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Part D-Unit 2, Ch.5-7

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Part D-Unit 2, Ch.5-7 Unit 2 WORLD WAR I: 1914–1918 UNIT OVERVIEW In 1914 when World War I broke out, Canada faced a number of economic and social prob- lems. The long boom of the Laurier era was ending, while unemployment and poverty were on the rise. French-English relations faced yet another test when Ontario passed a law restricting the use of French in its schools. Racial prejudice was also evident when a group of Sikh immigrants from India was prevented from entering the country. The crisis in Europe that touched off World War I during the summer of 1914 seemed at first to be very far-removed from Canadians’ concerns. Even a month later, when the cri- sis led to war between Austria and Serbia, Canadians, including Prime Minister Robert Borden, did not let it interfere with their summer vacations. Only when the great European powers, including Britain, were required to honour their secret commitments to their alliance partners did the full extent of the looming con- flict become apparent. By August 4, 1914, all the major European powers were at war. When Britain declared war on Germany, this meant the entire British Empire, including Canada, was at war. At first, Canadians greeted the war with great enthusiasm. Most were of British back- ground and intensely loyal to their motherland and its empire, and flocked to the re- cruiting stations. Prime Minister Borden announced that the first division of the Canadian Expeditionary Force would comprise 25 000 men. However, within a few months more than 33 000 young Canadians had enlisted. Upon their arrival at the Western Front, the Canadian soldiers encountered the grim realities of war. Apart from the danger of death or serious injury from enemy fire, the troops had to contend with the terrible conditions in the trenches and psychological stress known as “shell shock.” Canada’s forces proved to be brave and determined fighters, who distinguished themselves in the battles at Ypres, the Somme, and Vimy Ridge. Canadians fought valiantly at the battle of Passchendaele, and in an Allied offensive that broke the German army in the last months of the war. Participation in World War I fundamentally transformed Canada; many view the war as our “coming of age.” Major victories did much to foster national pride and self-confidence. At the end of the war, Prime Minister Borden won greater recognition for Canada’s status as a nation. The war also led to a greater government involvement in people’s lives, growth in industrial manufacturing and agriculture, and the increased importance of women in the labour force. As a result, women won the right to vote. However, the war also divided Canadians. In the early days, a small band of pacifists protested against Canada’s involvement, often meeting strong opposition. Although eth- nic minorities were eager to prove their loyalty to Canada by joining the armed forces, many faced discrimination when they did so. However, the Conscription Crisis that broke in 1917 posed the greatest threat to Canadian unity. 159 In 1917, Borden’s government reluctantly introduced a measure calling for conscription of all able-bodied men between the ages of 20 and 45. While most English-Canadians sup- ported it, conscription was far less popular among French-Canadians and recent immi- grants from Europe. In 1917 an election fought on the issue split Canada. Although Borden’s Unionists won re-election, Quebec voted solidly for the Opposition Liberals who were against conscription. And when conscription was introduced there in early 1918, rioting broke out. World War I was a highly significant period. The country’s military commitment was staggering for a country of only 8 million people far from the war zone. Canada emerged as a more self-reliant and internationally respected nation, with its economy more fully de- veloped. Canadian women had gained full political rights, and recognition of their social and economic contributions. However, the scars opened by the Conscription Crisis, and the anti-Quebec and anti-foreign sentiments it had sparked, would take a long time to heal. Unit 2 has the following divisions: Chapter 5 Canada Goes to War • Domestic problems in 1914, Canada gets involved in war, and events to 1916 Chapter 6 Canadians in Battle • Armed forces at war to 1918, Canada gains more political autonomy Chapter 7 The War at Home • War economy, women’s role, propaganda, Conscription Crisis UNIT PLANNING CHARTS ACADEMIC Chapter 5: Canada Goes to War Outline Specific Expectations Pages 74–75 Activity Canada in 1914 summarize Canada’s changing relationship with the United States from 1900 to the present (external forces shaping policies) assess the changing relationship between English Canada and Quebec The War Begins explain how Canada became involved in World War I and World War II, after researching the 1, 6, 10, 11, 16, 17, 21 causes of the two wars Emerging Historian: explain how Canada became involved in World War I and World War II, after researching the 1, 6, 10, 11, 16, 17, 21 Interpreting a causes of the two wars Political Cartoon Canada Supports explain how Canada became involved in World War I and World War II, after researching the 1, 6, 10, 11, 16, 17, 21 the War causes of the two wars describe how Canadians of various ethnocultural backgrounds, individually and as communities, 7 contributed at home and overseas to the war effort during World War I and World War II explain the influence on Canadian society from 1914 to the present of pacifists, the human 20 rights movement, and the civil rights movement assess the backgrounds, careers, and contributions of twentieth-century Canadian prime 15 ministers, in both formal and anecdotal reports Up Close: explain how Canada became involved in World War I and World War II, after researching the 1, 6, 10, 11, 16, 17, 21 Sam Hughes causes of the two wars The Western Front demonstrate a knowledge of Canada’s military contributions in World War I and World War II 6, 18 Changing Technology explain how and why developments in transportation and communication technology affected life in the twentieth century examine the relationship between war and inventions and explain how and why the technologies developed during and immediately after World War II 160 MAKING HISTORY UNIT 2: WORLD WAR I: 1914–1918 Methods of Historical Inquiry Page Activity formulate different types of questions to focus their historical research 74 13 use school and public libraries, resource centres, museums, historic sites, and community and government resources 75 23 effectively to gather information on Canadian history record and organize information effectively using notes, lists, concept webs, timelines, charts, maps, graphs, and 74 1, 11 mind maps identify different viewpoints and explicit biases when evaluating information for a research report or participating in 75 19, 20 a discussion use relevant and adequate supporting evidence to draw conclusions 64 Emerging Historian 75 21 make reasoned generalizations or appropriate predictions based on research 74 10 demonstrate competence in research and writing 74 15 75 18 express ideas and arguments in a coherent manner during discussions and debates, or in graphic displays 74 5 75 17, 22 Chapter 6: Canadians in Battle Outline Specific Expectations Page 92 Activity An Emerging Identity explain how and why the federal government has tried to promote a common Canadian identity 13 through various agencies demonstrate a knowledge of Canada’s military contributions in World War I and World War II 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 summarize the early evolution of Canadian political autonomy from Great Britain for the period 5 from World War I to the present The CEF in Battle demonstrate a knowledge of Canada’s military contributions in World War I and World War II 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 evaluate Canada’s role in the Allied victories of World War I and World War II 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 Up Close: demonstrate a knowledge of Canada’s military contributions in World War I and World War II 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 Forgotten Heroes evaluate Canada’s role in the Allied victories of World War I and World War II 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 Canadians in the Air demonstrate a knowledge of Canada’s military contributions in World War I and World War II 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 evaluate Canada’s role in the Allied victories of World War I and World War II 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 Emerging Historian: demonstrate a knowledge of Canada’s military contributions in World War I and World War II 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 Formulating Questions evaluate Canada’s role in the Allied victories of World War I and World War II 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 explain how significant individuals contributed to the growing sense of Canadian identity 2 during World War I Canadians at Sea demonstrate a knowledge of Canada’s military contributions in World War I and World War II 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 evaluate Canada’s role in the Allied victories of World War I and World War II 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 explain how significant individuals contributed to the growing sense of Canadian identity during 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 World War I Parallels Through demonstrate a knowledge of Canada’s military contributions in World War I and World War II 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 Time: Canada’s Military, Past and describe the roles and functions carried out by the Canadian armed forces since 1945 14 Present The Central Powers demonstrate a knowledge of Canada’s military contributions in World War I and World War II 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13 Collapse evaluate Canada’s role
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