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Unilateral Conversion Controversy in Malaysia: a Study on News Coverage by the Star Newspaper

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Unilateral Conversion Controversy in Malaysia: a Study on News Coverage by the Star Newspaper Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 219 International Conference on Psychology and Communication 2018 (ICPC 2018) Unilateral Conversion Controversy in Malaysia: A Study on News Coverage by the Star Newspaper Muhammad Raqib Mohd Sofian , Azman Azwan Azmawati School Of Communication, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia Abstract In recent years, Malaysia has been embroiled with religious conflicts that cause fractions among its citizens. Most of the conflicts involved Islam which is generally known as the official religion of the country. Overall, a total of 60% that represents majority of the Malaysian populations are Malay Muslims, while the remaining consists of other ethnics which include Chinese, Indians, and the indigenous people of Sabah and Sarawak. In regard to this matter, the minorities tend to have the thoughts that they are marginalized by the government policies imposed on them. Mass media especially the newspapers have been regarded as a powerful tool in disseminating information to the population. Apart from that, it is also known to have a strong influence on the mind of individuals in regard to its reporting on a particular issue. However, it should be understood that they can either help to maintain good relations or cause more harm among the citizens. Hence, it is deemed very important to study the news that has been reported by the media to the populace, especially in the Malaysian context that is widely known to consist of multi ethnics and religions. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to study how a controversial issue was reported by The Star, an English mainstream newspaper in Malaysia in regard to the conversion of M. Indira Ghandi’s three children to Islam. Finally, it is worth to note that The Star is owned by a political party linked to the previous regime, the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) which has been targeting the middle-class citizens as their audiences. Keywords: Islam and the Media, Media Portrayal, M. Indira Ghandi, Media Messages, Qualitative Content Analysis Copyright © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. 266 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 219 Introduction converted his three children to Islam from In the socio-political landscape of the his civil marriage to a Hindu wife, M. country, it has long been acknowledged that Indira Gandhi without her consent before there are various “black” histories in the going to the Shariah court to obtain custody context of racial and religious relations. In over them [5]. Nevertheless, Indira successfully this case, it is worth to no te that almost all challenged the unilateral conversion in the the conflicts occurred between the minorities of High Court, but the Cour t of Appeal ruled Malaysian population and the majority against her. However, in January represented by the Malay Muslims. The major 2018, the Federal Court cleared up the incidents include the racial riots that took confusion by declaring that the unilateral place in 1969 between the Chinese and the conversion of the children was unlawful. Malays as well as the disputes that happened In regard to this issue, it is at Kampung Medan involving the Malays important to empha size that all the stated and Indians. Apart from that, there are also other incidents such as the demolition of conflicts can be deemed worse than the real Hindu temples, the demonstration of the situation when the media are being cow’s head in Selangor, and the laying of irresponsible in their reporting with the pigs’ heads at one of the mosques in Kuala purpose of exploiting the issues. In this era of Lumpur [1]. modern technology, it is undeniable that In addition, it should be noted that mass media play a significant role in shaping the racial and religious tensions which have been happening in Malaysia include the public opinion. According to Van Dijk [6], issues of racial controversy, disputes over the media can maintain and reproduc e social use of the word ‘Allah’ in the publication of the and dominating power relations because it Christians, issues regarding the has the special access to publish news implementation of Syariah law, attacks on discourse. In addition, the mass media also the churches, and raid on a church plays a significant role in the production and controversy which have caused fractions among the Malaysians [2,3,4]. Recently, a case of reproduction of the characteristics of beliefs, unilateral conversion of M. Indira Ghandi’s opinions, stereotypes, prejudices, and children towards Islam has sparked ideologies [7]. Further more, mass media is a great deba te among the Malaysians widely known as a significant social agent because it involved the conflict between the which has the potential to influence public Muslims and the Hindus. perceptions [8]. Therefore, it is not In the year 2009, a Muslim convert surprising that the influence of mass with the name of Muhammad Riduan 267 Abdullah or also known as K. Pathmanathan media can have a serious impact on certain Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 219 groups through the negative image conveyed Malaysia, which in the context of the present in regard to religion, race, and nation. study refers to the conversion of M. Indira Mustafa [9] stated that it is very Ghandi’s three children to Islam. As has difficult to report religious and ethnic issues been mentioned, this study is deemed very in a multi- racial and religious country, important in order to investigate the role particularly in the Malaysian context. played by the media in reporting Moreover, more issues on religion and controversial issue, especially involving ethnicity can occur when the news on religion Islam. In relation to this, it is highly relevant and ethnicity is erroneously flagged and to conduct a research involving Islam in the biased by the media, thus causing the Malaysian context considering that Islam has audience to come up with a wrong judgment. been widely viewed with suspicion and Other than that, the media have been acting prejudice by the world due to several unfair as a source of conflict between race and and unsubstantiated reasons. religion instead of playing its role as the agent Methodology of change. The present study employed a On ano ther note, it is crucial to qualitative approach in its investigation understand the discourses presented in regarding the nature of news coverage on the news considering that they are a form of unilateral conversion controversy in cultural products which doen s ot operate Malaysia produced by a local mainstream in vacuum, but instead most of them are English newspaper. The method adopted in subtly loaded with certain ideologies with the the present study involved performing an purpose of structuring the ideas of the analysis on the written texts in the dominant groups to the society, thus newspaper for the purpos e of obtaining a maintaining the existing hegemony [10]. full understanding on how the issue was Said [11] desb cri ed that the media actually covered and reported. Apart from that, the reflects the subject matter of those with a present study also carried out an analysis particular interest, especially those in power on the news narratives in order to understand instead of reflecting on the real issue that is how the issue was constructed and portrayed happening. by the newspaper. A total of three-month Therefore, this pape r aims to study samples was collected from the month of how a controversial issue is reported by The January 2018 to March 2018 which 268 Star as an English mainstream newspaper in represent the highlighot f the issue, just Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 219 before the Cour t issued a final decision on www.thestar.com.my at the seventh place from the issue. the overall total of 30 local websites. The present study chose a daily Findings mainstream English newspaper kno wn as The In general, it was found that the most published theme by The Star newspaper is Star as the means of data collection. In addition, “supporting the decision made by the Federal it is worth to note that The Star is a party-owned Court” based on the fact that the judges set paper which is associated with the former aside the unilateral conversion of Indira regime, Barisan Nasional. Another fact that Gandhi’s three children to Islam by ruling that should be pointed out is that The Star is owned consent must be obtained beforehand from both by the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) parents. Most sources that were referred by The that is considered as the third-largest party Star praised and supported the decisions made by the court by classifying that the in the opposition, Barisan Nasional alliance. decision was indeed courageous and wise. The Star was chosen due to its distinctive The sources mentioned include several characteristic that is not possessed by other important figures from various parties mainstream newspapers which refers to its such as Barisan Nasional (BN) especially the practice of balanced reporting that provides MCA, Pakatan Harapan politicians, non- space for both parties involved in a conflict Muslims lawyers, human rights advocate, and the public. However, it was discovered that [12, 13]. Furthermore, The Star which has been The Star mostly referred to Muslims references targeting middle-class citizens as their main who are moderate and open-minded such as audience have published the highest number the G25 group, Sisters in Islam, Zainah of circulation for the English-language press Anwar, Zaid Ibrahim as well as Siti Kassim category with a total of 546,553 copies sold in who are well known as one of the Muslim 2015 [14].
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