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Volcán Lonquimay Volcán Lonquimay Región: Araucanía Provincia: Malleco Comuna: Lonquimay Coordenadas: 38°28’S – 71°35’O Poblados más cercanos: Malalcahuello – Manzanar - Lonquimay Tipo de volcán: Estratovolcán Altura: 2.865 m s.n.m. Diámetro basal: 10,6 km Área basal: 88,2 km2 Volumen estimado: 29,9 km3 Última actividad: 1988-1990 Última erupción mayor: ~1760 Volcán Lonquimay desde el Cordón Fisural Oriental Ranking de riesgo (Fotografía: Daniel Bertin, SERNAGEOMIN) 15 (moderado) específico: Generalidades El volcán Lonquimay corresponde a un pequeño estratovolcán simétrico -con un cráter elíptico de 700 m de diámetro en su eje mayor- formado principalmente durante los últimos 80 mil años. Está compuesto por un estratocono principal y por una cadena de centros adventicios más pequeños presentes hacia el noreste a lo largo de una fisura de 8 km de longitud y orientación similar denominada ‘Cordón Fisural Oriental’. A lo largo de su evolución el volcán ha producido flujos de lava, flujos piroclásticos, flujos laháricos y caída piroclástica, esencialmente de composición andesítica, aunque composiciones andesítico-basálticas y dacíticas también han estado presentes. Las coladas de lava alcanzan incluso el río Cautín, distante a más de 18 km del volcán; se han reconocido depósitos de flujo piroclástico de hasta 10 km de alcance, emitidos hace no más de 2.000 años; los depósitos laháricos se concentran en torno al río Colorado hasta una distancia de 8 km y los depósitos de caída se localizan hacia el este y sureste principalmente. El Cordón Fisural Oriental consta de una docena de cráteres, fisuras de no más de 1 km de largo, conos piroclásticos y domos. Las lavas varían composicionalmente de andesitas-basálticas a dacitas, aunque las últimas erupciones han evacuado esencialmente andesitas. Registro eruptivo En tiempos históricos sólo se ha documentado actividad desde el Cordón Fisural Oriental, desde donde se han emitido flujos de lava de hasta 10 km de longitud, especialmente durante las erupciones de 1887-90 y 1988-90. La erupción de 1988-90 ocasionó la formación del cono de piroclastos Navidad, ubicado en el pie este-noreste del cono principal, el cual emitió una colada andesítica que descendió por el valle del río Lolco. En los últimos 10.000 años se han identificado al menos 19 erupciones. En tiempos históricos se han documentado erupciones en los años 1853, 1887-90, 1933, 1940 y 1988-90, todas generadas en el Cordón Fisural Oriental y donde predominan aquellas de tipo estromboliana o vulcaniana. Peligros y Riesgos Asociados Los principales peligros corresponden a coladas de lava iguales o mayores a los 10 km de longitud, flujos laháricos o crecidas fluviales de moderadas dimensiones, caída de piroclastos y, en especial, la emisión de productos con alto contenido de flúor. Durante la erupción de 1988-90 tuvo efectos catastróficos para los seres humanos, animales y vegetación. Se alteró el curso hídrico y la composición del agua de los ríos Cautín y Naranjo; se generó una intoxicación letal en el ganado de la zona. Los menores de edad fueron evacuados a Temuco durante el invierno de 1989 y la población adulta experimentó conjuntivitis irritativas, afecciones en las vías respiratorias, problemas digestivos y alteraciones en el sistema nervioso, aunque sin víctimas fatales. Mapa de ubicación de Volcán Lonquimay. REFERENCIAS Salinas, P. 1979. Geologúa del área Lolco – Lonquimay, Cordillera de los Andes, Alto Biobío, IX Región, Chile. Memoria de Título (Inédito), Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Geología, 153 p. Thiele, R., Lahsen, A., Moreno, H., Varela, J., Vergara, M., Munizaga, F. 1987. Estudio geológico regional a escala 1:100.000 de la hoya superior y curso medio del rio Biobío. Gardeweg, M., Muñoz, J. 1989. La erupción reciente en el volcán Lonquimay: Antecedentes preliminares. Informe inédito SERNAGEOMIN. González-Ferrán, O., Baker, P.E., Acevedo, P. 1989. La erupción del volcán Lonquimay 1988 y su impacto en el medio ambiente, Chile. Revista Geofísica 31: 39-107- Moreno, H., Gardeweg, M., 1989. La erupción reciente del Complejo Volcánico Lonquimay (Diciembre, 1988), Andes del Sur. Revista Geológica de Chile 16 (1), 93-117. Gardeweg, M., Moreno, H., Naranjo, J.A. 1990. Comportamiento del volcán Lonquimay en su fase eruptiva 1988-1990 y su influencia en el medio ambiente. Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería de Chile (Informe Inédito): 100 p. Acevedo, P., Llancaqueo, A. 1991. Estimación de la temperatura para el flujo de lava del volcán Lonquimay (1988-89) usando imágenes del satélite NOAA. VI Congreso Geológico Chileno, Resúmenes expandidos, p. 811-815. Acevedo, P., Barrientos, S. 1991. La erupción del volcán Lonquimay 1988-89 desde una perspectiva sismológica. VI Congreso Geológico Chileno, Resúmenes expandidos, p. 816-820. Naranjo, J.A., Moreno, H., Gardeweg, M. 1991. Erupción de 1988-1990 del Volcán Lonquimay, Andes del Sur (38°20’S), Chile. VI Congreso Geológico Chileno, Resúmenes expandidos, p. 445-448. Naranjo, J.A., Sparks, R.S.J., Stasiuk, M.V., Moreno, H., Ablay, G.J. 1992. Morphological, structural and texural variations in the 1988-1990 andesite lava of Lonquimay volcano, Chile. Geological Magazine 129: 657-678. Naranjo, J.A., Polanco, E., Young, S.R., Moreno, H. 2000. Lonquimay volcano, south-central Chile: revealing a Wolf in sheep’s clothing. Proceedings IAVCEI Internacional General Assembly, Bali, Indonesia. Polanco, E. 2010. Volcanoestratigrafía, geoquímica y peligro volcánico del volcán Lonquimay (38°30’S), Andes del Sur (Chile). Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias (Inédito), Universidad de Barcelona, Facultad de Geología, Departamento de Geoquímica, Petrología y Prospección Geológica, 256 p. Bertin, D. 2010. El complejo volcánico Lonquimay y la zona de falla Liquiñe-Ofqui: Estudio Estructural, morfométrico y gravimétrico. Memoria para optar al título de Geólogo. Universidad de Chile. Vergara, C. 2010. Petrogénesis de los centros eruptivos del complejo volcánico Lonquimay (CVL), IX Región de la Araucanía. Memoria para optar al título de Geólogo. Universidad de Chile. Muñoz, M. 2011. Sistema geotermal asociado al volcán Sierra Nevada: Estudio geoquímico de aguas y gases termales. Memoria para optar al título de Geólogo. Universidad de Chile. Gho, R. 2013. Determinación de parámetros eruptivos de flujos de lava del Complejo Volcánico Lonquimay (38°S), Andes del sur. Memoria para optar al título de Geólogo. Universidad de Chile. Contreras, M. 2013. Dinámica de flujos de lava históricos de los volcanes Lonquimay y Villarrica, Andes del Sur, Chile. Memoria para optar al título de Geólogo. Universidad de Chile. Bustamente, O. 2013. Dispersión de tefra de erupciones explosivas holocenas del Complejo Volcánico Lonquimay, Región de la Araucanía, Chile. Memoria para optar al título de Geólogo. Universidad de Chile. Partarrieu, D. 2013. Inventario de geositios en la comuna de Lonquimay para la creación del geoparque Kütralkura, IX Región de la Araucanía, Chile. Memoria para optar al título de Geólogo. Universidad de Chile. Información Cartográfica: Moreno, H. 1986. Mapa geológico 1:50.000 del grupo volcánico Tolhuaca-Lonquimay, Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Chile. Proyecto D.I.B. N° E-1703. Informe inédito. Naranjo, J.A., Moreno, H., Polanco, E., Young, S. 2000. Mapa de peligros de los volcanes del Alto Biobío, Regiones del Biobío y de la Araucanía. Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Documentos de trabajo, No.15. escala 1:100.000. Moreno, H., Naranjo, J.A., Polanco, E. 2012. Geología del Complejo volcánico Lonquimay – Tolhuaca, Regiones de la Araucanía y Biobío. Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Carta Geológica de Chile, Serie Geología Básica. 1 mapa escala 1:50.000. Santiago. .
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