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OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES No. 135, 127 pages, 113 figures, 7 tables July 2, 1980 Scorpions of Baja California, Mexico, and Adjacent Islands By Stanley C. Williams Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California 94132 00E44), - Ox. N'' (P Q c 0 rn u_ z 73 ,r_ o cor77 ,<\ 00A/ 0(5 DED •:\ SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS Laurence C. Binford, Chairman Tomio Iwamoto, Editor Frank Almeda William N. Eschmeyer George E. Lindsay US ISSN 0068-5461 The California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY ALLEN PRESS INC., LAWRENCE, KANSAS CONTENTS INTRODUCTION - - - - 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - - - - 1 MEASUREMENTS AND TERMINOLOGY - - - - 2 KEY TO THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA SCORPIONS - - - - 2 FAMILY BUTHIDAE - - - - 4 GENUS Centruroides Marx - - - - 4 Centruroides exilicauda (Wood) - - - - 5 FAMILY CHACTIDAE - - - - 7 GENUS Superstitionia Stahnke - - - - 7 Superstitionia donensis Stahnke - - - - 8 FAMILY DIPLOCENTRIDAE - - - - - - - - 9 GENUS Didymocentrus Kraepelin - - - - 9 Key to the species of Didymocentrus - - - - - - 9 Didymocentrus caboensis Stahnke - - - 10 Didymocentrus cerralvensis (Stahnke) - - - 10 Didymocentrus comondae (Stahnke) - - - 12 Didymocentrus cruzensis (Stahnke) - - - 13 FAMILY VAEJOVIDAE - - - 14 GENUS Anuroctonus Pocock - - - 14 Anuroctonus phaiodactylus (Wood) - - - 14 GENUS Hadrurus Thorell - - - 15 Key to the species of Hadrurus - - -17 Hadrurus arizonensis Ewing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 Hadrurus concolorous Stahnke - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 Hadrurus hirsutus (Wood) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 Hadrurus obscurus Williams - - - 24 Hadrurus pinteri Stahnke - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25 GENUS Nullibrotheas Williams - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27 Nullibrotheas allenii (Wood) - - - 27 GENUS Paravaejovis Williams, new genus - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 Paravaejovis pumilis (Williams) - - - 30 GENUS Paruroctonus Werner - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31 Key to the species of Paruroctonus - - 31 Paruroctonus arnaudi Williams - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34 Paruroctonus borregoensis Williams - - - 34 Paruroctonus grandis (Williams) - - - 35 Paruroctonus luteolus (Gertsch & Soleglad) - - - 36 Paruroctonus mesaensis Stahnke - - - 37 Paruroctonus pseudopumilis (Williams) - - - 38 Paruroctonus silvestrii (Bore11i) - - - 39 Paruroctonus surensis Williams & Haradon, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 41 Paruroctonus ventosus Williams - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 45 Paruroctonus xanthus (Gertsch & Soleglad) - - - 46 GENUS Syntropis Kraepelin - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47 Syntropis macrura Kraepelin - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47 GENUS Vaejovis Koch - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48 Key to the species of Vaejovis - - 49 eusthenura subgroup - - - 55 Vaejovis confusus Stahnke - - -56 Vaejovis eusthenura (Wood) - - - 57 Vaejovis diazi Williams - - - 58 Vaejovis galbus Williams - - - 60 Vaejovis gravicaudus Williams - - - 61 Vaejovis hoffmanni Williams - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 64 Vaejovis pattersoni Williams & Haradon, new species - - - 65 Vaejovis puritanus Gertsch - - -67 Vaejovis spinigerus (Wood) - - - 69 Vaejovis viscainensis Williams - - - 70 Vaejovis vittatus Williams - - - 72 Vaejovis waeringi Williams - - - 73 minimus subgroup - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 74 Vaejovis andreas (Gertsch & Soleglad) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 74 Vaejovis lindsayi (Gertsch & Soleglad) - - -75 Vaejovis minimus Kraepelin - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 76 Vaejovis montcazieri Williams - - - 76 Vaejovis rufulus (Gertsch & Soleglad) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 78 punctipalpi subgroup - - - 80 Vaejovis bruneus Williams - - - 80 Vaejovis hirsuticauda Banks - - - 83 Vaejovis insularis Williams - - - 84 Vaejovis magdalensis Williams - - - 86 Vaejovis punctipalpi (Wood) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 86 wupatkiensis subgroup - - - 88 Vaejovis adcocki Williams, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 90 Vaejovis armadentis Williams, new species - - - 92 Vaejovis baueri Gertsch - - 93 Vaejovis bechteli Williams, new species - - -95 Vaejovis dwyeri Williams, new species - - - 95 Vaejovis gertschi Williams - - - 97 Vaejovis gigantaensis Williams, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100 Vaejovis haradoni Williams, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 101 Vaejovis harbisoni Williams - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 103 Vaejovis hearnei Williams, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 103 Vaejovis janssi Williams, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 105 Vaejovis littoralis Williams, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 107 Vaejovis minutis Williams - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 107 Vaejovis pacificus Williams, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 109 Vaejovis peninsularis Williams, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 111 GENUS Vejovoidus Stahnke - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 112 Vejovoidus longiunguis (Williams) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 112 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 113 LITERATURE CITED - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 121 INDEX - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 124 This publication was made possible by a contribution from the Don L. and Harriet Exline Frizzell Fund for Arachnological Research. ABSTRACT WILLIAMS, STANLEY C. Scorpions of Baja California, Mexico, and adjacent islands. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, no. 135, 127 pages, 113 figs., 7 tables, 1980.—The scorpion fauna of the Baja California peninsula and associated islands is composed of 61 species belonging to 4 families and II genera. Twelve subspecies are recognized. Twelve new species of Vaejovis (V. pattersoni, V. adcocki, V. armadentis, V. bechteli, V. dwyeri, V. gigantaensis, V. haradoni, V. hearnei, V. janssi, V. littoralis, V. pac(cus, V. peninsularis) and one new Paruroctonus (P. surensis) are described. One new genus, Paravaejovis, is described in the Vaejovidae. The vaejovid genus Serradigitus Stahnke is considered a junior synonym of Vaejovis Koch. The name Vaejovis mont- cazieri is proposed to replace the junior homonym Vaejovis cazieri (Gertsch & Soleglad). Keys to identification, diagnoses, illustrations, distributional maps, and type data are given for each species and subspecies known from Baja California. The scorpion fauna of Baja California is one of the richest ones in numbers of genera, species, and families of any place of comparable size in the world. It is rich in endemics with 4 endemic genera and 46 endemic species. The faunal richness is related to the complex geological history of the peninsula which resulted in a diversity of habitats and to changing evolutionary and zoogeographic pressures. Today the scorpion fauna is distributed among a multitude of habitat types within 8 biotic provinces. Scorpions of Baja California, Mexico, and Adjacent Islands Stanley C. Williams* INTRODUCTION scribe their geographic distributions; (3) evalu- The scorpion fauna of Baja California and ad- ate and compare the scorpion fauna of Baja Cal- jacent islands is one of the richest and most di- ifornia with those of other areas; and (4) provide verse in the world. Apparently no other area of descriptions, diagnoses, illustrations, and keys comparable size has as many families, genera, for scorpion identification. and species represented. This diversity is ex- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS plained by the complex geological history of the region, variety of habitats available to scor- Much appreciation is due the following indi- pions, and multiple origins of the fauna. viduals and their respective institutions for loan Knowledge of the scorpion fauna of Baja Cal- of specimens which materially aided this study ifornia has developed slowly. In a short paper (abbreviations here designated correspond to in 1863, H. C. Wood described eight species of depository citations in text): P. H. Arnaud, Jr., scorpions, including some of the first known California Academy of Sciences (CAS); G. W. from
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    Scorpions Entire Body Even with the shock of this creature slinking is merry Behaving like an Eye? way across her foot, the woman in her heightened surprise did not panic but rather picked it up with a By: Carissa Hurdstrom scrap piece of paper and put it in a bowl on the table. She ran to the back of the house to dig around in a closet, moments later bouncing down the hall with a small black light, quickly plugged it in and held it over the scorpion. It began to glow brilliantly with a cyan-green color. This kind of house warming greeting is common for the residents of the southwestern United States, since many of the now discovered 1,500 species of Scorpi- ons live in desert climates and are typically perceived as poisonous pests that must be exterminated. Often exterminators will use a black light to scope out the location for our perceivably ominous friend, but how does this work? The common black light seen at Halloween parties are an emission source of Ultraviolet light that are often made from specially designed florescent or mercury vapor lamps. Ultraviolet light itself is outside the visible rage of electromagnetic radiation On a fairly warm afternoon in a (light) that we humans can see. From the electrometric small town near the northern border Spectrum diagram, Ultraviolet waves range in of Arizona, a woman sat down at her home computer to amplitudes from about 10–400 nm. Humans can only type away in response to some emails. Only a few minutes see wavelengths from approximately 400–720 nm.
  • Risk Assessment and the Effects of Refuge Availability on the Defensive Behaviors of the Southern Unstriped Scorpion (Vaejovis Carolinianus)

    Risk Assessment and the Effects of Refuge Availability on the Defensive Behaviors of the Southern Unstriped Scorpion (Vaejovis Carolinianus)

    Southern Adventist University KnowledgeExchange@Southern Faculty Works Biology and Allied Health Departments 8-20-2020 Risk Assessment and the Effects of Refuge Availability on the Defensive Behaviors of the Southern Unstriped Scorpion (Vaejovis carolinianus) David R. Nelsen Emily M. David Chad N. Harty Joseph B. Hector Aaron G. Corbit Follow this and additional works at: https://knowledge.e.southern.edu/facworks_bio Part of the Behavior and Ethology Commons, and the Biology Commons toxins Article Risk Assessment and the Effects of Refuge Availability on the Defensive Behaviors of the Southern Unstriped Scorpion (Vaejovis carolinianus) , , David R. Nelsen * y , Emily M. David, Chad N. Harty, Joseph B. Hector and Aaron G. Corbit * y Department of Biology and Allied Health, Southern Adventist University, 4881 Taylor Cir, Collegedale, TN 37315, USA; [email protected] (E.M.D.); [email protected] (C.N.H.); [email protected] (J.B.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.R.N.); [email protected] (A.G.C.) Equal contribution. y Received: 13 July 2020; Accepted: 18 August 2020; Published: 20 August 2020 Abstract: Selection should favor individuals that acquire, process, and act on relevant environmental signals to avoid predation. Studies have found that scorpions control their use of venom: both when it is released and the total volume expelled. However, this research has not included how a scorpion’s awareness of environmental features influences these decisions. The current study tested 18 Vaejovis carolinianus scorpions (nine females and nine males) by placing them in circular arenas supplied with varying numbers (zero, two, or four) of square refuges and by tracking their movements overnight.
  • Araneae: Mygalomorphae)

    Araneae: Mygalomorphae)

    1 Neoichnology of the Burrowing Spiders Gorgyrella inermis (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) and Hogna lenta (Araneae: Araneomorphae) A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science John M. Hils August 2014 © 2014 John M. Hils. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Neoichnology of the Burrowing Spiders Gorgyrella inermis (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) and Hogna lenta (Araneae: Araneomorphae) by JOHN M. HILS has been approved for the Department of Geological Sciences and the College of Arts and Sciences by Daniel I. Hembree Associate Professor of Geological Sciences Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT HILS, JOHN M., M.S., August 2014, Geological Sciences Neoichnology of the Burrowing Spiders Gorgyrella inermis (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) and Hogna lenta (Araneae: Araneomorphae) Director of Thesis: Daniel I. Hembree Trace fossils are useful for interpreting the environmental conditions and ecological composition of strata. Neoichnological studies are necessary to provide informed interpretations, but few studies have examined the traces produced by continental species and how these organisms respond to changes in environmental conditions. Spiders are major predators in modern ecosystems. The fossil record of spiders extends to the Carboniferous, but few body fossils have been found earlier than the Cretaceous. Although the earliest spiders were probably burrowing species, burrows attributed to spiders are known primarily from the Pleistocene. The identification of spider burrows in the fossil record would allow for better paleoecological interpretations and provide a more complete understanding of the order’s evolutionary history. This study examines the morphology of burrows produced by the mygalomorph spider Gorgyrella inermis and the araneomorph spider Hogna lenta (Arachnida: Araneae).