OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES No. 135, 127 pages, 113 figures, 7 tables July 2, 1980 Scorpions of Baja California, Mexico, and Adjacent Islands By Stanley C. Williams Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California 94132 00E44), - Ox. N'' (P Q c 0 rn u_ z 73 ,r_ o cor77 ,<\ 00A/ 0(5 DED •:\ SAN FRANCISCO PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS Laurence C. Binford, Chairman Tomio Iwamoto, Editor Frank Almeda William N. Eschmeyer George E. Lindsay US ISSN 0068-5461 The California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park San Francisco, California 94118 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY ALLEN PRESS INC., LAWRENCE, KANSAS CONTENTS INTRODUCTION - - - - 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - - - - 1 MEASUREMENTS AND TERMINOLOGY - - - - 2 KEY TO THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF BAJA CALIFORNIA SCORPIONS - - - - 2 FAMILY BUTHIDAE - - - - 4 GENUS Centruroides Marx - - - - 4 Centruroides exilicauda (Wood) - - - - 5 FAMILY CHACTIDAE - - - - 7 GENUS Superstitionia Stahnke - - - - 7 Superstitionia donensis Stahnke - - - - 8 FAMILY DIPLOCENTRIDAE - - - - - - - - 9 GENUS Didymocentrus Kraepelin - - - - 9 Key to the species of Didymocentrus - - - - - - 9 Didymocentrus caboensis Stahnke - - - 10 Didymocentrus cerralvensis (Stahnke) - - - 10 Didymocentrus comondae (Stahnke) - - - 12 Didymocentrus cruzensis (Stahnke) - - - 13 FAMILY VAEJOVIDAE - - - 14 GENUS Anuroctonus Pocock - - - 14 Anuroctonus phaiodactylus (Wood) - - - 14 GENUS Hadrurus Thorell - - - 15 Key to the species of Hadrurus - - -17 Hadrurus arizonensis Ewing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 Hadrurus concolorous Stahnke - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 Hadrurus hirsutus (Wood) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 Hadrurus obscurus Williams - - - 24 Hadrurus pinteri Stahnke - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25 GENUS Nullibrotheas Williams - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27 Nullibrotheas allenii (Wood) - - - 27 GENUS Paravaejovis Williams, new genus - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 Paravaejovis pumilis (Williams) - - - 30 GENUS Paruroctonus Werner - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31 Key to the species of Paruroctonus - - 31 Paruroctonus arnaudi Williams - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34 Paruroctonus borregoensis Williams - - - 34 Paruroctonus grandis (Williams) - - - 35 Paruroctonus luteolus (Gertsch & Soleglad) - - - 36 Paruroctonus mesaensis Stahnke - - - 37 Paruroctonus pseudopumilis (Williams) - - - 38 Paruroctonus silvestrii (Bore11i) - - - 39 Paruroctonus surensis Williams & Haradon, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 41 Paruroctonus ventosus Williams - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 45 Paruroctonus xanthus (Gertsch & Soleglad) - - - 46 GENUS Syntropis Kraepelin - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47 Syntropis macrura Kraepelin - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47 GENUS Vaejovis Koch - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48 Key to the species of Vaejovis - - 49 eusthenura subgroup - - - 55 Vaejovis confusus Stahnke - - -56 Vaejovis eusthenura (Wood) - - - 57 Vaejovis diazi Williams - - - 58 Vaejovis galbus Williams - - - 60 Vaejovis gravicaudus Williams - - - 61 Vaejovis hoffmanni Williams - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 64 Vaejovis pattersoni Williams & Haradon, new species - - - 65 Vaejovis puritanus Gertsch - - -67 Vaejovis spinigerus (Wood) - - - 69 Vaejovis viscainensis Williams - - - 70 Vaejovis vittatus Williams - - - 72 Vaejovis waeringi Williams - - - 73 minimus subgroup - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 74 Vaejovis andreas (Gertsch & Soleglad) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 74 Vaejovis lindsayi (Gertsch & Soleglad) - - -75 Vaejovis minimus Kraepelin - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 76 Vaejovis montcazieri Williams - - - 76 Vaejovis rufulus (Gertsch & Soleglad) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 78 punctipalpi subgroup - - - 80 Vaejovis bruneus Williams - - - 80 Vaejovis hirsuticauda Banks - - - 83 Vaejovis insularis Williams - - - 84 Vaejovis magdalensis Williams - - - 86 Vaejovis punctipalpi (Wood) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 86 wupatkiensis subgroup - - - 88 Vaejovis adcocki Williams, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 90 Vaejovis armadentis Williams, new species - - - 92 Vaejovis baueri Gertsch - - 93 Vaejovis bechteli Williams, new species - - -95 Vaejovis dwyeri Williams, new species - - - 95 Vaejovis gertschi Williams - - - 97 Vaejovis gigantaensis Williams, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100 Vaejovis haradoni Williams, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 101 Vaejovis harbisoni Williams - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 103 Vaejovis hearnei Williams, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 103 Vaejovis janssi Williams, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 105 Vaejovis littoralis Williams, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 107 Vaejovis minutis Williams - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 107 Vaejovis pacificus Williams, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 109 Vaejovis peninsularis Williams, new species - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 111 GENUS Vejovoidus Stahnke - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 112 Vejovoidus longiunguis (Williams) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 112 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 113 LITERATURE CITED - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 121 INDEX - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 124 This publication was made possible by a contribution from the Don L. and Harriet Exline Frizzell Fund for Arachnological Research. ABSTRACT WILLIAMS, STANLEY C. Scorpions of Baja California, Mexico, and adjacent islands. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, no. 135, 127 pages, 113 figs., 7 tables, 1980.—The scorpion fauna of the Baja California peninsula and associated islands is composed of 61 species belonging to 4 families and II genera. Twelve subspecies are recognized. Twelve new species of Vaejovis (V. pattersoni, V. adcocki, V. armadentis, V. bechteli, V. dwyeri, V. gigantaensis, V. haradoni, V. hearnei, V. janssi, V. littoralis, V. pac(cus, V. peninsularis) and one new Paruroctonus (P. surensis) are described. One new genus, Paravaejovis, is described in the Vaejovidae. The vaejovid genus Serradigitus Stahnke is considered a junior synonym of Vaejovis Koch. The name Vaejovis mont- cazieri is proposed to replace the junior homonym Vaejovis cazieri (Gertsch & Soleglad). Keys to identification, diagnoses, illustrations, distributional maps, and type data are given for each species and subspecies known from Baja California. The scorpion fauna of Baja California is one of the richest ones in numbers of genera, species, and families of any place of comparable size in the world. It is rich in endemics with 4 endemic genera and 46 endemic species. The faunal richness is related to the complex geological history of the peninsula which resulted in a diversity of habitats and to changing evolutionary and zoogeographic pressures. Today the scorpion fauna is distributed among a multitude of habitat types within 8 biotic provinces. Scorpions of Baja California, Mexico, and Adjacent Islands Stanley C. Williams* INTRODUCTION scribe their geographic distributions; (3) evalu- The scorpion fauna of Baja California and ad- ate and compare the scorpion fauna of Baja Cal- jacent islands is one of the richest and most di- ifornia with those of other areas; and (4) provide verse in the world. Apparently no other area of descriptions, diagnoses, illustrations, and keys comparable size has as many families, genera, for scorpion identification. and species represented. This diversity is ex- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS plained by the complex geological history of the region, variety of habitats available to scor- Much appreciation is due the following indi- pions, and multiple origins of the fauna. viduals and their respective institutions for loan Knowledge of the scorpion fauna of Baja Cal- of specimens which materially aided this study ifornia has developed slowly. In a short paper (abbreviations here designated correspond to in 1863, H. C. Wood described eight species of depository citations in text): P. H. Arnaud, Jr., scorpions, including some of the first known California Academy of Sciences (CAS); G. W. from