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The Evolution of French-Language Education in Canada Educational Guide, Community Version Table of Contents

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The Evolution of French-Language Education in Canada Educational Guide, Community Version Table of Contents the evolution of French-language education in Canada Educational guide, community version Table of contents THE BIRTH OF FRENCH-LANGUAGE EDUCATION (1618-1840) New France steeped in Catholicism and French . 4 Conflict between two empires . 4 Access to education . 4 A question of religion . 4 Ryerson’s role and tolerance . .. 4 British imperialism and growing tensions . 4 THE ABOLITION OF FRENCH IN SCHOOLS AND ITS MODEST RESURGENCE (1840-1963) The exodus of French Canadians . 5 The role of religious communities in the West . 5 Creation of Canada: no guarantees for French Canadians outside Québec . 5 Tensions between the Irish clergy and Francophones . 5 Double taxation . 5 The resistance of the Acadiens . 5 Bilingual Manitoba resists . 6 The West hostile to French instruction . 6 Ineffective measures in Ontario . 6 The resistance of the French Canadian clergy . 6 French Canadians rally together . 6 The atmosphere of good relationships . 6 Regulation 17 . 7 The first disconnect between language and faith . 7 The end of Regulation 17 . 7 School transportation and the education of an Acadian elite . 7 THE EMERGENCE OF FRENCH-LANGUAGE SCHOOLS (1963-1982) The height of Francophonie in Ontario . 8 Religion’s decline and strides by the State . 8 Bilinguism and biculturalism . 8 Official languages and multiculturalism . 8 Institutional gains in Ontario . 8 Institutional gains in the Atlantic region . 8 Institutional gains elsewhere in Canada . 8 TOWARDS EQUITY IN EDUCATION (since 1982) Section 23 . 9 Catholic schools and public schools . 9 A series of legal victories . 9 The generalization of French school boards . 9 New possibilities for Francophone minorities . 10 French-language schools on Canada’s 150th birthday . 10 THE BIRTH OF FRENCH-LANGUAGE EDUCATION (1618-1840) THE ABOLITION OF FRENCH IN SCHOOLS AND ITS MODEST RESURGENCE (1840-1963) New France steeped in Catholicism and French The exodus of French Canadians During the period of colonization, Francophone identity revolved foremost around the Catholic religion. Although Between 1840 and 1930, French Canadians left Québec in droves, heading to Ontario, the United States and Western several dialects were still used in France, the French language spread quickly in New France as it was the only Canada to find work or land that could be cleared. The arrival of members of the Franco-European clergy, in the common language among the settlers. French-language education, provided by clerics, was offered to a limited Prairies for example, led to the foundation of parishes and colleges outside Québec which boosted the literacy rate number of individuals. The goal of education at the time was to allow settlers to function on a daily basis. among French Canadians . Conflict between two empires The role of religious communities in the West Acadie was the first territory of New France to be ceded to the British Empire. During the Great Upheaval of 1755, French Canadians settled in the West despite the fact it was not yet part of the Confederation . French-language thousands of Acadiens were deported to British colonies. In 1758, Louisbourg, a French naval base, fishing harbour elementary schools, established by nuns (Grey Nuns, Sisters of Charity, Daughters of Providence) served not only and commercial centre, was attacked by 13,000 British soldiers and its inhabitants were deported to France. This French Canadians, but the Métis and Cree people as well. period saw the suspension of French-language education in Acadie . Creation of Canada: no guarantees for French Canadians outside Québec The rest of New France was ceded to Great Britain in 1763. Seeking to obtain the population’s loyalty, the British Upon the creation of Canada in 1867, Québec became an officially bilingual province, but the constitution at the time Empire allowed Canadians to preserve the practice of Catholicism and the use of the French language, among other provided no linguistic guarantees in the other provinces: Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia afforded the things . French language no guarantees. The constitution did however protect Catholic schools in Québec and Ontario. But one will have to wait until 1982 for French to be recognized as an official language within the federal government, Access to education Québec and New Brunswick. At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries, the colonies and territories of North America that belonged to Great Britain (including today’s Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Tensions between the Irish clergy and Francophones Scotia) wanted to provide primary schooling to all of His Majesty’s subjects. The first laws governing education were During the second half of the 19th century, the strong link between language and faith among Francophones created passed. Education, aimed at turning out loyal subjects and productive workers at the time, became institutionalized tensions with the Irish Catholic clergy. Despite the Catholic religion common to both groups, the Irish feared that and teaching became more professional. activism in favour of French Catholic schools across Canada would lead the authorities to abolish Catholic teaching in favour of “neutral” teaching, in other words public and of Protestant inspiration. A question of religion During this period, the Church was the main seat of leadership for French Canadians. Religious (Protestant and Double taxation Catholic) and national (French and English) duality was promoted as the basis for the political pact that would lead In 1871, New Brunswick announced free education in unilingual English-language public schools and prohibited the to Confederation (1867). teaching of Catechism. Parents wanting Catholic French-language education had to pay for it while continuing to The institutionalisation of education led to remarkable strides. The cultural dimension of education was primarily pay taxes towards public schools, thus creating a double taxation. religious. Schools established at that time were opened by priests and nuns. The resistance of the Acadiens For its part, the Irish clergy gave the French Canadian clergy a helping hand to ensure the establishment and The Acadiens resisted for six years, forcing the New the protection of Catholic separate schools and Catholic school boards, and thus avoid the spread of the Anglo- Brunswick government to back down. In 1877, religious Protestant culture among Catholics. The clergy also obtained the right to collect school taxes. instruction was restored after school hours . The use of French was allowed in New Brunswick’s elementary Ryerson’s role and tolerance schools. In 1902, Nova Scotia, which had put in place Founded in 1844, the Council of Public Instruction for Canada West (Ontario), under the leadership of Superintendent a unilingual English education system in 1864, allowed Egerton Ryerson, created the Ontario school system in the hopes of turning out dutiful subjects, moral citizens and the use of French during the first three years of primary good workers. In 1871, legislation made education free and mandatory between the ages of 6 and 12 years. Ryerson schooling . considered French to be an acceptable language in Canada. British imperialism and growing tensions The Anglophone elite in the colonies, which wielded most of the economic and political power, endorsed British domination and saw school as an element of socialisation that went beyond the community and extended to a national and even imperial level. This caused growing tensions with the Francophone minorities whose identity differed from theirs . 4 | The evolution of French-language education in Canada | Educational guide, community version The evolution of French-language education in Canada | Educational guide, community version | 5 Bilingual Manitoba resists Regulation 17 According to its 1870 provincial constitution, Manitoba was a bilingual province. Thus, tensions ran high when Regulation 17 was passed by James Whitney’s Conservative government on June 25, 1912, prohibiting French- Thomas Greenway’s Conservatives revoked French’s official language status in 1890. The government prohibited language education in Ontario as of Grade 3. A campaign of civil disobedience was undertaken in several regions, French-language education and the teaching of Catechism in provincially funded schools. but particularly in Ottawa. The Association canadienne-française d’éducation de l’Ontario (ACFÉO), created in 1910, coordinated the mobilization of parents and the clergy. However, Ontario and British courts upheld the legitimacy of Opposing this, Francophones got the British Privy Council to put into question the constitutionality of that law but Queen’s Park’s actions. Greenway put it into force just the same. Some Manitoba communities where Francophones formed the majority resisted. In 1896, following the election of Wilfrid Laurier as Prime Minister of Canada, Greenway accepted a In Ottawa, to counter Regulation 17, Father Charles Charlebois proposed the creation of a daily newspaper – compromise that ensured the teaching of religion after school hours . “a newspaper of combat, Catholic, politically independent, a neighbourhood newspaper reporting struggles and news.” First published on March 27, 1913 after some hesitation, Le Droit’s motto is “L’avenir est à ceux qui luttent” The West hostile to French instruction [“The future belongs to those who fight for it”]. Indeed its Director, the tireless Charles Charlebois, was among Newly created in 1905, Alberta and Saskatchewan
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