西 南 交 通 大 学 学 报

第 56 卷 第 2 期 Vol. 56 No. 2 JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY 2021 年 4 月 Apr. 2021

ISSN: 0258-2724 DOI：10.35741/ issn.0258-2724.56.2.47

Research article

Social Sciences

THE READINESS OF MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT IN TOTAL DEFENSE (HANRUH) ON THE SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE

馬來西亞政府在國防（社交）使用中對國防的準備

Jessica Ong Hai Liaw *, Fadzil Ahmad, Nora Ibrahim, Ariffin Ismail, Noor Azmi Mohd Zainol Faculty of Defense Studies and Management, National Defense University of Malaysia 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, jessicа@upnm.еdu.my

Received: January 16, 2021 ▪ Review: February 26, 2021 ▪ Accepted: April 6, 2021 ▪ Published: April 30, 2021

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

Abstract HANRUH is an idea of Total Defense implemented by Malaysia in which the National Security Committee presented it in May 1986 to plan solid obstruction procedures and all-encompassing. This article examines the usage of social media on the readiness of the Malaysian Government in Total Defense. The primary and secondary data were collected through the qualitative research methodology using the ethnography research design to get the study's data and information. The findings found that it is the issue of virtual life of today where it has been seen from a terrible perspective. However, in making sure of a ton of utilization of the electronic long-range casual correspondence life, it is undeniable that the Malaysian Armed Forces can essentially harm the use of online platforms today. The Malaysian Armed Forces are concerned about the miracle of spreading fake news and information that the military needs to address this issue through the long-standing undertaking with the Communications and Multimedia Commission. It is a significant effort by the Federal Government in preventing the transmission of corrupt news and information on web dealing. For the recommendations of this study, the association should anticipate that their businesses should have the verification of the genuine target of arraignment in court. It will screen the information traffic coming into the nation comparably with the data dispersed through affiliations, government networks, higher education establishments, and associations. The main thing that should be improved is to create increasingly qualified alumni in software engineering and is educated on the advanced legal sciences that enable to check the credibility of a video, picture, sound, and recording. This research profoundly implications and contribution towards the Malaysian Army as managing pandemic COVID-19 to the organization's mission. Having identified the readiness of Malaysian Government In Total Defense (HANRUH) on social media usage, these results and findings have theoretical and practical implications. Additionally, this study serves to augment knowledge of the current body of empirical research.

Keywords: Military Need, Fake News, Corrupt News, Affiliations, Environments

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摘要 汉鲁是馬來西亞實施的全面防禦的構想，國家安全委員會於 1986 年 5 月提出了汉鲁，以計 劃堅實的阻撓程序和無所不包。本文旨在探討社交媒體在馬來西亞政府全面防禦中的準備情況。 通過使用民族志研究設計通過定性研究方法收集主要和次要數據，以獲取研究的數據和信息。調 查結果發現，從可怕的角度來看，這是當今虛擬生活的問題。但是，在確保大量使用電子遠程休 閒通信生活的過程中，不可否認的是，馬來西亞武裝部隊基本上可以對當今的在線平台產生負面 影響。馬來西亞武裝部隊對假新聞和信息傳播的奇蹟深感憂慮，以至於軍方需要通過與通信和多 媒體委員會的長期合作來採取措施解決這一問題。這是聯邦政府為防止在網絡交易中傳播腐敗新 聞和信息而做出的主要努力。根據這項研究的建議，協會應期望其業務部門應有對法庭提起訴訟 的真實目標的核實，並將與進入該組織的信息流量進行比較，並將其與通過分支機構，政府網絡 和政府部門散佈的數據進行比較。高等教育機構及其附屬機構。需要改進的主要內容是在軟件工 程領域創建合格的校友，並接受先進的法律科學教育，以檢查視頻，圖片，聲音和錄音的信譽。 這項研究對於馬來西亞陸軍管理大流行新冠肺炎對實現該組織的使命具有深遠的影響和貢獻。在 確定了馬來西亞政府在國防領域中的全面防禦能力後，這些結果和發現均具有理論和實踐意義。 此外，本研究還有助於增強當前實證研究的知識.

关键词: 军事需要，假新闻，腐败新闻，从属关系，环境

I. INTRODUCTION The military wants the nation to embrace the As of May 1986, the idea of all-out protection concept of total defense Pertahanan Menyeluruh was mainly presented as total resistance or (HANRUH), where everybody is involved in HANRUH, where it is a convention that layouts defending the country. In advocating HANRUH, the utilization of all resources similarly with the the military is not shirking its responsibility. On national assets as to expand the national capacity the contrary, it is the only national defense policy in confronting any household or worldwide risk. option that makes sense. The military cannot win Among the most noticeable types of total defense any internal military conflict without the support in every associated organization is the of the people. It was proven during the two stimulation of safety and defense forces [1]. “Emergencies” and the short-lived Indonesian- HANRUH is an idea of Total Defense inspired confrontation. In getting every citizen to implemented by Malaysia in which the National defend the nation, a liberal education program Security Committee presented it in May 1986 to emphasizes patriotism and love for the country plan solid obstruction procedures and all- [3]. This education goes beyond singing the encompassing. HANRUH underlines the national anthem and students reading the Rukun utilization of HR, which is effective, prudent Negara every morning. It even goes beyond the quality, bounded activities from all National Service training program. In this administrative offices, and a massive worldwide modernization era, social media were used for a and territorial network as the system to guarantee lot of reasons. It can be positive and negative the quality and progress of the country remains [21]. perfect [17]. Poisoning the people's minds with hostile, Total defense drilled by Malaysia is an idea racist policies can demolish the motivation in the that binds the material components and non- national unity, undermine the national capacity to material with the enthusiasm and patriotism by expand economic productivity, and stunt national the general population in protecting their country. growth [3]. For example, is the capture of three In this way, the methodology was organized from DAESH supporters in Kelantan on October 10, the government-based or the general population 2017. These three suspects had never interacted (Voluntary Defence Teams) as a vital resource of with DAESH activists, yet generally by means security of Malaysia [2]. The use of the over the Internet. The DAESH philosophy HANRUH idea includes the military and each of influenced them. After that, they figured the the organizations that will consider the country's method of making a bomb only through the security to be legitimately reinforced, like DAESH website. It has led them to design an hindering Malaysia from maintaining the assault on the Better Beer Festival 2017 considered space from foe dangers. amusement and adores in Klang Valley by utilizing the Improvised Explosive Device (IED). 583

It is how social media had been involved people and the legislatures that engaged with indirectly as the key to the problem to occur. informal communities. The analysts are also As for a country with a heavily in debt, it will taking a gander at its uses to alter the national limit the capacity for national growth and security on how it can turn into another weapon productivity and undermine its security. Only a for activation. The web-based life system has well-thought-out program on liberal education been developed into a need for transformation can genuinely forge a cohesive national identity, and social equity. The new law ought to give remove the bigotry and curtail the dangerous security to the purchaser instead of crooks and tribal tendencies in the name of pseudo- guarantee that the information is securely kept nationalism. We cannot ignore such direction as [12]. In any case, the analyst has to lead the the behavior shown during the gubernatorial investigation dependent on a two-way election year of the country. While GE14 is communication locale by recognizing the likely to be the watershed of democracy, it was difficulties of its web-based social networks. hoped that it could end the insanity of race Their investigation on the "Security politics. In terms of national safety, social media Challenges and Approaches in Online Social will positively and negatively impact the safety Networks: A Survey" noticed that the informal of its country people [1]. It can happen without communication website has turned out to be any sign or early warning because it can move well-known by an increasing number of uses and spread silently and indirectly. [24]. In any case, the expanded security is also There is no place in our pluralistic society for insecure as it could influence others' personality, the political madness and hatred that will breed protection, and confidentiality [20]. The poorly wills and hostility [3]. If left unchecked, specialists have attempted to be professional for the political turmoil prevailing in the country can few purposes in taking care of this issue. For evolve into a culture of national insecurity. instance, a client has no control of the data, Should it be the dream of embracing the vision to whereas the others may uncover it, yet picture create a Malaysia joint nation and a fair society encryption is unknown. in its economy. There will be a fair and equitable Generally, the execution framework on the distribution of the nation's wealth, remain to be velocity and reacting time will be influenced if the concern? Should it be the color of our skin, improved safety efforts. In any case, these ethnicity, faith, and sectarian values continue to systems give answers to secure specific be used as weapons for regime survival? [12]. protection. However, it was not being certified Nowadays, social media has been the key to [1]. Nonetheless, all tasks under the investigation starting a problem or solving any problem and neglected to distinguish or quantify a higher gaining influencers as we are noticed. However, safety effort and its framework execution. Hence, people still use it for negative and positive usage this paper will be focused on its security to create propaganda and spread unwanted or challenges. severe matters to the entire nation [3]. It is sensible to start the journey by utilizing This study aims to evaluate the practice of the hypothesis of examining the plan's success social media, which is potentially a threat to the and improvement in the correspondence Malaysian Government's readiness in Total hypothesis. Correspondence has included Defence (HANRUH). This study is also focused numerous human exercises, including creatures. on determining the consequences of social media Moreover, perusing, tuning, recording as hard misuse by the users towards HANRUH and copy, seeing pictures, talking, and taking pictures identifying the technology of social media is a group [24]. Likewise, correspondence platforms that will support the HANRUH. exercises might be genuine or oblivious, for example, discussions, gesture-based II. LITERATURE REVIEW communication, non-verbal sounds, and non- Their inspection on the "Protection and verbal communication. This correspondence National Security Issues in Social Networks, The procedure was discussed in the past, which has Challenges" noticed that the web social systems been valued by expanding its multifaceted nature administration has significantly improved in the [20]. However, the scientist just directed the internet world. Every person, organization, and investigation depends on the speculations of the the government will dependably want to speak communication. This paper will not focus on the with one another through the capacity of the web danger but the preventive measures. that has been getting more grounded [13]. From The way toward framing social developments their study, we can take a gander at the structure by cantering two interrelated factors; the and difficulties of the protection seen by the structure of chance and the system [4]. The 584 Liaw et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol.56 No.2 Apr. 2021 researcher hypothesizes that social actions are intrigue. At any rate, there might be another brought by basic open doors where the economic common source or different segments that can setting, institutional, and social state with a life meddle with the correspondence. This entrance through the web-based. Social hypothesis totally can be utilized in taking a developments will not exist by a solitary variable, gander at online life and its dangers, difficulties, yet many hugeness factors will impression the and measures towards the existing improvement correspondence. Recognizing the best approach in nations. to sort the issue is critical to guarantee the social developments required by the people in general. Bringing the internet-based life into the dialog has genuinely changed the method of arranging the product. In testing the speculation, the scientist has utilized the information from a few distinct hotspots for all nations from 2008 until 2012. In any case, this paper only focused on the effects of social development. This exploration is Figure 2. Communication mode not concentrating on the web-based networking media from the perspective of its danger, and III. METHODS/MATERIALS challenges are just the preventive measures in the For the research methodology of this study, Malaysian setting. the philosophy of this study is positivism with the The effects of past examinations have research technique of the qualitative research discovered that numerous investigations have method used in this study, by using ethnographic been done. The issues that exist exclusively research to get the data and information for this centered around the information gathered study. The exploration needs to adjust and meet examine different nations, various parts of the motivation behind the examinations, which research, etc. In such a manner, the analyst has required being characterized thoroughly. This recognized a portion of the inherent subjective kind of research paper will set up the measurements of the past investigation where it reason for the impact between factors. The will concentrate on the dangers, encounters Independent Variable (IV) that has been confronted, and the necessary precaution related distinguished will be Social Media Usage. The to the Malaysian Government readiness in Total IV will be completed, which will deliver the Defence (HANRUH). outcomes in the defensive measures as the Dependent Variable (DV). We also shall see the impacts of the danger, the client conduct and innovation advancement circumstance, and the inward relations among Malaysian Government organization towards HANRUH points. The paper creates by gathering Figure 1. The framework of the study information from the Malaysian Armed Forces Staff College Library, MINDEF Library, the It will be utilized as the conceptualizing and Library of the National Defense University of information gathering in dealing with the Malaysia, National Library, and data assembled overseen of online life chances that the from trusted and dependable sites on the web. association has faced currently. This manner Likewise, the information and data will be shows that the web-based systems administration gathered by directing the discourse about the of Total defense (HANRUH) in the Malaysia essential and auxiliary information gathered. The setting is similar to the rise of its impact. Figure 1 significant writing surveys were combined to demonstrated the design of a speculative help the contentions inside this examination. structure of the affiliation and the association. Hypotheses were connected to the subject of These display that the three sections were concentrate in producing a structure to examine not made in Aristotle's model: the beneficiary, the different issues. spreader, and the wellsprings of rattle [26]. From the fundamental aspect, this model is a IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION framework on the issue of media transmission. For example, the radio and television have several fragments without had a great deal of stretch to be utilized in different zones of

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A. Threat to the National Security via Social usefulness in area-based applications, such as Media: A Study of Malaysian Foursquare and Facebook, and dispersing data on Government’s State of Readiness MAF key areas. Other than expressed data break The 21st century had seen the ascent of the cases, the nation's foe can utilize a couple of web-based life clients, alongside the creation techniques to gather vital data using web-based of innovations and access to the least cost and life. One of the techniques used in information quick speed Internet. An individual with Internet mining from open-source insight (OSINT) access will possess in any event at least one web- utilizing data in online networking. based life accounts. Internet-based life is found to have a very abnormal state of cooperation among the clients, uniquely in contrast to traditional media described by a single direction correspondence stream. Undoubtedly, Social Media clients can simultaneously be the two senders and beneficiaries of data, makers, and clients of substance. Basic realistic and highlights made the Figure 3. Social networking account ownership on 2015 clients utilize online networking effectively without profundity information on specialized Other than that, our adversary can utilize aptitudes to utilize it [10]. In addition, this social online life to dispatch pernicious programming or locale can be gotten to with no expense or least known as malware contamination. Malware expense for extra administrations, for example, disease can cause the break of touchy Facebook promotion and LinkedIn. According to information from our classified association. Even Survey 2017 by the Malaysian Communications though we executed a couple of mystery acts, and Multimedia Commission (MCMC), there including the Official Secret Act 1972, it is were about 21.9 million online networking verifiable that related individual who handle such clients in Malaysia for 2016. The rate is spoken delicate and private reports still have their to in Figures 3 beneath. shortcomings in taking care of such records. Any This rise of new correspondence medium touchy and secret information put away in the carries both positive and negative effects to the work area or workstation associated with the web public, as news and gossipy titbits can be spread is helpless against being stolen by our foe. inside seconds exactly readily available. The Other than that, such sharing data via social absence of mindfulness about laws and morals networking media can effectively fall into foe's among cell phone clients has prompted 90 hands. In addition, this kind of activity will give percent of them to succumb to false data to create the opponents chances to hack our system to get irrelevant problems. These are the discoveries of some secret and confidential information. This an across the country research scattering of data disease can further lead to serious cyber-attack or using short-informing frameworks (WeChat, such as cyber manipulation and cyber-attack. WhatsApp, and Messenger) and online The use of social media to fund terrorism also networking stages (social media) between a year involved Malaysian. Police investigations into ago and May this year (2017). 1000 false news terrorism financing have found several was detected on that news [5]. Malaysians have been duped into donating Numerous types of danger can become about money for Islamic State (IS) militants. Deputy because of the abuse of internet-based life. From Superintendent Foo Wei Min said these interests the break of security, including incendiary inside for gifts are regularly made through internet- an association or state, secret activities, and harm based life like Facebook and Twitter, with some to the usage of internet-based life by the fanatic, notwithstanding utilizing alleged charitable or psychological oppressor and criminal to satisfy religious associations as a front. With online their aim and goal [12]. networking, the message gets out in all respects The Threats to Malaysia National Security via rapidly, and because it gets shared, it spreads far Social Media Technology in military extension, and wide. In this day and age of advantageous as per Defense Intelligence Staff Division banking, individuals can move cash immediately (DISD) of Malaysian Armed Forces, 17 cases to the record numbers given through Internet revealed including data rupture from 2015 to banking or the ATM. DSP Foo likewise said that 2016. Among the complex cases incorporated the money is then directed to Malaysians battling for spread of MAF secret messages, character IS in Syria and Iraq or used to help widows of misrepresentation, the utilization of geo-labeling aggressors who kicked the bucket while fighting 586 Liaw et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol.56 No.2 Apr. 2021 or meeting the everyday needs of these groups of the individual intrigue and dishonor peoples, contenders who are away. carries out digital wrongdoing, embarrasses individuals, and controls national security issues. B. The Consequences of Social Media Misuse This illegal web-based social networking activity by the User’s will negatively impact society and influence the The conspicuousness of relaxing with two- trustworthiness of oneself, and it is likewise way barrier communications, for example, social unlawful. The connection of that, the factual rate media, cause a push to create suitable of digital wrongdoings these days is additionally neighborhood interpersonal organizations with highly stressful. In actuality, it appears to give substance and clients in Malaysia. It provides another risk to the general population and harm additional choices in the affiliation and Malaysia's solidarity. It will also affect the correspondence through the virtual space. The system to archive total defense (HANRUH). presence of long-range interpersonal Some of the consequences of social media communication sites is utilized by all degrees of misuse by the users towards HANRUH in society in Malaysia, whether the understudy, Malaysia will be described in the next paragraph. housewives, laborers, open or private areas. One Online life has likewise been utilized as an of the benefits of long-range interpersonal instrument for scattering harmful introduction to communication locales that become the decision those dumbfounding conviction structure of Internet clients today is its idea to make supporters of different religions or obscenities. It individual virtual clients in each profile just as gives false data to a specific gathering interest correspondence with different exercises. It and making a racial for our multi-racial society, enables the client to move effectively in virtual making the nation's shocking picture and the mail and sharing of thoughts in person. endeavors to undermine the pioneer of an Moreover, the clients free of discourse and overseeing body. The fear mongers are utilizing voicing sentiments through their compositions on this medium to pick their supporters and use social destinations. Long-range informal them to support them to make suicide strikes, for communication destinations which show up, for example, suicide bombings which are standard the most part, offer similar usefulness as a spot to beginning at now. They have understood how to meet new companions and keep up their impact and spread their careful consideration fellowships, share data and thoughts for through electronic life and make other youths individual or business commitments and unite deceived and recognize the decree. individuals. A total of 47 Malaysians distinguished in Simultaneously, internet-based life is likewise Syria and Iraq were related with extremist social utilized as a medium to produce extra pay in events DAESH as of recently, of the capacity, 30 confronting the troublesome monetary from them were men, 9 women and 8 were circumstance. Utusan Online July 12, 2016, youths, according to Director of Bukit Aman stated that originator and President of the Social Special Branch, Datuk Mohamad Fuzi Harun in Media Malaysia, Shahool Hameed Dawood in Sinar Harian March 5, 2016. It brings the firm the vulnerability financial circumstance, web- the number of them among the 72 people based life give more openings for work in associated with DAESH, which is verifiably person-to-person communication web pages. It progressively horrendous. A comparative number accepts that spaces on the Internet can enable of 18 individuals were spoken to have been Malaysians to utilize web-based life adequately butchered while sharing DAESH in Syria. In to get a fine line of work or complete a business. contrast, seven others kicked the compartment as Datuk Seri Dr. Rais Yatim, previous Minister of a suicide flying machine a year back. Police in Information, likewise empowers the utilization of like way uncovered that in any event, 500 web-based life to Malaysians. In the Utusan Facebook records are perceived as doing Malaysia October 27, 2011, he said that web- exercises to advance, select and endeavor to based life ought to be urged to proceed and request that Malaysians battle in Syria. develop. Yet, we should utilize it for the benefit It displays social media as a strategy for of society and the family and not lose our spreading malicious consideration. There is no productive values” [2]. one-of-a-kind case to Malaysians possibly There is no uncertainty that online networking, influenced by the DAESH's conviction structure particularly Facebook, Twitter, and others, gives and radical thought, which addresses another numerous advantages to the clients. In this way, danger to the nation. in the enthusiasm of individuals utilizing online networking for better use, a person misuses it to

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C. The Technologies of Social Media Platform It directly eventually is looking with the bothers Support the HANRUH influenced by online life quality. Social Media licenses use to pass on and offer To beat this issue, the researcher will turn out or catch information, separate socio-political with the probability of online systems association components, and imagine fiscal cash-related from the world perspective, a fundamental examples. Yet, notwithstanding portray events, problem of online nearness concerning the forces model reality, sway the impression of a particular and the present essential considering electronic situation, a specific issue, or an individual, and individual to singular correspondence in the affect choices and practices. Therefore, Social Malaysian Armed Forces preventive watches be Media can immovably impact institutional, considered. The results obtained from the past business, or gathering key essential initiatives, appraisals have found that the evaluation of like game plan and progression of the general electronic life is continually spun around the supposition's total care. things that lead to the particular implications on These instruments can be used to interfere focal concentrations and squares from the with the adversaries' fundamental authority refinement condition. process. It means controlling their information Online life is a helpful stage that can give and examination framework or influencing their numerous favorable circumstances to web-based close-by colleagues and suggesting affecting life clients and should be utilized sensibly and social affairs of people, for instance, ideological cautiously. Each client must use internet-based gatherings, laborer’s organizations, the general life judiciously. What is disturbing is the feeling, etc. Whose reactions impact the very demeanor of the present online life clients who choices of a country's drive? Since they have are quick to transmit an issue or circumstance prominent characteristics as recently referenced, that isn't legitimate. If not controlled, Irresistible, Social Media can convince instruments for effect, viral rehearse will have a substantial effect and deliberate attention, and deluding works out. adversely affect society. The unique enactment The CDOC has recently compelled a couple instituted to manage, and the job of the experts in of endeavors obliging crafted by Social Media in checking each action in internet-based life is a effect, intentional exposure and counter- Government proactive advance in stepping the proclamation and misleading activities. issues including abuse of online networking. Development is significant for each person who V. CONCLUSION uses online networking to assess the ideals and Online networking lives have, all things detriments of each crucial action. Guardians need considered, affected the all-inclusive to assume an essential job in avoiding the community's lifestyle. This issue is progressively unfavorable impacts of utilizing online life genuine in our overall population when the all- because forestalling is superior to fix. More or inclusive community doesn't have ideas on the less, the critical significant thing that ought to be usage. Nowadays, all information is managed considered as a Malaysian is the soul of through web-based life despite the way that it cohesiveness among society and associations to incorporates security. Supervision matters have pick up the complete protection to overcome any been shared comprehensively through online danger to our countries. Entire association as an existence without understanding the impact to be all-out outcome towards resistance by utilizing gotten, and now the whole of what affiliations web-based social networking as a stage for look have been introduced to this shortcoming. The after harmony. forces and our nations are also captivating in this This research provides profound implications issue, as found in Malaysia's online life and contributions towards the readiness of nowadays. Malaysian Government in Total Defense Subsequently, it also influences and impacts (HANRUH) on social media usage to attain the countries' solidarity to accomplish all-out organization’s mission. Having identified that the safeguard (HANRUH). Right legitimately willingness of the Malaysian Government in looking forward towards the fifth Generation Total Defense (HANRUH) on social media usage, Warfare was other than the "non-contact" locks these results and findings have theoretical and in. In achieving the objectives set by the practical implications. affiliation, positive development in information For the theoretical and practical contribution, progress is required to be improved that this study provides the academics and the moreover join its technology as an exchange practitioners a platform for other tasks in the mastermind. In any case, this game-plan should same area, specifically in Malaysia's context of oblige bits of the individual in the Armed Forces. military organization. Other than that, this study 588 Liaw et al. / Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University / Vol.56 No.2 Apr. 2021 helps practitioners, students, and academics rakyat-malaysia-terlibat-is-1.493276 understand the readiness of the Malaysian [Accessed 17/05/19]. Government in Total Defense (HANRUH) on [3] BERTOT, J. C., JAEGER, P.T., social media usage. This knowledge would HANSEN, D. 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