Maine, Belize, Colombia (?) (Antioquia, Chocó), Costa Rica Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, (?), El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico New Mexico [western], New York, North Carolina, (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Vir- San Luis Potosi, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, ginia, Washington), US Virgin Islands, Vietnam Yucatán), Nicaragua (?), Panama (?) [range for Emys elegans Wied 1839:213 typical subpspecies only] Emys holbrookii Gray 1844:23 IUCN: Not Evaluated Emys sanguinolenta Gray 1856b:26 TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient (South America regional) Trachemys lineata Gray 1873a:147 Testudo panama Perry 1810:[unpaginated], pl.33 (nomen oblitum) (18) T. s. troostii (Holbrook 1836) Emys venusta Gray 1856b:24 (nomen protectum) (18) Cumberland Slider Emys valida LeConte 1860:7 USA (Alabama, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, Emys (Clemmys) salvini Günther 1885:4 Virginia) Introduced: Latvia T. v. or T. o. cataspila (Günther 1885) (1:18, 4:10, 5:6) Emys troostii Holbrook 1836:55 Huastecan Slider Emys cumberlandensis Holbrook 1840:55 Mexico (San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz) Emys ventricosa Gray 1856b:28 (nomen suppressum) T. stejnegeri (Schmidt 1928) Emys (Clemmys) cataspila Günther 1885:4 Central Antillean Slider Bahamas (Inagua), Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico T. v. iversoni McCord, Joseph-Ouni, Hagen, and Blanck Introduced: Dominica, Guadeloupe 2010 (4:10, 5:6) IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Yucatan Slider TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Mexico (Yucatán) Trachemys venusta iversoni McCord, Joseph-Ouni, T. s. stejnegeri (Schmidt 1928) Hagen, and Blanck 2010:45 Puerto Rican Slider Puerto Rico T. v. or T. grayi panamensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, Emys olivacea Gray 1856b:30 (junior homonym) Hagen, and Blanck 2010 (4:10, 5:6) Pseudemys stejnegeri Schmidt 1928:147 Panamanian Slider Panama T. s. malonei (Barbour and Carr 1938) Trachemys venusta panamensis McCord, Joseph- Inagua Slider Ouni, Hagen, and Blanck 2010:46 Bahamas (Inagua) Pseudemys malonei Barbour and Carr 1938:76 T. v. uhrigi McCord, Joseph-Ouni, Hagen, and Blanck 2010 (4:10, 5:6) T. s. vicina (Barbour and Carr 1940) Uhrig’s Slider Dominican Slider Colombia (?) (Antioquia, Chocó), Costa Rica (?), Dominican Republic, Haiti Honduras, Nicaragua (?), Panama (?) Pseudemys stejnegeri vicina Barbour and Carr Trachemys venusta uhrigi McCord, Joseph-Ouni, 1940:408 Hagen, and Blanck 2010:43

T. taylori (Legler 1960) (1:18) (17) T. yaquia (Legler and Webb 1970) (1:18) Cuatro Cienegas Slider Yaqui Slider Mexico (Coahuila) Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora) IUCN: Endangered A4e, B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) (2007) IUCN: Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) (2007) Pseudemys scripta taylori Legler 1960:75 Pseudemys scripta yaquia Legler and Webb 1970:157 T. terrapen (Bonnaterre 1789) (3:6) Jamaican Slider ___Em y d i n a e Rafinesque 1815 Bahamas (Cat Island [prehistoric introduction?]), Jamaica Emidania Rafinesque 1815:75 IUCN: Vulnerable B1+2c (1996) Emydidae Bell 1825a:302 000.264 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Emydinae Cope 1870b:123 Cistudo anhaltina Giebel 1866a:1 † Emys lutaria taurica Mehnert 1890:537 ____Clemmys Ritgen 1828 Emys europaea sparsa Dürigen 1897:14 Clemmys Ritgen 1828:270 Emys europaea concolor Dürigen 1897:15 Chelopus Rafinesque 1832:64 Emys europaea punctata Dürigen 1897:15 Nanemys Agassiz 1857a:252 Emys orbicularis aralensis Nikolsky 1915:19 Melanemys Shufeldt 1919:155 Emys orbicularis luteofusca Fritz 1989:143 (3:17) Emys orbicularis colchica Fritz 1994:57 (3:17) C. guttata (Schneider 1792) Spotted Turtle E. o. eiselti Fritz, Baran, Budak, and Amthauer 1998 Canada (Ontario), USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Eiselt’s Pond Turtle Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Mas- Syria, Turkey sachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Emys orbicularis eiselti Fritz, Baran, Budak, and New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Amthauer 1998:113 Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia) E. o. fritzjuergenobsti Fritz 1993 (3:18) IUCN: Endangered A2cde+4ce (2011) Obst’s Pond Turtle Testudo guttata Schneider 1792:264 Portugal, Spain (Continental) Testudo punctata Schoepff 1792:25 (junior homonym) Emys orbicularis fritzjuergenobsti Fritz 1993:131 Geoclemmys sebae Gray 1869a:188 Emys orbicularis hispanica Fritz, Keller, and Budde 1996:129 (3:18) ____Emys Duméril 1805 (1:21, 3:16, 4:11, 4:12, 5:7) Emydes Brongniart 1805:27 (nomen suppressum) E. o. galloitalica Fritz 1995 (4:14) Emys Duméril 1805:76 (4:11) Franco-Italian Pond Turtle Hydrone Rafinesque 1814:66 France (Continental, Corsica [prehistoric intoduc- Emyda Rafinesque 1815:75 (nomen novum) tion?]), Italy (Continental, Sardinia [prehistoric Lutremys Gray 1844:31 intoduction]), Spain (Continental) Emys orbicularis (galloitalica) galloitalica Fritz E. orbicularis (Linnaeus 1758) 1995:217 European Pond Turtle Emys orbicularis (galloitalica) capolongoi Fritz Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, 1995:204 (4:14) Belgium (extirpated), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bul- Emys orbicularis (galloitalica) lanzai Fritz 1995:211 (4:14) garia, Croatia, Czech Republic (extirpated), Denmark (extirpated), Estonia (extirpated), France (Continen- E. o. hellenica (Valenciennes in Bibron and Bory de tal, Corsica [prehistoric introduction?]), Georgia, Saint-Vincent 1832) (19) Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy (Continental, Hellenic Pond Turtle Sardinia [prehistoric introduction]), Kazakhstan, Lat- Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, via, Lithuania, Luxembourg (extirpated), Macedonia, Italy, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands (ex- Cistuda hellenica Valenciennes in Bibron and Bory tirpated), Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, de Saint-Vicent 1832:61 Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (Continental), Switzerland Emys antiquorum Valenciennes in Bory de Saint- (extirpated), Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Vincent 1833:pl.9 Ukraine Emys (Emys) hofmanni Fitzinger 1835:123 (nomen Introduced: Czech Republic, Denmark, Spain (Balearic novum) (19) Islands), Switzerland Emys orbicularis atra Werner 1897:15 IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Emys europaea maculosa Dürigen 1897:15

E. o. orbicularis (Linnaeus 1758) (3:17) E. o. ingauna Jesu, Piombo, Salvidio, Lamagni, Ortale, European Pond Turtle and Genta 2004 (4:14) Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Ligurian Pond Turtle Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic (ex- Italy (Continental) tirpated), France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Emys orbicularis ingauna Jesu, Piombo, Salvidio, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Lamagni, Ortale, and Genta 2004:133 Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine E. o. occidentalis Fritz 1993 Testudo orbicularis Linnaeus 1758:198 Magreb Pond Turtle Testudo lutaria Linnaeus 1758:198 (senior homonym) Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia Testudo terrestris Garsault 1764:pl.675 (4:13) (senior Emys orbicularis occidentalis Fritz 1993:131 homonym and nomen oblitum) Testudo europaea Schneider 1783:323 E. o. persica Eichwald 1831 (1:23, 1:24, 3:19) Testudo pulchella Schoepff 1801:113 (senior homonym) Eastern Pond Turtle Emys turfa Meyer 1835:67 † Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia (Dagestan), Emys lutaria borealis Nilsson 1841:208 † Turkmenistan Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.265

Emys europaea persicae Eichwald 1831:196 Emys speciosa levigata Gray 1831d:26 Emys europaea ibericae Eichwald 1831:196 (3:19) Emys orbicularis orientalis Fritz 1994:57 G. muhlenbergii (Schoepff 1801) Emys orbicularis kurae Fritz 1994:57 (3:19) Bog Turtle USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Mas- E. trinacris Fritz, Fattizzo, Guicking, Tripepi, Pennisi, Lenk, sachusetts, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Joger, and Wink 2005 Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia) Sicilian Pond Turtle IUCN: Critically Endangered A2cd+4ce (2011) Italy (Sicily) CITES: Appendix I IUCN: Data Deficient (2004) Testudo muhlenbergii Schoepff 1801:132 Emys trinacris Fritz, Fattizzo, Guicking, Tripepi, Emys biguttata Say 1825:212 (4:16) Pennisi, Lenk, Joger, and Wink 2005:364 Emys (Cistuda) carolinae fusca Gray 1830e:7 (4:7) Clemmys nuchalis Dunn 1917:624 ____Emys Duméril 1805 or Actinemys Agassiz 1857a (1:22, 3:16, 4:12, 5:7) Actinemys Agassiz 1857a:252 ____Terrapene Merrem 1820 Terrapene Merrem 1820:27 E. or A. marmorata Baird and Girard 1852 (1:22, 4:15) (CBFTT Cistuda Fleming 1822:270 Account) Didicla Rafinesque 1832:64 Western Pond Turtle, Pacific Pond Turtle Cistudo Duméril and Bibron 1835:207 (nomen Canada (?) (British Columbia), Mexico (Baja California), novum) (4:17) USA (California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington) Pyxidemys Fitzinger 1835:123 Introduced: Australia (New South Wales) Emyoides Gray 1844:27 IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd (1996) Onychotria Gray 1849:17 TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Pariemys Cope 1895:757 Emys marmorata Baird and Girard 1852:177 Toxaspis Cope 1895:757 Emys nigra Hallowell 1854:91 (senior homonym) Cistudos Herrera 1901:36 (nomen suppressum) Clemmys wosnessenskyi Strauch 1862:114 Clemmys hesperia Hay 1903:238 † T. carolina (Linnaeus 1758) (5:8) Clemmys marmorata pallida Seeliger 1945:158 Eastern Box Turtle, Common Box Turtle Canada (Ontario?), Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, ____Emys Duméril 1805 or Emydoidea Gray 1870c (1:21, 3:16, 4:12, 5:7) San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán), Emydoidea Gray 1870c:19 USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Neoemys Lindholm 1929:282 (nomen novum) Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michi- E. or E. blandingii (Holbrook 1838b) (CBFTT Account) gan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Blanding’s Turtle Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Canada (Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec), USA (Illinois, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennes- Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Min- see, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) nesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New IUCN: Vulnerable A2bcde+4bcde (2011) York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Wisconsin) CITES: Appendix II, as Terrapene spp. IUCN: Endangered A2cde+4ce (2011) Testudo flava Lacépède 1788:135 (nomen rejectum) (3:6) T. c. carolina (Linnaeus 1758) (5:8) Testudo flava Bonnaterre 1789:26 (nomen suppressum) Eastern Box Turtle Testudo meleagris Shaw 1793:4 (nomen suppressum) Canada (Ontario?), USA (Alabama, Connecticut, Dela- Cistuda blandingii Holbrook 1838b:35 ware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Emys twentei Taylor 1943:250 † Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North ____Glyptemys Agassiz 1857a (1:21) Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Calemys Agassiz 1857a:252 Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia) Glyptemys Agassiz 1857a:252 Testudo carolina Linnaeus 1758:198 (senior homonym) Testudo carinata Linnaeus 1758:198 G. insculpta (LeConte 1830) Testudo brevicaudata Lacépède 1788:169 (nomen Wood Turtle rejectum) (3:6) Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Qué- Testudo incarcerata Bonnaterre 1789:29 bec), USA (Connecticut, Delaware, Iowa, Maine, Testudo incarceratostriata Bonnaterre 1789:29 Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Testudo clausa Gmelin 1789:1042 New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylva- Testudo virgulata Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille nia, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, 1801:100 Wisconsin) Emys schneideri Schweigger 1812:317 IUCN: Endangered A2cd+4c (2011) Monoclida kentukensis Rafinesque 1822:5 (nomen CITES: Appendix II suppressum) Testudo insculpta LeConte 1830:112 Terrapene maculata Bell 1825a:309 Emys speciosa Gray 1830e:10 (4:7) Terrapene nebulosa Bell 1825a:310 000.266 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Emys kinosternoides Gray 1830e:12 (4:7) T. ornata (Agassiz 1857a) (20) Cistudo virginea Agassiz 1857a:260 Ornate Box Turtle, Western Box Turtle Cistudo eurypygia Cope 1870b:124 † Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sonora), USA (Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, T. c. bauri Taylor 1895 (5:8) Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Okla- Florida Box Turtle homa, South Dakota, Texas, Wisconsin, Wyoming) USA (Florida) IUCN: Near Threatened (2011) Terrapene bauri Taylor 1895:576 CITES: Appendix II, as Terrapene spp. Terrapene innoxia Hay 1916:61 † T. o. ornata (Agassiz 1857a) (20) T. c. major (Agassiz 1857a) (5:8) Ornate Box Turtle, Western Box Turtle Gulf Coast Box Turtle USA (Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kan- USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Missis- sas, Louisiana, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, sippi, Texas) Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wisconsin) Cistudo major Agassiz 1857a:445 Cistudo ornata Agassiz 1857a:392 Terrapene putnami Hay 1906:30 † (5:8) Terrapene ornata cimarronensis Cragin 1894:37 Terrapene longinsulae Hay 1908c:166 † T. c. mexicana (Gray 1849) (1:25) Mexican Box Turtle T. o. luteola Smith and Ramsey 1952 Mexico (San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz) Desert Box Turtle Cistudo (Onychotria) mexicana Gray 1849:17 Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Sonora), USA (Arizona, Terrapene goldmani Stejneger 1933:119 New Mexico, Texas) Terrapene ornata luteola Smith and Ramsey 1952:45 T. c. triunguis (Agassiz 1857a) (5:8) Three-toed Box Turtle __Pl a t y s t e r n i d a e Gray 1869a (1:26) USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Platysternidae Gray 1869a:208 Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas) Cistudo triunguis Agassiz 1857a:279 ____Platysternon Gray 1831c Terrapene whitneyi Hay 1916:8 † Platysternon Gray 1831c:106 Terrapene bulverda Hay 1920:133 † Terrapene impressa Hay 1924:245 † P. megacephalum Gray 1831c Terrapene llanensis Oelrich 1953:35 † Big-headed Turtle Cambodia, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, (1:25) T. c. yucatana (Boulenger 1895b) Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Ji- Yucatan Box Turtle angxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Mexico (Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatán) Vietnam Cistudo yucatana Boulenger 1895b:330 IUCN: Endangered A1d+2d (2000) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered T. coahuila Schmidt and Owens 1944 (CBFTT Account) CITES: Appendix II Coahuilan Box Turtle Mexico (Coahuila) P. m. megacephalum Gray 1831c (1:27) IUCN: Endangered A2c+4c, B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2b(i,ii,iii, Chinese Big-headed Turtle iv,v) (2007) China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, CITES: Appendix I Hainan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yun- Terrapene coahuila Schmidt and Owens 1944:101 nan, Zhejiang), Vietnam Platysternon megacephalum Gray 1831c:107 T. nelsoni Stejneger 1925 (CBFTT Account) Platysternon megacephalum tristernalis Schleich and Spotted Box Turtle Gruber 1984:67 Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora) IUCN: Data Deficient (1996) P. m. peguense Gray 1870c TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Burmese Big-headed Turtle CITES: Appendix II, as Terrapene spp. Myanmar, Thailand Platysternon peguense Gray 1870c:70 T. n. nelsoni Stejneger 1925 Platysternon megacephalum vogeli Wermuth Southern Spotted Box Turtle 1969:372 Mexico (Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa) Terrapene nelsoni Stejneger 1925:463 P. m. shiui Ernst and McCord 1987 Vietnamese Big-headed Turtle T. n. klauberi Bogert 1943 Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam Northern Spotted Box Turtle Platysternon megacephalum shiui Ernst and McCord Mexico (Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora) 1987:624 Terrapene klauberi Bogert 1943:2 Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.267

(1:30) __Ge o e m y d i d a e Theobald 1868a (1:29, 3:20) (21) B. borneoensis (Schlegel and Müller 1845) Geoemydidae Theobald 1868a:9 Painted Terrapin Batagurina Gray 1869a:185 Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia Bataguridae Gray 1870c:17 (East, West), Thailand IUCN: Critically Endangered A1bcd (2000) ___Ge o e m y d i n a e Theobald 1868a (21) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Geoemydidae Theobald 1868a:9 CITES: Appendix II, as Batagur spp. Batagurina Gray 1869a:185 Emys borneoensis Schlegel and Müller 1845:30 Bataguridae Gray 1870c:17 Batagur picta Gray 1862b:204 Clemmys grayi Strauch 1865:88 (nomen novum) ____Batagur Gray 1856b (1:30, 2:9) Kachuga major Gray 1873c:300 Tetraonyx Gray 1830e:19 (4:7) (junior homonym) Kachuga brookei Bartlett 1895a:29

Tetronyx Lesson 1832:pl.7 (nomen oblitum) (1:30) Batagur Gray 1856b:35 B. dhongoka (Gray 1832) Kachuga Gray 1856b:35 Three-striped Roofed Turtle Batagurella Gray 1869a:200 Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Dongoka Gray 1869a:202 Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal (?) Callagur Gray 1870c:53 IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) Cantorella Gray 1870c:58 TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered CITES: Appendix II, as Batagur spp. B. affinis (Cantor 1847) (2:9) Emys dhongoka Gray 1832:pl.60 Southern River Terrapin Emys duvaucelii Duméril and Bibron 1835:334 Cambodia, Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (West), Kachuga hardwickii Gray 1869a:202 Myanmar (?), Singapore (extirpated), Thailand (extir- Batagur durandi Lydekker 1885:192 †

pated?), Vietnam (extirpated) (1:30) IUCN: Not Evaluated B. kachuga (Gray 1831a) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Red-crowned Roofed Turtle CITES: Appendix I Bangladesh, India (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal B. a. affinis (Cantor 1847) (3:21) IUCN: Critically Endangered A1cd (2000) Western Malay River Terrapin TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered CITES: Appendix II, as Batagur spp. Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (West), Myanmar (?), (4:7) Singapore (extirpated), Thailand (extirpated?) Emys lineata Gray 1830e:9 (nomen oblitum) Tetraonyx affinis Cantor 1847:612 Emys kachuga Gray 1831a:pl.74 Batagur baska ranongensis Nutaphand 1979:26 Batagur ellioti Gray 1862b:264 (partim, nomen dubium) (1:31) Kachuga fusca Gray 1870c:56 (partim) Batagur bakeri Lydekker 1885:190 †

B. a. edwardmolli Praschag, Holloway, Georges, Päckert, (1:30) Hundsdörfer, and Fritz 2009 (3:21) B. trivittata (Duméril and Bibron 1835) Eastern Malay River Terrapin Burmese Roofed Turtle Cambodia, Malaysia (West), Thailand (extirpated?), Myanmar Vietnam (extirpated) IUCN: Endangered A1c (2000) Batagur affinis edwardmolli Praschag, Holloway, TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Georges, Päckert, Hundsdörfer, and Fritz 2009:64 (3:21) CITES: Appendix II, as Batagur spp. Emys trivittata Duméril and Bibron 1835:331 B. baska (Gray 1830d) (1:31, 2:9) (CBFTT Account) Kachuga peguensis Gray 1869a:200 Northern River Terrapin Kachuga trilineata Gray 1869a:200 Bangladesh, India (Orissa, West Bengal), Myanmar, Kachuga fusca Gray 1870c:56 (partim) Thailand (?) (extirpated?) Batagur iravadica Anderson 1879:736

IUCN: Critically Endangered A1cd (2000) (1:32) (22) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered ____Cuora Gray 1856a CITES: Appendix I Cuora Gray 1856a:198 Emys baska Gray 1830d:pl.75 Cistoclemmys Gray 1863e:175 Emys batagur Gray 1830e:9 (4:7) Pyxidea Gray 1863e:175 Trionyx (Tetraonyx) cuvieri Gray 1830e:19 (4:7) Pyxiclemmys Gray 1863e:176

Tetraonyx longicollis Lesson 1831b:297 (23) Emys tetraonyx Temminck and Schlegel 1834:43 (4:18) C. amboinensis (Riche in Daudin 1801) (CBFTT Ac- (nomen novum) count) Tetraonyx lessonii Duméril and Bibron 1835:338 Southeast Asian Box Turtle (nomen novum) Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, India (Arunachal Batagur baska ranongensis Nutaphand 1979:26 (1:31) Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Nicobar Islands), Indo- (partim, nomen dubium) nesia (Java, Kalimantan, Lesser Sundas, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Timor), Laos, Malaysia (East, 000.268 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

West), Myanmar, Philippines (Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Taiwan Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) Panay, Samar, Sulu Archipelago), Thailand, Timor- TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Leste (?), Vietnam CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. IUCN: Vulnerable A1d+2d (2000) TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable C. f. flavomarginata (Gray 1863e) CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Yellow-margined Box Turtle China (Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, C. a. amboinensis (Riche in Daudin 1801) (23) Jiangxi, Zhejiang), Taiwan East Indian Box Turtle Cistoclemmys flavomarginata Gray 1863e:175 Indonesia (Moluccas, Sulawesi), Philippines (Bohol, Cyclemys flavomarginata sinensis Hsü 1930:3 (1:34, 2:21) Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Terrapene culturalia Yeh 1961:59 † Palawan [?], Panay, Samar) Testudo melanocephala Van-Ernest in Daudin C. f. evelynae Ernst and Lovich 1990 (2:21, 5:9) 1801:128 (nomen oblitum) Ryukyu Yellow-margined Box Turtle Testudo amboinensis Riche in Daudin 1801:309 Japan (Ryukyu Archipelago) Emys (Cistuda) amboinensis leveriana Gray 1830e:7 (4:7) Cuora evelynae Ernst and Lovich 1990:26

C. a. couro (Schweigger 1812) C. galbinifrons Bourret 1940 (1:35, 3:22) (22) (24) Indonesian Box Turtle Indochinese Box Turtle Indonesia (Java, Lesser Sundas, Sumatra, Timor), China (Guangxi, Hainan), Laos, Vietnam Timor-Leste (?) IUCN: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000) Emys couro Schweigger 1812:315 TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Terrapene bicolor Bell 1826:485 CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cuora galbinifrons Bourret 1940:11 C. a. kamaroma Rummler and Fritz 1991 (23) Cyclemus flavomarginata hainanensis Li 1958:234 Malayan Box Turtle Cuora galbinifrons serrata Iverson and McCord Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, India (Arunachal 1992b:434 (1:33) (partim, hybrid) Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Nicobar Islands), Indonesia (Kalimantan), Malaysia (East, West), C. mccordi Ernst 1988 (22) Laos, Myanmar (?), Philippines (Palawan [?], Sulu McCord’s Box Turtle Archipelago [?]), Thailand, Vietnam China (Guangxi) Cuora amboinensis kamaroma Rummler and Fritz IUCN: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000) 1991:17 TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. C. a. lineata McCord and Philippen 1998 Cuora mccordi Ernst 1988:466 Burmese Box Turtle Myanmar C. mouhotii (Gray 1862a) (1:32) (22) Cuora amboinensis lineata McCord and Philippen 1998:51 Keeled Box Turtle China (Guangdong [?], Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Yun- C. aurocapitata Luo and Zong 1988 (22) nan), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Yellow-headed Box Turtle Mizoram [?]), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand (?), Vietnam China (Anhui) IUCN: Endangered A1d+2d (2000) IUCN: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cuora aurocapitata Luo and Zong 1988:14 C. m. mouhotii (Gray 1862a) Northern Keeled Box Turtle C. bourreti Obst and Reimann 1994 (1:35, 3:22) (22) China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Yun- Bourret’s Box Turtle nan), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Laos, Vietnam Mizoram [?]), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand (?), Vietnam IUCN: Not Evaluated Cyclemys mouhotii Gray 1862a:157 TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Cuora galbinifrons serrata Iverson and McCord CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. 1992b:434 (1:33) (partim, hybrid) Cuora galbinifrons serrata Iverson and McCord 1992b:434 (1:33) (partim, hybrid) C. m. obsti (Fritz, Andreas, and Lehr 1998) Cuora galbinifrons bourreti Obst and Reimann 1994:125 Southern Keeled Box Turtle Vietnam C. flavomarginata (Gray 1863e) (2:21, 5:9) (22) (CBFTT Pyxidea mouhotii obsti Fritz, Andreas, and Lehr 1998:33 Account) Yellow-margined Box Turtle C. pani Song 1984 (22) China (Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Pan’s Box Turtle Jiangxi, Zhejiang), Japan (Ryukyu Archipelago), China (Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan) Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.269

IUCN: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000) (East, West), Philippines (Palawan, Sulu Archipela- TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered go), Singapore, Thailand (peninsular) CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. IUCN: Near Threatened (2000) Cuora pani Song 1984:330 TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Cuora chriskarannarum Ernst and McCord 1987:624 Emys dhor Gray 1830e:8 (4:7) (nomen oblitum) Emys dentata Gray 1831d:errata[btw78-79] (nomen C. picturata Lehr, Fritz, and Obst 1998 (1:35, 3:22) (22) novum) Southern Vietnam Box Turtle Cyclemys orbiculata Bell 1834:17 Vietnam Cistudo diardii Duméril and Bibron 1835:227 (no- IUCN: Not Evaluated men novum) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Cyclemys ovata Gray 1863e:178 CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cyclemys bellii Gray 1863e:179 Cuora galbinifrons picturata Lehr, Fritz, and Obst 1998:5 C. enigmatica Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, and C. trifasciata (Bell 1825a) (1:36, 3:23) (22) Hundsdörfer 2008 (2:6) Chinese Three-striped Box Turtle, Golden Coin Turtle Enigmatic Leaf Turtle China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Brunei (?), Malaysia (East, West), Singapore, Indonesia Kong), Laos, Vietnam (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra) IUCN: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000) IUCN: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. Cyclemys enigmatica Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Sternothaerus trifasciatus Bell 1825a:305 Wink, and Hundsdörfer 2008:381 Mauremys iversoni Pritchard and McCord 1991:140 (1:33) (partim, hybrid) C. fusca Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, and Sacalia pseudocellata Iverson and McCord Hundsdörfer 2008 (2:6) 1992a:426 (1:33) (partim, hybrid) Myanmar Brown Leaf Turtle Ocadia philippeni McCord and Iverson 1992:13 (1:33) Myanmar (partim, hybrid) IUCN: Not Evaluated Clemmys guangxiensis Qin 1992:60 (partim, hybrid) TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Cuora [cyclornata] cyclornata Blanck, McCord, and Cyclemys fusca Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Le 2006:10 (1:36, 3:23) (22) Wink, and Hundsdörfer 2008:383 Cuora cyclornata meieri Blanck, McCord, and Le 2006:10 (1:36, 3:23) (22) C. gemeli Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, and Hundsdörfer 2008 (2:6) C. yunnanensis (Boulenger 1906) (1:37) (22) Assam Leaf Turtle Yunnan Box Turtle Bangladesh, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Megha- China (Yunnan) laya, Mizoram, West Bengal) IUCN: Critically Endangered B2ab(ii,iii,v), D (2009) IUCN: Not Evaluated CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Cyclemys yunnanensis Boulenger 1906:567 Cyclemys gemeli Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink, and Hundsdörfer 2008:384 C. zhoui Zhao in Zhao, Zhou, and Ye 1990 (22) Zhou’s Box Turtle C. oldhamii Gray 1863e (2:8) China (Guangxi?), Vietnam (?) Southeast Asian Leaf Turtle IUCN: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000) Cambodia, China (?) (Yunnan [?]), Indonesia (Kaliman- TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered tan, Sumatra), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam CITES: Appendix II, as Cuora spp. IUCN: Not Evaluated Cuora zhoui Zhao in Zhao, Zhou, and Ye 1990:213 TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Cuora pallidicephala McCord and Iverson 1991:407 Cyclemys oldhamii Gray 1863e:178 Cyclemys dhor shanensis Annandale 1918:67 ____Cyclemys Bell 1834 (1:38, 2:6, 3:24) Geoemyda tcheponensis Bourret 1939:7 Cyclemys Bell 1834:17 Cyclemys tiannanensis Kou 1989:193

C. atripons Iverson and McCord 1997 C. pulchristriata Fritz, Gaulke, and Lehr 1997 Western Black-bridged Leaf Turtle Eastern Black-bridged Leaf Turtle Cambodia, Thailand Cambodia, Vietnam IUCN: Not Evaluated IUCN: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Cyclemys atripons Iverson and McCord 1997:629 Cyclemys pulchristriata Fritz, Gaulke, and Lehr 1997:183

C. dentata (Gray 1831d) (2:7) ____Geoclemys Gray 1856b Asian Leaf Turtle Geoclemys Gray 1856b:17 Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia 000.270 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

G. hamiltonii (Gray 1830e) (4:7) (CBFTT Account) IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2d (2000) Spotted Pond Turtle, Black Pond Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: (Critically) Endangered Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Jammu, Meghalaya, CITES: Appendix II Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Cyclemys annandalii Boulenger 1903a:142 Nepal, Pakistan IUCN: Vulnerable A1d+2d (2000) H. depressa (Anderson 1875) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Arakan Forest Turtle CITES: Appendix I Myanmar Emys hamiltonii Gray 1830e:9 (4:7) IUCN: Critically Endangered A2cd, B1+2c (2000) Emys guttata Gray 1831b:pl.76 TFTSG Draft 2011: (Critically) Endangered Emys piquotii Lesson 1831a:120 CITES: Appendix II Melanochelys pictus Murray 1884:107 Geoemyda depressa Anderson 1875:284 Clemmys palaeindica Lydekker 1885:178 † Geomyda arakana Theobald 1876:vii

____Geoemyda Gray 1834b (1:39) H. grandis (Gray 1860d) Geoemyda Gray 1834b:100 Giant Asian Pond Turtle Nicoria Gray 1856b:17 Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia (West), Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam G. japonica Fan 1931 (CBFTT Account) IUCN: Vulnerable A1d+2cd (2000) Ryukyu Black-breasted Leaf Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Japan (Ryukyu Archipelago) CITES: Appendix II IUCN: Endangered A1ce, B1+2c (2000) Geoemyda grandis Gray 1860d:218 Geoemyda spengleri japonica Fan 1931:148 H. spinosa (Gray 1830a) (25) G. spengleri (Gmelin 1789) (3:25) (CBFTT Account) Spiny Turtle Black-breasted Leaf Turtle Brunei, Indonesia (Sumatra, Kalimantan), Malaysia China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan [?], (East, West), Myanmar, Philippines (Sulu Jiangxi), Laos, Vietnam Archipelago [Tawi-Tawi]), Singapore, Thailand IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) IUCN: Endangered A1bcd (2000) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered CITES: Appendix III (China) CITES: Appendix II Testudo spengleri Gmelin 1789:1043 Emys spinosae Gray 1830a:pl.77 Testudo serrata Shaw 1802:51 (junior homonym) Emys spinosa Gray 1831d:20 Testudo tricarinata Bory de Saint-Vincent 1804:308 (junior homonym) ____Leucocephalon McCord, Iverson, Spinks, and Shaffer 2000 Geoemyda spengleri sinensis Fan 1931:146 Leucocephalon McCord, Iverson, Spinks, and Shaf- fer 2000:86 ____Hardella Gray 1870c Hardella Gray 1870c:58 L. yuwonoi (McCord, Iverson, and Boeadi 1995) (1:42) (CBFTT Account) H. thurjii (Gray 1831d) (1:40) (CBFTT Account) Sulawesi Forest Turtle Crowned River Turtle Indonesia (Sulawesi) Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Me- IUCN: Critically Endangered A1cd+2cd, C1 (2000) ghalaya, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal, TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Pakistan CITES: Appendix II IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000) Geoemyda yuwonoi McCord, Iverson, and Boeadi TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered 1995:311 Emys thuryi Gray 1830e:8 (4:7) (nomen oblitum) Emys thurjii Gray 1831d:22 (nomen novum) ____Malayemys Lindholm 1931 Emys flavonigra Lesson 1831a:120 Damonia Gray 1869a:193 (junior homonym) Kachuga oldhami Gray 1869a:200 Malayemys Lindholm 1931:30 (nomen novum) Hardella indi Gray 1870c:58 (1:40) Batagur falconeri Lydekker 1885:187 † M. macrocephala (Gray 1859) (1:43) Batagur cautleyi Lydekker 1885:194 † Malayan Snail-eating Turtle Cambodia, Malaysia (West), Myanmar, Thailand ____Heosemys Stejneger 1902 IUCN: Not Evaluated Heosemys Stejneger 1902:238 TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Hieremys Smith 1916:50 CITES: Appendix II Geoclemmys macrocephala Gray 1859:479 H. annandalii (Boulenger 1903a) (1:41) Yellow-headed Temple Turtle M. subtrijuga (Schlegel and Müller 1845) Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia (West), Myanmar (?), Thailand, Mekong Snail-eating Turtle Vietnam Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.271

Introduced: Indonesia (Java) Algeria, France, Morocco, Portugal, Spain (Continental) IUCN: Vulnerable A1d+2d (2000) Emys leprosa Schweigger 1812:298 TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Emys lutescens Schweigger 1812:302 CITES: Appendix II Emys marmorea Spix 1824:13 Emys herrmanni Schweigger 1812:311 (nomen dubium) Clemmys sigriz Michahelles 1829:1295 Emys subtrijuga Schlegel and Müller 1845:30 Emys vulgaris Gray 1830e:9 (4:7) Emys nuchalis Blyth 1863:82 Emys laticeps Gray 1854a:134 Damonia crassiceps Gray 1870c:43 Emys fuliginosus Gray 1860c:232 Damonia oblonga Gray 1871c:367 Emys laniaria Gray 1869b:499 Emys flavipes Gray 1869c:643 ____Mauremys Gray 1869b (1:44, 3:26) Emys fraseri Gray 1869c:643 (partim, nomen dubium) Mauremys Gray 1869b:500 Mauremys leprosa atlantica Schleich 1996:29 (1:45) Ocadia Gray 1870c:35 Mauremys leprosa erhardi Schleich 1996:29 (1:45) Emmenia Gray 1870c:38 Mauremys leprosa marokkensis Schleich 1996:29 (1:45) Eryma Gray 1870c:44 (junior homonym) Mauremys leprosa wernerkaestlei Schleich 1996:29 (1:45) Cathaiemys Lindholm 1931:29 Pseudocadia Lindholm 1931:30 M. l. saharica Schleich 1996 (1:45) Chinemys Smith 1931:xxvii Saharan Pond Turtle Annamemys Bourret 1939b:15 Algeria, Libya, Mauritania (?), Morocco, Tunisia Emys fraseri Gray 1869c:643 (partim, nomen dubium) M. annamensis (Siebenrock 1903a) (1:44) Mauremys leprosa saharica Schleich 1996:29 (1:45) Vietnamese Pond Turtle, Annam Pond Turtle Mauremys leprosa zizi Schleich 1996:29 (1:45) Vietnam Mauremys leprosa vanmeerhaeghei Bour and Maran IUCN: Critically Endangered A1d+2d (2000) 1999:25 (1:45) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered CITES: Appendix II M. mutica (Cantor 1842) Cyclemys annamensis Siebenrock 1903a:341 Yellow Pond Turtle Annamemys merkleni Bourret 1939b:15 China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Ocadia glyphistoma McCord and Iverson 1994:53 (1:33) Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), (partim, hybrid) Japan (Ryukyu Archipelago), Taiwan, Vietnam Introduced: Japan (mainland) M. caspica (Gmelin 1774) (3:27) (26) IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) Caspian Turtle, Caspian Terrapin TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, CITES: Appendix II Kuwait, Russia (Dagestan), Saudi Arabia (Northern), Syria, Turkey, Turkmenistan M. m. mutica (Cantor 1842) Introduced: Latvia Yellow Pond Turtle IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Testudo caspica Gmelin 1774:59 Taiwan, Vietnam Emys grayi Günther 1869:504 (junior homonym) Emys muticus Cantor 1842:482 Mauremys caspica siebenrocki Wischuf and Fritz in Clemmys schmackeri Boettger 1894:129 Fritz and Wischuf 1997:240 Annamemys grochovskiae Dao 1957:1214 Mauremys caspica ventrimaculata Wischuf and Fritz Mauremys iversoni Pritchard and McCord 1991:140 (1:33) 1996:113 (partim, hybrid) Clemmys guangxiensis Qin 1992:60 (partim, hybrid) M. japonica (Temminck and Schlegel 1834) (4:18) (CB- Mauremys pritchardi McCord 1997:555 (1:33) FTT Account) (partim, hybrid) Japanese Pond Turtle Japan (Honshu, Kyoshu, Shikoku) M. m. kami Yasukawa, Ota, and Iverson 1996 IUCN: Near Threatened (2000) Ryukyu Yellow Pond Turtle Emys vulgaris japonica Temminck and Schlegel Japan (Ryukyu Archipelago) 1834:139 (4:18) Mauremys mutica kami Yasukawa, Ota, and Iverson 1996:303 M. leprosa (Schweigger 1812) Mediterranean Pond Turtle, Spanish Terrapin M. nigricans (Gray 1834a) (CBFTT Account) Algeria, France, Libya, Mauritania (?), Morocco, Portu- Chinese Red-necked Turtle, Red-necked Pond Turtle gal, Spain (Continental), Tunisia China (Fujian [?], Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan [?]), IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Vietnam (?) TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable IUCN: Endangered A1d+2d (2000) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered M. l. leprosa (Schweigger 1812) (1:45) CITES: Appendix III (China) Mediterranean Pond Turtle Emys nigricans Gray 1834a:53 000.272 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Geoclemys kwangtungensis Pope 1934:1 Chaibassia Theobald 1876:6 Geoclemys palaeannamitica Bourret 1941a:10 † (no- men dubium) M. tricarinata (Blyth 1856) (CBFTT Account) Tricarinate Hill Turtle, Three-keeled Land Turtle M. reevesii (Gray1831d) (1:46) (CBFTT Account) Bangladesh, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Ut- Reeves’ Turtle, Chinese Three-keeled Pond Turtle tar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, IUCN: Vulnerable B1+2c (2000) Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shangdong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, CITES: Appendix I Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (prehistoric Geomyda tricarinata Blyth 1856:714 introduction?), North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan Chaibassia theobaldi Anderson 1879:718 (prehistoric introduction?) Nicoria tricarinata sivalensis Lydekker 1889:100 † Introduced: Indonesia (Timor), Japan, Palau, Timor-Leste IUCN: Endangered A2bcd+4bcd (2011) M. trijuga (Schweigger 1812) (CBFTT Account) CITES: Appendix III (China) Indian Black Turtle Emys reevesii Gray 1831d:73 Bangladesh, China (?) (Yunnan), India (Andhra Pradesh, Emys vulgaris picta Schlegel 1844:127 Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maha- Emys japonica Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and rashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Duméril 1851:8 (nomen novum) Pradesh, West Bengal), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan Damonia unicolor Gray 1873d:78 (?), Sri Lanka Geoclemys grangeri Schmidt 1925:1 Introduced: British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Geoclemys paracaretta Chang 1929:1 Archipelago), Maldives Chinemys megalocephala Fang 1934:158 IUCN: Near Threatened (2000) Chinemys pani Tao 1985:45 † TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Mauremys pritchardi McCord 1997:555 (1:33) (partim, hybrid) M. t. trijuga (Schweigger 1812) Indian Black Turtle M. rivulata (Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1833) India (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharash- Western Caspian Turtle, Balkan Terrapin tra, Tamil Nadu), Pakistan (?) Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Emys trijuga Schweigger 1812:310 Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Macedonia, Emys belangeri Lesson 1831b:291 Montenegro, Serbia, Syria, Turkey Emys trijuga madraspatana Anderson 1879:729 Introduced: Latvia Clemmys theobaldi Lydekker 1885:173 † IUCN: Not Evaluated Geoemyda trijuga plumbea Annandale 1915a:192 TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Emys rivulata Valenciennes in Bory de Saint-Vincent M. t. coronata (Anderson 1879) 1833:pl.9 (senior homonym) Cochin Black Turtle Emys tristrami Gray 1869a:190 India (Kerala) Emys caspica arabica Gray 1870c:36 Emys trijuga coronata Anderson 1879:729 Emys pannonica Gray 1870c:36 Clemmys caspica orientalis Bedriaga 1881:335 M. t. edeniana Theobald 1876 (1:47) Clemmys caspica obsoleta Schreiber 1912:946 Burmese Black Turtle Clemmys caspica cretica Mertens 1946:115 China (?) (Yunnan), Myanmar Melanochelys edeniana Theobald 1876:12 M. sinensis (Gray 1834a) (1:44) Emys trijuga burmana Anderson 1879:723 Chinese Stripe-necked Turtle Geoemyda trijuga wiroti Reimann in Nutaphand China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangxi), 1979:177 Laos, Taiwan, Vietnam Introduced: South Korea M. t. indopeninsularis (Annandale 1913) IUCN: Endangered A1cd (2000) Bengal Black Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Meghalaya, Miz- CITES: Appendix III (China) oram, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal Emys sinensis Gray 1834a:53 Geoemyda indopeninsularis Annandale 1913:71 Emys bennettii Gray 1844:21 Testudo anyangensis Ping 1930:217 † M. t. parkeri Deraniyagala 1939 Ocadia sinensis changwui Tao 1988:229 † Parker’s Black Turtle Ocadia philippeni McCord and Iverson 1992:13 (1:33) Sri Lanka (partim, hybrid) Melanochelys trijuga parkeri Deraniyagala 1939:269 Ocadia glyphistoma McCord and Iverson 1994:53 (1:33) (partim, hybrid) M. t. thermalis (Lesson 1830) Sri Lanka Black Turtle ____Melanochelys Gray 1869a India (Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka Melanochelys Gray 1869a:187 Emys thermalis Lesson 1830:86 Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.273

Emys sebae Gray 1831d:75 Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh), Nepal, Pakistan ____Morenia Gray 1870c IUCN: Near Threatened (2000) Morenia Gray 1870c:62 TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern or Near Threatened CITES: Appendix II, as Pangshura spp. M. ocellata (Duméril and Bibron 1835) (CBFTT Account) Burmese Eyed Turtle P. s. smithii (Gray 1863g) China (?) (Yunnan), Myanmar Brown Roofed Turtle IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000) Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Punjab, Uttar TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Pradesh), Pakistan CITES: Appendix I Batagur smithii Gray 1863g:253 Emys ocellata Duméril and Bibron 1835:329 Emys berdmorei Blyth 1859:281 P. s. pallidipes (Moll 1987) Pale-footed Roofed Turtle M. petersi Anderson 1879 (CBFTT Account) India (Bihar, Uttar Pradesh), Nepal Indian Eyed Turtle Kachuga smithii pallidipes Moll 1987:8 Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal P. sylhetensis Jerdon 1870 (CBFTT Account) IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2d (2000) Assam Roofed Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Bangladesh, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Megha- Batagur (Morenia) petersi Anderson 1879:761 laya, Mizoram, Nagaland) IUCN: Endangered B1+2c (2000) ____Notochelys Gray 1863e TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Notochelys Gray 1863e:177 (senior homonym) CITES: Appendix II, as Pangshura spp. Pangshura sylhetensis Jerdon 1870:69 N. platynota (Gray 1834a) Malayan Flat-shelled Turtle P. tecta (Gray 1830b) Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia Indian Roofed Turtle (East, West), Singapore, Thailand Bangladesh, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000) Gujarat, Jammu, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Punjab, TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal, Pakistan CITES: Appendix II IUCN: Least Concern (2000) Emys platynota Gray 1834a:54 TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Cyclemys giebelii Hubrecht 1881:45 CITES: Appendix I Emys tectum Gray 1830b:pl.72 ____Orlitia Gray 1873b Emys trigibbosa Lesson 1831a:121 Orlitia Gray 1873b:156 Pangshura dura Gray 1869a:205 Heteroclemmys Peters 1875:622 Pangshura ventricosa Gray 1870c:56 Brookeia Bartlett 1896:113 Adelochelys Baur 1896:314 P. tentoria (Gray 1834a) Liemys Boulenger 1897a:468 Indian Tent Turtle Bangladesh, India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Mad- O. borneensis Gray 1873b (27) hya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Malaysian Giant Turtle Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal Brunei (?), Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia IUCN: Least Concern (2000) (East, West) TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern IUCN: Endangered A1d+2d (2000) CITES: Appendix II, as Pangshura spp. TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered CITES: Appendix II P. t. tentoria (Gray 1834a) (1:49) Orlitia borneensis Gray 1873b:157 Indian Tent Turtle Clemmys (Heteroclemmys) gibbera Peters 1875:622 Bangladesh, India (Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Hardella baileyi Bartlett 1895b:83 Maharashtra, Orissa) Adelochelys crassa Baur 1896:319 Emys tentoria Gray 1834a:54 Liemys inornata Boulenger 1897a:469 Emys (Pangshura) tectum intermedia Blanford 1870:339 Pangshura leithii Gray 1870c:60 ____Pangshura Gray 1856b (1:48) Pangshura Gray 1856b:36 P. t. circumdata (Mertens 1969) Cuchoa Gray 1870c:61 Pink-ringed Tent Turtle Emia Gray 1870c:61 India (Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh) Jerdonella Gray 1870c:61 Kachuga tecta circumdata Mertens 1969a:24

P. smithii (Gray 1863g) P. t. flaviventer Günther 1864 (1:49) Brown Roofed Turtle Yellow-bellied Tent Turtle 000.274 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Bangladesh, India (Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal IUCN: Endangered B1+2c (2000) Pangshura flaviventer Günther 1864:35 TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Geoemyda silvatica Henderson 1912:217 ____Sacalia Gray 1870c Sacalia Gray 1870c:35 ___Rh i n o c l e m m y d i n a e Le and McCord 2008 (21) Rhinoclemminae Le and McCord 2008:763 S. bealei (Gray 1831d) Beal’s Eyed Turtle ____Rhinoclemmys Fitzinger 1835 (3:20) (21) China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi?, Guizhou, Chemelys Rafinesque 1832:64 (nomen suppressum) Hong Kong, Jiangxi) Rhinoclemmys Fitzinger 1835:115 IUCN: Endangered A1d+2d (2000) Callopsis Gray 1863c:183 TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered CITES: Appendix III (China) R. annulata (Gray 1860b) Cistuda bealei Gray 1831d:71 Brown Wood Turtle Colombia (Antioquia, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, Nariño, (2:24) S. quadriocellata (Siebenrock 1903a) Valle del Cauca), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Four-eyed Turtle Nicaragua, Panama China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan), Laos, Vietnam IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) IUCN: Endangered A1d+2d (2000) TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient (South America regional) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Geoclemmys annulata Gray 1860b:231 CITES: Appendix III (China) Chelopus gabbii Cope 1876:153 Clemmys bealii quadriocellata Siebenrock 1903a:336 (senior homonym) R. areolata (Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril Clemmys bealii quadriocellata Li 1958:234 (junior 1851) (CBFTT Account) homonym) Furrowed Wood Turtle Clemmys beali insulensis Adler 1962:135 (nomen Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Campeche, (2:24) novum) Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatán) Sacalia pseudocellata Iverson and McCord IUCN: Near Threatened (2007) (1:33) 1992a:426 (partim, hybrid) Emys areolata Duméril and Bibron in Duméril and Duméril 1851:10 ____Siebenrockiella Lindholm 1929 Bellia Gray 1869a:197 (junior homonym) R. diademata (Mertens 1954) Siebenrockiella Lindholm 1929:280 (nomen novum) Maracaibo Wood Turtle Panyaenemys Diesmos, Parham, Stuart, and Brown Colombia (Norte de Santander), Venezuela (Mérida, 2005:31 Táchira, Trujillo, Zulia) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] (4:7) S. crassicollis (Gray 1830e) TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Black Marsh Turtle Geoemyda punctularia diademata Mertens 1954:4 Brunei (?), Cambodia, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (East, West), Myanmar, R. funerea (Cope 1876) Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam Black Wood Turtle IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000) Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) CITES: Appendix II Chelopus funereus Cope 1876:154 (4:7) Emys crassicollis Gray 1830e:8 Geoemyda costaricensis Kanberg 1930:162 Emys nigra Blyth 1856:713 (junior homonym) Pangshura cochinchinensis Tirant 1884:15 R. melanosterna (Gray 1861b) Colombian Wood Turtle (1:50) S. leytensis (Taylor 1920) (CBFTT Account) Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, Cal- Palawan Forest Turtle, Philippine Forest Turtle das, Cauca, Cesar, Chocó, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Philippines (Palawan [not Leyte]) La Guajira, Magdalena, Nariño, Santander, Sucre, IUCN: Critically Endangered A2d, B1+2c (2000) Valle del Cauca), Ecuador, Panama CITES: Appendix II IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Heosemys leytensis Taylor 1920:131 TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Geoclemmys melanosterna Gray 1861b:205 ____Vijayachelys Praschag, Schmidt, Fritzsch, Müller, Gemel, and (1:51) Fritz 2006 R. nasuta (Boulenger 1902a) (CBFTT Account) Vijayachelys Praschag, Schmidt, Fritzsch, Müller, Large-nosed Wood Turtle Gemel, and Fritz 2006:151 Colombia (Cauca, Chocó, Nariño, Valle del Cauca), Ecuador V. silvatica (Henderson 1912) IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Cochin Forest Cane Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Nicoria nasuta Boulenger 1902a:53 Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.275

Rhinoclemmys punctularia flammigera Paolillo R. pulcherrima (Gray 1856b) 1985:293 Painted Wood Turtle Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico R. rubida (Cope 1870a) (Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Mexican Spotted Wood Turtle Sinaloa, Sonora), Nicaragua Guatemala (?), Mexico (Chiapas, Colima, Jalisco, IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Michoacán, Oaxaca) IUCN: Near Threatened (2007) R. p. pulcherrima (Gray 1856b) Guerrero Wood Turtle R. r. rubida (Cope 1870a) Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca) Oaxaca Wood Turtle Emys pulcherrimus Gray 1856b:25 Guatemala (?), Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca) Chelopus rubidus Cope 1870a:148 R. p. incisa (Bocourt 1868) Rhinoclemmys mexicana Gray 1870b:659 Incised Wood Turtle El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico R. r. perixantha (Mosimann and Rabb 1953) (Chiapas, Oaxaca) Colima Wood Turtle Emys incisa Bocourt 1868:121 Mexico (Colima, Jalisco, Michoacán) Rhinoclemmys frontalis Gray 1873a:144 Geoemyda rubida perixantha Mosimann and Rabb Rhinoclemmys bocourtii Gray 1873e:111 1953:1

R. p. manni (Dunn 1930) __Te s t u d i n i d a e Batsch 1788 Central American Wood Turtle Testudines Batsch 1788:437 Costa Rica, Nicaragua Testudia Rafinesque 1814:66 Geoemyda manni Dunn 1930:33 Tortudines Schmid 1819:10 Testudinidae Gray 1825:210 R. p. rogerbarbouri (Ernst 1978) Tylopodae Wagler 1828:861 Western Mexican Wood Turtle Dysmydae Ritgen 1828:270 Mexico (Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora) Callopsis pulcherrima rogerbarbouri Ernst 1978:127 ____Aldabrachelys Loveridge and Williams 1957 or Dipsochelys Bour 1982 (1:52, 1:53, 2:13, 3:29, 3:30) (28) (2:12, 3:28) R. punctularia (Daudin 1801) Megalochelys Fitzinger 1843:29 (junior homonym)

Spot-legged Turtle Aldabrachelys Loveridge and Williams 1957:166 Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), French Dipsochelys Bour 1982:117 Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, A. gigantea (Schweigger 1812) or D. dussumieri (Gray Monagas) 1831d) (1:54, 1:55, 2:13, 3:29, 3:30, 5:10) (28) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Aldabra Giant Tortoise TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Seychelles (Aldabra, Granitic Islands) IUCN: Vulnerable D2 (1996) (2:12, 3:28) R. p. punctularia (Daudin 1801) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Eastern Spot-legged Turtle Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), French A. g. gigantea (Schweigger 1812) or D. d. dussumieri Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela (Gray 1831d) (1:54, 2:13, 3:29, 3:30, 5:10) (Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Monagas) Aldabra Giant Tortoise Testudo scabra Linnaeus 1758:198 (nomen oblitum Seychelles (Aldabra) (2:12) and senior homonym) Introduced: Mauritius (Aigrettes, Rodrigues, Round), Testudo verrucosa Walbaum 1782:116 (nomen il- Seychelles (Assumption, Astove, Cerf, Cosmelodo, legitimum) Cousin, Curieuse, D’Arros, Desroches, Farquhar, Testudo verrucosa Suckow 1798:40 (junior hom- Fregate, Moyenne, North, Remire), Tanzania (Zanzi- onym) bar [Changuu]) Testudo punctularia Daudin 1801:249 Testudo gigantea Schweigger 1812:327 (partim, Testudo dorsata Schoepff 1801:136 (nomen suppres- misidentified type)(2:13, 3:29) sum) Testudo dussumieri Gray 1831d:9 (3:29) Emys dorsualis Spix 1824:11 Testudo elephantina Duméril and Bibron 1835:110 Rhinoclemys bellii Gray 1863c:183 Testudo ponderosa Günther 1877:35 Geoclemys callocephalus Gray 1863h:254 Testudo sumeirei Sauzier 1892:396 Rhinoclemys lunata Gray 1873a:144 Testudo gouffei Rothschild 1906:753 Rhinoclemys ventricosa Gray 1873a:145 A. g. or D. d. arnoldi Bour 1982 (1:54, 3:30, 5:10) (CBFTT (2:25, 3:28) R. p. flammigera Paolillo 1985 Account) Upper Orinoco Spot-legged Turtle Arnold’s Giant Tortoise Venezuela (Amazonas) Seychelles (Mahé?, North? [all extirpated]) 000.276 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Introduced: Seychelles (Silhouette) Introduced (modern or prehistoric?): Anguilla, Antigua Dipsochelys arnoldi Bour 1982:118 and Barbuda, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Colombia (Providencia, San Andrés), Dominica, A. g. or D. d. daudinii (Duméril and Bibron 1835) Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, (Extinct) (3:30) Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua (Maíz Grande), Saint Daudin’s Giant Tortoise Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Seychelles (Mahé? [extinct]) Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, US Virgin Islands Testudo daudinii Duméril and Bibron 1835:123 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable A. g. or D. d. hololissa (Günther 1877) (3:30, 5:10) (CBFTT CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Account) Testudo carbonaria Spix 1824:22 Seychelles Giant Tortoise Testudo hercules truncata Gray 1830e:3 (4:7, 4:20) Seychelles (Cerf?, Cousine?, Fregate?, Mahé?, Testudo boiei Wagler 1833:pl.13 Praslin?, Round?, Silhouette? [all extirpated]) Introduced: Seychelles (Cousine, Round) C. chilensis (Gray 1870a) (1:57, 4:21) (30) Testudo hololissa Günther 1877:39 Chaco Tortoise, Pampas Tortoise Argentina (Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Córdoba, ____Astrochelys Gray 1873i (1:52) Formosa, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Rio Negro, Astrochelys Gray 1873i:4 Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Fe, Santiago del Angonoka Le, Raxworthy, McCord, and Mertz Estero, Tucumán), Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Tarija), 2006:528 (3:31) Paraguay IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd (1996) A. radiata (Shaw 1802) TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Radiated Tortoise CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Madagascar Testudo (Gopher) chilensis Gray 1870a:190 Introduced: Mauritius (Rodrigues, Round), Réunion Testudo argentina Sclater 1870:471 (nomen novum) IUCN: Critically Endangered A4d, E (2008) Geochelone donosobarrosi Freiberg 1973:83 (30) CITES: Appendix I Geochelone petersi Freiberg 1973:86 (30) Testudo coui Daudin 1801:271 (nomen oblitum) Testudo radiata Shaw 1802:22 C. denticulata (Linnaeus 1766) (4:19) Testudo desertorum Grandidier 1869:257 Yellow-footed Tortoise Testudo hypselonota Bourret 1941b:9 Bolivia (Beni, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz), Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, A. yniphora (Vaillant 1885) (1:56, 3:31) Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Ploughshare Tortoise, Angonoka Rio de Janeiro, Roraima), Colombia (Amazonas, Ca- Madagascar quetá, Guainía, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vichada), IUCN: Critically Endangered A4ad, B2ab(v), C1, E Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru (Cusco, (2008) Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, Ucayali), Suriname, CITES: Appendix I Trinidad, Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Testudo yniphora Vaillant 1885:440 Amacuro, Monagas) Introduced: Guadeloupe ____Chelonoidis Fitzinger 1835 (1:52) IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (1996) Chelonoidis Fitzinger 1835:112 TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Gopher Gray 1870d:706 CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Elephantopus Gray 1874:724 (junior homonym) Testudo denticulata Linnaeus 1766:352 (senior homonym) Pampatestudo Lindholm 1929:285 Testudo tabulata Walbaum 1782:122 (nomen illegitimum) Darwintestudo Antenbrink-Vetter and Vetter 1998:4 Testudo tessellata Schneider 1792:262 Testudo tabulata Schoepff 1793:56 C. carbonaria (Spix 1824) (4:19) Testudo gigantea Schweigger 1812:327 (partim, Red-footed Tortoise misidentified type)(2:13, 3:29) Argentina (Chaco, Formosa, Salta), Bolivia (Beni, Testudo tabulata cayennensis Schweigger 1812:445 Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz), Brazil Testudo hercules Spix 1824:20 (Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Maranhão, Mato Testudo sculpta Spix 1824:21 Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Pernambuco, Testudo cagado Spix 1824:23 Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rondônia, Roraima, Sergipe), Colombia (Antioquia, Arauca, Atlántico, Bolívar, ______Chelonoidis nigra species complex (3:32) (31) Boyacá, Caldas, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Chocó, Galapagos Giant Tortoises Córdoba, Cundinamarca, Guainía, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Vi- C. nigra (Quoy and Gaimard 1824) (Extinct) (1:58, 3:33) (31) chada), French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Floreana Giant Tortoise, Charles Island Giant Tortoise Peru (San Martín), Suriname, Venezuela (Apure, Bar- Ecuador (Galápagos: Floreana [Charles] [extinct]) inas, Bolívar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Falcón, Guárico, IUCN: Extinct (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra nigra Mérida, Miranda, Portuguesa, Sucre, Yaracuy, Zulia) TFTSG Draft 2012: Extinct Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.277

CITES: Appendix I Espanola Giant Tortoise, Hood Island Giant Tortoise Testudo californiana Quoy and Gaimard 1824a:90 Ecuador (Galápagos: Española [Hood]) (nomen oblitum) IUCN: Critically Endangered D (1996), as Chelonoidis Testudo nigra Quoy and Gaimard 1824b:174 nigra hoodensis (nomen novum) TFTSG Draft 2012: Endangered Testudo galapagoensis Baur 1889:1044 CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo hoodensis Van Denburgh 1907:3 C. abingdonii (Günther 1877) (Extinct) (3:34) (31) Pinta Giant Tortoise, Abingdon Island Giant Tortoise C. phantastica (Van Denburgh 1907) (Extinct) (1:62) (31) Ecuador (Galápagos: Pinta [Abingdon] [extinct]) Fernandina Giant Tortoise, Narborough Island Giant IUCN: Extinct in the Wild (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra Tortoise abingdoni Ecuador (Galápagos: Fernandina [Narborough] [extinct]) TFTSG Draft 2012: Extinct IUCN: Not Evaluated CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra TFTSG Draft 2011: Extinct Testudo ephippium Günther 1875:271 CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra (partim, misidentified type) Testudo phantasticus Van Denburgh 1907:4 Testudo abingdonii Günther 1877:85 C. porteri (Rothschild 1903) (1:63, 3:35) (31) C. becki (Rothschild 1901) (31) Santa Cruz Giant Tortoise, Indefatigable Island Giant Volcan Wolf Giant Tortoise Tortoise Ecuador (Galápagos: Isabela [Albemarle]) Ecuador (Galápagos: Santa Cruz [Indefatigable]) IUCN: Vulnerable D1+2 (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra IUCN: Endangered C2a (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra becki porteri TFTSG Draft 2012: Vulnerable TFTSG Draft 2012: Endangered CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo becki Rothschild 1901:372 Testudo nigrita Duméril and Bibron 1835:80 (nomen dubium) C. chathamensis (Van Denburgh 1907) (1:59) (31) Testudo porteri Rothschild 1903:119 San Cristobal Giant Tortoise, Chatham Island Giant Tortoise C. vicina (Günther 1875) (1:64, 2:14, 3:36) (31) Ecuador (Galápagos, San Cristóbal [Chatham]) Southern Isabela Giant Tortoise, Albemarle Island Giant IUCN: Vulnerable D1+2 (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra Tortoise chathamensis Ecuador (Galápagos: Isabela [Albemarle]) TFTSG Draft 2012: Endangered IUCN: Endangered C2a (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra vicina; includes synonymized C. n. guentheri (En- Testudo wallacei Rothschild 1902:619 (31) dangered C2a [1996]), C. n. microphyes (Vulnerable (partim, nomen dubium) D1+2 [1996]), and C. n. vandenburghi (Vulnerable Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh 1907:4 D2 [1996]) TFTSG Draft 2012: Global: Endangered; Regional C. darwini (Van Denburgh 1907) (31) subpopulation (microphyes): Endangered; Regional Santiago Giant Tortoise, James Island Giant Tortoise subpopulation (vandenburghi): Vulnerable Ecuador (Galápagos: Santiago [San Salvador] [James]) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra IUCN: Endangered C2a (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo microphyes Günther 1875:275 (2:14) darwini (nomen dubium) TFTSG Draft 2012: Endangered Testudo vicina Günther 1875:277 CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo guentheri [güntheri] Baur 1889:1044 Testudo wallacei Rothschild 1902:619 (31) (senior homonym) (3:36) (partim, nomen dubium) Testudo macrophyes Garman 1917:273 Testudo darwini Van Denburgh 1907:4 Testudo vandenburghi DeSola 1930:79

C. duncanensis (Garman in Pritchard 1996) (1:60) (31) C. species indeterminate Pinzon Giant Tortoise, Duncan Island Giant Tortoise Testudo elephantopus Harlan 1827:284 Ecuador (Galápagos: Pinzón [Duncan]) (nomen dubium) (3:33) IUCN: Extinct in the Wild (1996), as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo planiceps Gray 1854b:12 duncanensis (nomen dubium and junior homonym) TFTSG Draft 2012: Vulnerable Testudo clivosa Garman 1917:383 (nomen dubium) CITES: Appendix I, as Chelonoidis nigra Testudo typica Garman 1917:385 (nomen dubium) Testudo ephippium Günther 1875:271 (partim, misidentified type) ____Chersina Gray 1830e (4:7) Geochelone nigra duncanensis Garman in Pritchard Chersina Gray 1830e:5 (4:7) 1996:50 Goniochersus Lindholm 1929:285 Neotestudo Hewitt 1931:504 C. hoodensis (Van Denburgh 1907) (31) 000.278 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

C. angulata (Schweigger 1812) (3:37) (CBFTT Account) IUCN: Extinct (1996) Angulate Tortoise, South African Bowsprit Tortoise Testudo indica vosmaeri Suckow 1798:57 Namibia, South Africa Testudo rotunda Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] 1801:107 (partim, nomen dubium) SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern Testudo rodericensis Günther 1873:397 CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo commersoni Vaillant 1898:138 Testudo angulata Schweigger 1812:321 Testudo bellii Gray 1828:2 ____Geochelone Fitzinger 1835 (1:52) Chersina angulata pallida Gray 1831d:69 Geochelone Fitzinger 1835:112

____Cylindraspis Fitzinger 1835 G. elegans (Schoepff 1795) Chelonura Rafinesque 1832:64 (junior homonym) Indian Star Tortoise Cylindraspis Fitzinger 1835:112 India (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu), Pakistan, C. indica (Schneider 1783) (Extinct) (1:65) Sri Lanka Reunion Giant Tortoise IUCN: Least Concern (2000) Réunion [extinct] TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable IUCN: Extinct (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo indica Schneider 1783:355 Testudo elegans Schoepff 1795:111 Testudo tabulata africana Schweigger 1812:322 Testudo stellata Schweigger 1812:325 (junior homonym) (3:38) Testudo actinodes Bell 1828a:419 Chersine retusa Merrem 1820:29 (nomen novum) Testudo megalopus Blyth 1853:640 Testudo perraultii Duméril and Bibron 1835:126 (no- men novum) G. platynota (Blyth 1863) (CBFTT Account) Testudo graii Duméril and Bibron 1835:135 (nomen Burmese Star Tortoise novum) Myanmar Chersina grayi Strauch 1865:26 (nomen novum) IUCN: Critically Endangered A1cd+2cd, C2a (2000) Cylindraspis borbonica Bour 1978:491 TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. C. inepta (Günther 1873) (Extinct) Testudo platynotus Blyth 1863:83 Mauritius Giant Domed Tortoise Mauritius (Mauritius [extinct]) ____Geochelone Fitzinger 1835 or Centrochelys Gray 1872c (1:52) IUCN: Extinct (1996) Centrochelys Gray 1872c:5 Testudo neraudii Gray 1831d:14 (nomen oblitum) Testudo inepta Günther 1873:397 G. or C. sulcata (Miller 1779) (29) Testudo boutonii Günther 1875:297 African Spurred Tortoise Testudo sauzieri Gadow 1894:315 Benin (?), Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, C. peltastes (Duméril and Bibron 1835) (Extinct) Senegal, Sudan Rodrigues Domed Tortoise IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd (1996) Mauritius (Rodrigues [extinct]) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. IUCN: Extinct (1996) Testudo sulcata Miller 1779:pl.26 Testudo rotunda Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille Testudo calcarata Schneider 1784:317 (nomen 1801:107 (partim, nomen dubium) novum) Testudo peltastes Duméril and Bibron 1835:138 Testudo radiata senegalensis Gray 1831d:11

C. triserrata (Günther 1873) (Extinct) ____Gopherus Rafinesque 1832 Mauritius Giant Flat-shelled Tortoise Gopherus Rafinesque 1832:64 Mauritius (Mauritius [extinct]) Xerobates Agassiz 1857a:252 IUCN: Extinct (1996) Bysmachelys Johnston 1937:439 Testudo schweigeri Gray 1830e:3 (4:7) (nomen obli- Scaptochelys Bramble 1982:852 tum) Testudo triserrata Günther 1873:397 G. agassizii (Cooper 1861) (4:22, 5:11) Testudo leptocnemis Günther 1875:297 Mojave Desert Tortoise, Agassiz’s Desert Tortoise Testudo microtympanum Boulenger 1891:4 USA (California, Nevada, Utah) Testudo guentheri Gadow 1894:320 (junior hom- IUCN: Vulnerable A1acde+2cde, E (1996) onym) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Testudo gadowi Van Denburgh 1914:257 (nomen CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. novum) Xerobates agassizii Cooper 1861:120 (4:22) Xerobates lepidocephalus Ottley and Velázquez Solis C. vosmaeri (Suckow 1798) (Extinct) (1:66) 1989:496 (5:11) Rodrigues Giant Saddleback Tortoise Mauritius (Rodrigues [extinct]) G. berlandieri (Agassiz 1857a) Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.279

Texas Tortoise, Berlandier’s Tortoise H. boulengeri Duerden 1906 Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Tamau- Karoo Dwarf Tortoise, Karoo Padloper lipas), USA (Texas) South Africa IUCN: Least Concern (1996) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened SARCA Draft 2010: Near Threatened CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Xerobates berlandieri Agassiz 1857a:392 Homopus boulengeri Duerden 1906:406

G. flavomarginatus Legler 1959 (32) H. femoralis Boulenger 1888a Bolson Tortoise Greater Dwarf Tortoise, Greater Padloper Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango) Lesotho (?), South Africa Introduced: USA (New Mexico) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd (2007) SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern TFTSG Draft 2011: (Critically) Endangered CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. CITES: Appendix I Homopus femoralis Boulenger 1888a:251 Gopherus flavomarginatus Legler 1959:337 Gopherus huecoensis Strain 1966:24 † H. signatus (Gmelin 1789) (4:24) Speckled Tortoise, Speckled Padloper G. morafkai Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Leviton, Lathrop, South Africa and Riedle 2011 (5:11) IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Sonoran Desert Tortoise, Morafka’s Desert Tortoise SARCA Draft 2010: Vulnerable Mexico (Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Sonora), USA (Arizona) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. IUCN: Vulnerable A1acde+2cde, E (1996), as part of Testudo signata Walbaum 1782:120 (nomen illegitimum) G. agassizii Testudo signata Gmelin 1789:1043 TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Testudo cafra Daudin 1801:291 (4:24) Gopherus morafkai Murphy, Berry, Edwards, Testudo juvencella Daudin 1802:380 (4:25) Leviton, Lathrop, and Riedle 2011:53 Pseudomopus signatus peersi Hewitt 1935:345

G. polyphemus (Daudin 1801) (33) H. solus Branch 2007 (1:67) Gopher Tortoise Nama Tortoise, Nama Padloper USA (Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mis- Namibia sissippi, Louisiana) IUCN: Vulnerable C2a (1996), originally listed as Homo- IUCN: Vulnerable A1acde (1996) pus bergeri TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Homopus solus Branch 2007:11 Testudo polyphemus Daudin 1801:256 Testudo depressa Cuvier 1829:5 ____Indotestudo Lindholm 1929 Testudo gopher Gray 1844:4 Indotestudo Lindholm 1929:285 Gopherus praecedens Hay 1916:55 † I. elongata (Blyth 1853) G. species indeterminate Elongated Tortoise, Yellow-headed Tortoise Testudo australis Girard 1858:470 (nomen dubium et Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (?) (Yunnan), India (Bihar, oblitum) (34) Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Laos, Ma- laysia (West), Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam ____Homopus Duméril and Bibron 1834 (1:67, 4:23) IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) Homopus Duméril and Bibron 1834:357 (4:23) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Chersobius Fitzinger 1835:112 CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Pseudomopus Hewitt 1931:496 Testudo elongata Blyth 1853:639 Testudo parallelus Annandale 1913:76 H. areolatus (Thunberg 1787) Parrot-beaked Tortoise, Common Padloper I. forstenii (Schlegel and Müller 1845) South Africa Forsten’s Tortoise, East Indian Tortoise IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Indonesia (Moluccas [Halmahera, Gebe?], Sulawesi) SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Testudo areolata Thunberg 1787:180 CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo miniata Lacépède 1788:166 (nomen rejec- Testudo forstenii Schlegel and Müller 1845:30 tum) (3:6) Testudo fasciata Daudin 1801:294 (junior homonym) I. travancorica (Boulenger 1907) (1:68) (CBFTT Account) Testudo africana Hermann 1804:218 Travancore Tortoise Chersine tetradactyla Merrem 1820:32 India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Testudo areolata pallida Gray 1831d:13 IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd (2000) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered 000.280 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger (?), Nigeria, Testudo travancorica Boulenger 1907:560 Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] ____Kinixys Bell 1827 (35) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Kinixys Bell 1827:398 Homopus nogueyi Lataste 1886:286 Cinixys Wagler 1830:138 (nomen novum) Cinixys dorri Lataste 1888:164 Cinothorax Fitzinger 1835:108 Madakinixys Vuillemin 1972b:169 K. spekii Gray 1863d (35) Speke’s Hinge-back Tortoise K. belliana Gray 1830e (1:69, 2:11, 4:7) (35) Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Kenya, Bell’s Hinge-back Tortoise Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia (Caprivi), Rwanda, Angola, Burundi, Central African Republic, Congo South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, (DRC), Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Zimbabwe South Sudan, Sudan, Uganda IUCN: Not Evaluated IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern (regional) SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern (regional) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Kinixys spekii Gray 1863d:381 Testudo (Kinyxis) belliana Gray 1830e:6 (4:7) Homopus darlingi Boulenger 1902b:15 Kinixys schoensis Rüppell 1845:226 Testudo procterae Loveridge 1923:928 Kinixys belliana mertensi Laurent 1956:26 Kinixys australis Hewitt 1931:477 Kinixys jordani Hewitt 1931:482 K. erosa (Schweigger 1812) (35) Kinixys youngi Hewitt 1931:486 Forest Hinge-back Tortoise, Serrated Hinge-back Tortoise Kinixys australis mababiensis FitzSimons 1932:37 Angola, Benin (?), Burkina Faso (?), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), K. zombensis Hewitt 1931 (35) Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Southeastern Hinge-back Tortoise Guinea-Bissau (?), Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Madagas- Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo (?), Uganda car (prehistoric introduction?) IUCN: Data Deficient (1996) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern (regional) Testudo erosa Schweigger 1812:321 CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Kinixys castanea Bell 1827:398 K. z. zombensis Hewitt 1931 (35) K. homeana Bell 1827 (35) Southeastern Hinge-back Tortoise Home’s Hinge-back Tortoise Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania Benin (?), Cameroon, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Kinixys belliana zombensis Hewitt 1931:469 Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Libe- Kinixys belliana zuluensis Hewitt 1931:471 ria, Nigeria, Togo (?) IUCN: Vulnerable A2cd (2006) K. z. domerguei (Vuillemin 1972b) (35) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Madagascan Hinge-back Tortoise Kinixys homeana Bell 1827:400 Madagascar (prehistoric introduction?) Madakinixys domerguei Vuillemin 1972b:169 K. lobatsiana Power 1927 (35) Lobatse Hinge-back Tortoise ____Malacochersus Lindholm 1929 Botswana, South Africa Malacochersus Lindholm 1929:285 IUCN: Not Evaluated SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern M. tornieri (Siebenrock 1903b) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Pancake Tortoise Cinixys lobatsiana Power 1927:410 Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia IUCN: Vulnerable A1bd (1996) K. natalensis Hewitt 1935 (35) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Natal Hinge-back Tortoise Testudo tornieri Siebenrock 1903b:443 Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland Testudo loveridgii Boulenger 1920:263 IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern ____Manouria Gray 1854a CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Manouria Gray 1854a:133 Kinixys natalensis Hewitt 1935:353 Teleopus LeConte 1854:187 Scapia Gray 1869a:167 K. nogueyi (Lataste 1886) (2:11, 3:39) (35) Western Hinge-back Tortoise M. emys (Schlegel and Müller 1840) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Asian Giant Tortoise Republic (?), Chad (?), Equatorial Guinea (?), Gabon Bangladesh, India (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland), (?), Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (East, West), Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.281

Myanmar, Singapore (extirpated), Thailand Namibia, South Africa IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp.

M. e. emys (Schlegel and Müller 1840) P. t. tentorius (Bell 1828a) Asian Brown Giant Tortoise Southern Tent Tortoise, Common Tent Tortoise Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (East, South Africa West), Singapore (extirpated), Thailand Testudo tentoria Bell 1828a:420 Testudo emys Schlegel and Müller 1840:pl.4 Testudo geometrica nigriventris Gray 1856b:8 Testudo emydoides Duméril and Bibron in Duméril Chersinella tentoria albanica Hewitt 1933:266 and Duméril 1851:4 Chersinella tentoria tentorioides Hewitt 1933:268 Manouria fusca Gray 1854a:134 Chersinella tentoria piscatella Hewitt 1933:269 Teleopus luxatus LeConte 1854:187 Chersinella tentoria subsulcata Hewitt 1933:270 Testudo (Scapia) falconeri Gray 1869a:169 (partim, Chersinella tentoria karuica Hewitt 1933:272 nomen dubium) Chersinella tentoria duerdeni Hewitt 1933:279 Chersinella tentoria lativittata Hewitt 1933:281 M. e. phayrei (Blyth 1853) Chersinella tentoria karuella Hewitt 1933:283 Burmese Black Giant Tortoise Bangladesh, India (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, P. t. trimeni (Boulenger 1886a) Nagaland), Myanmar, Thailand Western Tent Tortoise Testudo phayrei Blyth 1853:639 Namibia, South Africa Testudo (Scapia) falconeri Gray 1869a:169 (partim, Testudo trimeni Boulenger 1886a:541 nomen dubium) Chersinella tentoria hexensis Hewitt 1933:286 Testudo nutapundi Reimann in Nutaphand 1979:193 P. t. verroxii (Smith 1839) M. impressa (Günther 1882) Northern Tent Tortoise Impressed Tortoise Namibia, South Africa Cambodia, China (Yunnan), Laos, Malaysia (West), Testudo verroxii Smith 1839b:Reptilia,pl.8 Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam Testudo verreauxii Gray 1870b:656 (nomen novum) IUCN: Vulnerable A1acd, B1+2acd (2000) Testudo fiski Boulenger 1886a:542 TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Testudo smithi Boulenger 1886a:542 CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Testudo seimundi Boulenger 1903b:216 Geoemyda impressa Günther 1882:343 Testudo boettgeri Siebenrock 1904:194 (junior hom- Geoemyda latinuchalis Vaillant 1894:68 onym) Testudo pseudemys Boulenger 1903a:144 Homopus bergeri Lindholm 1906:348 Testudo oscarboettgeri Lindholm 1929:295 (nomen ____Psammobates Fitzinger 1835 novum) Psammobates Fitzinger 1835:113 Chersinella schonlandi Hewitt 1934:303 Chersinella Gray 1870c:8 Chersinella fiski cronwrighti Hewitt 1934:317 Chersinella fiski orangensis Hewitt 1934:319 P. geometricus (Linnaeus 1758) Chersinella fiski colesbergensis Hewitt 1934:321 Geometric Tortoise Chersinella fiski grica Hewitt 1934:323 South Africa Chersinella fiski gricoides Hewitt 1934:326 IUCN: Endangered A1ac, B1+2c (1996) Chersinella fiski amasensis Hewitt 1934:333 SARCA Draft 2010: Critically Endangered Psammobates depressa FitzSimons 1938:154 CITES: Appendix I Testudo geometrica Linnaeus 1758:199 ____Pyxis Bell 1827 Testudo luteola Daudin 1801:277 Pyxis Bell 1827:395 Testudo strauchi Lidth de Jeude 1893:312 Acinixys Siebenrock 1902b:12 Bellemys Williams 1950:512 (nomen novum) P. oculifer (Kuhl 1820) Pyxoides Vuillemin and Domergue 1972:193 Serrated Tent Tortoise, Kalahari Tent Tortoise Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe P. arachnoides Bell 1827 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Spider Tortoise SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern Madagascar CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. IUCN: Critically Endangered A4cd, E (2008) Testudo oculifera Kuhl 1820:77 CITES: Appendix I Emys kuhlii Gray 1831d:73 (nomen dubium) Testudo semiserrata Smith 1839a:Reptilia,pl.6 P. a. arachnoides Bell 1827 (1:70) Spider Tortoise, Common Spider Tortoise P. tentorius (Bell 1828a) Madagascar Tent Tortoise Pyxis arachnoides Bell 1827:395 000.282 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Pyxis madagascariensis Lesson 1831a:120 T. g. graeca Linnaeus 1758 (3:41) Mediterranean Spur-thighed Tortoise P. a. brygooi (Vuillemin and Domergue 1972) Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia Northern Spider Tortoise Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758:198 (senior homonym) Madagascar Testudo pusilla Linnaeus 1758:199 (senior homonym) Pyxoides brygooi Vuillemin and Domergue 1972:193 Testudo mauritanica Duméril and Bibron 1835:44 Testudo whitei Bennett in White 1836:361 (3:41) P. a. oblonga Gray 1869a Southern Spider Tortoise T. g. armeniaca Chkhikvadze and Bakradze 1991 (5:12) Madagascar Araxes Tortoise Pyxis arachnoidea oblonga Gray 1869a:173 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia (Chechnya Pyxis arachnoides matzi Bour 1979:143 [?], Dagestan), Turkey Testudo graeca armeniaca Chkhikvadze and P. planicauda (Grandidier 1867) Bakradze 1991:60 Flat-tailed Tortoise, Flat-shelled Spider Tortoise Testudo graeca pallasi Chkhikvadze and Bakradze Madagascar 2002:276 IUCN: Critically Endangered A4acd (2008) ?Testudo dagestanica Chkhikvadze, Mazanaeva, and CITES: Appendix I Shammakov 2011:337 (5:12) (nomen dubium) Testudo planicauda Grandidier 1867:223 Testudo morondavaensis Vuillemin 1972a:127 T. g. buxtoni Boulenger 1921 (4:28) Buxton’s Tortoise ____ Stigmochelys Gray 1873i (1:52, 4:26) Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey Stigmochelys Gray 1873i:5 Testudo ecaudata Pallas 1814:19 (4:28) (nomen Megachersine Hewitt 1933:257 dubium) Testudo buxtoni Boulenger 1921:251 S. pardalis (Bell 1828a) (1:71, 4:27) Testudo perses Perälä 2002:81 Leopard Tortoise Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Djibouti, T. g. cyrenaica Pieh and Perälä 2002 Eritrea (?), Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Cyrenaican Spur-thighed Tortoise Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, South Libya Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zim- Testudo graeca cyrenaica Pieh and Perälä 2002:3 babwe IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] T. g. ibera Pallas 1814 (5:12) SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern (regional) Asia Minor Tortoise CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Albania (?), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Testudo pardalis Bell 1828a:420 Greece, Macedonia, Romania, Russia (Krasnodars- Testudo pardalis babcocki Loveridge 1935:4 (4:27) kiy), Serbia (Kosovo), Turkey IUCN: The synonymized taxon Testudo graeca nikolskii ____Testudo Linnaeus 1758 (1:72) listed as Critically Endangered A1abcde+2bcde (1996) Testudo Linnaeus 1758:197 Testudo ibera Pallas 1814:18 Chersus Wagler 1830:138 Testudo ibera bicaudalis Venzmer 1920:289 Peltastes Gray 1869a:171 (junior homonym) Testudo ibera racovitzai Calinescu 1931:169 Peltonia Gray 1872c:4 (nomen novum) Testudo graeca nikolskii Chkhikvadze and Tuniyev Medaestia Wussow 1916:170 (partim, nomen 1986:618 dubium) (3:40) ?Testudo dagestanica Chkhikvadze, Mazanaeva, and Pseudotestudo Loveridge and Williams 1957:166 Shammakov 2011:337 (5:12) (nomen dubium) Protestudo Chkhikvadze 1970:245 Furculachelys Highfield 1990:1 T. g. marokkensis Pieh and Perälä 2004 (3:42) Morocco Tortoise T. graeca Linnaeus 1758 (1:73, 5:12) (36) Morocco Spur-thighed Tortoise, Greek Tortoise, Moorish Tortoise Testudo graeca marokkensis Pieh and Perälä Albania (?), Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, 2004:19 (3:42) Egypt (?) (Sinai), Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Testudo graeca lamberti Pieh and Perälä 2004:19 (3:42) Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Macedonia, Morocco, Ro- mania, Russia (Chechnya [?], Dagestan, Krasnodars- T. g. nabeulensis (Highfield 1990) kiy), Serbia (Kosovo), Syria, Tunisia, Turkey (Asian, Nabeul Tortoise European) Libya, Tunisia Introduced: France, Italy (Continental, Sardinia [prehis- Testudo flavominimaralis Highfield and Martin toric], Sicily), Malta (?), Spain (Continental, Balearic 1989:[9] (nomen dubium) Islands) Furculachelys nabeulensis Highfield 1990:1 IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd (1996) CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. T. g. soussensis Pieh 2001 Souss Valley Tortoise Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.283

Morocco Testudo graeca soussensis Pieh 2001:209 T. or C. h. hermanni Gmelin 1789 (1:76) Western Hermann’s Tortoise T. g. terrestris Forskål 1775 (4:29) France (Continental, Corsica [prehistoric introduc- Mesopotamian Tortoise tion?]), Italy (Continental, Sicily), Spain (Continen- Egypt (?) (Sinai), Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, tal) Syria, Turkey Introduced: Italy (Sardinia [prehistoric introduction]) Testudo terrestris Forskål 1775:viii,12 (4:29) (junior IUCN: Endangered B1+2abcde (1996) homonym, nomen conservandum) Testudo hermanni Gmelin 1789:1041 Testudo floweri Bodenheimer 1935:197 Testudo graeca bettai Lataste 1881:396 Testudo graeca anamurensis Weissinger 1987:14 Testudo hermanni robertmertensi Wermuth 1952:162 Testudo antakyensis Perälä 1996:23 T. or C. h. boettgeri Mojsisovics 1889 T. g. zarudnyi Nikolsky 1896 Eastern Hermann’s Tortoise Iranian Tortoise Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Iran, Turkmenistan (?) Greece, Italy (?) (Continental), Macedonia, Montene- Testudo zarudnyi Nikolsky 1896:369 gro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Turkey (European) Testudo graeca boettgeri Mojsisovics 1889:242 T. kleinmanni Lortet 1883 (1:74) (senior homonym) Egyptian Tortoise Testudo graeca hercegovinensis Werner 1899:818 Egypt, Israel, Libya Testudo enriquesi Parenzan 1932:1160 IUCN: Critically Endangered A2abcd+3d (2003) CITES: Appendix I ____Testudo Linnaeus 1758 or Agrionemys Khosatzky and Mlynar- Testudo leithii Günther 1869:502 (junior homonym) ski 1966 (1:72, 3:40) Testudo kleinmanni Lortet 1883:188 Agrionemys Khosatzky and Mlynarski 1966:123 Testudo werneri Perälä 2001:570 (1:74) T. or A. horsfieldii Gray 1844 (1:77, 2:15, 3:43, 4:30) T. marginata Schoepff 1793 (1:75, 5:12, 5:13) Central Asian Tortoise, Steppe Tortoise, Horsfield’s Marginated Tortoise Tortoise Albania, Greece Afghanistan, China (Xinjiang), Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyr- Introduced: Cyprus, Italy (Continental, Sardinia [prehis- gyzstan, Mongolia (Kobdo [introduced?]), Pakistan, toric]) Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan IUCN: Least Concern (2004) Introduced: Latvia CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. IUCN: Vulnerable A2d (1996) Testudo tabulata campanulata Walbaum 1782:124 CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. (nomen illegitimum) Testudo marginata Schoepff 1793:52 T. or A. h. horsfieldii Gray 1844 (4:30) Testudo graja Hermann in Schoepff 1793:52 Central Asian Tortoise, Steppe Tortoise, Horsfield’s Testudo campanulata Strauch 1862:65 Tortoise Peltastes marginatus melas Gray 1870c:10 Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Testudo nemoralis Schreiber 1875:557 Uzbekistan Testudo marginata sarda Mayer 1992:95 Testudo horsfieldii Gray 1844:7 Testudo weissingeri Bour 1996:30 Homopus burnesii Blyth 1853:642 Testudo baluchiorum Annandale 1906:75 (4:28) ____Testudo Linnaeus 1758 or Chersine Merrem 1820 (1:72, 3:40) Chersine Merrem 1820:29 (3:40) T. or A. h. bogdanovi Chkhikvadze in Chkhikvadze, Testudinella Gray 1870c:12 (junior homonym) Brushko, and Kubykin 2008 (4:30) Medaestia Wussow 1916:170 (partim, nomen Fergana Valley Steppe Tortoise dubium) (3:40) Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Eurotestudo Lapparent de Broin, Bour, Parham, and Agrionemys bogdanovi Chkhikvadze in Chkhik- Perälä 2006:803 vadze, Brushko, and Kubykin 2008:100

T. or C. hermanni Gmelin 1789 (CBFTT Account) T. or A. h. kazachstanica Chkhikvadze 1988 (3:43, 4:30) Hermann’s Tortoise Kazakhstan Steppe Tortoise Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, China (Xinjiang), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan France (Continental, Corsica [prehistoric introduc- Agrionemys horsfieldi kazachstanica Chkhikvadze tion?]), Greece, Italy (Continental, Sicily), Macedo- 1988:110 nia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain (Continental), Turkey (European) T. or A. h. kuznetzovi Chkhikvadze, Ataev, Shammakov, Introduced: Spain (Balearic Islands), Italy (Sardinia and Zatoka in Chkhikvadze, Ataev, and Sham- [prehistoric introduction]) makov 2009 (4:30) IUCN: Near Threatened (2004) Turkmenistan Steppe Tortoise CITES: Appendix II, as Testudinidae spp. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan 000.284 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Agrionemys kazachstanica kuznetzovi Chkhikvadze, IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Ataev, Shammakov, and Zatoka in Chkhikvadze, Baikiea elegans Gray 1869a:215 Ataev, and Shammakov 2009:52 Cyclanorbis oligotylus Siebenrock 1902c:810

T. or A. h. rustamovi Chkhikvadze, Amiranashvili, and C. senegalensis (Duméril and Bibron 1835) Ataev 1990 (3:43, 4:30) Senegal Flapshell Turtle Kopet-Dag Steppe Tortoise Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan Republic, Chad, Congo (DRC), Ethiopia (?), Gabon, Agrionemys horsfieldi rustamovi Chkhikvadze, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Amiranashvili, and Ataev 1990:73 Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo T. or A. h. terbishi Chkhikvadze 2009 (4:30) IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Mongolian Steppe Tortoise Cryptopus senegalensis Duméril and Bibron Mongolia (Kobdo [introduced?]) 1835:504 Agrionemys kazachstanica terbishi Chkhikvadze Cyclanorbis petersii Gray 1854a:135 2009:60 Tetrathyra baikii Gray 1865a:205 Cyclanosteus senegalensis callosa Gray 1865b:423 _Tr i o n y c h i a Hummel 1929 Cyclanosteus senegalensis equilifera Gray Trionychia Hummel 1929:362 1865b:423 Cyclanosteus senegalensis normalis Gray 1865b:423 Tetrathyra vaillanti Rochebrune 1884:36 __Ca r e tt o c h e l y i d a e Boulenger 1887 Carettochelydidae Boulenger 1887:171 ____Cycloderma Peters 1854 Carettochelyidae Baur 1891:637 Cycloderma Peters 1854:216 Heptathyra Cope 1860:294 ____Carettochelys Ramsay 1886 Aspidochelys Gray 1860a:6 Carettochelys Ramsay 1886:158 C. aubryi (Duméril 1856) (4:31) C. insculpta Ramsay 1886 (1:78, 2:10) (CBFTT Account) Aubry’s Flapshell Turtle Pig-Nosed Turtle, Fly River Turtle Angola (Cabinda), Central African Republic, Congo Australia (Northern Territory), Indonesia (Papua), Papua (DRC), Congo (ROC), Gabon New Guinea (Southern) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] IUCN: Vulnerable A1bd (2000) Cryptopodus aubryi Duméril 1856:384 (4:31) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered CITES: Appendix II C. frenatum Peters 1854 (CBFTT Account) Carettochelys insculpta Ramsay 1886:158 Zambezi Flapshell Turtle Carettochelys insculpta canni Wells 2002:1 (nomen Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe illegitimum) (1:78, 2:10, 4:43) IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Cycloderma frenatum Peters 1854:216 __Tr i o n y c h i d a e Gray 1825 Aspidochelys livingstonii Gray 1860a:6 Amydae Oppel 1811:9 (partim) Trionyces Schmid 1819:18 ____Lissemys Smith 1931 (5:14) Trionicidae Gray 1825:212 Emyda Gray 1830e:19 (4:7) (junior homonym) Trionychoidea Fitzinger 1826:5 Lissemys Smith 1931:xxviii (nomen novum) Trionychidae Bell 1828c:515 L. ceylonensis (Gray 1856a) (5:14) ___Cy c l a n o r b i n a e Lydekker 1889 Sri Lankan Flapshell Turtle Cyclanosteina Gray 1864a:94 Sri Lanka Cyclanorbinae Lydekker 1889:x IUCN: Not Evaluated CITES: Appendix II [as part of Lissemys punctata] ____Cyclanorbis Gray 1854a Emyda ceylonensis Gray 1856a:201 Cryptopus Duméril and Bibron 1835:499 (junior homonym) L. punctata (Bonnaterre 1789) (3:44, 5:14) Cyclanorbis Gray 1854a:135 Indian Flapshell Turtle Cyclanosteus Gray 1856a:201 Bangladesh, India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat, Tetrathyra Gray 1865a:205 Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Baikiea Gray 1869a:215 Nadu, West Bengal), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan Introduced: India (Andaman Islands) C. elegans (Gray 1869a) IUCN: Least Concern (2000) Nubian Flapshell Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, CITES: Appendix II Ethiopia (?), Ghana, Nigeria, South Sudan, Sudan, Togo L. p. punctata (Bonnaterre 1789) (5:14) Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.285

Southern Indian Flapshell Turtle men dubium) India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) Testudo boddaerti Schneider 1787:12 (nomen no- Testudo punctata Lacépède 1788:171 (nomen rejec- vum) tum) (3:6) Testudo striata Suckow 1798:37 (partim, nomen Testudo punctata Bonnaterre 1789:30 novum) Testudo sonnerati Meyer 1790:83 (nomen novum et Trionyx javanicus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a:365 oblitum) (3:8) (senior homonym) Testudo granulosa Suckow 1798:48 (nomen novum) Trionyx stellatus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a:365 Testudo scabra Latreille in Sonnini and Latreille (nomen novum) 1801:164 (nomen novum and junior homonym) Trionyx cariniferus Gray 1856b:67 Testudo granosa Schoepff 1801:127 Trionyx ornatus Gray 1861a:41 Testudo granulata Daudin 1801:81 (nomen novum) Aspilus punctulatus Gray 1864a:84 Trionyx coromandelicus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Trionyx phayrei Theobald 1868b:18 1809b:16 (nomen novum) Trionyx jeudi Gray 1869a:217 Trionyx ephippium Theobald 1875:177 L. p. andersoni Webb 1980 (5:14) Trionyx nakornsrithammarajensis Nutaphand 1979:8 Spotted Northern Indian Flapshell Turtle Trionyx cartilageneus nakorn Nutaphand 1990:[8] Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Jammu, (nomen novum) Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Ut- tar Pradesh, West Bengal), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan ____Apalone Rafinesque 1832 Lissemys punctata andersoni Webb 1980:554 Apalone Rafinesque 1832:64 Mesodeca Rafinesque 1832:64 L. p. vittata (Peters 1854) (5:14) Platypeltis Fitzinger 1835:109 Central Indian Flapshell Turtle Callinia Gray 1869a:221 India (Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh?, Goa, Gujarat, Euamyda Stejneger 1944:7 Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan) A. ferox (Schneider 1783) Emyda vittata Peters 1854:201 Florida Softshell Turtle Emyda granosa intermedia Annandale 1912a:172 USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) L. scutata (Peters 1868) (5:14) Testudo ferox Schneider 1783:330 Burmese Flapshell Turtle Testudo mollis Lacépède 1788:137 (nomen rejectum) (3:6) Myanmar, Thailand (?) Testudo mollis Bonnaterre 1789:25 IUCN: Data Deficient (2000) Testudo (ferox) verrucosa Schoepff 1795:90 (senior TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened homonym) CITES: Appendix II Testudo bartrami Daudin 1801:74 (nomen novum) Emyda scutata Peters 1868:449 Trionyx carinatus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b:14 Emyda fuscomaculata Gray 1873c:308 Trionyx georgicus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b:17 Trionyx brongniarti Schweigger 1812:288 (nomen ___Trionychinae Gray 1825 novum) Amydae Oppel 1811:9 (partim) Trionyces Schmid 1819:18 A. mutica (LeSueur 1827) Trionicidae Gray 1825:212 Smooth Softshell Turtle Trionychoidea Fitzinger 1826:5 USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Trionychinae Lydekker 1889:4 Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, North ____Amyda Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania [extirpated], Amyda Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a:365 South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, Potamochelys Fitzinger 1843:30 Wisconsin) Aspilus Gray 1864a:83 (junior homonym) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) Ida Gray 1873g:55 (junior homonym) A. m. mutica (LeSueur 1827) A. cartilaginea (Boddaert 1770) Midland Smooth Softshell Turtle Asiatic Softshell Turtle USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kan- Brunei, Cambodia, India (Mizoram), Indonesia (Java, sas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (East, West), Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania [extirpated], South Introduced: Indonesia (Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi) Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin) IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000) Trionyx pusilla Rafinesque 1822:5 (nomen dubium et TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable suppressum) CITES: Appendix II Trionyx muticus LeSueur 1827:263 Testudo cartilaginea Boddaert 1770:1 Potamochelys microcephalus Gray 1864a:87 Testudo membranacea Blumenbach 1779:257 (no- 000.286 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

A. m. calvata (Webb 1959) Gulf Coast Smooth Softshell Turtle A. s. guadalupensis (Webb 1962) USA (Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi) Guadalupe Spiny Softshell Turtle Trionyx muticus calvatus Webb 1959:519 USA (Texas) Trionyx spinifer guadalupensis Webb 1962:517 A. spinifera (LeSueur 1827) (37) Spiny Softshell Turtle A. s. pallida (Webb 1962) Canada (Ontario, Québec), Mexico (Chihuahua, Coa- Pallid Spiny Softshell Turtle huila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas), USA (Alabama, Ar- USA (Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas) kansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Trionyx spinifer pallidus Webb 1962:522 Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mich- igan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, ____Chitra Gray 1844 Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Chitra Gray 1844:49 North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, C. chitra Nutaphand 1986 Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming) Asian Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle Introduced: USA (Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Malaysia (West), Thailand New Jersey, Utah) IUCN: Critically Endangered A1cd, B1+2c (2000) IUCN: Least Concern (2011) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered CITES: Appendix II, as Chitra spp. A. s. spinifera (LeSueur 1827) (2:22) Northern Spiny Softshell Turtle C. c. chitra Nutaphand 1986 Canada (Ontario, Québec), USA (Arkansas, Colorado, Siamese Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisi- Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (West), Thailand ana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississip- Chitra chitra Nutaphand 1986:64 pi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, C. c. javanensis McCord and Pritchard 2003 Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennes- Javanese Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle see, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Indonesia (Java) Wyoming) Chitra selenkae Jaekel 1911:80 † (nomen suppressum) Trionyx nasica Rafinesque 1822:5 (nomen suppres- Chitra chitra javanensis McCord and Pritchard sum) 2003:41 Trionyx spiniferus LeSueur 1827:258 Trionyx ocellatus LeSueur 1827:261 (senior hom- C. indica (Gray 1830e) (4:7) (CBFTT Account) onym) Indian Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle Apalone hudsonica Rafinesque 1832:64 Bangladesh, India (Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Trionyx annulifer Wied 1839:140 (nomen novum) Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Tyrse argus Gray 1844:48 Pradesh, West Bengal), Nepal, Pakistan Aspidonectes nuchalis Agassiz 1857a:402 IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) Gymnopus olivaceus Wied 1865:55 (nomen novum) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Amyda spinifera hartwegi Conant and Goin 1948:1 (2:22) CITES: Appendix II, as Chitra spp. Trionyx indicus Gray 1830e:18 (4:7) A. s. aspera (Agassiz 1857a) Gymnopus lineatus Duméril and Bibron 1835:491 Gulf Coast Spiny Softshell Turtle USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North C. vandijki McCord and Pritchard 2003 Carolina, South Carolina) Burmese Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle Aspidonectes asper Agassiz 1857a:402 Myanmar, Thailand Platypeltis agassizii Baur 1888c:1121 IUCN: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered A. s. atra (Webb and Legler 1960) (1:79, 2:23) (37) (CBFTT CITES: Appendix II, as Chitra spp. Account) Chitra vandijki McCord and Pritchard 2003:39 Black Spiny Softshell Turtle, Cuatro Cienegas Softshell Mexico (Coahuila) ____Dogania Gray 1844 IUCN: Critically Endangered A1ace+2c (1996), origi- Dogania Gray 1844:49 nally listed as Apalone ater Sarbieria Gray 1869a:211 CITES: Appendix I Trionyx ater Webb and Legler 1960:21 D. subplana (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b) Malayan Softshell Turtle A. s. emoryi (Agassiz 1857a) (37) Brunei, Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia Texas Spiny Softshell Turtle (East, West), Myanmar, Philippines (Luzon, Mind- Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamauli- anao, Mindoro, Palawan), Singapore, Thailand pas), USA (Texas) IUCN: Least Concern (2000) Aspidonectes emoryi Agassiz 1857a:392 TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.287

Trionyx subplanus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809b:11 Aspilus gataghol Gray 1872a:339 Trionyx frenatus Gray 1856b:67 Trionyx sulcifrons Annandale 1915b:341 Dogania guentheri Gray 1862c:265 Trionyx dillwynii Gray 1873c:306 N. nigricans (Anderson 1875) (1:81) Trionyx vertebralis Strauch 1890:113 Black Softshell Turtle, Bostami Softshell Trionyx pecki Bartlett 1895a:30 Bangladesh, India (Assam) IUCN: Extinct in the Wild (2002) ____Nilssonia Gray 1872a (1:80, 5:15) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Nilssonia Gray 1872a:332 CITES: Appendix I, as Aspideretes nigricans Isola Gray 1873g:51 Trionyx nigricans Anderson 1875:284 Aspideretes Hay 1904:274 ____Palea Meylan 1987 N. formosa (Gray 1869a) Palea Meylan 1987:77 Burmese Peacock Softshell Turtle China (?) (Yunnan [?]), Myanmar, Thailand (?) P. steindachneri (Siebenrock 1906a) IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2d, B1+2c (2000) Wattle-necked Softshell Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yun- Trionyx formosus Gray 1869a:217 nan), Laos, Vietnam Trionyx peguensis Gray 1870c:99 Introduced: Mauritius, USA (Hawaii [Kauai, Oahu]) Trionyx grayii Theobald 1875:176 IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered N. gangetica (Cuvier 1825) (38) CITES: Appendix III (China) Indian Softshell Turtle Aspidonectes californiana Rivers 1889:233 (nomen Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India (Bihar, Gujarat, Jammu, suppressum) Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Trionyx steindachneri Siebenrock 1906a:578 Pradesh), Nepal, Pakistan IUCN: Vulnerable A1d+2d (2000) ____Pelochelys Gray 1864a TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Pelochelys Gray 1864a:89 CITES: Appendix I, as Aspideretes gangeticus Trionyx gangeticus Cuvier 1825:186 P. bibroni (Owen 1853) Trionyx javanicus Gray 1830e:19 (4:7) (partim, junior New Guinea Giant Softshell Turtle homonym) Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) Gymnopus duvaucelii Duméril and Bibron 1835:487 IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2cd (2000) (partim, nomen novum) TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Trionyx gangeticus mahanaddicus Annandale CITES: Appendix II, as Pelochelys spp. 1912b:262 Trionyx (Gymnopus) bibroni Owen 1853:185

N. hurum (Gray 1830e) (4:7) (CBFTT Account) P. cantorii Gray 1864a (CBFTT Account) Indian Peacock Softshell Turtle Asian Giant Softshell Turtle, Cantor’s Giant Softshell Turtle Bangladesh, India (Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Anhui [extirpated], Fu- Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), jian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nepal, Pakistan Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Kerala, Orissa, Tamil IUCN: Vulnerable A1cd+2d (2000) Nadu, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (East, West), Myanmar, CITES: Appendix I, as Aspideretes hurum Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao), Singapore (extir- Trionyx occellatus Gray 1830d:pl.78 (junior hom- pated), Thailand, Vietnam onym as Trionyx ocellatus) IUCN: Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) Trionyx hurum Gray 1830e:18 (4:7) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Gymnopus duvaucelii Duméril and Bibron 1835:487 CITES: Appendix II, as Pelochelys spp. (partim, nomen novum) Pelochelys cantorii Gray 1864a:90 Trionyx sewaare Gray 1872a:336 Pelochelys cumingii Gray 1864a:90 Trionyx bellii Gray 1872a:337 Pelochelys cantoris Boulenger 1889:ix (nomen Trionyx buchanani Theobald 1874:78 novum) Pelochelys poljakowii Strauch 1890:118 N. leithii (Gray 1872a) Leith’s Softshell Turtle P. signifera Webb 2003 India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Northern New Guinea Softshell Turtle Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu) Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Northern) IUCN: Vulnerable A1c (2000) IUCN: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Trionyx javanicus Gray 1830e:19 (4:7) (partim, junior CITES: Appendix II, as Pelochelys spp. homonym) Pelochelys signifera Webb 2003:100 Trionyx leithii Gray 1872a:334 000.288 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

____Pelodiscus Fitzinger 1835 (1:82, 4:32, 5:16) Trionyx tuberculatus Cantor 1842:482 Pelodiscus Fitzinger 1835:110 Tyrse perocellata Gray 1844:48 Landemania Gray 1869a:211 Trionyx schlegelii Brandt 1857:111 Psilognathus Heude 1880:24 Landemania irrorata Gray 1869a:216 Temnognathus Heude 1880:25 Psilognathus laevis Heude 1880:24 Gomphopelta Heude 1880:27 Temnognathus mordax Heude 1880:26 Coelognathus Heude 1880 :29 Gomphopelta officinae Heude 1880:27 Tortisternum Heude 1880:31 Coelognathus novemcostatus Heude 1880:29 Ceramopelta Heude 1880:33 Tortisternum novemcostatum Heude 1880:31 Coptopelta Heude 1880:34 Ceramopelta latirostris Heude 1880:33 Cinctisternum Heude 1880:36 Coptopelta septemcostata heude 1880:35 Cinctisternum bicinctum Heude 1880:37 P. axenaria (Zhou, Zhang, and Fang 1991) (4:32, 5:16) Trionyx cartilagineus newtoni Ferreira 1897:114 Hunan Softshell Turtle Amyda schlegelii haseri Pavlov 1932:27 China (Guangxi, Hunan) Amyda schlegelii licenti Pavlov 1932:28 IUCN: Not Evaluated Amyda schlegelii laoshanica Pavlov 1933:3 TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient CITES: Appendix III (China) ____Rafetus Gray 1864a Trionyx axenaria Zhou, Zhang, and Fang 1991:382 Rafetus Gray 1864a:81 Oscaria Gray 1873f:157 (junior homonym) P. maackii (Brandt 1857) (4:32, 5:16) Yuen Heude 1880:18 Northern Chinese Softshell Turtle China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Monggu), R. euphraticus (Daudin 1801) North Korea, Russia (Amurskaya, Khabarovskiy, Euphrates Softshell Turtle Primorskiy, Yevreyskaya), South Korea Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey IUCN: Not Evaluated IUCN: Endangered A1ac+2c (1996) TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered CITES: Appendix III (China) Testudo euphratica Daudin 1801:305 Trionyx maackii Brandt 1857:110 Testudo rafcht Olivier 1807:328

P. parviformis Tang 1997 (4:32, 5:16) R. swinhoei (Gray 1873f) (1:83, 4:33, 5:17) Lesser Chinese Softshell Turtle Red River Giant Softshell Turtle, Yangtze Giant Softshell China (Guangxi, Hunan), Vietnam Turtle, Swinhoe’s Softshell Turtle IUCN: Not Evaluated China (Anhui [?, extirpated?], Jiangsu [?, extirpated?], TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Yunnan, Zhejiang [?, extirpated?]), Vietnam CITES: Appendix III (China) IUCN: Critically Endangered A1cd+2cd (2000) Pelodiscus parviformis Tang 1997:13 TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered CITES: Appendix III (China) P. sinensis (Wiegmann 1835) (4:32, 5:16) Oscaria swinhoei Gray 1873f:157 Chinese Softshell Turtle Yuen leprosus Heude 1880:20 China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yuen maculatus Heude 1880:22 Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Yuen elegans Heude 1880:23 Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Yuen viridis Heude 1880:23 Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (Honshu, Kyoshu, Yuen pallens Heude 1880:23 Shikoku), Taiwan, Vietnam Trionyx swinhonis Boulenger 1889:ix (nomen novum) Introduced: Guam, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra, Pelochelys taihuensis Zhang 1984:71 † Timor), Japan (Bonin Islands, Ryukyu Archipelago), Trionyx liupani Tao 1986:28 † Malaysia (East, West), Northern Mariana Islands, Rafetus leloii Ha 2000:104 (5:17) Philippines (Bohol, Cebu, Latvia, Leyte, Luzon, Min- Rafetus vietnamensis Le, Le, Tran, Phan, Phan, Tran, danao, Mindoro, Panay), Singapore, South Korea, Pham, Nguyen, Nong, Phan, Dinh, Truong, and Spain, Thailand, Timor-Leste, USA (Hawaii [Kauai, Ha 2010:950 (4:33, 5:17) Oahu]) IUCN: Vulnerable A1d+2d (2000) ____Trionyx Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable or Endangered Trionyx Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a:363 Testudo rostrata Thunberg 1787:179 (nomen sup- Aspidonectes Wagler 1830:134 pressum) Gymnopus Duméril and Bibron 1835:472 Testudo striata Suckow 1798:37 (partim, nomen Tyrse Gray 1844:47 novum) Fordia Gray 1869a:219 Testudo semimembranacea Hermann 1804:219 (no- men suppressum) T. triunguis (Forskål 1775) (4:29, 5:18) Trionyx stellatus japonica Temminck and Schlegel African Softshell Turtle, Nile Softshell Turtle 1834:pl.5 (4:18) Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Congo (DRC), Congo Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis Wiegmann 1835:189 (ROC), Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.289

Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Is- rael, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lebanon, Liberia, Maurita- A. pallidipectoris (Freiberg 1945) (CBFTT Account) nia, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Chaco Side-necked Turtle Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Argentina (Chaco, Formosa, Salta, Santa Fe), Bolivia Turkey, Uganda (Tarija), Paraguay Mediterranean subpopulation: Egypt (extirpated), Israel, Introduced: Argentina (Mendoza) Lebanon, Syria, Turkey IUCN: Vulnerable A1c, D1 (1996) IUCN: Global: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996]; TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Mediterranean subpopulation: Critically Endangered Platemys pallidipectoris Freiberg 1945:19 C2a (1996) TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient A. radiolata (Mikan 1820) Testudo triunguis Forskål 1775:ix (4:29) Brazilian Radiolated Swamp Turtle Testudo striata Suckow 1798:37 (partim, nomen Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, novum) Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Sergipe) Trionyx egyptiacus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809a:366 IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Trionyx niloticus Gray 1831d:46 (nomen novum) TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Trionyx (Pelodiscus) labiatus Fitzinger 1835:127 Emys radiolata Mikan 1820:[unpaginated] Trionyx mortoni Hallowell 1844:120 Platemys gaudichaudii Duméril and Bibron 1835:427 Aspidonectes aspilus Cope 1860:295 Platemys werneri Schnee 1900:463 Fordia africana Gray 1869a:219 Platemys radiolata quadrisquamosa Luederwaldt Trionyx triunguis rudolfianus Deraniyagala 1948:30 1926:437

• Pl e u r o d i r a Cope 1864 (2:20) A. spixii (Duméril and Bibron 1835) Pleuroderes Duméril and Bibron 1834:354 Black Spiny-necked Turtle, Spix’s Sideneck Turtle Pleurodera Lichtenstein 1856:2 (2:20) Argentina (Corrientes, Mendoza), Brazil (Bahia, Goiás, Pleurodera Cope 1864:181 Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Pleurodira Cope 1865:186 Catarina, São Paulo), Paraguay (?), Uruguay IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened __Ch e l i d a e Gray 1825 (39) Emys depressa Spix 1824:4 (junior homonym) Chelides Cuvier 1816:14 Emys aspera Gray 1830e:16 (4:7) (nomen oblitum) Chelydes Schmid 1819:17 Platemys spixii Duméril and Bibron 1835:409 Chelidina Gray 1825:211 Chelydoidea Fitzinger 1826:7 ____Chelus Duméril 1805 (4:11) Chelydae Gray 1831d:7 Chelus Duméril 1805:76 (4:11) Chelydidae Gray 1831d:37 Chelys Oppel 1811:6 (nomen novum) Hydraspidina Bonaparte 1836:3 (partim) Chelyda Rafinesque 1815:75 (nomen novum) Chelina Bonaparte 1836:4 Matamata Merrem 1820:21 (nomen novum) Hydraspididae Agassiz 1857a:249 Chelyidae Baur 1893a:211 C. fimbriata (Schneider 1783) (CBFTT Account) Chelodinidae Baur 1893a:211 Matamata Turtle Hydromedusidae Baur 1893a:211 Bolivia (Beni, Pando, Santa Cruz), Brazil (Amapá, Ama- Rhinemydidae Baur 1893a:212 zonas, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Chelidae Lindholm 1929:289 Tocantins), Colombia (Amazonas, Arauca, Caquetá, Casanare, Guainía, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vicha- ___Ch e l i n a e Gray 1825 (39) da), Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru (Loreto, Chelidina Gray 1825:211 Ucayali), Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela (Amazonas, Chelina Bonaparte 1836:4 Anzoátegui, Apure, Barinas, Bolívar, Cojedes, Delta Chelinae Georges, Birrell, Saint, McCord, and Don- Amacuro, Guárico, Monagas, Sucre, Zulia) nellan 1998:235 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern ____Acanthochelys Gray 1873c Testudo terrestris Fermin 1765:51 (nomen rejectum) Acanthochelys Gray 1873c:305 Testudo fimbriata Schneider 1783:349 Testudo fimbria Gmelin 1789:1043 (nomen novum) A. macrocephala (Rhodin, Mittermeier, and McMorris Testudo matamata (1:84) Bruguière 1792:257 1984) (CBFTT Account) Testudo bispinosa Ruiz de Xelva in Daudin 1801:94 Pantanal Swamp Turtle, Big-headed Pantanal Swamp Turtle Chelys boulengerii Baur 1890b:968 Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul), Paraguay ____Mesoclemmys Gray 1873c (1:100) IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Mesoclemmys Gray 1873c:305 TFTSG Draft 2012: Near Threatened or Least Concern Batrachemys Stejneger 1909:126 Platemys macrocephala Rhodin, Mittermeier, and Bufocephala McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Lamar McMorris 1984:38 2001:715 Phrynops chacoensis Fritz and Pauler 1992:299 (1:84) 000.290 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Ranacephala McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Lamar TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient 2001:715 Mesoclemmys perplexa Bour and Zaher 2005:298

M. dahli (Zangerl and Medem 1958) (40) M. raniceps (Gray 1856b) (41) Dahl’s Toad-headed Turtle Amazon Toad-headed Turtle Colombia (Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Córdoba, Sucre) Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, IUCN: Critically Endangered B1+2c (1996) Pará, Rondônia, Roraima), Colombia (Amazonas, TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Caquetá, Guainía, Putumayo, Vaupés), Ecuador, Peru Phrynops (Batrachemys) dahli Zangerl and Medem (Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, Ucayali), Venezuela 1958:376 (Amazonas) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] M. gibba (Schweigger 1812) TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Gibba Turtle Hydraspis raniceps Gray 1856b:55 Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Phrynops wermuthi Mertens 1969b:132 Pará, Roraima, Tocantins), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Casanare, Guainía, Meta, Putumayo, M. tuberculata (Luederwaldt 1926) Vaupés, Vichada), Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Tuberculate Toad-headed Turtle Peru (Amazonas, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Puno, Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Goiás, Maranhão, Per- Ucayali), Suriname, Trinidad, Venezuela (Amazonas, nambuco, Piauí, Sergipe) Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Monagas) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Rhinemys tuberculata Luederwaldt 1926:428 Emys gibba Schweigger 1812:299 Emys stenops Spix 1824:12 M. vanderhaegei (Bour 1973) Platemys miliusii Duméril and Bibron 1835:431 Vanderhaege’s Toad-headed Turtle Hydraspis gordoni Gray 1868:563 Argentina (Corrientes, Formosa, Misiones), Bolivia Hydraspis bicolor Gray 1873c:304 (Santa Cruz), Brazil (Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, São Paulo, M. heliostemma (McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Lamar Tocantins), Paraguay 2001) (1:101) (41) IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Yellow-crowned Toad-headed Turtle TFTSG Draft 2012: Data Deficient or Near Threatened Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Phrynops tuberculatus vanderhaegei Bour 1973:175 Roraima), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Guainía, Putumayo, Vaupés), Ecuador, Peru (Loreto), Venezu- M. zuliae (Pritchard and Trebbau 1984) (40) ela (Amazonas) Zulia Toad-headed Turtle IUCN: Not Evaluated Colombia (?) (Norte de Santander), Venezuela (Zulia) TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient IUCN: Vulnerable B1+2c (1996) Batrachemys heliostemma McCord, Joseph-Ouni, TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable and Lamar 2001:715 Phrynops (Batrachemys) zuliae Pritchard and Treb- bau 1984:4 M. hogei (Mertens 1967) Hoge’s Side-necked Turtle ____Phrynops Wagler 1830 (1:100) Brazil (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Phrynops Wagler 1830:135 Paulo?) Spatulemys Gray 1872b:463 IUCN: Endangered B1+2c (1996) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered P. geoffroanus (Schweigger 1812) (4:44) Phrynops hogei Mertens 1967:73 Geoffroy’s Side-necked Turtle Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones), Bolivia (Beni), Brazil M. nasuta (Schweigger 1812) (Acre?, Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Guyanan Toad-headed Turtle Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Brazil (Amapá), French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Emys nasuta Schweigger 1812:298 Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe?, Tocantins?), Colombia Emys barbatula Gravenhorst 1829:15 (Amazonas, Caquetá, Casanare, Guainía, Meta, Pu- Platemys schweiggerii Duméril and Bibron 1835:435 tumayo, Vaupés, Vichada), Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru (nomen novum) (Cusco, Huanuco, Junin, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Hydraspis maculata Gray 1873c:305 Pasco) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] M. perplexa Bour and Zaher 2005 TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Piaui Side-necked Turtle Emys geoffroana Schweigger 1812:302 Brazil (Ceará, Piauí) Emys depressa Merrem 1820:22 (senior homonym) IUCN: Not Evaluated Emys viridis Spix 1824:3 Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.291

Platemys waglerii Duméril and Bibron 1835:422 P. p. melanonota Ernst 1984 Platemys neuwiedii Duméril and Biborn 1835:425 Black-backed Twist-necked Turtle (nomen novum) Ecuador, Peru (Amazonas, Loreto) Hydraspis boulengeri Bohls 1895:53 Platemys platycephala melanonota Ernst 1984:347 Hydraspis lutzi Ihering in Luederwaldt 1926:441 ____Rhinemys Wagler 1830 (1:100) P. hilarii (Duméril and Bibron 1835) Rhinemys Wagler 1830:134 Hilaire’s Side-necked Turtle Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Córdoba, Corrientes, R. rufipes (Spix 1824) Entre Rios, Formosa, Mendoza, Misiones, San Juan, Red Side-necked Turtle, Red-footed Sideneck Turtle Santa Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán), Brazil Brazil (Amazonas, Pará), Colombia (Amazonas, Guainía, (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo?), Vaupés), Peru (?) (Loreto), Venezuela (?) (Amazonas) Paraguay, Uruguay IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Emys rufipes Spix 1824:7 Platemys hilarii Duméril and Bibron 1835:428 Spatulemys lasalae Gray 1872b:463 ___Hy d r o m e d u s i n a e Baur 1893a (39) Hydromedusidae Baur 1893a:211 (4:44) P. tuberosus (Peters 1870) Hydromedusinae Georges, Birrell, Saint, McCord, Guyanan Side-necked Turtle and Donnellan 1998:235 Brazil (Roraima), Guyana, Venezuela (Bolívar) IUCN: Not Evaluated ____Hydromedusa Wagler 1830 TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Hydromedusa Wagler 1830:135 Platemys tuberosa Peters 1870:311 Chelomedusa Gray 1873c:303

P. williamsi Rhodin and Mittermeier 1983 H. maximiliani (Mikan 1825) (CBFTT Account) Williams’ Side-necked Turtle Brazilian Snake-necked Turtle, Maximilian’s Snake- Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones), Brazil (Paraná, Rio necked Turtle Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina), Paraguay, Uruguay Brazil (Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás [?], Minas Gerais, IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo) TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable IUCN: Vulnerable B1+2cd (1996) Phrynops williamsi Rhodin and Mittermeier 1983:58 TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Emys maximiliani Mikan 1825:[unpaginated] ____Platemys Wagler 1830 Chelodina flavilabris Duméril and Bibron 1835:446 Platemys Wagler 1830:135 Hydromedusa subdepressa Gray 1854a:134 Hydromedusa depressa Gray 1856b:60 (nomen P. platycephala (Schneider 1792) novum) Twist-necked Turtle Hydromedusa bankae Giebel 1866b:19 Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba), Brazil (Acre, Amapá?, Amazonas, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará, Roraima), H. tectifera Cope 1870a Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Putumayo, Vaupés), South American Snake-necked Turtle Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru (Amazonas, Argentina (Buenos Aires, Chaco, Córdoba, Corrientes, Huánuco, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Puno, Ucayali), Entre Rios, Formosa, Misiones, Santa Fe, Santiago Suriname, Venezuela (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta del Estero), Brazil (Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Ja- Amacuro, Monagas) neiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Paraguay, Uruguay TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern P. p. platycephala (Schneider 1792) Hydromedusa tectifera Cope 1870a:147 Eastern Twist-necked Turtle, Common Twist-necked Turtle Hydromedusa platanensis Gray 1873c:302 Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba), Brazil (Acre, Amapá?, Hydromedusa wagleri Günther 1884:423 Amazonas, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará, Roraima), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, Putumayo, Vaupés), ___Ch e l o d i n i n a e Baur 1893a (39) French Guiana, Guyana, Peru (Huánuco, Loreto, Chelodinidae Baur 1893a:211 Madre de Dios, Puno, Ucayali), Suriname, Venezuela Chelidinae Georges, Birrell, Saint, McCord, and (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro, Monagas) Donnellan 1998:235 Testudo platycephala Schneider 1792:261 Testudo planiceps Schneider 1792:pl.7 (senior homonym) ____Chelodina Fitzinger 1826 (1:85, 2:2, 4:34) Testudo martinella Daudin 1802:377 Chelodina Fitzinger 1826:6 Emys discolor Thunberg in Schweigger 1812:302 Hydraspis Bell 1828b:512 Emys canaliculata Spix 1824:10 Chelyodina Agassiz 1846:79 (nomen novum) Hydraspis constricta Gray 1831d:43 ______Chelodina (Chelodina) Fitzinger 1826 (4:34) 000.292 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Chelodina Fitzinger 1826:6 C. (C.) novaeguineae Boulenger 1888b Hydraspis Bell 1828b:512 New Guinea Snake-necked Turtle Chelyodina Agassiz 1846:79 (nomen novum) Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) IUCN: Least Concern (2000) C. (C.) canni McCord and Thomson 2002 (1:86) TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Cann’s Snake-necked Turtle Chelodina novaeguineae Boulenger 1888b:450 Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland) IUCN: Not Evaluated C. (C.) pritchardi Rhodin 1994a TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Pritchard’s Snake-necked Turtle Chelodina rankini Wells and Wellington 1985:8 (no- Papua New Guinea (Southern) men nudum) IUCN: Endangered B1+2e (2000) Chelodina canni McCord and Thomson 2002:256 TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Chelodina rankini Wells 2007a:2 (nomen illegiti- Chelodina pritchardi Rhodin 1994a:4 mum) (1:86, 4:43) C. (C.) reimanni Philippen and Grossmann 1990 C. (C.) gunaleni McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007a (4:35) Reimann’s Snake-necked Turtle Gunalen’s Snake-necked Turtle Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) Indonesia (Papua) IUCN: Near Threatened (2000) IUCN: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Chelodina reimanni Philippen and Grossman Chelodina gunaleni McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007a:48 1990:95

C. (C.) longicollis (Shaw 1794) (CBFTT Account) C. (C.) steindachneri Siebenrock 1914 (1:85) Eastern Snake-necked Turtle, Common Snake-necked Turtle Steindachner’s Snake-necked Turtle Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Austra- Australia (Western Australia) lia, Victoria) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Introduced: Australia (Tasmania) TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Chelodina steindachneri Siebenrock 1914:386 TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Chelodina millymillyensis Glauert 1923:53 Testudo longicollis Shaw 1794:19 Chelodina novaehollandiae Duméril and Bibron ______Chelodina (Macrochelodina) Wells and Wellington 1985 (1:85, 2:2, 4:34) 1835:443 Macrochelodina Wells and Wellington 1985:9 Chelodina sulcata Gray 1856a:201 Macrodiremys McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007b:57 (2:2, 4:37) Chelodina sulcifera Gray 1856b:59 (nomen novum) (partim, invalid type)

C. (C.) mccordi Rhodin 1994b (4:36) (CBFTT Account) C. (M.) burrungandjii Thomson, Kennett, and Georges 2000 Roti Island Snake-necked Turtle (CBFTT Account) Indonesia (Lesser Sundas [Roti]), Timor-Leste Arnhem Snake-necked Turtle, Sandstone Snake-necked IUCN: Critically Endangered A1d, B1+2e (2000) Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered Australia (Northern Territory) CITES: Appendix II IUCN: Not Evaluated TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern C. (C.) m. mccordi Rhodin 1994b (4:36) Chelodina burrungandjii Thomson, Kennett, and Western Roti Snake-necked Turtle Georges 2000:675 Indonesia (Lesser Sundas [Roti]) Chelodina mccordi Rhodin 1994b:4 C. (M.) expansa Gray 1857 Broad-shelled Snake-necked Turtle C. (C.) m. roteensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Hagen Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Austra- 2007b (1:87, 4:36) lia, Victoria) Eastern Roti Snake-necked Turtle IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Indonesia (Lesser Sundas [Roti]) TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Chelodina mccordi roteensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, Chelodina expansa Gray 1857:370 and Hagen 2007b:59 C. (M.) parkeri Rhodin and Mittermeier 1976 C. (C.) m. timorensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Hagen Parker’s Snake-necked Turtle 2007a (1:89, 4:36) Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) Timor Snake-necked Turtle IUCN: Vulnerable D2 (1996) Timor-Leste TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Chelodina timorensis McCord, Joseph-Ouni, and Chelodina parkeri Rhodin and Mittermeier 1976:465 Hagen 2007a:54 Chelodina mccordi timorlestensis Kuchling, Rhodin, C. (M.) rugosa Ogilby 1890 (1:91, 4:37) Ibarrondo, and Trainor 2007:213 Northern Snake-necked Turtle Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.293

Australia), Indonesia (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) E. irwini Cann 1997c IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Irwin’s Snapping Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Australia (Queensland) Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841:446 (partim, misiden- IUCN: Not Evaluated tified type) TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Chelodina rugosa Ogilby 1890:56 Elseya stirlingi Wells and Wellington 1985:9 (nomen Chelodina siebenrocki Werner 1901a:60 nudum) Chelodina intergularis Fry 1915:88 Elseya irwini Cann 1997c:36 Chelodina kuchlingi Cann 1997d:41 (1:90, 4:37) Elseya stirlingi Wells 2007b:4 (nomen illegitimum) (1:96, 4:43) C. (M.) walloyarrina McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007b (2:4, 4:38) Kimberley Snake-necked Turtle E. lavarackorum (White and Archer 1994) Australia (Western Australia) Riversleigh Snapping Turtle, Gulf Snapping Turtle IUCN: Not Evaluated Australia (Queensland) TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient IUCN: Not Evaluated Macrochelodina walloyarrina McCord and Joseph- TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient Ouni 2007b:59 Emydura lavarackorum White and Archer 1994:159 †

______Chelodina (subgenus name undetermined) (4:34, 4:39) E. novaeguineae (Meyer 1874) (4:40) Macrodiremys McCord and Joseph-Ouni 2007b:57 (2:3, 4:39) New Guinea Snapping Turtle (partim, invalid type) Indonesia (Misool, Papua, Waigeo); Papua New Guinea (Northern, Southern) C. (subg. undet.) oblonga Gray 1841 or colliei Gray 1856a Introduced: Palau (Babeldaob), Solomon Islands (1:88, 2:3, 4:39) (Malaita) Southwestern Snake-necked Turtle, Oblong Snake- IUCN: Least Concern (2000) necked Turtle TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Australia (Western Australia) Platemys novaeguineae Meyer 1874:128 IUCN: Near Threatened (1996) Elseya schultzei Vogt 1911:410 (1:95, 4:40) TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened Chelodina oblonga Gray 1841:446 (partim, misiden- ____Elusor Cann and Legler 1994 tified type) Elusor Cann and Legler 1994:83 Chelodina colliei Gray 1856a:200 E. macrurus Cann and Legler 1994 ____Elseya Gray 1867 (1:92) Mary River Turtle Elseya Gray 1867:44 Australia (Queensland) IUCN: Endangered B1+2c (1996) E. albagula Thomson, Georges, and Limpus 2006 TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered White-throated Snapping Turtle, Southern Snapping Turtle Elusor macrurus Cann and Legler 1994:83 Australia (Queensland) IUCN: Not Evaluated ____Emydura Bonaparte 1836 TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Emydura Bonaparte 1836:7 Elseya albagula Thomson, Georges, and Limpus Chelymys Gray 1844:42 2006:75 Euchelymys Gray 1871a:118 Tropicochelymys Wells and Wellington 1985:9 E. branderhorsti (Ouwens 1914) (1:93) White-bellied Snapping Turtle, Branderhorst’s Snapping E. macquarii (Gray 1830e) (4:7) Turtle Eastern Short-necked Turtle, Southern River Turtle Indonesia (Aru Islands [?], Papua), Papua New Guinea Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Austra- (Southern) lia, Victoria) IUCN: Vulnerable B1+2e (2000) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Emydura branderhorsti Ouwens 1914:31 E. m. macquarii (Gray 1830e) (1:98, 4:7, 4:41, 4:42) E. dentata (Gray 1863a) Macquarie River Turtle Northern Snapping Turtle Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Aus- Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western tralia, Victoria) Australia) Chelys (Hydraspis) macquarii Gray 1830e:15 (4:7) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Hydraspis australis Gray 1841:445 (nomen dubium) (4:41) TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Euchelymys sulcifera Gray 1871a:118 Chelymys dentata Gray 1863a:98 Emydura macquariae Boulenger 1889:ix (nomen Elseya intermedia Gray 1872c:23 novum) Elseya jukesi Wells 2007b:5 (nomen illegitimum) (1:94, 4:43) Emydura signata Ahl 1932:127 (4:42) 000.294 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Emydura macquarii binjing Cann 1998:116 (4:42) Myuchelys Thomson and Georges 2009:33 (3:45) Emydura macquarii dharra Cann 1998:120 (4:42) Emydura macquarii gunabarra Cann 1998:123 (4:42) M. bellii (Gray 1844) (1:97) Emydura macquarii dharuk Cann 1998:126 (4:42) Bell’s Sawshelled Turtle, Western Sawshelled Turtle Australia (New South Wales, Queensland) E. m. emmotti Cann, McCord, and Joseph-Ouni in Mc- IUCN: Endangered B1+2c (1996) Cord, Cann, and Joseph-Ouni 2003 TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Cooper Creek Turtle Phrynops bellii Gray 1844:41 Australia (Queensland) Emydura macquarii emmotti Cann, McCord, and M. georgesi (Cann 1997a) Joseph-Ouni in McCord, Cann, and Joseph-Ouni Bellinger River Sawshelled Turtle 2003:59 Australia (New South Wales) IUCN: Data Deficient (1996) E. m. krefftii (Gray 1871b) TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Krefft’s River Turtle Elseya georgesi Cann 1997a:18 Australia (Queensland) Chelymys krefftii Gray 1871b:366 M. latisternum (Gray 1867) (3:47) Chelymys victoriae marmorata Gray 1872d:506 Sawshelled Turtle, Common Sawshelled Turtle Chelymys victoriae sulcata Gray 1872d:506 Australia (New South Wales, Queensland) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] E. m. nigra McCord, Cann, and Joseph-Ouni 2003 TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Fraser Island Short-necked Turtle Elseya latisternum Gray 1867:44 Australia (Queensland) Euchelymys spinosa Gray 1871a:118 (3:47) Emydura macquarii nigra McCord, Cann, and Wollumbinia dorsii Wells 2009:2 (nomen illegiti- Joseph-Ouni 2003:59 mum) (3:46, 4:43)

E. subglobosa (Krefft 1876) M. purvisi (Wells and Wellington 1985) Red-bellied Short-necked Turtle Manning River Sawshelled Turtle Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland), Indonesia Australia (New South Wales) (Papua), Papua New Guinea (Southern) IUCN: Data Deficient (1996) Introduced: Papua New Guinea (New Britain, Northern) TFTSG Draft 2011: Near Threatened IUCN: Least Concern (2000) Elseya purvisi Wells and Wellington 1985:8 TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern ____Pseudemydura Siebenrock 1901 E. s. subglobosa (Krefft 1876) Pseudemydura Siebenrock 1901:248 New Guinea Red-bellied Short-necked Turtle Australia (Queensland), Indonesia (Papua), Papua New P. umbrina Siebenrock 1901 Guinea (Southern) Western Swamp Turtle Euchelymys subglobosa Krefft 1876:390 Australia (Western Australia) Emydura albertisii Boulenger 1888b:449 IUCN: Critically Endangered A1c, B1+2c, C1+2b, D (1996) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered E. s. worrelli (Wells and Wellington 1985) (1:99) CITES: Appendix I Worrell’s Short-necked Turtle, Diamond-head Turtle Pseudemydura umbrina Siebenrock 1901:249 Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland) Emydura inspectata Glauert 1954:125 Tropicochelymys worrelli Wells and Wellington 1985:9 ____Rheodytes Legler and Cann 1980 Rheodytes Legler and Cann 1980:1 E. tanybaraga Cann 1997b Northern Yellow-faced Turtle R. leukops Legler and Cann 1980 Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland) Fitzroy River Turtle IUCN: Not Evaluated Australia (Queensland) TFTSG Draft 2011: Data Deficient IUCN: Vulnerable A1c+2c, D2 (1996) Emydura tanybaraga Cann 1997b:24 TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Rheodytes leukops Legler and Cann 1980:1 E. victoriae (Gray 1842) Northern Red-faced Turtle __Pe l o m e d u s i d a e Cope 1868a (5:19) Australia (Northern Territory, Western Australia) Hydraspidina Bonaparte 1836:3 (partim) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Pelomedusidae Cope 1868a:119 TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Hydraspis victoriae Gray 1842:55 ____Pelomedusa Wagler 1830 (5:19) Pelomedusa Wagler 1830:136 (3:45, 4:43) ____Myuchelys Thomson and Georges 2009 Pentonyx Duméril and Bibron 1835:389 Wollumbinia Wells 2007c:1 (nomen illegitimum) (1:97, 4:43) Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.295

P. subrufa (Bonnaterre 1789) (4:45, 5:19) (CBFTT Account) Pelusios broadleyi Bour 1986:23 Helmeted Turtle, African Helmeted Terrapin Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cam- P. carinatus Laurent 1956 eroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (DRC), African Keeled Mud Turtle Congo (ROC), Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Gabon Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] (prehistoric introduction?), Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Pelusios carinatus Laurent 1956:26 Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia (Southern), Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South P. castaneus (Schweigger 1812) Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, West African Mud Turtle Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon (?), Cape IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Verde, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Equatorial TFTSG Draft 2011: Least Concern Guinea (?), Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Testudo planitia Meuschen 1778:11 (nomen dubium Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, São Tomé and and senior homonym) Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo Testudo subrufa Lacépède 1788:173 (nomen rejec- Introduced: Guadeloupe tum) (1:102, 3:6) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Testudo subrufa Bonnaterre 1789:28 Emys castanea Schweigger 1812:314 Testudo rubra Meyer 1790:83 (nomen novum et Sternothaerus leachianus Bell 1825a:306 oblitum) (3:8) Sternotherus derbianus Gray 1844:37 Testudo galeata Schoepff 1792:12 Testudo badia Donndorff 1798:34 P. castanoides Hewitt 1931 (5:19) (42) Testudo rubicunda Suckow 1798:49 Yellow-bellied Mud Turtle Emys olivacea Schweigger 1812:307 (senior homonym) Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Seychelles, Pentonyx capensis Duméril and Bibron 1835:390 South Africa, Tanzania Pentonyx gehafie Rüppell 1835:2 IUCN: Least Concern (1996) Pentonyx americana Cornalia 1849:13 SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern (regional) Pelomedusa nigra Gray 1863b:99 Pelomedusa gasconi Rochebrune 1884:25 P. c. castanoides Hewitt 1931 (5:19) (42) Pelomedusa galeata disjuncta Vaillant and Grandi- East African Yellow-bellied Mud Turtle dier 1910:56 Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, South Pelomedusa galeata orangensis Hewitt 1935:332 Africa, Tanzania Pelomedusa galeata devilliersi Hewitt 1935:337 Pelusios nigricans castanoides Hewitt 1931:463 Pelomedusa galeata damarensis Hewitt 1935:338 Pelusios castaneus kapika Bour 1979:144 Pelomedusa galeata wettsteini Mertens 1937:141 P. c. intergularis Bour 1983 (5:19) (42) (CBFTT Account) ____Pelusios Wagler 1830 (5:19) Seychelles Yellow-bellied Mud Turtle Sternothaerus Bell 1825a:305 (partim, nomen sup- Seychelles (Cerf, Fregate, La Digue, Mahé, Praslin, pressum) Silhouette) Pelusios Wagler 1830:137 IUCN: Critically Endangered A2c, B2ab (2003) Tanoa Gray 1863f:193 Pelusios castanoides intergularis Bour 1983:345 Notoa Gray 1863f:195 Anota Gray 1863f:196 (junior homonym) P. chapini Laurent 1965 (5:19) Central African Mud Turtle P. adansonii (Schweigger 1812) (CBFTT Account) Central African Republic, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Adanson’s Mud Turtle Gabon, Uganda Benin (?), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Pelusios castaneus chapini Laurent 1965:19 South Sudan, Sudan IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] P. cupulatta Bour and Maran 2003 Emys adansonii Schweigger 1812:308 Ivory Coast Mud Turtle Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Togo P. bechuanicus FitzSimons 1932 IUCN: Not Evaluated Okavango Mud Turtle Pelusios cupulatta Bour and Maran 2003:28 Angola, Botswana, Congo (DRC), Namibia (Caprivi), Zambia, Zimbabwe P. gabonensis (Duméril 1856) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] African Forest Turtle Pelusios bechuanicus FitzSimons 1932:37 Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), Tanzania, Uganda P. broadleyi Bour 1986 IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Turkana Mud Turtle Pentonyx gabonensis Duméril 1856:373 Kenya Sternothaerus steindachneri Siebenrock 1902a:6 IUCN: Vulnerable D2 (1996) 000.296 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

P. marani Bour 2000 bique, Namibia (Caprivi), South Africa, Tanzania, Gabon Mud Turtle Zambia, Zimbabwe Congo (ROC), Gabon Testudo subnigra Lacépède 1788:175 (nomen rejectum) (3:6) IUCN: Not Evaluated Testudo subnigra Bonnaterre 1789:30 Pelusios marani Bour 2000:3 Testudo nigricans Donndorff 1798:34

P. nanus Laurent 1956 P. s. parietalis Bour 1983 (43) (CBFTT Account) African Dwarf Mud Turtle Seychelles Black Mud Turtle Angola, Congo (DRC), Malawi, Zambia Seychelles (Cerf, Cousin [extirpated], Fregate, La Digue, IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette, St. Anne [extirpated]) Pelusios nanus Laurent 1956:26 IUCN: Critically Endangered A2c, B2ab(ii,iii) (2003) Pelusios subniger parietalis Bour 1983:345 P. niger (Duméril and Bibron 1835) West African Black Mud Turtle P. upembae Broadley 1981 Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Upemba Mud Turtle IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Congo (DRC) Sternotherus niger Duméril and Bibron 1835:397 IUCN: Data Deficient (1996) Sternothaerus oxyrhinus Boulenger 1897b:919 Pelusios bechuanicus upembae Broadley 1981:639 Sternothaerus heinrothi Kanberg 1924:195 P. williamsi Laurent 1965 P. rhodesianus Hewitt 1927 (5:19) (CBFTT Account) Williams’ Mud Turtle Variable Mud Turtle, Mashona Hinged Terrapin Congo (DRC), Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Congo (ROC), IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe P. w. williamsi Laurent 1965 IUCN: Least Concern (1996) Lake Victoria Mud Turtle SARCA Draft 2010: Vulnerable (regional) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda Pelusios nigricans rhodesianus Hewitt 1927:375 Pelusios [williamsi] williamsi Laurent 1965:12

P. seychellensis (Siebenrock 1906c) (Extinct) (1:103) (CB- P. w. laurenti Bour 1984 FTT Account) Ukerewe Island Mud Turtle Seychelles Mud Turtle Tanzania Seychelles (Mahé) Pelusios williamsi laurenti Bour 1984:29 IUCN: Extinct (2003) Sternothaerus nigricans seychellensis Siebenrock 1906c:38 P. w. lutescens Laurent 1965 Albert Nile Mud Turtle P. sinuatus (Smith 1838) (5:19) (CBFTT Account) Congo (DRC), Uganda Serrated Hinged Terrapin Pelusios williamsi lutescens Laurent 1965:14 Botswana, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Kenya, Ma- lawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, __Po d o c n e m i d i d a e Cope 1868b (1:104, 3:48, 5:20) Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Hydraspidina Bonaparte 1836:3 (partim) IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Podocnemididae Cope 1868b:282 SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern (regional) Peltocephalidae Gray 1870f:718 Sternotherus sinuatus Smith 1838:Reptilia,pl.1 Sternotherus dentatus Peters 1848:494 ____Erymnochelys Baur 1888a Sternothaerus bottegi Boulenger 1895a:9 Dumerilia Grandidier 1867:232 (junior homonym) Pelusios sinuatus zuluensis Hewitt 1927:371 Erymnochelys Baur 1888a:421 (nomen novum) Pelusios sinuatus leptus Hewitt 1933:45 E. madagascariensis (Grandidier 1867) (43) P. subniger (Bonnaterre 1789) Madagascan Big-headed Turtle East African Black Mud Turtle Madagascar Botswana, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Malawi, Mozam- IUCN: Critically Endangered A4d (2008) bique, Namibia (Caprivi), Seychelles, South Africa, CITES: Appendix II Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe Dumerilia madagascariensis Grandidier 1867:232 Introduced: British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Ar- Podocnemis madagascariensis bifilaris Boettger 1893:14 chipelago), Glorioso Islands, Madagascar (historic), Mauritius, Seychelles (historic) ____Peltocephalus Duméril and Bibron 1835 IUCN: Least Concern (1996) Peltocephalus Duméril and Bibron 1835:377 SARCA Draft 2010: Least Concern (regional) P. dumerilianus (Schweigger 1812) (43) P. s. subniger (Bonnaterre 1789) Big-headed Sideneck Turtle East African Black Mud Turtle Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), Colombia Botswana, Burundi, Congo (DRC), Malawi, Mozam- (Amazonas, Caquetá, Guainía, Meta, Putumayo, Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.297

Vaupés, Vichada), Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru Bartlettia pitipii Gray 1870f:720 (Loreto), Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure) IUCN: Vulnerable A1acd (1996) P. unifilis Troschel 1848 (1:105, 2:16, 3:49, 4:48, 4:49) TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable Yellow-spotted River Turtle, Yellow-spotted Sideneck Turtle CITES: Appendix II Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Santa Emys dumeriliana Schweigger 1812:300 Cruz), Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Goiás, Mato Emys macrocephala Spix 1824:5 (senior homonym) Grosso, Maranhão, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Tocan- Emys tracaxa Spix 1824:6 tins), Colombia (Amazonas, Arauca, Caquetá, Casa- nare, Guainía, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vichada), ____Podocnemis Wagler 1830 Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru (Huanuco, Podocnemis Wagler 1830:135 Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco, Ucayali), Suriname, Chelonemys Gray 1864c:134 (junior homonyn) Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Apure, Barinas, Bartlettia Gray 1870f:720 (junior homonym) Bolívar, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Guárico, Monagas) IUCN: Vulnerable A1acd (1996) P. erythrocephala (Spix 1824) (4:46) TFTSG Draft 2011: Endangered Red-headed Amazon River Turtle CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), Colombia (Guainía, Emys cayennensis Schweigger 1812:298 (4:48) (provi- Vaupés), Venezuela (Amazonas) sional nomen rejectum) IUCN: Vulnerable A1bd (1996) Chelys (Hydraspis) lata Bell in Gray 1830e:17 [Bell TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable 1830b] (2:16, 4:7) (nomen oblitum) CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. Testudo terekay Humboldt in Gray 1831d:77 (no- Emys erythrocephala Spix 1824:9 men oblitum) Podocnemis agassizii Coutinho in Göldi 1886:277 (4:46) Podocnemis unifilis Troschel 1848:647 Podocnemis coutinhii Göldi 1886:279 (nomen novum) Podocnemis tracaya Coutinho 1868:149 (4:49)

P. expansa (Schweigger 1812) P. vogli Müller 1935 Giant South American River Turtle, Giant Amazon River Savanna Sideneck Turtle, Llanos Sideneck Turtle Turtle, Arrau Colombia (Arauca, Boyacá, Casanare, Meta, Vichada), Ven- Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Santa ezuela (Anzoátegui, Apure, Barinas, Bolívar, Cojedes, Cruz), Brazil (Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Goiás, Delta Amacuro, Guárico, Monagas, Portuguesa) Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Tocantins), Introduced: Venezuela (Zulia) Colombia (Amazonas, Arauca, Caquetá, Casanare, IUCN: Not Listed [Least Concern 1996] Guainía, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés, Vichada), Ecua- TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable dor, Guyana, Peru (Loreto, Ucayali), Trinidad (?), CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Apure, Bolívar, Podocnemis vogli Müller 1935:97 Delta Amacuro, Guárico, Monagas) IUCN: Lower Risk/conservation dependent (1996) TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered ANNOTATIONS CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. Emys expansa Schweigger 1812:299 Areas of taxonomic change or other comments in this Emys amazonica Spix 1824:1 or earlier checklists are indicated above by superscripts. Hydraspis bitentaculata Gray 1831d:42 Names that were annotated in the earlier checklists are Testudo arrau Humboldt in Gray 1831d:77 indicated as follows: (1:1 and up) P. lewyana Duméril 1852 (CBFTT Account) (44) 1. TTWG 2007b (CRM 4:173-199) (2:2 and up) Magdalena River Turtle 2. Rhodin et al. 2008 (000.1-38.checklist.v.1) (3:3 and up) Colombia (Antioquia, Atlántico, Bolívar, Boyacá, 3. TTWG 2009 (000.39-84.checklist.v.2) Caldas, Cesar, Córdoba, Cundinamarca, La Guajira, 4. TTWG 2010 (000.85-164.checklist.v.3) (4:4 and up) Magdalena, Santander, Sucre) 5. TTWG 2011 (000.165-242.checklist.v.4) (5:5 and up) IUCN: Endangered A1bd (1996) Please refer to those publications for those annotations; TFTSG Draft 2011: Critically Endangered to facilitate referral back to those earlier checklists, the CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. number after the colon in the superscript (e.g., 1:15, 2:9, 3:22, 4:6, 5:12) Podocnemis lewyana Duméril 1852:242 refers to the actual numbered annotation in each checklist. P. sextuberculata Cornalia 1849 (4:47) New annotations in the current checklist (TTWG 2012, Six-tubercled Amazon River Turtle checklist.v.5) are simple bold numbers in separate bold (6 and up) Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, Roraima), Colombia (Amazo- parentheses . nas, Vaupés), Peru (Loreto) 6. Testudines: Crawford et al. (2012) and Lourenço IUCN: Vulnerable A1acd (1996) et al. (2012) analyzed the placement of turtles in a wider TFTSG Draft 2011: Vulnerable context based on molecular phylogeny, and each team CITES: Appendix II, as Podocnemis spp. concluded that their data provided strong support for turtles Podocnemis expansa sextuberculata Cornalia 1849:13 being the sister group to Archosauria (i.e., Crocodilians + Podocnemis pitiu Coutinho 1868:150 (4:47) Birds, and extinct related groups), rejecting hypothesized 000.298 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

relationships of turtles as sister group to Lepidosauria living genera quite definitively. These studies clearly (lizards, snakes, and tuataras), or as the most basal branch resolved Natator as sister to Chelonia, and Eretmochelys of the reptilian (including birds) lineage. Lourenço et al. as sister to (Caretta + Lepidochelys), with each of these (2012) estimated the divergence of turtles and archosaurs two clades being reciprocally monophyletic. However, as dating back to the late Permian around 255 million years Duchene et al. (2012) explicitly recognized these clades as ago (MYA), and dated the divergence between Cryptodira subfamilies, whereas Naro-Maciel et al. (2008) explicity and Pleurodira at about 157 MYA in the late Jurassic. Guil- referred to them as tribes; Parham and Pyenson (2010) lon et al. (2012) analyzed mitochondrial and nuclear DNA defined the tribe Carettini for (Caretta + Lepidochelys) sequences available in GenBank, including whole genomes only, but did not use or define group names for other for a few species, and constructed a phylogeny for the group groups below family level, while Guillon et al. (2012) involving 230 turtle species representing all families and took no position. In an effort to recognize recent research nearly all genera. Their results reconfirmed the monophyly consensus, to promote stability, and until the relationships of Testudines and of Pleurodira and Cryptodira, added among fossil cheloniid taxa are better resolved, we here support for the placement of Platysternon among Testu- recognize the two living clades as subfamilies (Carettinae dinoids, placed Dermatemys in the Kinosternoids, placed and Cheloniinae), and hope that this will stimulate further Trionychoids (Trionychidae + Carettochelyidae) as sister research and discussion of the phylogeny of living and to all other Cryptodires (a finding shared with Lourenço et extinct cheloniid sea turtles. al. [2012] and Wang et al. [2012]), and indicated the need 8. Cheloniidae: Vilaça et al. (2012) reviewed the for additional research to better resolve various groups of occurrence of natural interspecific hybrids among marine chelids and testudinids at the genus level. turtle species, and using nuclear markers demonstrated that 7. Cheloniidae: The recognition of higher taxa within hybridization among marine turtle species is very common the Family Cheloniidae has been inconsistent, at least along the Brazilian coast. Most of the hybridization involves since Gray’s (1825) recognition of an imprecisely defined male Eretmochelys and female Caretta, but problematic Carettidae. The inconsistency has been due primarily to introgression is occurring among all four genera Caretta, the uncertainty regarding the phylogenetic relationships of Eretmochelys, Lepidochelys, and Chelonia. Vilaça et al. Natator and Eretmochelys, and the relationships of fossil to hypothesized that the incidence of this hybridization may living cheloniids. However, in the midst of the uncertainty of have escalated only about 40 years ago, and may be the most of the relationships within this family, the close (sister) result of overhunting and local warming of the beaches due relationship of Caretta and Lepidochelys has not been dis- to coastal deforestation. puted at least since Deraniyagala (1934), who initially argued 9. Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae: Duchene et al. for the recognition of the latter as the Carettidae, with the (2012) studied variation across the entire mitochondrial remaining taxa in the Cheloniidae. By 1952, Deraniyagala genome of all seven living marine turtle species, and demon- had changed his position to subfamilial recognition of these strated divergent intraspecific haplotype clades in the Pacific two groups. Some authors have followed this latter arrange- versus Atlantic and Indian Ocean basins for Eretmochelys ment of recognizing these groups at subfamily rank (e.g., imbricata, Chelonia mydas, and Dermochelys coriacea. Mlynarski 1976; Pritchard and Trebbau 1984; Smith and However, they made no recommendations regarding in- Smith 1979), but most have followed Zangerl and Turnbull traspecific taxonomy. (1955) and Zangerl (1958) in recognizing these groups as two 10. Chelonia mydas: Shamblin et al. (2012) demon- tribes within the Cheloniidae: Carettini (including Caretta strated distinctive mitogenomic haplotype frequencies among and Lepidochelys) and Chelonini (including the remaining the nesting populations of Green Turtles at Buck Island (US taxa: Chelonia, Natator, and Eretmochelys). Virgin Islands), Aves Island (Venezuela), Suriname, and Impetus for continuing to recognize the Carettini as a Tortuguero (Costa Rica), and recommended that these popu- tribe (rather than a subfamily) emerges from 1) the strong lations receive separate management unit status. However, support for Caretta as sister to Lepidochelys (virtually ev- although these populations are genetically distinct, the authors ery study since Deraniyagala); 2) the controversy about the made no recommendations for taxonomic changes. phylogenetic positions of Natator and Eretmochelys (i.e., 11. Kinosternon subrubrum steindachneri: Bourque the possible paraphyly of the living Cheloniinae or Che- (2012a, 2012b) analyzed the phylogenetic placement of lonini; review in Bowen et al., 1993); and 3) the uncertain two new fossil Kinosternon taxa, and in the course of his phylogenetic relationships of numerous fossil cheloniid taxa, morphological analysis found that Kinosternon subrubrum rendering any hierarchy likely to introduce paraphyly (e.g., steindachneri was placed as sister taxon to the (K. subrubrum see Parham and Fastovsky 1997). + K. baurii) group; consequently he suggested (2012a) and Fortunately, four recent publications, by Naro-Mariel then elevated (2012b) steindachneri to full species rank. et al. (2008; based on two mitochondrial and five nuclear Regrettably, he did not specify whether his data for K. genes), Parham and Pyenson (2010; based on osteology), subrubrum were based on characters of K. s. subrubrum, Duchene et al. (2012; based on the entire mitogenome), K. s. hippocrepis, or a combination of these. The extreme and Guillon et al. (2012; based on all available GenBank morphological similarity of baurii to hippocrepis was al- sequences), seem to reveal the relationships among the ready noted by Iverson (1992), and we provisionally retain Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.299

steindachneri at subspecies rank under subrubrum pending ouachitensis and pseudogeographica. They acknowledged further analysis. earlier studies suggesting that sabinensis might warrant 12. Chrysemys: Gemel and Grillitsch (2008) reported species status, and noted the need for additional studies to that Wagler (1821) had nomenclatorally occupied the genus clarify the relationship among these taxa. name Hydrochelys for the species Testudo picta (now Chryse- 16. Pseudemys: Using mitochondrial DNA, Jackson mys picta), and explicitly qualifiedHydrochelys Wagler 1821 et al. (2012) inferred phylogenetic relationships of the taxa as a nomen oblitum and invalid, and qualified Chrysemys within Pseudemys. While recovering the genus as a strongly Gray 1844 as nomen protectum and valid. supported monophyletic group, they found no support for 13. Chrysemys picta: The description of Testudo picta monophyly of the traditionally recognized redbelly (ru- has generally been attributed to Schneider (1783). However, biventris) and cooter (concinna) species groups. They also careful reading of his work indicates that the description of did not find great support for monophyly of individual taxa picta was based on descriptive information contained in letters other than gorzugi and texana, suggesting mitochondrial from Johann Hermann of Strasbourg, and shows no indica- introgression since the glacial retreat in the Pleistocene, or tion that Schneider had access to the actual specimen, instead recent speciation, as possible explanations. They made no adding information from Hermann’s letters for the sake of specific recommendations for taxonomic changes based on completeness of his (Schneider’s) monograph of turtles. their results, and indeed cautioned against making taxo- Article 50.1.1 of the Code (ICZN 1999) states “However, nomic changes within this highly complex group without if it is clear from the contents that some person other than an comprehensive data. author of the work is alone responsible both for the name or 17. Trachemys taylori: McGaugh (2012) analyzed act and for satisfying the criteria of availability other than population genetic structure of Trachemys taylori, including actual publication, then that other person is the author of the a detailed genetic assessment of potential hybridization, and name or act.” In the case of picta, it is not evident how much found significant genetic differentiation among populations, Schneider was directly quoting from Hermann’s writings, so consistent with population bottlenecks, but detected no ge- we continue to attribute authorship of the name to Schneider, netic evidence for hybridization of T. taylori with invasive rather than ‘Hermann in Schneider 1783’. T. scripta elegans. As an aside, we note that Hermann used different 18. Trachemys venusta: Perry (1810) published a spellings for his surname over time, involving single or description of Testudo panama, a name overlooked and/or double 'r' and single or double 'n', as well as using French ignored ever since, until Bauer and Petit (2004) discussed (Jean) and German (Johann or Johannes) versions of his it. They attributed it to the genus Trachemys based on the given name. We elect to use the spelling 'Hermann' as that illustration and text description, and based on provenance matches the spelling on his death certificate (indicating his and color pattern, regarded Testudo panama as referring to preferred spelling later in life), and the spelling employed Trachemys venusta (Gray 1856b). Invoking ICZN Article by Gmelin six years later for the tortoise named for him, 23.9, Bauer and Petit (2004) asserted that Testudo panama Testudo hermanni. Perry 1810 was to be regarded as a nomen oblitum and in- 14. Graptemys: Freedman and Myers (2012) identified valid, and Emys venusta Gray 1856b as a nomen protectum and sequenced a species-specific mitochondrial control whenever the two are considered as synonyms. region marker and two nuclear markers in a population of 19. Emys orbicularis hellenica: Schreiber 1875, in his Graptemys pseudogeographica that had hybridized histori- section on Cistudo lutaria, listed and defined eight varieties, cally with G. geographica, after which geological events including var. h), to which he attributed “Emys Hoffmanni prevented further inbreeding for several generations. Both Fitzinger Mus. Vindob.” Our previous inclusion in earlier mitochondrial and nuclear introgression was documented. checklists of Emys orbicularis hoffmani [sic] Schreiber They provided additional evidence for hybridization events 1875 as a synonym of E. o. hellenica referred in fact to a among G. pseudogeographica, G. ouachitensis, and G. subsequent use of Fitzinger’s (1835) name Emys (Emys) geographica in other parts of the range, and combined with hofmanni (with a minor spelling difference) rather than to a literature records of Graptemys hybridization events in captiv- new taxon description, and as such we now delete it from ity, concluded that reproductive isolation in Graptemys has our listing of synonymized primary taxa. evolved incompletely. In the context of conflicting evidence 20. Terrapene ornata: Joyce et al. (2012) described a for monophyly vs. paraphyly of G. pseudogeographica and new fossil box turtle and carried out a phylogenetic analysis G. ouachitensis, they suggested that the two groups may of extant and fossil box turtle species based on morphological maintain reproductive isolation in parts of their range while and osteological characters. The fossil taxon T. longinsulae interbreeding in other areas. Hay 1908, from an undefined location in the general region 15. Graptemys ouachitensis: Brown et al. (2012) exam- of Long Island, Kansas (possible age ranging from Miocene ined mitochondrial DNA control region sequence variation to Pleistocene; see Joyce et al. 2012:185), scored identical throughout the range of the subspecies ouachitensis, and for all available characters to the character states shown by found 18 haplotypes forming two minimally divergent groups. both living T. ornata ornata and T. o. luteola, including two They also found modest divergence between o. ouachitensis unique shared characters. They therefore placed T. longin- and o. sabinensis, and slightly greater divergence between sulae in the synonymy of T. ornata. 000.300 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

21. Geoemydidae: The deep divergence of living New pattern character used to differentiate these subspecies. World from Old World geoemydids has been well-established They found that shell shape and postorbital stripe data do based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data (Spinks et al. not necessarily correspond to plastron pattern, suggesting 2004; Le and McCord 2008; Guillon et al. 2012), and has that animals previously identified askamaroma , and as such recently been dated at 57 mya (Lourenço et al. 2012). Le representing a potential co-occurrence of two different sub- and McCord (2008) first proposed the recognition of living species in some areas of the Philippines (i.e., Palawan and New World taxa (genus Rhinoclemmys) as the subfamily Sulu), may in effect be amboinensis animals with a plastral Rhinoclemminae. Given that the divergence of the latter is pattern resembling that of kamaroma through introgression as old as, or older than, that of the widely accepted emydid or phenotypic plasticity. subfamilies (dated at 37 mya by Dornburg et al. 2011; 57 24. Cuora galbinifrons: Bourret described this species mya by Lourenço et al. 2012), we support the subfamilial in a work dated 1939 on the title page, but it was not actually status of the genus Rhinoclemmys. However, we amend Le published until 1940 (R. Bour, pers. comm.). We have therefore and McCord’s name to Rhinoclemmydinae to correspond to changed the date of publication from 1939 to 1940. the proper case for its ending -emys (genitive emydis), and 25. Heosemys spinosa: Spinks et al. (2012b) examined we note that the group may also include North American variation in mitochondrial (cyt b) and nuclear (11 loci) DNA in fossil species of the genera Echmatemys (Hervet 2004) a large sample of Heosemys spinosa that lacked locality data. and Bridgeremys (Hutchison 2006). Correspondingly, we Two clades were clearly identified by the mtDNA analysis, apply the subfamily name Geoemydinae to all Eurasian and were supported by preliminary morphological analysis, geoemydid taxa. but not recovered in the nuDNA analysis. Future identification 22. Cuora: Phylogeny and species boundaries were of the geographic provenance of these two clades is critical for studied for the genus Cuora by Spinks et al. (2012a) using conservation management as well as establishing the taxonomic a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. While implications of this work. noting discrepancies between the results of the mitochon- 26. Mauremys caspica: Vamberger et al. (2012) in- drial and nuclear data sets, concordance with traditional, vestigated population structure and history of Mauremys morphology-based phylogenies for Cuora was greatest with caspica based on an analysis of 14 microsatellite loci and the nuclear dataset, which they considered to represent the cytochrome b mtDNA sequences from nearly range-wide most reliable estimates of phylogeny and species boundar- samples (but lacking Iraq). Their results found two clusters ies. The species amboinensis, flavomarginata, mouhotii, of mitochondrial haplotypes, and four microsatellite clusters, and yunnanensis emerged clearly resolved, whereas the with each mtDNA haplotype cluster comprising two of the trifasciata and galbinifrons taxon clusters were less well microsatellite clusters. Specimens from Bahrain and Saudi resolved. Cuora aurocapitata and C. pani showed signs of Arabia were found to constitute a distinct microsatellite introgression of trifasciata mtDNA, but were reciprocally cluster, and were thus viewed as representing native (and en- monophyletic based on nuclear markers. The position of dangered) populations. The authors proposed that each of the animals attributed to 'cyclornata' was highly variable de- four identified phylogenetic clusters (i.e., Central Anatolia; pending on what markers were analyzed, a result that was eastern Turkey and Syria; Dagestan, Azerbaijan, and Iran; interpreted as being most consistent with introgression, and and Bahrain and Saudi Arabia) be treated as distinct manage- leading to the recommendation to consider animals with ment units. Their results did not support the validity of any 'cyclornata' phenotype as part of C. trifasciata rather than a of the three previously morphologically-defined subspecies, distinct separate taxon. Cuora zhoui emerged as a strongly and they therefore proposed that the subspecies no longer be divergent species based on nuclear DNA, but its mtDNA recognized, a recommendation that we follow here. association with trifasciata may indicate mitochondrial 27. Orlitia borneensis: Palupcikova et al. (2012) ana- introgression. The monophyly of C. mccordi was well lyzed mitochondrial (cyt b) and nuclear (R35) sequences, supported, though its phylogenetic position was different and shell and scute morphometrics among Orlitia borneensis when nuclear and mtDNA datasets were analyzed. While specimens in European collections. Most specimens lacked some doubts were expressed about the species status of precise locality data because they originated from a single mccordi, the authors recommended continued treatment confiscation in 2001, but three known-locality specimens as a valid species for the time being. The members of the from Borneo and Sumatra were added to the sample series galbinifrons group (bourreti, galbinifrons, and picturata) (no reference specimens from West Malaysia were available). were strongly supported as a clade of three genetically Haplotype diversity in cyt b was found to be relatively high, and morphologically diagnosable taxa, and while some with three main haplotype groups identified; nucleotide potential gene flow was detected between these taxa, the diversity was low, and phylogenetic structure was poorly sup- authors recommended that they continue to be recognized ported. The three known-origin animals clustered within one as valid separate species. of the main haplotype groups, suggesting that the confiscated 23. Cuora amboinensis: Ernst et al. (2011) evaluated animals covered much of the species' genetic diversity. Only the potential to use shell morphology and postorbital stripe minimal variation was found in R35 sequences. Geometric to separate the subspecies amboinensis and kamaroma in the morphometrics demonstrated morphological similarity of Philippines, as alternative approaches to the usual plastron all examined specimens. These results led the authors to Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.301 conclude that all examined animals represented a single to in their paper as C. elephantopus) and the local Volcan conservation unit. Wolf tortoise (C. becki). This led the authors to speculate that 28. Aldabrachelys gigantea or Dipsochelys dussumieri: translocated Floreana tortoises might still exist on northern The latest contribution to the ongoing debate in the ICZN Isabela. Actual rediscovery of genetically pure individuals of (case #3463) on the scientific name for the Aldabra Tortoise Floreana tortoises would reverse their current IUCN status came from Ceríaco and Bour (2012), who traced the history as Extinct, and be cause for great celebration. of the specimen claimed to be the type of Testudo gigantea Based on DNA sequences from three mitochondrial Schweigger from the MNHN Paris via the defunct Royal genes from extant and museum specimens of Galapagos Cabinet of Natural History of Ajuda in Lisbon to the col- tortoises, Poulakakis et al. (2012) attempted to resolve the lections made in Brazil and other parts of South America by phylogenetic relationships and reconstruct the biogeographic Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira during his travels there during history of the living and extinct taxa. Prior to their study, 1783–1792. The authors thus provided further evidence that they recognized eleven extant and four extinct species of Schweigger’s type specimen of Testudo gigantea originated Galapagos tortoises, though one of the latter has not yet been in Brazil and represents a Chelonoidis denticulata, provid- described. It should be noted that the taxa they recognized a ing support for possibly precluding the use of the name priori did not completely agree with those recognized by the gigantea for the Aldabra Tortoise. At the time of writing TTWG. In any case, the results of Poulakakis et al. (2012) of this annotation, the ICZN is voting regarding the use of suggested that the following populations represent “indepen- either gigantea or dussumieri, and a result is expected to dent evolutionary units” and they applied the term “species” be published in the next issue of the Bulletin of Zoological to them: abingdonii (extinct in 2012, Pinta), becki (Volcan Nomenclature. Wolf, northern Isabela), chathamensis (San Cristobal), dar- 29. Geochelone or Centrochelys sulcata: Bour and wini (Santiago), elephantopus (extinct, Floreana; recognized Henkel (2012) described a captive colony of tortoises of as nigra by the TTWG), ephippium (Pinzón; recognized as different species maintained in extensive enclosures in south- duncanensis by the TTWG), hoodensis (Española), porteri ern France and documented a female Centrochelys sulcata (La Reserva, Santa Cruz), and vicina (central and southern producing viable, morphologically aberrant, hatchlings that Isabela, and including the names microphyes, guentheri, were interpreted as hybrids between this sulcata female and and vandenburghi; matching previous TTWG checklists), a male Dipsochelys dussumieri [or Aldabrachelys gigantea], an unnamed extant species (Cerro Fatal, Santa Cruz), and an with which copulation had been observed. From each of three unnamed extinct species (Santa Fe). They explicitly noted clutches of 20 eggs each, normal sulcata hatched from 15 that two taxa were not likely to be independent evolution- eggs after 75–90 days, one hatchling emerged after 140–170 ary units: wallacei (Rabida) being subsumed under vicina days and was a suspected sulcata-dussumieri hybrid, and 4 (as already reflected in previous TTWG checklists), and eggs failed to develop. The authors also reported the repeated phantastica (extinct, Fernandina; possibly introduced by production of hybrid hatchlings between C. sulcata and humans) under porteri. However, in the face of pronounced Astrochelys radiata at the A Cupulatta facility in Corsica; morphological differences between the extreme saddleback these either died just before emergence from the egg, or phantastica and the greatly domed porteri, the TTWG within days after hatching. These records add to the growing believes that additional support must be presented before catalog of documented intergeneric turtle hybrids (see also synonymization of phantastica is warranted. Finally, while annotation number 8 above). Poulakakis et al. (2012) laudably extracted DNA from bones 30. Chelonoidis chilensis: The number of species in the of museum specimens from extinct lineages, it is critical Chelonoidis chilensis complex recognized by various authors that the genotyping of actual type specimens of all possible has ranged from one to three (see TTWG 2010, annotation named Galapagos tortoise taxa (including those of synonyms) 21). However, based on an examination of a mitochondrial be completed before final allocations of names to existing gene (cyt b) and 10 microsatellite loci, Fritz et al. (2012a) populations can be done with full confidence. found negligible genetic variation among populations and 32. Gopherus flavomarginatus: Ureña-Aranda and concluded that this complex represents only a single species, Espinosa de los Monteros (2012) examined variation in C. chilensis. Previously described morphological variation a mitochondrial gene in the Bolson Tortoise and not only among populations is apparently explained by Bergmann’s found no geographic structure in that variation, but also noted Rule, with body size increasing with latitude. Hence, C. that the existing variation was the lowest ever reported for petersi and C. donosobarrosi were placed in the synonymy a tortoise. They attributed this low variability to the post- of C. chilensis. Pliocene collapse of this once more widely distributed (New 31. Chelonoidis nigra species complex: Only two Mexico to central Mexico) species. papers published in the past year bear on the taxonomy of 33. Gopherus polyphemus: Based on a single mi- the Galapagos tortoises, and both continue to recognize the tochondrial gene fragment (ND4), Ennen et al. (2012) various taxa at the species level (see TTWG 2009, annotation examined geographic variation in Gopher Tortoises and 32). Garrick et al. (2012) reported the discovery of hybrid found two major haplotype assemblages that overlapped tortoises on Volcan Wolf that were F1 hybrids between a in distribution in the Appalachicola-Chattahoochee River purebred Floreana tortoise (C. nigra; erroneously referred basin. They also found some (albeit weak) support for 000.302 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

the distinction of the Federally Threatened portion of the They did not, however, present a clear arrangement of western assemblage to the west of the Mobile River Basin recognized taxa; their new delineation of species is presented (USFWS 1987). In a more comprehensive study of both in their Fig. 2, implying that no subspecies are recognized. mitochondrial (cyt b) and nuclear microsatellite markers, They noted that their samples of domerguei from Madagascar Clostio et al. (2012) confirmed the Appalachicola basin as clustered with zombensis, and it appears that they intended the transition region between the distinctive western and to transfer domerguei from the synonymy of K. b. belliana eastern lineages. In addition, based on both mtDNA and (following Broadley 1992, 1993; Fritz and Havas 2007; nuDNA, they noted the distinction of the populations west Branch 2008) to that of K. zombensis. In their text (Kindler of the Mobile River and those in western Georgia. They et al. 2012:198), the five-clawed tortoises of the Central concluded that the tortoises in each of these four regions African Republic are specifically combined with the four- should be managed independently, but they made no specific clawed West African animals to form the distinct species K. taxonomic recommendations. nogueyi; however, these Central African Republic records 34. Gopherus species indeterminate: Testudo australis are mapped (Fig. S1) and listed (Table S1) as ‘belliana bel- Girard 1858 was described based on a specimen reputedly liana’ in the online supporting material. originating from New Zealand. Clearly this specimen must While the TTWG generally believes that the results have been transported by humans, as no testudinids or other presented by Kindler et al. (2012) represent major advances non-marine turtles are known from New Zealand, living or in our understanding of Kinixys phylogeny, we prefer to fossil. The name has generally been overlooked or ignored, retain a slightly more traditional arrangement for domer- except by Boulenger (1889) who attributed it with doubt to guei, pending further data. While domerguei may not be Gopherus polyphemus. Based on communication with Robert genetically recognizable based on the examined genes, it is Murphy and Steve Gotte, the specimen cannot be found in morphologically well established (e.g., Bour 2006), and we the USNM collection, if indeed it ever was there. Girard’s continue to recognize it as a valid taxon at subspecies rank description of a uniform near-black tortoise agrees nearly under zombensis (to which it appears most closely related). perfectly with Gopherus, except for the small nuchal (cervi- Hence, we recognize the new combinations Kinixys zombensis cal) scute, which is usually wide in Gopherus. The scutellation zombensis and K. z. domerguei. on the top of the head and on the forearms, the absence of 36. Testudo graeca: Parham et al. (2012) extracted thigh spurs, as well as the shape of the caudal (supracaudal) mtDNA sequence data from Iranian tortoises of the T. scute are all characters that eliminate Manouria. Chelonoidis graeca complex, specifically the holotype ofT. g. zarudnyi species are eliminated from consideration by the presence and topotypes of T. g. buxtoni and T. g. perses. Their results of a nuchal in australis. Therefore, we tentatively attribute confirmed the previous work of Fritz et al. (2007, 2009) Testudo australis Girard 1858 to the genus Gopherus. At- regarding the existence of two distinctive mitochondrial tribution to any particular species is challenging: based on haplotypes in Iran, one in the northwest, and one in eastern size and coloration, G. berlandieri and G. flavomarginatus and central regions. are easily excluded, and while the Pacific location of New Using AFLPs (amplified fragment length polymor- Zealand suggests possible seafaring or trade links with phisms) from samples across the range of the T. graeca California and therefore G. agassizii and/or G. morafkai, species complex, Mikulíček et al. (2012) identified four morphological details such as the large head with rounded geographically defined genetic groups: 1) western Mediter- snout, and upward curving of the gulars, are more reminiscent ranean (Morocco and Spain to Libya); 2) Balkans-Middle of G. polyphemus. We therefore include Testudo australis East (Bulgaria and Romania to southwestern Russia, Azer- Girard 1858 as a nomen dubium and nomen oblitum under baijan, eastern Turkey, and southern Israel); 3) Caucasian Gopherus species indeterminate. (extreme eastern Turkey, Russia, and southeastern Azerbaijan 35. Kinixys: Kindler et al. (2012) examined the phy- to northwestern Iran); and 4) central and eastern Iran. These logeography, phylogeny, and taxonomy of all currently groups generally correspond to the mtDNA haplotype lin- recognized Kinixys taxa, based on examination of sequence eages identified by Fritz et al. (2007, 2009), but with one to data for three mtDNA fragments (12S, ND4, cyt b) and three four mitochondrial lineages per AFLP group. nuclear loci (C-mos, ODC, R35). Their findings indicated Considered together, these two data sets suggest that the that the savannah taxa, traditionally recognized as subspecies western Mediterranean and central-eastern Iran groups are or affiliated species of K. belliana, represent three deeply both divergent and allopatric, and thus could be considered divergent clades, which are paraphyletic with respect to the as distinct species. The oldest available names for these rainforest species K. erosa and K. homeana. groups are T. graeca (including cyrenaica, lamberti, marok- To reflect this phylogeny, the authors recognized their kensis, nabuelensis, soussensis, and whitei) and T. zarudnyi, East African cluster as a valid species, for which they respectively. The remaining two groups come into contact in followed the first reviser (Bour 1979) to apply the name the eastern Caucasus, with some mtDNA evidence of gene zombensis in preference over zuluensis. They also elevated flow between them. Hence, there remains uncertainty as to nogueyi to full species status, and reconfirmed lobatsiana, whether they represent distinct evolutionary units worthy natalensis, and spekii as evolutionarily distinct and ranked of species status. The oldest available names for those two as full species. groups are T. terrestris (Balkans-Middle East) and T. buxtoni Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.303

(Caucasus; including armeniaca, perses, and pallasi). Un- also a monophyletic group, with Hydromedusa a third lineage fortunately, variation in neither set of markers corresponds (Georges et al. 1998). At that time Georges et al. (1998) pro- well with described morphological variation in this complex, posed names for the three lineages; Chelinae [as Chelidinae] on which the traditional taxonomy has been based. for Chelus and its South American relatives; Chelodininae Pending future studies of variation in nuclear markers for the Australasian species; and Hydromedusinae for the and a re-examination of morphological variation to determine genus Hydromedusa, a clade that also includes the fossil minimally plastic characters that correspond to the currently genus Yaminuechelys (de la Fuente et al. 2001) and hence defined genetic groups (i.e., dismissing color and general is not monotypic. Further morphological work agreed with body size and shape), we prefer to retain T. graeca as a single Pritchard (1984) and supported the molecular results with species, with no changes in the subspecies recognized from differences in skull, shell, and cervical structures among the our previous checklist. three monophyletic lineages (Thomson 2000), indicating that 37. Apalone spinifera: McGaugh (2012) examined what gross similarity there is between the long-necked forms variation at ten microsatellite loci for populations of Apalone was a result of convergence and not of shared ancestry. In spinifera within and outside of the Cuatro Ciénegas basin the ten or so years since these publications, numerous studies in Mexico. She found considerable divergence among all have added further support to this phylogenetic arrangement, sampled populations (particularly eastern versus western which was summarized and further supported by Guillon et basin localities), but found no genetic variation associated al. (2012). Therefore we now include these three subfamily with carapacial color variation within the basin (the basis for assignments in this edition of the checklist. the original description of A. s. atra). She reported negligible We are aware of the family-group name Hydraspidina differentiation between softshells sampled inside the basin Bonaparte 1836, based on the genus Hydraspis Bell 1828, compared to those outside, but provided no indication whether whose type species is Testudo [now Chelodina] longicollis, additional A. s. emoryi were sampled since the range-wide as a potential source for the subfamily name for chelids of analysis of A. spinifera reported by McGaugh et al. (2008) the Australia-New Guinea region. However, as Bonaparte’s and did not provide a detailed comparison between Apalone concept of Hydraspis differed fundamentally from that of within the Cuatro Cienegas basin versus outside the basin. Bell, to the point of excluding longicollis from Hydraspis As McGaugh did not make an explicit taxonomic recommen- by properly placing it in Chelodina Fitzinger 1826, revival dation to synonymize atra with emoryi, we conservatively of the family-group name Hydraspidina (as Hydraspidinae continue to recognize atra as before, at subspecies level. for this subfamily) would lead to unnecessary confusion. In 38. Nilssonia gangetica: An analysis of mitochondrial the absence of strict ICZN priority requirements for family- and nuclear DNA sequence data by Liebing et al. (2012) group names, we therefore use the name Chelodininae confirmed the monophyly of the genus, resolved the place- Baur 1893b for the chelids of the Australia-New Guinea ment of N. formosa as sister to other Nilssonia, and identified region. significant intraspecific genetic variation withinN. gangetica 40. Mesoclemmys dahli and M. zuliae: Based on both corresponding to river basin of origin. Populations from the mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequence variation, Vargas- Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, and combined Indus and Ganges Ramírez et al. (2012a) confirmed the species distinction of basins were each genetically distinct, and worthy of separate Mesoclemmys dahli and M. zuliae, and identified two geo- management. The authors did not support species recognition graphically isolated, weakly divergent populations within M. of the three identified units, but noted that if these units were dahli (Córdoba and Cesar Departments, Colombia). Further given subspecies status, the name mahanaddica (Annandale sampling will be necessary to determine if this divergence 1912b) is available for the Mahanadi basin population, and has taxonomic implications. the nominate trinomial would apply to the Indus-Ganges 41. Mesoclemmys heliostemma and M. raniceps: population. No name has been applied to the Brahmaputra Because some authors (e.g., Rueda-Almonacid et al. 2007) population. Until the three intra-specific populations are ad- have questioned whether M. heliostemma is distinct from equately characterized and named, we continue to recognize M. raniceps, Molina et al. (2012) undertook a multivariate N. gangetica as monotypic. morphometric study of those two taxa (and M. gibba). Their 39. Chelidae: It was assumed by Gaffney (1977) that results supported the validity of M. heliostemma, and identi- the three long-necked taxa in the Chelidae (Chelodina, fied eight new localities that significantly expand the known Hydromedusa and Chelus) formed a monophyletic lineage. range of the species across the Amazon basin. However, Pritchard (1984) proposed that these three taxa 42. Pelusios castanoides: Analysis by Fritz et al. were not necessarily closely related, based on the major (2012b) of mitochondrial genes of P. castanoides revealed structural differences in how they arrived at their long-necked that samples from Madagascar and the Seychelles were condition, a position generally consistent with the phylo- weakly differentiated from each other, and significantly genetic arrangement previously proposed by Baur (1893a). different from the sampled mainland populations. How- Sequencing of 12S mtDNA was used to demonstrate that the ever, sparse sampling from the mainland precluded any Australian radiation of the Chelidae formed a monophyletic final conclusions about the origins of the Malagasy and group (Seddon et al. 1997; Georges et al. 1998) and that the Seychelles populations, and therefore the validity of the shorter-necked South American taxa (including Chelus) were currently named, endemic subspecies of the Seychelles. 000.304 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

As the population of Madagascar is related more closely by humans, combined with the great biogeographical barriers (de- to that of the Seychelles than to the continental African spite their very close proximity) between the Salween, Mekong, populations, a subspecies designation for these combined and Yangtze, we consider it doubtful that these records represent populations might be warranted. The oldest available name natural occurrences. Mesoclemmys heliostemma: Additional occurrences across the is kapika Bour 1979; however, we defer any changes to Amazon basin of Brazil were reported by Molina et al. (2012). our checklist at this time. Italy (Sardinia): Vamberger et al. (2011) compared mitochon- 43. Pelusios subniger: Parallel analysis by Fritz et al. drial and nuclear DNA of Testudo graeca from Sardinia with that of (2012b) of mtDNA samples of Pelusios subniger from main- T. graeca from North Africa, and concluded that the near-absence of land Africa, Madagascar, and the Seychelles demonstrated the differentiation from other graeca populations, and reduced variation existence of a cryptic, unnamed taxon from the Democratic within the Sardinian population, indicated prehistoric introduction Republic of the Congo, but no significant variation among into Sardinia by humans. They also reviewed recent studies of the all other sampled populations. Based on these results, the other non-marine turtle species occurring in Sardinia and concluded authors suggested that subniger was introduced by humans to that Sardinia's populations of Testudo hermanni hermanni, T. mar- ginata, and Emys orbicularis galloitalica likely each represented both Madagascar and the Seychelles, and recommended that prehistoric or early historic human introductions. the supposed endemic Seychelles subspecies P. s. parietalis Latvia: Pupins and Pupina (2011) recorded introduced popu- be placed into the synonymy of a monotypic P. subniger. lations or individuals of Trachemys scripta elegans, T. s. troostii, However, reanalysis of the morphological differentiation Mauremys caspica, M. rivulata, Testudo horsfieldii, and Pelodiscus that originally distinguished these taxa has not been carried sinensis in Latvia. However, they did not document successful out, and we are reluctant to make a definitive change at this reproduction in the wild, and it remains uncertain whether these time, particularly for a taxon with such significant regional records represent established populations or isolated individuals. conservation concerns. We await further analysis before South Korea: Chang et al. (2012) noted that the native softshells amending this taxonomy. in South Korea are attributable to Pelodiscus maackii, and reported P. sinensis, Trachemys scripta elegans, T. s. scripta, Pseudemys 44. Podocnemis lewyana: Based on 10 microsatellite rubriventris, and Mauremys [Ocadia] sinensis as introduced into loci and a mitochondrial DNA fragment, Vargas-Ramírez et the wild. al. (2012b) found low genetic variability across the range Distribution of Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles: Fresh- of Podocnemis lewyana, consistent with a significant his- water and terrestrial turtles and tortoises (excluding sea turtles) toric population bottleneck. They did identify three weakly have now been recorded as occurring in 162 nations or territories differentiated genetic management units: 1) the Upper (excluding introductions, but including 8 countries where these taxa Magdalena River Basin; 2) the Lower Magdalena, Lower have been extirpated in modern times). These 162 countries are Cauca, and San Jorge Basins; and 3) the Sinú River Basin, as follows, including the number of taxa of freshwater turtles and but made no taxonomic recommendations. tortoises (species and additional subspecies) known to be native or presumed (?) to probably occur in the country. Afghanistan, 2; Albania, 5; Algeria, 4; Angola, 12; Argen- Ap p e n d i x – tina, 12; Armenia, 5; Australia, 28; Austria, 1; Azerbaijan, 6; Di s t r i b u t i o n a l Da t a Bahamas, 2; Bahrain, 1; Bangladesh, 24; Belarus, 1; Belgium (extirpated), 1; Belize, 9; Benin, 11; Bermuda, 1; Bolivia, 14; Distribution Updates: Having provided distribution data in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 4; Botswana, 9; Brazil, 30; Brunei, earlier checklists, we record a number of updates and corrections 10; Bulgaria, 4; Burkina Faso, 6; Burundi, 8; Cambodia, 15; that have been made in this year’s checklist. Cameroon, 11; Canada, 12; Cape Verde, 1; Cayman Islands, 1; Cuora bourreti: Occurrence in Laos was confirmed (Stuart et Central African Republic, 10; Chad, 7; China, 30; Colombia, 28; al. 2011), and possible occurrence in Cambodia was deleted from Congo (DRC), 20; Congo (ROC), 12; Costa Rica, 9; Croatia, 4; the checklist following consultation with range-state biologists. Cuba, 2; Cyprus, 1; Czech Republic (extirpated), 1; Denmark Mauremys reevesii: Based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA, (extirpated), 1; Djibouti, 1; Dominican Republic, 2; Ecuador, Suzuki et al. (2011) indicated that Japanese populations of M. 26; Egypt, 3; El Salvador, 4; Equatorial Guinea, 7; Eritrea, 5; reevesii were possibly derived from multiple historical introductions Estonia (extirpated), 1; Ethiopia, 9; France, 4; French Guiana, from nearby countries, and thus questioned its traditional status as 10; Gabon, 12; Gambia, 5; Georgia, 5; Germany, 1; Ghana, 9; a presumed native species. They noted the ability of M. reevesii to Greece, 5; Guatemala, 13; Guinea, 5; Guinea-Bissau, 5; Guyana, hybridize with native M. japonica as a threat, but also recognized 11; Haiti, 2; Honduras, 12; Hungary, 1; India, 36; Indonesia, these populations to be valuable in the context of depleted popula- 33; Iran, 10; Iraq, 4; Israel, 4; Italy, 7; Ivory Coast, 8; Jamaica, tions elsewhere in its range. 1; Japan, 6; Jordan, 2; Kazakhstan, 3; Kenya, 10; Kuwait, 1; Kinixys: Ranges adjusted according to species ranges outlined Kyrgyzstan, 2; Laos, 19; Latvia, 1; Lebanon, 3; Lesotho, 2; by Kindler et al. (2012). Liberia, 6; Libya, 4; Lithuania, 1; Luxembourg (extirpated), 1; Nilssonia formosa: Liebing et al. (2012) referred to a record Macedonia, 4; Madagascar, 11; Malawi, 10; Malaysia, 20; Mali, of N. formosa from Shuangbai (Yunnan, China), and photographs 6; Mauritania, 6; Mauritius (extirpated), 4; Mexico, 58; Moldova, of a specimen from the Lancang River [= Mekong] in the Xish- 1; Mongolia, 1; Montenegro, 3; Morocco, 6; Mozambique, 10; uanbanna region of Yunnan, as suggesting that the species has Myanmar, 28; Namibia, 12; Nepal, 15; Netherlands (extirpated), crossed the watershed divide into the Mekong River basin of 1; Nicaragua, 11; Niger, 4; Nigeria, 11; North Korea, 2; Pakistan, Yunnan, China. However, given the substantial documented trade 11; Panama, 11; Papua New Guinea, 11; Paraguay, 11; Peru, 16; volumes of live turtles from Myanmar into Yunnan and onwards, Philippines, 7; Poland, 1; Portugal, 2; Puerto Rico, 1; Réunion, and the propensity of turtles to escape or be intentionally released 1; Romania, 3; Russia, 6; Rwanda, 7; São Tomé and Príncipe, Turtles of the World – 2012 Checklist 000.305

1; Saudi Arabia, 2; Senegal, 8; Serbia, 5; Seychelles, 7; Sierra Pr i m a r y Ta x o n o m i c Li t e r a t u r e Leone, 6; Singapore, 9; Slovakia, 1; Slovenia, 3; Somalia, 5; South Africa, 20; South Korea, 2; South Sudan, 7; Spain, 4; Ad l e r , Kr a i g K. 1962. A new name for a Chinese turtle, genus Clem- Sri Lanka, 4; Sudan, 7; Suriname, 9; Swaziland, 5; Switzerland mys. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 20(2):135. (extirpated), 1; Syria, 6; Taiwan, 6; Tajikistan, 2; Tanzania, 14; Ag a s s i z , Lo u i s . 1846. Nomenclatoris Zoologici Index Universalis. Thailand, 27; Timor-Leste, 2; Togo, 9; Trinidad and Tobago, 6; Solothurn: Jent and Gassmann, 393 pp. Tunisia, 4; Turkey, 11; Turkmenistan, 7; Uganda, 11; Ukraine, Ag a s s i z , Lo u i s . 1857a. Contributions to the Natural History of the 1; Uruguay, 5; USA, 82; Uzbekistan, 4; Venezuela, 21; Vietnam, United States of America. First Monograph. Vol. I. Part I. Essay 29; Yemen, 1; Zambia, 10; Zimbabwe, 9. on Classification. Part II. North American Testudinata. Boston: Distribution of Marine Turtles: Sea turtles have now been Little, Brown and Co., Vol. I, pp. 1–452. recorded as occurring in 168 nations or territories (excluding Ag a s s i z , Lo u i s . 1857b. Contributions to the Natural History of cases of presumed vagrancy). These 168 countries are as follows, the United States of America. First Monograph. Vol. II. Part III. including the number of species recorded to be nesting or regularly Embryology of the Turtle. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., Vol. foraging in the country. II, pp. 453–643. Albania, 2; Algeria, 2; American Samoa, 2; Angola, 3; Anguilla, Ah l , Er n s t . 1932. Beschreibung einer neuen Schildkröte aus 4; Antigua and Barbuda, 4; Argentina, 2; Aruba, 4; Ascension, 2; Australien. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Australia, 6; Bahamas, 4; Bahrain, 4; Bangladesh, 5; Barbados, 4; Freunde zu Berlin 1932(1/3):127–129. Belize, 4; Benin, 4; Bermuda, 3; Bonaire, 1; Brazil, 5; British Indian An d e r s o n , Jo h n . 1875. Description of some new Asiatic mam- Ocean Territory, 2; British Virgin Islands, 4; Brunei, 4; Cambodia, mals and Chelonia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 4; Cameroon, 4; Canada, 2; Cape Verde, 3; Cayman Islands, 3; (4)16:282–285. Chile, 3; China, 5; Christmas Island, 1; Cocos (Keeling) Islands, 1; An d e r s o n , Jo h n . 1879 [“1878”]. Anatomical and Zoological Re- Colombia, 5; Comoros, 4; Congo (DRC), 3; Congo (ROC), 4; Cook searches, Comprising an Account of the Zoological Results of the Islands, 2; Costa Rica, 5; Croatia, 2; Cuba, 4; Curacao, 4; Cyprus, 3; Two Expeditions to Western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875. London: Djibouti, 4; Dominica, 4; Dominican Republic, 4; Ecuador, 4; Egypt, Bernard Quaritch, Vol. I, 985 pp., Vol. II, 29 pp. + pls. 5; El Salvador, 4; Equatorial Guinea, 4; Eritrea, 4; Fiji, 4; France, 2; An n a n d a l e , Ne l s o n . 1906. Testudo baluchiorum, a new species. French Guiana, 5; French Polynesia, 2; French Southern Territories, 2; Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal n.s. Gabon, 4; Gambia, 5; Ghana, 4; Great Britain, 1; Greece, 3; Grenada, 2(3):75–76. 4; Guadeloupe, 4; Guam, 2; Guatemala, 5; Guinea, 4; Guinea-Bissau, An n a n d a l e , Ne l s o n . 1912a. The Indian mud–turtles (Trionychidae). 5; Guyana, 5; Haiti, 4; Honduras, 5; India, 5; Indonesia, 6; Iran, 4; Records of the Indian Museum 7(2):151–180. Iraq, 3; Ireland, 1; Israel, 5; Italy, 2; Ivory Coast, 4; Jamaica, 4; Japan, An n a n d a l e , Ne l s o n . 1912b. The aquatic chelonia of the Ma- 4; Kenya, 5; Kiribati, 1; Kuwait, 3; Lebanon, 3; Liberia, 5; Libya, 3; hanaddi and its tributaries. Records of the Indian Museum Madagascar, 5; Malaysia, 4; Maldives, 3; Malta, 2; Marshall Islands, 7(3):261–266. 2; Martinique, 4; Mauritania, 4; Mauritius, 5; Mayotte, 2; Mexico, 6; An n a n d a l e , Ne l s o n . 1913. The tortoises of Chota Nagpur. Records Micronesia, 3; Monaco, 2; Montenegro, 2; Montserrat, 3; Morocco, of the Indian Museum 9(5):63–78. 2; Mozambique, 5; Myanmar, 5; Namibia, 3; Nauru, 1; Netherlands An n a n d a l e , Ne l s o n . 1915a. Notes on some Indian Chelonia. Records Antilles, 4; New Caledonia, 3; New Zealand, 1; Nicaragua, 5; Nigeria, of the Indian Museum 11(11):189–195. 4; Niue, 1; North Korea, 2; Northern Mariana Islands, 1; Oman, 4; An n a n d a l e , Ne l s o n . 1915b. Herpetological notes and descriptions. Pakistan, 4; Palau, 3; Panama, 5; Papua New Guinea, 6; Peru, 5; Records of the Indian Museum 11(19):341–347. Philippines, 5; Portugal, 2; Puerto Rico, 4; Qatar, 4; Réunion, 3; An n a n d a l e , Ne l s o n . 1918. Chelonia and Batrachia of the Inlé Lake. Russia, 1; Saint Kitts and Nevis, 4; Saint Lucia, 4; Saint Vincent Records of the Indian Museum 14:67–69. and the Grenadines, 4; Samoa, 4; São Tome and Principe, 4; Saudi An t e n b r i n k -Ve t t e r , Su s a n n e a n d Ve t t e r , Ho l g e r . 1998. Neuer Arabia, 4; Senegal, 5; Seychelles, 5; Sierra Leone, 5; Singapore, 3; Name für altbekannte Schildkröten. Schildkröten II/98:3–5. Sint Maarten, 4; Slovenia, 2; Society Islands, 1; Solomon Islands, 4; Ba b c o c k , Ha r o l d L. 1937. A new subspecies of the red-bellied Somalia, 4; South Africa, 4; South Korea, 2; Spain, 2; Sri Lanka, 5; terrapin Pseudemys rubriventris (LeConte). Occasional Papers Sudan, 4; Suriname, 5; Syria, 3; Taiwan, 4; Tanzania, 5; Thailand, 4; of the Boston Society for Natural History 8:293. Timor-Leste, 2; Togo, 4; Tokelau, 1; Tonga, 4; Trinidad and Tobago, Ba i r d , Sp e n c e r F. a n d Gi r a r d , Ch a r l e s . 1852. Descriptions of 5; Tuamotu, 1; Tunisia, 2; Turkey, 3; Turks and Caicos, 4; Tuvalu, 2; new species of reptiles, collected by the U.S. Exploring Expedi- United Arab Emirates, 4; Uruguay, 3; US Virgin Islands, 4; USA, 6; tion under the command of Capt. Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. First Vanuatu, 5; Venezuela, 5; Vietnam, 5; Wallis and Futuna, 2; Western Part.—Including the species from the western coast of America. Sahara, 2; Yemen, 4. Proceedings of the Acadademy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1852:174–177. LITERATURE CITED Ba r b o u r , Th o m a s . 1935. A new Pseudemys from Cat Island, Ba- hamas. Occasional Papers Boston Society of Natural History This bibliography is divided into two sections: (1) all primary 8:205–206. taxonomic citations noted in this checklist, including all descriptions Ba r b o u r , T h o m a s a n d C a r r , A r c h i e F., J r. 1938. Another Bahamian of new species, subspecies, and genera, replacement names (nomina fresh-water tortoise. Proceedings of the New England Zoology nova) for all taxa and genera, and cited suprageneric names, and (2) Club 17:75–76. additional literature cited in the introduction and in the annotations Ba r b o u r , Th o m a s a n d Ca r r , Ar c h i e F., Jr. 1940. Antillean ter- to the current checklist, including taxonomic revisions and related rapins. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology publications that do not contain primary taxonomic citations. 54(5):381–415. Much of the literature cited here as well as in previous checklists Ba r b o u r , Th o m a s a n d Ca r r , Ar c h i e F., Jr. 1941. Terrapin from is available online with downloadable pdf’s at www.iucn-tftsg.org/ Grand Cayman. Proceedings of the New England Zoology Club taxonomic-literature-database/. 18:57–60. 000.306 Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises • Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 5

Ba r t l e t t , Ed w a r d . 1895a. Notes on tortoises, No. 2. Sarawak Be l l , Th o m a s . 1830a. [Emys decussata]. In: Griffith E. and Pidgeon, Gazette 25:29–30. E. The Class Reptilia arranged by the Baron Cuvier, with specific Ba r t l e t t , Ed w a r d . 1895b. Notes on tortoises, No. 3. Sarawak descriptions. In: Griffith, E. (Ed.). The Animal Kingdom Arranged Gazette 25:83–84. in Conformity with its Organization, by the Baron Cuvier, with Ba r t l e t t , Ed w a r d . 1896. Notes on tortoises, No. 4. Sarawak Ga- Additional Descriptions of all the Species Hitherto Named, and zette 26:113. of many not before Noticed. Vol. 9. Reptilia. London: Whittaker, Ba t s c h , Au g u s t J.G.C. 1788. Versuch einer Anleitung zur Kenntniss Treacher, and Co., p. 76, pl. [Part 25, published Sep 1830]. und Geschichte der Thiere und Mineralien. Erster Theil. Allgemeine Be l l , Th o m a s . 1830b. [Chelys (Hydraspis) lata]. In: Gray, J.E. A Geschichte der Natur; besondre der Säugthiere, Vögel, Amphibien Synopsis of the Species of the Class Reptilia. In: Griffith E. and und Fische. Jena: Akademischen Buchhandlung, 528 pp. Pidgeon, E. The Class Reptilia arranged by the Baron Cuvier, Ba t s c h , Au g u s t J.G.C. 1796. Umriss der gesammten Naturgeschichte. with specific descriptions. In: Griffith, E. (Ed.). The Animal Jena: Christian Ernst Gabler, Vol. 1, 287 pp. Kingdom Arranged in Conformity with its Organization, by the Ba u r , Ge o r g . 1888a. Osteologische Notizen über Reptilien. Fortset- Baron Cuvier, with Additional Descriptions of all the Species zung III. Zoologischer Anzeiger 11(285):417–424. Hitherto Named, and of many not before Noticed. Vol. 9. Reptilia. Ba u r , Ge o r g . 1888b. Osteologische Notizen über Reptilien. Fortset- Supplement. London: Whittaker, Treacher, and Co., p. 17 [Part zung IV. Zoologischer Anzeiger 11(291):592–597. 26, published Dec 1830]. Ba u r , Ge o r g . 1888c. Notes on the American Trionychidae. American Be l l , Th o m a s . 1834. A freshwater tortoise described as the type of Naturalist 22:1121–1122. a new genus, Cyclemys. Proceedings of the Zoological Society Ba u r , Ge o r g . 1889. The gigantic land tortoises of the Galapagos of London 1834:17. Islands. American Naturalist 23:1039–1057. Be l l , Th o m a s . 1835. [Emys irrigata]. In: Duméril, A.M.C. and Bi- Ba u r , Ge o r g . 1890a. Two new species of tortoises from the south. bron, G. Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles. Science 16(405):262–263. Tome Second. Paris: Roret, pp. 276–279. Ba u r , Ge o r g . 1890b. An apparently new species of Chelys. American Be n n e t t , Ed w a r d T. 1836. [Footnote 2: Testudo whitei]. In: White, Naturalist 24:967–968. G. The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne. London: J. Ba u r , Ge o r g . 1891. The very peculiar tortoise, Carettochelys Ramsay, and A. Arch, 640 pp. [pp. 360–361]. from New Guinea. Science 17(426):190. Be r r y , Ja m e s F. a n d Iv e r s o n , Jo h n B. 1980. A new species of mud Ba u r , Ge o r g . 1893a. Notes on the classification and taxonomy turtle, genus Kinosternon, from Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of of the Testudinata. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Herpetology 14(4):313–320. Society 31:210–225. Be r r y , Ja m e s F. a n d Le g l e r , Jo h n M. 1980. A new turtle (genus Ba u r , Ge o r g . 1893b. Notes on the classification of the Cryptodira. Kinosternon) from northwestern Mexico. Contributions in Science, American Naturalist 27:672–674. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 325:1–12. Ba u r , Ge o r g . 1893c. Two new species of North American Testudi- Be r r y , Ja m e s F., Se i d e l , Mi c h a e l E., a n d Iv e r s o n , Jo h n B. 1996. nata. American Naturalist 27:675–677. [Kinosternon chimalhuaca]. In: Rogner, M. Schildkröten 2. Hürt- Ba u r , Ge o r g . 1896. Der Schädel einer neuen grossen Schildkröte genwald: Heidi-Rogner-Verlag, 265 pp. [pp. 23–24]. (Adelochelys) aus dem zoologischen Museum in München. Be r r y , Ja m e s F., Se i d e l , Mi c h a e l E., a n d Iv e r s o n , Jo h n B. 1997. Anatomischer Anzeiger 12:314–319. A new species of mud turtle (genus Kinosternon) from Jalisco Ba u r , Ge o r g . 1925. [Kinosternon abaxillare]. In: Stejneger, L. and Colima, Mexico, with notes on its natural history. Chelonian New species and subspecies of American turtles. Journal of the Conservation and Biology 2(3):329–337. Washington Academy of Science 15:462–463. [p. 462] Bi b r o n , Ga b r i e l a n d Bo r y d e Sa i n t -Vi n c e n t , Je a n Ba p t i s t e . 1832. Be c h s t e i n , Jo h a n n Ma t t h a u s . 1800. Herrn De la Cepede’s Naturge- Vertébrés à sang froid. Reptiles et poissons. In: Geoffroy Saint- schichte der Amphibien oder der eyerlegenden vierfuszigen Thiere Hilaire, E. (Ed.). Expédition Scientifique de Morée, Vol. 3, Part und der Schlangen. Erster Band. Weimar: Comptoir, 524 pp. 1, pp. 57–80. Be d r i a g a , Ja c q u e s v o n . 1881. Die Amphibien und Reptilien Bi b r o n , Ga b r i e l a n d Bo r y d e Sa i n t -Vi n c e n t , Je a n Ba p t i s t e . 1833. Griechenlands. (Fortsetzung). Bulletin de la Société Impériale Vertébrés à sang froid. Reptiles et poissons. In: Geoffroy Saint- des Naturalistes de Moscou 56(3-4):278–344. Hilaire, E. (Ed.). Expédition Scientifique de Morée, Vol. 3, Part Be l l , Th o m a s . 1825a. A monograph of the tortoises having a move- 1, Atlas, pl. 9. able sternum, with remarks on their arrangement and affinities. Bl a i n v i l l e , He n r i d e 1816. Prodrome d’une nouvelle distribution Zoological Journal 2:299–310. systématique du règne animal. Bulletin des Sciences par la Société Be l l , Th o m a s . 1825b. [Sternotherus]. In: Gray, J.E. A synopsis of Philomatique de Paris 1816:105–112, 121–124. the genera of reptiles and amphibia, with a description of some Bl a n c k , To r s t e n , McCo r d , Wi l l i a m P., a n d Le, Mi n h . 2006. On new species. Annals of Philosophy (2)10:211. the variability of Cuora trifasciata (Bell, 1825); the rediscovery Be l l , Th o m a s . 1826. Description of a new species of Terrapene; with of the type specimen, with descriptions of a new Cuora species further observations on T. carolina and T. maculata. Zoological and subspecies, and remarks on the distribution, habitat and vul- Journal 2:484–486. nerability of these species (Reptilia: Testudines: Geoemydidae). Be l l , Th o m a s . 1827. On two new genera of land tortoises. Transac- Frankfurt: Edition Chimaira, 153 pp. tions of the Linnean Society of London 15:392–401. Bl a n f o r d , Wi l l i a m T. 1870. Notes on some Reptilia and Am- Be l l , Th o m a s . 1828a. 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Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1831d. Synopsis Reptilium; or Short Descrip- Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1861a. Description of a soft tortoise from tions of the Species of Reptiles. Part I.—Cataphracta. Tortoises, Camboja. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Crocodiles, and Enaliosaurians. London: Treuttel, Wurz, and Co., 1861:41–42. 85 pp. [Published May 1831]. Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1861b. On a new species of water–tortoise Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1832. Illustrations of Indian Zoology, chiefly (Geoclemmys melanosterna) from Darien. Proceedings of the selected from the collection of Major-General Hardwicke. Vol. Zoological Society of London 1861:204–205. II, Part 11, pl. 60. London: Adolphus Richter and Co. [Published Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1862a. Notice of a new species of Cyclemys Jul 1832]. from the Lao Mountains, in Siam. Annals and Magazine of Natural Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1834a. Characters of several new species of History (3)10:157. freshwater tortoises (Emys) from India and China. Proceedings Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1862b. Notice of two new species of Batagur of the Zoological Society of London 1834(2):53–54. in the collection of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoo- Gr a y , Jo h n E d w a r d . 1834b. Characters of two new genera of reptiles logical Society of London 1862:264–265. (Geoemyda and Gehyra). Proceedings of the Zoological Society Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1862c. Notice of a new species of Dogania of London 1834(2):99–101. from Asia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1841. A catalogue of the species of reptiles 1862:265–266. and amphibia hitherto described as inhabiting Australia, with a Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1863a. On the species of Chelymys from Aus- description of some new species from Western Australia, and some tralia; with the description of a new species. Annals and Magazine remarks on their geographical distribution. In: Grey, G. Journals of of Natural History (3)12:98–99. Two Expeditions of Discovery in Northwest and Western Australia. Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1863b. Notice of a new species of Pelom- London: T. and W. Boone, Vol. 2. Appendix E, pp. 422–449. edusa from Natal. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1842. Description of some hitherto unrecorded (3)12:99–100. species of Australian reptiles and batrachians. Zoological Miscel- Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1863c. Notes on American Emydidae, and lany 2:51–57. Professor Agassiz’s observations on my catalogue of them. Annals Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1844. Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Magazine of Natural History (3)12:176–183. and Amphisbaenians in the Collection of the British Museum. Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1863d. Notice of a new species of Kinixys London: Edward Newman, 80 pp. and other tortoises from central Africa. 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Description of a new species of tortoise from north-western India. Proceedings of the Zoological Society (Testudo planiceps), from the Galapagos Islands. Proceedings of of London 1863:253. the Zoological Society of London 1853[1854]:12–13. Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1863h. Description of a new Geoclemys lately Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1856a. On some new species of freshwater tor- living in the Gardens of the Zoological Society. Proceedings of toises from North America, Ceylon and Australia, in the collection the Zoological Society of London 1863:254–255. of the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1864a. Revision of the species of Trionychidae London 1855[1856](23):197–202. [Published Feb 1856]. found in Asia and Africa, with the descriptions of some new species. Gr a y , Jo h n E d w a r d . 1856b [“1855”]. 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Notice of a new genus and species of the of London 1859(27):478–479. family Trionychidae from Western Africa. Annals and Magazine Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1860a. Description of a soft tortoise (Aspido- of Natural History (3)16:204–206. chelys livingstonii) from the Zambesi, sent to the British Museum Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1865b. On the development of the sternal cal- by Dr. Livingstone. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of losities in Cyclanosteus senegalensis, and on the synonyms of London 1860(28):5–6. Cyclanosteus and its allied genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1860b. Description of a new species of Geo- Society of London 1865:422–428. clemmys from Ecuador. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1867. Description of a new Australian tortoise London 1860(28):231–232. (Elseya latisternum). Annals and Magazine of Natural History Gr a y , Jo h n Ed w a r d . 1860c. 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